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NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS "ALMAS" Urdu research Journal is published once a year, Articles submitted to the journal should be original contribution, and should not be under consideration for any other publications at the same time. If an article is under such consideration authors should clearly indicate this at the time of submission. Authors are entitled to 2 free copies of the issue in which their articles appear. Article should be typed in font Times New Roman, size 12 . Hard copy of the Article should be submitted in double space throughout including notes with ample margins. Pages , including those containing instructions, diagrams or tables should be numbered consecutively . Article should also be submitted through email in the typed script and subject of the Email should be labeled with: þ " Article for ALMAS". The article should confirm the Journal style outline below any figures and tables must be clearly produced ready for Photographic reproduction. The source should be given below the table. Each article should be submitted with an abstract of maximum 200 words in length.

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animate or inanimate, which represents or 'stands for' something else. As Coleridge put it, a symbol is characterized by a translucence of the special[i.e. the species] in the individual'. A symbol differs from an allegorical sign in that it has a real existence, whereas an alleg oric al sign is arbitrary'' (2) .

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Abstract : Incident of 9-11 is not collapse of only two buildings in USA but it also changed political and economic scenario of the world and specially eastern block. This incident challenged the new world order and provided opportunities to big power to capture natural assets and sea routes according to their desire. Faiz Ahmed Faiz as a poet /writer always used to raise his voice for the deprived human being without difference of colour creed and race . His writing are very much relevant with present scenario of the world. This paper carries the examples from the writings of Faiaz Ahmed Faiz with its new interpretation for today's world.

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: u: ¶ K» 0w ( Persecution of yagana is going on) Abstract:Yagana is one of the most controversial poet of his time. His ironical and sarcastic views towards his contemporaries and the society made him most unpopular and most unwanted in the literary circles. He challenged some of the orthodox norms of the society and he had to face reaction throughout his life. In the last spell of his life when his wife and children were in Pakistan, he was alone in India and was seriously ill; the state of his mind was not under his control. This article titled "Persecution of Yagana is going on", with the necessary record, narrates the story of his hermitage and dehumanization by Muslim mob that anguished him because of some of his disputed quadruplet verses.

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Abstract: Depiction or demonstration of Characteristic trait or profile in the poetic compositions bears an individualistic vital cognisance, in which the poet communicates his thoughts or feelings to his readers, neither by addressing them directly nor by his soliloquies, but through some personification, this particularity in poetic entrepreneurship presents the impersonality of the poet by the exercise of which the poet transilluminates his ideas transparently in a commensurate profilic style creating enlivened impressions in the hearts of the readers. Over the horizons of 20th century poetic entrepreneurship, Rashid is such a name in whose workmanship, characterisation is a permanent poetic behaviour. N .M. Rashid's w ork is rich w ith the particularity of characterisation through which the poet vigorously tries to inculcate everlasting effects upon the hearts of the people. N.M. Rashid is pioneering the cause of the deprived through characterisation.

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m» ~g óg ZŠ™~ ~²÷ á zŠg Z J -V˜ Xì x ** ëZ q -ZÐ á ZjÆ V¸~g ZŠ™Ì man Ô ÔVZŠi ZgÔ Û** Ô«gÔ[8Ô Ô¬}Xì @* ƒÐVzg ZŠ™‰sg ¬Zg ø~wç` o¯Ôì ÅwD ZX¸ W, OÌÐ )î Z, ' ì QV; ÆwD Z ~g óg ZŠ™{°‡!* pX {)z' , )** gzZ0 + g E E {ÒúÐ áZjkZ ó ó{ Zg çL¸8L LgzZ ó ~ ó g—Æ Z} .šL LÔó óhzL LÔóv ó Z†› M ÒÃL L>

G Å]c* Ãh +] .Æ[fÅVE¹ ãZ6,gzZV ð{¢L*ŠÆtæÐ„g »iè ¸ M”Zgxy E¢E BÍ ZÆ]âàÅyQX¸¤ / pÆä™yâ ‚ » ~q]zW, ~„z ö-OÐ ¨z‚âçLai Z~Ýzg yZk , Z L L´ ù~Ä}uzŠÆyQXì @* ƒ qzÑB‚Æk½Zq -ZÐ ó ó−g Zâ Z Lp L âŠ »·ù :ì @* ƒx ÓV- ó óð‚g ** L LyZ>«ZŠ»Äsîï÷ á ~ó óbZ~

X ÷> -Z ~g óg ZŠ™V; Æ Tì x ** q (Z q -Z ”Zg ~ ó** © ~ÄÆ ~œ, 80

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZ L L

XŠ !* MxsZ;gE-òsZò Z¸ÑZÎzŠgQ£ÔŠ *Z*º 79

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

:ÇñYƒØ{Ì»b)ÆÏ0 + iÐ¶Š™ »Ï0 + i

Phillip

EE ~gZŠ™ï÷ á ~ ó óZgzâL LXì c* CZg » & §~g ZŠ™~ V¸Ï¹ ä ” "Zg XìtÍg ö-O¢x

~ātì ~y M Ä³Z÷

6,”ZgÐ!ZjkZgzZ Š H** ZŠ¤ /ã¹KZ Å”Zg 7ZÉ Š HŒ7>~g ZŠ™~ i ¸ M ÃV¸

` MÐw2,Â‚Vî YŠÃ

]!* «Ðƒ  Lā L Ås # ŸzŠpä”Zg~ˆp‰ ñÎÌ]â Z²ZÆ8 L c* gzZe $g Z Û

ŠÕ q -Z Æ ) î Z' ,²÷ á ! f Â ñY ¬Š 6,gî ¦ùÃ V¸Å Zgzâ :÷$ Ë Y½Ì~}g !* Æ”ZggTÅsfā Drew "---In each monologue some particular point of interest

ˆè~ •Æ Vzg ZŠ™ZÉ ÷ 7]§ öZÎÅqi * kS b§Ë>tāìt Â g Z Û ÐÏ0 + i ÷D Ñt ‚VYÃVzg ZŠ™„,Zg !* g !* "Zgāì ÞQÌwZÎtQ( 1) ó Xó ÷ ” Ýzg V- {z6,];ÅVzg ZŠ™yS LZ(gzZq -ZÐáZjÆV¸yS Å ó óZgzâ L L ?÷ T e

whether historical or fictitious, generally speaks for

LZ „ ¯ ) !* Æ kS c* ÔŠ z!* Æe $Š ZÐZ KZ {z Ôì uœ~ ƒ  yS ]!* -Z L L÷ s Z e q +Š! yZd kS gzZ yZd ¦½Z {” Za ~ wjâ LZÃ ÷L ÝZ »”Zg c* Í (2) ó Xó 7tÐ q ½Z

itself all that is spoken, the artist invaribly refraining

7x ** ðÃ7Q ä²÷ á gzZ ÷ 1uZzg ZŠ™Æ Zgzâ Xì * *™Ï?Å8 L c* ðƒ Ä: LÆ

from any appearance as a spokesman. In case caurse of

Æd $ {zL LXì Leg Z Û gzZì t)Ð]ÑqgzZ}ÑçLZg ZŠ™~/ œ%» ó ó³gL LX c* Š

in the history of human soul is taken up. The soul,

:ì HçOó óÌÅ ÷ á gzZì Ìg D»o zZ

the monologue all circumstances in the past development of soul, which are available for

áx åÃí³gë~%} Z

illuminating the present point, are brought out, and the

~Vƒc* M™v¸ÐÏ0 + i

present or past action of other human beings on the

ƒ: (Z}VƒVZi°Ðg e

speaker's part, or by some such artifice as a sudden

Ï0 + i™ MÐ} i ZzgŠgaÆ§³g

change in the tone of monologue, from which we learn

Z%á 0* V¶ KÔÃíá & + ðe

(4)

áNŠ D™Hx` gzZ

the person addressed has said or done somethings."

