[zine glossary] Coronaviridae A family of single-stranded RNA viruses, belonging to the Order Nidovirales. There are two genera: (1) Coronavirus, type species Infectious bronchitis virus; and (2) Torovirus, type species Equine torovirus. The virions are pleomorphic, approximately spherical, 120–160nm in diameter, covered with petal-like projections (peplomers) 12–24nm long and arranged in a characteristic fringe giving the appearance of a crown (corona) from which the family name is derived. Virus is assembled in the cytoplasm and matures by budding through the endoplasmic reticulum. Nucleic acid consists of one molecule of infectious single-stranded RNA about 30 kb (coronavirus) or 20 kb (torovirus) in length. Virion RNA has a 5 terminal cap and a 3 terminal poly A tract. There are at least five virus-specific polypeptides. All coronaviruses have spike (S), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins and some also have a hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein. The S and HE proteins are N-glycosylated. The M protein is N-glycosylated in avian infectious bronchitis virus (the type species) and in porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and turkey coronavirus, but is O-glycosylated in mouse hepatitis virus and bovine coronavirus. Replication involves synthesis of a complementary (negative) strand RNA of genome length that acts as a template for synthesis of a 3-coterminal nested set of 5–7 subgenomic mRNAs which have a capped 5 terminus and are 3polyadenylated. Only the 5-unique region of each mRNA appears to be translationally active. Viruses mature by budding through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, not at the plasma membrane. Coronaviruses infect birds and many mammals, including humans, especially the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal organs, and neurological tissues. (Brian W. J. Mahy, The Dictionary of Virology, 2009)
Coronavirus A genus in the family Coronaviridae. May require subdivision when more data are available on the species which cause disease in a wide range of birds and mammals. Type species is avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). There are three groups of species based on features such as the number and arrangement of nonessential genes, and the presence or absence of a hemagglutinin-esterase protein in the virion. The species are: Group 1 Canine coronavirus Feline coronavirus Human coronavirus 229E Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Group 2 Bovine coronavirus Human coronavirus OC43 Human enteric coronavirus Murine hepatitis virus Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Puffinosis coronavirus Rat coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Group 3