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»lÝÆnn>Å\ Mā c* ÑŠŠ c* ä \ M L L÷ ˜Xì ~CÌ~ y*úâq -Z LZ

IƒVâ ‚>@ M ~¾„Ù Š

]¾ÔV*¹Ôã kÔò¯ŠpÔ oZ ÔäYZ Ì~ V¸Åk QX c* M Š c* )î Z' ,!õÑÂ÷·ù ÆkQX ÏVƒ ð M 7ÌÃ\ M „¸ ‰ð M 7])„zÌÐQXì CYð0* ãZzZ Ûq -Z ‹¸ÅkZpì * @YƒÂ}gŠ '» pā å @* 7,** ™g(Zg "Z (Z]‡zZ ‰ÌÃx¯ Æ”Zg ( 5) ó Xó ¶CY¬ÇŠ: Z¨šÃßLgC Ù b§Å ã0* Æ`“Qā¶+Z Ìð 82

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oZwÅV¸‰X åZƒ6, wŠÆ²á÷ nƒZa W, @* {zÐ

(8) ó Xó 7{Š c* iÐò¯Šp‰Ôì ÏÅ}g óZ c*

wìÆyQXì)** g »ëZ »”Zg>~g ZŠ™~~²÷ áh +] .q -Š 4, Æ~g g kB :÷˜Xì C MŠ c* Å)î Z' , Ð·_ÆV¸yZ~ {Š c* i~X÷: YZ¿¡¿‰Lā L c* â Û O ä \ M' L L Ð kZā @* ì @* ™yÒÃî Zz Ëc* ì 6,Ék , ¦Åg ZŠ™Ëgzi

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» lÝÆ nn>Å\ Mā c* ÑŠ Š c* ä \ M'HuÐ 4Š

~ X÷: YZ¿xà¡¿‰Æ ó óbZ ~ yZk , Z'L L

ÔoZÔäYZ Ì~V¸ÅkZX c* MŠ c* ) î Z' , !õÑÂÔ÷·ù 84

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kZā @* ì* *™yÒ Ã§Zz Ë c* ì 6,Ék , ¦Åg ZŠ™Ëgzi {Š c* i 83

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

ó Xó ì 1keÐQäbZuZ™0{(§âā Xì C™7wjâ ~â *ZŠÄtXì 9„  Š' , iq -Z6,„  ( ÿL X3Z ó óª » }k , izL LÄ Zsg çk , izg ZŠ™~/ œ% » óƒ ó M ˜÷ á L LX ÷ D Y ñ0* ÌÜÁ~æ³Z~ kS {z´ÆkS G 45B+XEì &^ G >Å ó óbZ~yZk , Z L L¦ùï LG3I ,YÃx »C Ù §{Åw”ÆÑLZ Xì ãH ©$E qàÌ~ Vzg ZŠ™Xì „  Š' , i ãZzggzZ \' ,Ô ±ÅV>kX ÷6,`z²î0 G Ð!Zjg ZŠ™ }g ø` ZâZ„  Š' , iq -Z »]ÑqYg {gzZ];ÅVzgZŠ™~Ä{z´ÆkZXì āg óggzZ

ÌÐZ Xì CY ð0* ãZzZ Ûq -Zā n¾V*¹Ôã kÔò¯Šp ( 9) ó Xó ÏVƒð M7ÌÃ\ M „¸ ‰C M 7])„z -Z ªZz™}Š ` ZzgÃg » T §kS ~ ~²÷ q á zŠg Zh +] .ä”Zgā7¾I c* — ðÃ~%R kS ä™›ÐV2zŠgzZi Zây¶e $.ó óizgâ L gLZŠ™~/ œ%» ó óy!* öL LÄXì c* Šx Z)** g »ëZ áZz äY yZk , Zāìt wì ~œ / % »ÄkS Xì x ÙZïaÆVÍß+ M$ +pÔì ¿ÑZz :ì {÷e $.~g ó?k~ÄX ÷D VQ{Z +Ã^ ,Y** »›ÅVz°!* ò £ÆV;z„3

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Vƒ' , ôg¤ / g »uZ~

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V¸yZ Å”Zg X ÷ k?Æ ]Ý C;z 6f ÅVzg ZŠ™ D½Zg ZŠ™ M Y ògzZ å,Z6,¯ ÅVÓPÆã k~

( 10) ó Xó ÷g »gŠÔFÂƒ~wz** Ë¤ /ZyÒ»Xā÷

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Abstract : Imam Din Gujrati ( 1870 __1954 ) is a well know satirist and comic poet. Though some substandard and superficial poetry is alleged to be written by him . The poetry presented in his book ''Baang-e-Duhal'' is an artistic triumph . In this collection the poetic device which has excessively been used to create humour and satire is parody, and in this collection Imam Din Gujrati comes out as a parodist - par excellence.The word choice the use rhyme and refrain and the lucidity takes his poetry to the a cure of the art . This article discusses Imam Din Gujratics art of parody in detail as well as defines parody and describes the areas concerned .

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Abstract :Duni Chand Raizadeh alias Bali was a Persian poet and historian who lived in 12th century A.H. No information is available about him from external sources. According to his own statement recorded in Kaigouhar Nameh, he was the son of Meghraj and his father died when he was only seven years old. His book on the Dynasty of Ghakkars, Kaigouhar Nameh, was compiled , edited and published by Dr Muhammad Baqir but his 18 Mathnawis were left unpublished. One of those 18, the famous story of Sassii & Punnun has been edited over here which truly reflects his mastery over Persian language and poetry. Key words: Sub-continent's Persian poetry, 12th century AH, Duni Chand Raizadeh, Sassi & Punnun.

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Abstract : Sachal Sarmast is classical poet of eighteenth century. His message does not cover only the social values but also full of religious aspects. In various times Siraiekey poetry of Sachal Sarmast has been compiled by different authors, unfortunately at many places these compilations are failed to convey the proper message of Sachal Sarmast. This article is consist on a comparative study of the published Siraiekey poetry of Sachal Sarmast. .

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Abstract: Simile is used as a poetic device. It is a comparison between two different objects. We use words "like" "as" and "so" to employ simile in prose or poetry. Similes make poetry rich with sense of meaning and clarity. All the great poets of the world have used this effective tool in their verses. Sachal Sarmast, a mystic poet of Sindh, best known as the poet of truth. His Poetry is in four languages viz: Sindhi, Siraiki, Urdu, and Persian, has used similes in abundance in his poetry. It is noted that he had a superb command over figurative language and, as applied various figures of speech to make his poetry appealing. This research paper discusses how Sachal Sarmast employed similes to give colours to his poetry. With the help of similes, he has expressed real love, love for God's creation and mutual understanding. It is the theme of their paper.

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Abstract: Siraiekey is a popular language of Pakistan, which is well familiar in a wide area of Pakistan. The linguists have declared Siraiekey an ancient language of Pakistan, recognizing its connections with Sanskrit tracing its clues with Dravidian. In ''Ragveid'' and ''Mahabharat'' there is quite general words discovered of Siraiekey language. Bhakkar is situated on the eastern bank of river Sindh. This is a very peaceful area. Its civilization and culture is purely Siraiekey. In different times people of different areas accepted and approved the influence of Siraiekey culture. Bhakkar had been a very important city due to the passage of invaders and it is very important regarding Siraiekey culture and civilization. In every era the poets have been creating different verses in Siraiekey.

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Abstract: There is a long standing debate in literary history concerning the relation of form to content in a work of literature. Lack of clarity between form and substance occurs at various levels and to varying degrees. The article examines that form and content are considered distinct aspects of a literary work. The term form refers to the work's style, techniques and the manner in which the elements of work are implemented. Content on the other hand, refers to a work's essence or what is being depicted. The article clarifies that the two terms are inseparable but they may be analysed and assessed separately. Thus the two terms are correlative. The article also elucidates the fact that a poem consists of the presentation and sophisticated organization of a set of complex experiences in a verbal form.

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reliable dictionary of the Persian language are the following ten"

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Abstract:'Lughaat-e-Saeedi', first published from Kanpur in 1929, is a dictionary that explains Persian, Arabic and Turkish words in Urdu. Based on some early works on Persian lexicon, it is a significant contribution to the Persian lexicography and includes some allusions, metaphors, idioms and terms that are used in Urdu but are rarely found in Urdu dictionaries. Since such expressions are abound in classical Urdu literature, they pose difficulties to the students. Some well-known works on Persian lexicography, too, do not mention 'Lughaat-e-Saeedi'. This paper tries to fill that gap by providing the readers with essential information about the dictionary. In addition, some interesting and important entries given in the dictionary are also highlighted in this paper.

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Abstract :There is Two-nation theory in the backdrop of Pakistan Resolution. The Two-nation theory means two different religions, two civilizations, two cultures, their languages and literature. It is very obvious that after partition of sub-continent the Pakistani writers deliberately attempted to follow their rituals and traditions. This article tries to find the national consciousness in some significant Pakistani critics' works.

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Abstract : This article deals with teaching of criticism in different Urdu departments of the sub-continent. It reflects the problems in the teaching of criticism. Many problems have been identified in this concern. These problems are about the definition of criticism, history and ideas. At the end some suggestions have been given.

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Abstract:The educational System is considered a back bone of any society. Every society has its own ways of learning and teaching which evolved during the long historical process. The Indian subcontinent had its own educational system before the occupation of European Colonizers But the colonial rulers introduced their own educational policies which were supportive to the colonial rule. As according to Lord Macaulay they wanted to "form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect" An effort has been made to analyze the new educational policies of the British colonizers. The conclusion of the article is that although the colonizers were successful in constructing a new educational system which created a new educated class in the subcontinent. This class was very much different "in taste, in opinion and intellect" etc. from their forefathers but the same class also presented a challenge to the colonial rule. The impact of new education policy of the colonizers was very far reaching on literature and languages of Indian subcontinent also. But the modern literature also portrayed the dreams and vision of the people of the subcontinent which were different from and even in conflict with the schemes of British colonial Government.

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Abstract: In the thesis" Sociological Importance of Monastery Literature", definition of Sociology is explained. In it not only definitions of Sociology are defined , and its modern and Islamic concept are clarified, but its importance is also brought into lime light briefly. Particularly Monastery Literature has been defined in detail in unambiguous manner. The elements which are required for man's character building and development of a society, are expressed in Monastery literature clearly and in a simple common understanding manner. The instances which are presented in this thesis, show that the study of Monastery Literature like General Literature can be helpful in character building of individuals and social development of the society as a whole .

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Abstract : Munshi Muhammad Ud Din Fouq was born in Sialkot on Feb, 1877. His career started from 1897 from his service in "Paisa" newspaper. He started different papers and magazines on his own. Like: "Punja-e-Faulaad" (1901), monthly periodical "Kashmiri Magazine" (1906). "Risala-e-Tareeqat" (1904, on the subject of Mysticism with the consent of Iqbal),"Nizam" (1919). He wrote many books of great fame, like; Yad-e-Raftagan, Tazkira-e-Soofiya Lahore, whereas in the subject of Kashmir his famous books like: Tareekh-e-Kashmir, Mashaheer-e-Kashmir, Tareekh-e-Aqwaam-e-Kashmir, Tareekh-e-Bad Shahi and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh, are worth mentioning. His intimacy with Iqbal is evident from his many letters to him. The following essay gives analytical estimate of these relations in the light of these letters.

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Abstract :Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire had been a flourishing city for centuries. As a seat of government and as the city where "Caliphs" (Khulafa): the successors of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) lived, Istanbul had always enjoyed much importance, but it achieved new dimensions after Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan II assumed the responsibility as the Caliph. He used the title of Caliph to assert the identity of Turkish Muslims and to counter the anti Turkey policies of the Europeans, and especially the Russian invasion on the Ottoman Empire. Indian Muslims open heartedly welcomed his policy. They did all they could to support the Ottoman Turks in their just cause. Istanbul burst into prominence as the seat of the Caliphate and became an important centre not only for Indian Muslims, but a source of inspiration for all freedom fighters irrespective of their faith and religion.

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On the eve and during the First World War, Indian Muslims and the other Indian freedom fighters came to Istanbul in great numbers. Some of them came to help the Turkish cause, while others to find a platform for their freedom struggle against the British (Raj) colonial rule. Still others worked as agents for the Tashkilat-e-Makhsusa (The Ottoman Secret Organization). Some Indian Muslims published Urdu Newspapers in Istanbul and established organizations to further the cause of freedom. Abdurrazzaq Malihabadi was one of those Indian freedom-fighters who came to Istanbul in the eve of the First World War and tried to become a part of Ottoman Army. This paper deals with his activities in Istanbul of thosedays. .

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Abstract :Urdu, as a language, by common consent has a great reputation for elegance, sweetness and expressiveness. It is the language of culture and refinement and capable of expressing delicate shades of sensation and thought. Urdu has taken throughout India the same position as French has done in Europe; it is a language most in use. In the Sub-continent, the English acquired vast tracts in the wake of their mercantile operations. It was highly necessary for them to have their man trained in the language of the country, not only for their purpose of trade which was fading into insignificance but also for administrative reasons. As a result, they ordered to translate the religious books into Urdu from Persian and Sanskrit in the Fort William College (1800) at Calcutta. In Delhi College (1825) Translation Society also translated many European books of Sciences into Urdu. Urdu translators from Bengali have been divided into two groups: (1) who have translated the writings of Qazi Nazrul Islam, the national poet of Bangladesh (2) who have translated the writings of other Bangladeshi famous poets and literates. In 1938, Akhtar Hossain Ray puri has translated selected poems of Qazi Nazrul Islam into Urdu named 'Poyam-e-Shabab' (Song of Youth). Beside this Nazrul's writings has translated by Gholam Sarwar, Mirza Zafar Ali, Younus Ahmar, Ahsan Ahmed Ashk etc. The translators of other poets and literati's writings from Bengali into Urdu are bellow: Rahat Ara Begum who has translated 'Dak Ghar' (Post Office) of the poet Rabindranath Tagore's famous drama in 1927. Sa'd Monir has also translated Bengali Folk stories. Rafi Ahmed Fidai has transferred five Bengali books into Urdu. Abdur Rahman Bekhod has translated 'Bangla Shahitter Itihash' (History of Bengali Literature) into Urdu. Salimullah Fahmi, Ahsan Ahmed Ashk, Ahmed sa'di have also translated many Bengali books into Urdu. It will be continue in future.

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Abstract: Mirza Kalich Beg (1853-1929) was a great genius of the modern history of Sindhi language and literature. He had a great roll towards intellectual reconstruction of modern Sindh, after English occupation. He had a notable proficiency and excellent command on several languages like Turkish, Persian, Arabic, English, Hindi and sindhi. He was a popular poet and also a trendsetter critic of Sindhi poetry. But his real contribution was in the field of prose. He gave new literary trends and mind sets to the sindhi prose writing. He was a novelist, drama writer, essay writer and what not in the intellectual life of sindh. He translated a large number of prose works of English into the Sindhi language. He wrote about 457 books; Most of them were in Sindhi and also in English, Urdu and Persian. His major contribution was to make over five thousand years old Sindhi characters modern using his intellectual leadership.

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©:]g @* » ~²÷ á zŠg Z~| Abstract : According to the research books which had published after establishment of Pakistan has proven that there are significant signs available about familiarity of Urdu poetry in throughout Sindh as compare to "Dabstan Dakan, Dabstan Delhi, Lakhnow, Azeemabad and Lahore". . It is also a fact that Urdu poetry contain traditional, cultural concatenation of event, therefore without thoroughly study, it is impossible to understand larger scope of Urdu poetry in Sindh. A common perception had been upraised with regard to Sindh that neither Urdu poetry occupied its importance their nor poets paid attention towards it. Although the fact is that since 1700 AD to onward Urdu poetry not only exist in Sindh but also reached to the height of glory. In Sindh, Urdu poetry can be separated in five (05) periods such as first period from 1700 to 1747, second period from 1747 to 1834, third period from 1834 to 1900, fourth period from 1901 to 1948 and fifth period from independence of Pakistan to onward. But Pir Hasam-u-din Rashidi agrees over three periods of poetry. In this article its revealed that Urdu poetry,in particular, in the land of Sindh illustrating/ representing all issues energetically since long with its complete technical, educational characteristic.

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Abstract: This Article briefly describes the initiatives of Baloch Race toward Urdu Language and Literature; historically from very beginning to date. Balochs migrated from Aleppo Syria to Iran and sub continent. They are residing in different parts of Pakistan. The Baloch population gradually became conversant with Urdu language while they entered in Makran, Sibi and Balochistan region. In 15th Century they entered in Sindh, Punjab and India where they intermixed with Hindi/Sindhi/ Punjabi/Jatki/Urdu speaking population. They turned to local languages from their mother tongue - "Balochi". They contributed a lot to Urdu prose and poetry almost in all genres. The article is mostly related to those Urdu promoting Balochs who belong to Pakistani soil.

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Abstract: In 1992, a book under the title of "Aesop's Fables" in English with its Urdu translation was published by Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna (India).In the preface of this book the Director of the library claimed that Aesop is the same person who is known as Luqman in the East. In the present article it is divulged that Aesop and Luqman are two different personalities, and apart from this, the fables published by Khuda Bakhsh Library are not written by that Aesop who was a Great of Ancient times. Actually these fables are written by some unknown person who was a man of King Akbar's time. .

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516

It is hereby announced that, with the view of

(ÅTÔc* 3Š™sJ -uq -ZÃg¦kZÆá }!õÑä½~g »u)gzZ ~g »u

encouraging authorship in the language of the North

~â ¤' , ~ tzf LZŠ z!* Æäƒ ã*zy ñƒ qzÑ ** ƒ Za Š Z Û Z,Z~ËÆŒ0*

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZ L L

515

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

to show that some at least of the advantages of English

Western Provinces, the Hon'able the Lieutenant

life and European Habits can be fully appreciated by

Governor is pleased to make it know that rewards will

the author.(26)

be given for the production of useful works in the

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vernacular, of approved design and style, in any branch of science or literature.(25)

Æy´ZÏZÔì * @Yc* Šg ZŒ Û wz** ª»zŠg Z&( Y 1869) kz²Z > Z%wz** »£Zk , +÷e 2

āì Ås # Ÿz ä kZ ~dâŠÆ3 F,~ m, ôZ X ÑZe™ÀF, ~ ~ m,ôZ » kZ ä kZā

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ã*zy 3U* Xnƒ ½ÃVß Zz ä™lˆwVÅkZ ÷ n pg wìÐ .T » ~4Å

V\ »g ZD Ù zŠ ÅkZ {z´ÆkZgzZ ~Š}Šx ÅZg Ã'~{4Š KZ äkZā c* MIgŠkZ

Æx » c* áZz ä™x » ( y*zy) VŒ{zì @* ™7{ ^ ,Ywz** tÐ ]ù~÷T »Ï0 + i I ÑZz äƒ ù÷ á ~ y!* i +Š Å‹Šāt éS5ÅU* Xì Æ¹ aÆVkg- áZz ä M Ð }Š Zg Z

kZX Hk , ’pâŠ ägñ@zu6,( Y 1884)3 F, ~ m,ôZ kZÆwz** XaÆ±5:%+4

:ì C™c_»WÎÐ}u

ñƒïŠx ÅZÃwz** kZ6,gî~g »uäkZ Ôì c* Š™ï÷ á ÌÃ^g7gkZägñ~dâŠ

It is true that as a tale there are obvious imperfection

gñ@zJ -u¹ {zÔì C½Qk , ¦ Ð¬_Æ^g7g kZgzZdâŠ ¶Åk , ’~ Y 1874 ² G 4 $ 4 ) G ~g»u‰gñ@zgzZ èEjF ðG3Ÿ GXì g ÖZ » ó ó]uÂL LÅ kZÐ ó ó[Š Z ã*zyL LgzZ ìZ ³Æ o8FwŠ~ äZz™;@* ìgá ö-F [Š Z » b§m{gzZ ¶Š8 -g mºÃ[Š Z +Š yZg ZŠ}Ç

in it, judged from a European point of view. The plan has not been laid out, as a whole, with much artistic design … But the sketches are those of real life, and

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inner history of an Indian home is portrayed true to

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nature … while it is thoroughly Mahmatan in its tone

On a care full perusal of the whole, His Honour is

and spirit, the work is at the same time thoroughly

satisfied that the Author has well fulfilled his

loyal in its sentiments towards English Government.

resolution of avoiding any thing that is bigoted.

The episode in which the domestic life of our Queen

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and approaching visit of Her Majesty's son are alluded

518

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZ L L

517

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

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The tale is not themare imitation of an English work, though it be the

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genuine product of English Ideas." (27)

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as regard morality and loyalty.( 29)

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( 28)

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-1

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development but as compromise between a western formal

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influence Usually French or English and local materials."

mÔY 2000~gz Û Ô ~g†Ô New Left Review·,"Conjectures on world literature"

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-2

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524

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-7

pattern of social authority the most structured; imperialisms and

-8

the novel fortified each other to such a degree that it is impossible, I would argue, to read one without in some way

-10

dealing with the other." The Novel Vol.1: History, Geography and !˜Ô "Epic and Novel"Ô Y 8Éf

-3

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began to be cultivated in its improved state; translation and

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imitations sprang up in abundance, and creative genius

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occasionally caught the impulses, and stuck out a masterpiece of

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its own.

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The Anglicist wing of the School [Delhi Collage] produced

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-15

students knowledgeable in western subjects, as well as the

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English language. This new education helped to create the 'Delhi

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Renaissance' that began in 1830`s and out of this came young

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radicals enthusiastic about western concepts, and critical of their

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own culture, who occasionally converted to Christianity.

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X 29

consider the tale Gul-o-Sanobar, published by Nawal Kishor,

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objectionable on moral grounds […] The scope of the tale is thus

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harmless enough, but as usual in these tales coarsely described.

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Love scenes interfered with the purity of the romance and

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disenchant the reader.

Among the miscellaneous works in the Urdu Language, I

1869"

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Allahabad Government Gazette, Notification No. 791A

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-31 -32

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viii-x, ii

"Translation and education went hand in hand as part of project of colonial

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dissemination."

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Economic and ·,Power: Making of Vernacular Sphere in Western India.

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-36

| l, e „ KZ þ X X X ÿ ìÏpe » ~6,gzZ V†:ì wq » äh ÂgzZ "0 +!* ÆXË: ~ y*ZŠ Abstract: Sadeq Hedayat is considered a trend-setting story writer of modern Persian Literature. Fed up of Arabic Culture, Sadeq Hedayat is desirous of the echo of ancient Iraninan Civilization. He thinks religion is a source of exploitation and cause of many complexities of individual and collective life. His fascination towards ancient Iranian civilization or nostalgia and repulsion from religion make up the fabric of his paradoxical thoughts. His effort to run away from religion, internal disintegration and meaninglessness of life culminate in escape from life and led him towards suicide. This article critically analyses Sadeq Hedayat's concept of religion in the light of above factors .

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Abstract : Humour is always created by seriousness. Freud called it ''sense in non sense''. Yousufi is a great humorist. His ideology is based on wit, seriousness, knowledge ability and thoughtfulness. He is confronted with the curse of awareness. The element of 'thinking 'is prominent in his humour. He is a great realist writer. For him, the humour without thought, truth and wisdom is the cheapest. This study is meant to find the very element of humour in the writings of Yousufi . For that matter, examples from his writings are quoted.

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561

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English Section

ûû

English Section

PTO

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PTO

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

the printing press) has enabled us to create all the phantastic inventions that have changed our lives for the better. We seem to lose this ability now. You might want to have a look at Carr's very interesting homepage: www.NicholasGCarr.com. For the lamentable disappearance of the concept of a TEXT in our days, a highly inspirational book has been written by Ivan Illich about 20 years ago: L'Ère du Livre (Paris, 1990). In its 1993 English translation, the book is titled In the Vineyard of the Text. A Commentary to Hugh's Didascalicon. Accordingly, the 1991 German translation is: Im Weinberg des Textes. Als das Schriftbild der Moderne entstand. Ein Kommentar zu Hugos "Didascalicon". ii. While reading the highly experimental works of William S. Burroughs, the same problem always presents itself: WHERE did he write this? Since Burroughs repeats himself so often, it is difficult to put a finger on ONE quote especially. But Burroughs wrote on the idea of language being a virus very often. Sooner or later (and I would say: sooner rather) one will stumble over it (Of course, this is not a criticism of Burroughs. Not at all. Quite on the contrary). iii. In this context, I have always had to smile when I considered the expression of the global village. A village? Indeed a village? Which connotations does a word like village evoke? After all, isn't it CONTROL? Lack of culture? Rude manners? Conformity? Digital conformity? (In the meantime, even the computer pioneer Jaron Lanier is already talking about this phenomenon as Digital Maoism) Nobody ever spoke of some "global metropolis". No, it had to be a village, in other words: a small town. A global metropolis would mean - by definition - something decentralised, something that cannot be controlled. Words are revealing. Language is revealing. iv. During my childhood in the 1960s, I came to know a net as some device to catch fish, in other words: As a trap. The meaning of this word has certainly undergone quite significant changes since then. <=>

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put everything into the Internet succeed, it would somewhat mean the return of

( = "This exotic object is called book. Books are a great invention. At first sight,

communist, even Stalinist dictatorship, devaluing the individual: You would be

they remind you of videocassettes, but that the difference is that you do not need a

nothing; the Internet would be all. An intellectual Gulag. Let us remain

player in order to look at them.") (p. 381)

de-centralised.(iii) Show me your books and I will show you mine. We will have a nice chat, late at night.

So where should languages go as the ? 1 option? I would like to suggest that the languages of the world should go on paper, into a book. But of course, I am living in

I will have a closer look at words on paper.

the 21st century, too, and I know that there are first and second options, that there are things you like and others you do not like. We should be prudent and rational

The Culture of Paper

concerning this aspect of culture. The first impression of the cultural achievement called paper is interesting. It is soft and offers many opportunities of free expression, such as writing, painting, drawing,

Last not least

making collages, or in the case of very precious paper just touching it as some kind of pleasant object. Every leaf of paper is one of its own. Every page of a book is one of its own. Books thus show the capacity of creating an archive of culture which is

Finally: Is there an irrational conspiracy against the rational solution of paper and books?

entirely de-centralised. A book might be published in - let us say - 500 copies to be spread in all directions. During wartimes, some copies might be destroyed. Disappointed readers might throw other copies away. But pretty sure, one copy always survives. And Google will not find it necessarily. One can store it in some

On the one hand, it might seem, as if exactly this were the case. Yet, on the other hand, it is not the case, because there is no proof for it, and unproven ideas do not have any value.

hiding place and show it to very close friends only. Language - any language - can thus be transformed into art, into an enigma of high culture, of aesthetics being the philosophical study of beauty and taste, free of any electronic network reducing it to a small part of a huge machine.

This, however, is a contradiction. One thing cannot exist and not exist at the same time. We have to live with this contradiction. It defines the 21st century. ______________________________________________________

Another way of expressing the very same thought is: In order to read a book you do

NOTES & REFERENCES

not need a machine of reproduction. In this context, the introducing the e-book

i.. To avoid a misunderstanding: I do not say, that it is desirable that present day

means an effort in destroying the last bastion of free non-centralised expression. A

technology should disappear, because that would be irrational. I do not express

handful of people are still worried about cultural losses such as this. Yet this worry

some kind of a "Neo-Luddite" position. Of course, some good or at least interesting

has tradition. As early as in 1998, the German publisher Rowohlt edited a limited

things can be done by the use of today's technology (for example: sending this

special edition of the German translation of Le premier homme by the French

article to the editor via e-mail). But allowing it to swallow everything means to turn stupid and obese in front of the computer screen. The author Nicholas G. Carr

philosopher Albert Camus (Der erste Mensch). On the last pages, however, some

recently wrote an interesting book on this subject: The Shallows. What the Internet

publicity for the paper manufacturer Enso Group was addded. It said:

is doing to Our Brains (New York, 2010). According to Carr, an experiment at the UCLA showed that just an hour a day for a week on the Internet changed the

"Dieses exotische Objekt nennt sich Buch. Bücher sind eine geniale Erfindung. Auf

brain's neural pathways. Having learned to concentrate on texts on paper for a

den ersten Blick erinnern sie an Videocassetten, mit dem Unterschied, daß man sie

prolonged period for the last 500 years (since the invention of

ohne Abspielgerät anschauen kann."

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( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

Dr. Thomas Stemmer*

A Question on Languages What has been said above, will provide a fitting background for some modest

Languages? - Where do they go?

thoughts on languages which I am trying to offer here. Almost any language has been studied, and we have made a heroic effort to understand where language as a

Languages? - Where should they go?

high and refined cultural and spiritual phenomenon has come from. Languages allow us to express thoughts, feelings, intuition and even things beyond thinking, feeling

Abstract: Our culture(s) seem to have forgotten the values of printing texts in all the languages we share on paper. Even nowadays there is much to be said in favour of printing texts on paper. It is related to nothing less but the independence of culture.

and listening to intuition (as in the case of the mystic poets within the religions of this Earth). We have asked the important question: Where have the languages come from? Has there been a worldwide common language, that split into the many language we are having now? In this context, even rather exotic ideas have been considered. Thus, the US-American author William S. Burroughs espressed his view that language was just a virus. According to him, humanity had caught this virus (ii)

The Cultural Setting

long ago while living in some hideouts after a long forgotten catastrophe. Is that just The sciences of languages have grown a great deal since the 19th century when

nonsense? Well, maybe. But maybe not. Can we be sure?

humanities still were in the focus of every cultivated nation. Furthermore, at least some of us have understood that it is good to have so many Since then, however, times have changed so much. Sadly enough, today's societies

languages, since it allows many cultural activities, enriching us by challenging and

focus on three things instead: 1) technology, 2) technology and finally 3)

opening many people (i. e.: translating texts from one language to another, or

technology.

experiencing the excitement of learning a new language) to new horizons. If we used one common language only, some weird kind of "esperanto" for example, we would

In the world of arts, the situation is pretty much the same. Music has almost died

lose these horizons. We would be very poor indeed.

and been replaced by hypnotic, downgrading, drug-oriented techno sounds. Right now, the attack is on books, which means to say: on a high cultural value, which

So the questions Where do the languages come from? and Which purpose do they

some people want to wipe out for the sake of a thing that has been called "e-book".

have? are valuable and important. Yet, another question that is growing more and

There is a whole lot of totalitarianism in it, and as we have seen in history ever so

more important in our age especially (see the first lines of this essay: The Cultural

often, totalitarian thinking leads to the burning of books. In the past, traditional

Setting), might be coined as: Where do the languages go? Where should they go?

thinking has offered the idea, that you do not throw away cultural achievements like the book - just because some "computer nerds" want it to be this way. But we

I will suggest here that the final destination of languages is a text on paper. At least

have forgotten to respect tradition. It seems, we have already thrown so many things

it seems to be the best option. If you have your books at home, they are your private

overboard. We have forgotten respect. (i)

property. By possessing books and cultural magazines and the likes individually, by lovingly owning them, one is helping to preserve language, culture, the access to

///

rich inner worlds, to imagiantion and freedom. Only in individual freedom, book

* President Allama Iqbal Research Group Seville University Spain

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZ L L

wi sdo m

can

gr o w.

S ho u ld

t he

effo rt s

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

I am transforming you into an amulet. I am wrapping you up in a piece of paper.

My brother has left. My brother: are you hungry, are you thirsty.

The moonlight is reflected on the floor. Every time I think of you I become black as coal while yearning for you.

A colourful bag. His heart is at ease, But for me separation is worse than death. A Baig ring. My eyes are looking at the door. While watching the door my soul has left me.

A cup full of fresh liquid cream. Regarding death, you are dead And your sister is singing a 'bulbulik' for you.

A freckle like a flower. Regarding departure, you have left But do not forget my first name.

You have an excellent gun. The voice of my son is reaching me. Your mother is loving you as well.

Give up your opium. This day will be a lucky one, My small eyes see my parents come. I am wearing yellow flowers around my neck. This is a great day. I am returning to my village. Yellow cloth. Only a nice 'bulbulik' is sung. Bad ones do not exist.(17)

The sweet sun is setting in this lonely area. The horseman has arrived Carrying a gun in his shoulder strap. A glittering moon. The stones and trees are melting away. My son shall be honoured. A flower, a flower of basil. Regarding departure, you have left me And I am going to suffer until your return.

________________________________________ (17) Sabine Felmy, The Voice of the Nightingale, pp. .87-91.

A bundle of small roots. I have struggled to achieve everything Except kind parents. Your whip has a nice handle. People call you the unfaithful. You have left me, go away! <=> The knife has a round handle. I am giving up. I am giving up, brother, call me. The stars are glittering.

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love, friends, family, nature, departure, and death.(16) Some examples which are translated by Sabine Felmy are presented here: There is a horseman on the opposite bank. I have found someone who resembles you and your heart is also set at rest.

A poplar tree is standing in front of your door. I was very young. Thinking of you I am turning old. Your cattle are grazing on a slope. Oh, if you were a piece of sugar I would put you into my mouth.

From the high pass. Your appearance is nice, I like your appearance, son of the Mir.

There is yellow embroidery on cotton cloth. The sun is rising. When the sun has been rising my brother will leave.

The wind is blowing softly on the mountain slope. Do not sigh that much, Loud moaning is a sign of grief.

There is gold on the steppe. Oh, if I were a small bird I would set out to look for you.

Your small beads are made of hailstones. The one who is descending to the village Shall tell my mother that her daughter is feeling bored.

A cloudless time. Oh, when I am well educated I will embrace your soul.

Small beads: that is the hail. Wait a little bit, Your sister is complaining to you.

Snow crystals similar to eyelashes. I am going to make an amulet for you. As an amulet I will give you two pearls.

You are wearing boots. By the way, where is my soldier? My soldier is in Moscow.

I have climbed onto a cliff. While looking down I have a feeling of being very high up.

Bind your turban. Mount your horse, That makes you look urbane.

The apples are ripe in the garden. When I wander about in the garden Autumn will have reached the mountains and plain.

You are wearing an embroidered cap on your head. What shall I see of you? That is my luck and my destiny.

The river has risen with high water. The swimmers have arrived. Well, what will bring my warrior to me?

A yellow tent. The soldiers have left. My soldier is also leading the life of a nomad. _____________________________________________

On the roof of your house the conifer branches are drying. Talk in a low voice, The small ones are sleeping.

16. Sabine Felmy, The Voice of the Nightingale, pp.86-87.

The tree's shadow above your hut.

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In general, different sexes have differential rules for language usage and in fact 'most

them to make dairy products. (10) This seasonal migration of livestock and people is

of the constrains are on women's linguistics performance', which in turn refers to

called kutch in the Wakhi language.(11)

overall social and political low status of the women in a particular speech

Working together in the mountains provide an opportunity to the Wakhi

community. A number of sociolinguistic studies have discovered that women tend

women to work together as sisters and one can hear phrases like Chabas na houney

to utilize higher status variants more often than men. There are also differences in

(yes, my good sister) very frequently.(12) The men usually stay in the villages and

phonological features, intonation patterns, choice of vocabulary, use of tag

look after the farming.(13) However, with growing migration of male members

questions, and other features .(5)

especially in Gojal area, the traditional gender roles are also changing. Now, women are being assigned such roles which were previously reserved for men and they are

Bulbulik

even invited to participate in the village activities.(14) Likewise, in recent years,

One of the prominent features of the Wakhi literature is its gender specific

female primary education has become almost universal in the Wakhi community,

poetry. In Wakhi poetry, a 'strict distinction between male and female genres of

particularly in Gojal area of Gilgit-Baltistan and several young women are getting

poetry' exists. For instance, the recitation of wedding songs, lyrical and religious

their education even outside their respective towns and villages.(15) All these

songs, as well as story-telling, belongs to the traditional legacy and activity of men.

developments are affecting the poetry being composed by the Wakhi women.

(6) On the other hand, bulbulik (the voice of the nightingale) is a well-known form

The occurrence during the summer season on the high pastures provides the

of folklore which represents a solely female form of Wakhi poetry.(7) The bulbulik

backdrop to touching expressions. Women who take part in the annual kuch are

is formed as a triplet with an outer rhyme, ending with an additional refrain

generally good composers and singers. The female shepherds sing the bulbulik on

repeating the line: 'I am going to sing you a bulbulik'. The bulbulik are frequently of

various occasions; for example, when they depart the village and their family

a touching and depressing nature. The connotation is very repeatedly camouflaged in

members for the high pastures, the women utter their feelings of disconnection and

euphemisms and is incomprehensible to the outsiders. But for the women of the

yearning in these songs. While staying for an extended period in an isolated

grazing lands, 'it is clear who is being talked about and what the singer wants to

shepherds' settlement, a woman will sometimes move toward exposed cliffs from

express'. (8)

where she can see the valley. Closing her ears with her fingers, a position called

In fact, the women are playing a significant role in the Wakhi society. Cooking, sewing, milking animals and taking care of children are all part of Wakhi

fetek (lamentations), she expresses her isolation, singing of ______________________________________

women's daily life. Since milking animal is purely a female job in the Wakhi culture, it is therefore, mandatory for many women to leave their villages and spend

1 0. " I ra ni a n La ng ua g es: Wa khi , " T he Ci rcle o f An cient I ra n ia n St ud i es, http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/languages/Wakhi htm. (accessed on December 20,2006).

summer in the mountains.(9) The Wakhi folk song bulbulik is, therefore, mainly a women's song which is sung on the summer pastures when they take livestock to the

11. John Mock and Kimberley O'Neil, The Decent into Little Pamir (London: W. L. Gore & Associates, 2008), p.39.

higher altitudes and milk 12. Barry Tessman, "The Shepherd Women of the Karakarum", pp.228-30F.

________________________________ 5. R.E. Asher, ed., The Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics, Vol.4, p.2007. 6. Sabine Felmy, The Voice of the Nightingale, p.86. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid 9. Barry Tessman, "The Shepherd Women of the Karakarum", World & I, Vol. II, Issue 7, (July 1996), pp.228-30.

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZ L L

13. File:///D/Program%20 Files/EasyPHP/www/4culture/botmKashmirlocallife.htm (accessed on February 25, 2006). 14. Pamir Times, January 31, 2006, www.magazine gojal.net (accessed on March 31, 2007). 15. Ibid.

( 13X 9` ó) ó ókÓZL L

WOOD N.2001'Paradise Lost and Found : Obedience, Disobedience,and storytelling in C.S Lewis and Philip Pullman' Childrens' literature in Education 32 (4) 237 - 259.

Dr. Nadeem Shafiq* GENDER SPECIFIC WAKHI** POETRY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN

WRIGHT, N. 2003, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials London: Nick Hern Books

The linguistics have observed that subject to varying degrees in various societies, the gender of a speaker will determine or increase the likelihood of choices

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of certain phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical forms of a language while precluding or diminishing the likelihood of certain other choices .(9) Likewise, gender-exclusive differences have been observed in some linguistic forms which are used only by one sex. However, these differences normally do not exist in the European languages.(1) On the whole, the female speakers tend to use more prestige forms than males and they are more sensitive to linguistic norms as compared to males. For men, non-standard forms are prestigious, while for women, standard forms are prestigious.(2) In addition to differences in syntax, morphology, and pronunciation, men and women differ in terms of communicative strategies. Men are expected by the culture in general to talk, while women are expected to remain silent. (3) The question of the relationship between linguistic variations and gender has been researched mainly due to impact of the feminist movement. The research about gender differences show that men's and women's language is closely associated with socio-cultural patterns of the respective speech community. The different communication styles of both men and women can be traced in divergent cultures in which they grow up and reflect the cultural values and behavioral patterns. (4) ____________________________ * Rawlpindi ** Like other Pamiri languages Walkhi still exists a non written language and is limited to phonotic notations: For details See research journal "Almas" vol.12,(2010-2011) department of Urdu, Shah Abdul Latif university khairpur Pakistan PP-40-47 1. Kristen Malmkjaer, The Linguistics Encyclopedia ( London: Routledge, 1991), pp.256-57. 2. Ibid 3. Ibid. 4. R.E. Asher, ed., The Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics, Vol.4, p.2007.

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3. Paul Tillich (1962/1949) argued that we should locate God in depth (deep down) and not 'out there'. Julian Huxley (1957/1927) explored whether the Christian religion can be meaningful without the concept of revelation. Hugh Montefiore (1966) coined the phrase "the fall upwards" in saying that the beginning of choice could be seen as possible.

revealed by a 'truth measuring machine', prophet or witch. Magic exists but only in the sense that we each hold the power of transformation inside us; we can still be aware of our inner strengths and guiding voices. There are good and bad actions; and innocent actions may have good or bad

References.

consequences; but evil is not a reified force to fear, and guilt stemming from fear of

BARFIELD, Steven and COX Katharine 2011 Critical Perspectives on Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials: Essays on the Novels, the Film and the Stage Productions Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. BIGGER S. 1999. Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Education, in S. Bigger and E. Brown Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Education David Fulton: London. BIGGER S. 2000. 'Spiritual and religious education and antiracism', in Education, Culture and Values: Volume V, Spiritual and Religious Education, ed by Leicester M, Mogdil S and Mogdil C RoutledgeFalmer: London, 15-24. BIGGER, S. 2003 'Spirituality as a Process within the School Curriculum ', in Prospero: A Journal of New Thinking for Education', vol.9 no. 1, pp.12-18 GOODERHAM, D. 2003. 'Fantasizing It As It Is: Religious Language in Philip Pullman's Trilogy, His Dark Materials' Children's Literature 31, 155-175 HICK, J. (ed) 1977. The Myth of God Incarnate London: SCM Press HUXLEY, J 1957 [1927]. Religion Without Revelation, London: Watts JUNG, C.G. 1933. Modern Man in search of a soul, London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. LENZ, M 2003 "Story as a Bridge to Transformation: The Way Beyond Death in Philip Pullman''s The Amber Spyglass", Children's Literature in Education 34 (1) 47 - 55 MONTEFIORE H. 1966. Truth to Tell: A Radical Restatement of Christian Faith (1966) London: Fontana PULLMAN, P. 1995. Northern Lights. London: Scholastic Children's Books. Abbreviated as NL. PULLMAN, P. 2000. The Amber Spyglass. London: Scholastic Children's Books. Abbreviated as AS. PULLMAN, P. 1997. The Subtle Knife. London: Scholastic Children's Books. Abbreviated as SK. TILLICH, P. 1962 [1949]. The Shaking of the Foundations, Harmondsworth: Penguin. WEBB, Jean 2004 "Nyt syn på romantikken i Philip Pullmans trilogi His Dark Materials" (Re-visioning Romanticism in Philip Pullman's Trilogy: His Dark Materials) Nedslag i børnelitteraturforskningen 5 (= New Research into Children's Literature 5). Center for Børnelitteratur, Danmarks, Roskilde Universitetsforlag 2004, 135-155.

authority should be discounted. Obedience to authority is replaced by responsible autonomy. Dangers feared are replaced with dangers tackled, giving confidence for the future. We only have ourselves, here and now, to build our own futures. Lyra said to Pantalaimon her daemon, remembering conversations with Will: "We have to be all those difficult things like cheerful and kind and curious and brave and patient, and we've got to study and think, and work hard, all of us, in our different worlds, and then we'll build…the republic of heaven" (AS, 548). This republic is the true Pandaemonium, the gathering of all souls in cooperation. How it might be put into effect is for the reader to decide.2 Our world is rational.3 Naïve literal beliefs (such as about religion, death and Hades) are now replaced with reason and the search for inner truths. Readers can learn from Mary the scientist concerned about jettisoning mythic ideas about God: "Had she thought there was no meaning in life, no purpose, when God had gone? Yes, she had thought that. "Well, there is now" she said aloud, and again louder: "There is now" (AS 476) That is, there is meaning, and plenty of it. Her new purpose, now, came from recognition of the unity of all matter, the importance of consciousness, and a sense of mission to work toward such harmony and to build up future understanding.

Footnotes 1 Critical articles have appeared over the last decade. Barfield and Cox (2011) is a collection of helpful recent articles. See also Wood (2001) Gooderham (2003), Lenz (2003), Webb (2004). 2.I argue elsewhere (Bigger 1999, 2000, 2003) that we should develop rational and

secular

definitions

spirituality (available on

http://stephenbigger.blogspot.com).

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Lyra does not 'sin' in a setting that represents the garden of Eden (as in Genesis 2-3):

(reprogrammed, as it were), by Lyra telling true life stories - carrying the message

a marksman-assassin is even sent.

that story is a powerful weapon against tyranny and despair. The harpies are transformed into sympathetic guides leading the shades out to joy and release,

The scientist Mary Malone's task is to be the serpent, the challenger, to help Lyra to

rewarded by being able to listen to true stories of the lives of the deceased. A way is

critically consider, understand and commit to her relationship with Will. There

opened to the outside world so the spirits can escape with dignity.

comes a point when Mary tells her story that Lyra suddenly understands what has

receives a name, 'Gracious Wings' to mark her changed status. Thereby the fear of

been unclear to her previously, and the two, Lyra and Will, become one and

death is conquered, the power of Hades is broken, and ghosts henceforth are

spiritually united, effectively man and wife, replicating the story in Genesis. This is

absorbed into the atoms of all existence.

'No-Name'

sealed when they pet each other's daemon (that is, reach the profoundest of intimate relationships). This creates a new myth, based on healthy love and not on sin,

The Republic

recognizing that people have in them the potential for good. The eventual success

The Republic was Lord Asriel's rationalistic response to the false 'kingdom of

replaces the church's obsession with sin with the ambition for conscious positive

heaven'. Its preservation from annihilation is described in AS, after which Lyra and

creative potential, shown in the story as socially responsible free will. This time

Will continue to develop it in their own ways. Good and evil describes what we do

'Eve's' confirmation of her love for Will (including eating forbidden fruit) is not

(ethically) rather than what we are inherently (i.e the doctrine of original sin). We

interpreted as disobedience (and hence 'sin') but as positive and life affirming.

are not forced to obey someone with dominant and repressive ideas, but should think for ourselves and cooperate together to build our futures out of mutual

Hades, the World of Death

understanding and trust. 350 years ago in our world, the Royal Society promoted science as the way forward (parallel in time and concept with the invention of

The children (with the Gallivespians) visit the world of the dead to find the ghosts of

alethiometers and the subtle knife). This is when the problems started, the Spectres

Lyra's friend Roger and Will's father, both therapeutic meetings for the children.

and the dying trees of consciousness. Reliance on machines needs to be balanced

Like Hades, the underworld of Greek myth, it is an unhappy world for the pious and

with people supporting each other. That is the real meaning of Republic.

impious dead indiscriminately, approached across a lake rowed by the ferryman, and guarded by harpies who were commissioned by the Authority only to remind people

The resolution concluding the trilogy holds the key to the story's meaning. The

of their misdeeds. That is, the church uses the myth of existence after death to bring

kingdom of heaven on Lyra's world, which relied on tyranny, needed defeating,

terror, but lied about eternal bliss. The harpy 'No Name' appears to be the leader of

leaving people free to decide their own destinies. The decrepit but imprisoning

the gaolers, programmed to punish lies. This world is described by the angel

God-myth, the church's symbol and always a human creation, has been destroyed and

Balthasar as a concentration camp set up by the Authority, from which no one, good

replaced. The spiritual absolute cannot be confined within a man-made depiction,

or bad can escape. Christian theology describes the 'harrowing of hell' when Jesus

and religious orthodoxy should not be tyrannical and totalitarian. The Inquisition in

descended into hell, broke its bounds, and re-emerged triumphant. Lyra and Will do

Lyra's world has been dismantled; the republic of heaven is beginning, democratic,

this also, freeing the spirits of the dead to find eternal bliss.

high in internal responsibility and authenticity, based on the hard work, cooperation and creativity of everyone. The windows cut between parallel (i.e. imagined) worlds

To go to Hades alive, daemons had to be left behind, which is described as being

are closed so we only have our own world to focus on. Our spiritual essence

immensely hard for both humans and daemons. For the first time in Lyra's life, lies

(personality or soul, represented by the daemon), including our consciousness and

did not work here and Lyra learnt the importance of truth. The harpies are won over

creativity are internalised. The 'truth' is

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to be worked for, and is not

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them closed. She gave me many examples from my world…And

dust/sraf, because of greed and corruption, is leaking out of the world, killing the

for most of that time, wisdom has had to work in secret,

trees of knowledge. The major task is to reverse this. By book 3 (AS), the angels

whispering her words, moving like a spy through the humble

Balthamos and Baruch tell the story further.

places of the world while the courts and palaces are occupied by

"Dust is only a name for what happens when matter begins to

her enemies" (AS:506).

understand itself. Matter loves matter. It seeks to know more

Pullman problematises good and evil. If God, the Authority, does not deserve

about itself, and Dust is formed. The first angels condensed out

obedience and followers are concerned only with hegemonic power, then opposition

of Dust, and the Authority was the first of all. He told those who

to such repression is legitimate, life transforming, and a proper challenge to a

came after him that he had created them, but it was a lie."

repressive orthodoxy. This 'Ancient of Days' physically disintegrates at the end,

(AS: 33-4).

released from the prison of the power-hungry usurper 'Regent' Metatron, who

So angels were created out of human imagination. The first falsely claimed to be the

represents the human urge for dominance. Milton's tale has been twisted. Milton, in

creator of all, banished his opposition, and still reigns over his kingdom demanding

book XI, has Michael the archangel reveal to Adam the future, in which amid

absolute obedience, intellectual compliance and death to heretics. The battle to end

violence and war, God snatched up in a cloud the only righteous man, Enoch.-

that is fought throughout the trilogy.

'The only righteous in a world perverse,/ And therefore hated, therefore so beset /With foes for daring single to be just' (XI:700-702).

Mary's 'shadows' explain that they represent consciousness, and are 'angels'. Matter

Enoch becomes the hero of various pseudepigraphal books which bear his name,

and spirit are one so 'shadows' are engaged with matter, and particularly people. The

from around the second century BCE. For Pullman, Enoch was a supporter of

reason for making humanity conscious 35,000 years ago was 'vengeance' (SK: 261).

repression, an opponent of free will. Those who oppose and challenge this

The usurper God wished humans to remain obedient and without a will; but the

Hebrew/Christian 'god' and his henchmen, though vilified and demonised across

universal consciousness we call angels wished it otherwise and encouraged choice,

Christian history, are viewed as the good guys here. The trilogy ends with an

enabled people to see themselves as individuals (visualised here as daemons), and be

apocalyptic war challenging and destroying repression. The various representatives

capable of ethical understanding (i.e. understand good and evil). The church fought

of oppressive power fall into the abyss (as described in the Christian book of

back, claiming that Dust is bad, evil, and 'original sin'. At the end of NL Lyra

Revelation) and this act repairs the breach which threatened to whole multiverse

reaches her own radical assumption that Dust may be good (she had just heard her

with annihilation. It is achieved only when Lyra's parents act together out of love for

parents say it is evil, though she doesn't know that Lord Asriel is lying) and that

their daughter (representing the future), putting aside their power agendas.

leads her quest from that point on. She, Lyra would (unconsciously) change everything, so in the churches view she must die lest she challenge the concept of

'Dust' or Sraf: Free Consciousness.

original sin.

In Lyra's world, 'Dust' is regarded by the Authority and church as sin and therefore to be exterminated; but it really represents free consciousness, wisdom, and creativity.

Lyra and Eve.

It was observed around the shaman Jopari (actually Will's father), and identified by

(representing intuition) masters the truth. From the beginning, Lyra is recognised as

the Oxford scientist Mary Malone on her computer system as 'shadows' of dark

having a destiny to end Destiny, replacing predestination (i.e. divinely ordained

matter she was researching. This 'Dust' powers Lyra's alethiometer and so she can

history) with free will. The witches know her secret name as Eve, the mother of all:

communicate with Mary's shadows: it appears to be conscious. In the end, called Sraf

this

in the mulefa world, Mary observes through the amber spyglass she has made that

(SK: 228-9). Mrs Coulter sees her task to be to ensure that

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information

Lyra is a practised liar who through her golden alethiometer

Mrs Coulter finally gets by torture of the witch Lena Feldt

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world, symbolised by the departure of consciousness, depicted as 'dust'(see below)

consumerist world causes a lack of initiative and ambition which eats away

flowing out of the universe. This catastrophe is averted as the force of violent

creativity and spirit and leaves only a shell. "All the trust and all the virtue fell out of

repression (the church) is destroyed. The people who live on have now to make their

our world when the Spectres came" (SK: 141). All values are dominated by

own decisions and choices, based on reason.

self-survival.

Religious Literalism

Angels and archangels fly across the heavens. We learn of myriad other worlds such

Lyra's world operates like a fundamentalist pre-enlightenment mind-set.

as that of the Gallivespian midget spies who ride dragonflies or hawks; and the land

Assumptions and beliefs are depicted as physical real manifestations: things

of the mulefa, with diamond-shaped skeletons, who use round seeds from trees of

'believed to be real' are physically real. One's 'self' is a physical entity; witches and

knowledge as wheels, in so doing enabling them to germinate. The world of the

magic have real power; horoscopes plot the future; God has physical form; guardian

dead, like Greek Hades and Hebrew Sheol, is a real place.

angels guide us, and ghastly fears are flesh-eating 'ghasts'. Skeletons retain consciousness (NL: 51). Anger takes physical form - a metallic and electrical smell.

Milton's Paradise Lost

The stars are alive, and there are no coincidences since everything is predestined

NL starts with a quotation from Milton's Paradise Lost including the words "his dark

(NL: 331). People have destinies over which they have no control: we live our lives

materials", the trilogy title. Paradise Lost describes the struggle between God and

as though we have choices, but really we do not.

Science is called 'experimental

the fallen angels, and then the origin of sin and evil with Adam and Eve; this

theology' dominated by measuring instruments: new ideas are called 'heresies' and

provides the structure of the HDM's trilogy. The forces against God gather and argue

the propounder likely to be imprisoned. There are armoured bears with magical

as a Pandaemonium, gathering of 'all daemons'. Pullman gives this a positive twist.

strength. The mind-set in the pre-modern middle ages must have been similar.

Paradise Lost is loosely based on the Bible (Old Testament), in which the forces of

Three hundred or so years ago a set of alethiometers ('truth measurers') were made

opposition to God win the support of the first humans who ate forbidden fruit and

using tarot symbols with which true future could be mysteriously read. Young Lyra

brought about teaching about "the Fall" and "original sin". Milton's account is a

learnt to read her alethiometer naturally and fluently.

The myth which dominates

Christian construction. In the Old Testament, the serpent tempter in the paradise

this world is the Christian myth of original sin and the cosmic battle between God

garden is not Satan, and Satan is not "the devil" but a legitimate voice of temptation.

and Satan.

In the book of Job, Satan (meaning "adversary") has God's permission to test Job's faith. In the garden of Eden, Eve's choice is conscious and reasoned. God is

Will goes first to Cittàgazze, a seaside city. Here, the adults are attacked and

mythically described as primitive: walking, worrying that humankind by gaining

destroyed by 'Spectres of Indifference' (SK: 142), whispy creatures which feed on

wisdom has become like "one of us". Humans are therefore prevented from gaining

souls and cause catatonic depression. Children are safe until puberty. Amongst

eternal life but are banished into the world that we know. The choice is called 'sin'.

adults, only Mrs Coulter can withstand and control them by the force of her

Pullman's church is obsessed with original sin: Pullman asks, What if they are

personality. Their philosophers invented a 'subtle knife' three hundred years ago,

wrong?

capable of splitting the bonds that hold material together and opening up new

Towards the end of book 3 (AS), Mary Malone speaks with the witch Serafina

worlds. In doing so it causes the invasion of spectres. The knife is the ultimate tool

Pekkala who spoke of meeting a female rebel angel Xaphania who

of analysis, revealing powerful new knowledge. Yet its inventors used it "to steal

"said that all the history of human life had been a struggle

candy" (SK: 334); it cut windows for people to plunder other worlds until all

between wisdom and stupidity. She and the rebel angels, the

connection

followers of wisdom, have always tried to open minds; the

with

g r o w i n g

land, u p

production and value was lost. This suggests that i n

a n

a c q u i s i t i v e

a n d

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Authority and his churches have always tried to keep

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Dr. Stephen Bigger *

by metaphorically visiting such imaginings (such as the land of the dead) can we effect mind-set changes to the ways such stories (myths) affect our lives.

Reflecting on Religion through Story:

Setting the Scene.

Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy

The heroine Lyra Belacqua (renamed Silvertongue) is introduced in book 1 (NL) in parallel Oxford where religious assumptions are literally true (i.e. there really are

Abstract : Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy for adolescents deals with issues of spirituality and religion. It updates Milton's description of rebel angels in Paradise Lost , asking what the story would look like if the rebels were in the right, that is, promoting freedom of thought. Through this the trilogy examines how religion (in the guise of Christianity) can be repressive, violent and tyrannical when people are discouraged from thinking critically for themselves, without being afraid of being called heretics. It ends with the notion of spiritual republic, where people cooperate to build their spiritual and ethical ideals. Introduction

angels, witches and a figure assumed to be God on his mountain. Even the soul has reality: everyone has an animal-shaped daemon representing their soul. Lyra's daimon is called Pantalaimon (Pan) which at first can take any form (ermine, moth, mouse, wildcat and even a wolf and eagle) but settles in adulthood to a pine martin. What the daemon becomes depends on the experience, imagination, learning and development of the child before puberty, and neither appear to know what the settled form will be. Some people have limited horizons and expectations. Servants in the story usually have dog daemons, expressing servile attitudes. Of course, boring people have boring daemons. Lyra is the daughter of Mrs Coulter (who represents the repressive church) and Lord

This article explores how child readers can grapple with issues of religious

Asriel (representing science and head of the Republic, an anti-church movement) - a

understanding from a critical perspective, and also how a work of fiction can

thesis and anti-thesis, perhaps, of which Lyra becomes the synthesis. The hero Will

stimulate clear thinking. It focuses on Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials 1

Parry, introduced only in book 2 (SK), finds in the readers' Oxford a 'window' to

(abbreviated henceforward as HDM) trilogy, which consists of the books Northern

another world, Cittàgazze, where readers know Lyra also has come. Will has no

Lights (1995, The Golden Compass in America); The Subtle Knife (1997) and The

visible daemon, being from our world, but in the end is able to 'see' his soul (being a

Amber Spyglass (2000) abbreviated as NL, SK and AS respectively. These three

cat lover) as a cat-daemon Kirjava.

volumes describe fantasy adventures set in several parallel worlds , embedding comments on religion, belief, and reason. In particular, it explores the nature of

The two meet many protagonists and friends, strange creatures including witches

good, evil, free-will and repression. . The trilogy needs to be read as a whole: the

and angels, and overcome mortal dangers to save the universe from annihilation.

National Theatre two-part play (adaptation by Nicholas Wright, 2003) makes this

Many violent deaths are caused by a murderous fascist church serving the Authority,

unity explicit in the opening scene where Will and Lyra, aged 20, sit in Oxford

who is revealed as an angel who has usurped the position of God. The climax comes

Botanic Gardens, together but invisible to each other in their separate worlds: this in

i n b o o k 3 ( A S ) , a g a r d e n o f E d e n s e t t i n g , w i t h d yi n g t r e e s o f

the written trilogy comes at the end.

knowledge/consciousness, and a race of mulefas with a trunk instead of hands,

The key to understanding the trilogy comes in the last pages: the parallel worlds

represent the imagination; imagined worlds are treated as

visit able

until

access

to them

closed .

physically Only

*University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ

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requiring cooperation rather than competition. There is an apocalyptic war, between the followers of The Authority led by his Regent Metatron (Enoch) and those of Lord Asriel, the antithesis of Milton's primordial battle with opposite allegiences. Pullman's

battle

stop

ignorance

overtaking

the

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International Editorial Advisory Board

National Editorial Advisory Board

1. Dr. Christina Oesterheld Department of Modern Indology South Asia Institute University of Heidelberg Germany.

1. Prof. Fateh Muhammad Malik Rector International Islamic University Islamabad.

2. Prof. Dr. Siraj-ul-Haq President Allama Iqbal Research Academy Dhaka-1209 Bangladesh.

2. Prof. Dr. Anwar Ahmed Chairman National Language Authority Islamabad.

3. Dr. Ludmila Visalvia Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia.

3. Prof. Dr. Moeen-ul-Din Aqeel Professor(r) Department of Urdu Karachi University, Karachi.

4. Prof. Dr. Moienuldin Jinabade Center of Indian Languages Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi India.

4. Dr. Muhammad Ali Siddiqui Dean Institue of Business and Technology Karachi.

5. Prof. Dr. Halil Toker Chairman Department of Urdu Istanbul University Turkey.

5. Prof. Dr. Rasheed Amjad Chairman Deartment of Urdu International Islamic University Islamabad

6. Dr. Shahabuddin Saqib Department of Urdu Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India

6. Prof. Dr. Rubeena Tareen Dean Faculty of Langauges & Islamic studies Bahauddin Zakirya University Multan

7. Kensako Mamiya Research Institute for World Languages Osaka University Japan.

7. Prof. Dr. Zia-ul- Rehman Dean Social Sciences Sardar Bahader Khan Women University Balochistan Barori road Quetta.

8. Dr. Thomas Stemmer President Allama Iqbal Research Group Seville University Spain

9 .Dr. Badshah Muneer Bukhari Department of Urdu Peshawar University Peshawar

9. Dr. Muhammad Kio Marsi Chairman Department of Urdu, University of Tehran Iran 3

8. Prof. Dr. Syed Jawed Iqbal Chairman Department of Urdu University of Sindh Jamshoro.

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Research Journal "ALMAS" Vol: 13, 2011-12 D e p a r t me n t o f U r d u , S h a h A b d u l La t i f U n i ve r s i t y, Khairpur Sindh, Pakistan.

Patron -in- Chief

Prof. Dr. Nilofer Shaikh Vice Chancellor

Patron

Prof. Dr. Syed Ahmed Hussain Shah Dean Faculty of Social Sciences & Arts

Editor

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Khushk Chairman Department of Urdu

ALMAS

Assistant Editors : Prof. Muhammad Kazim Zaidi Dr. Soofia Yousuf : Assistant Professor Department of Urdu

ISSN-No. 1818-9296

VOL: 13

Editor: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Khushk

Vol: 13

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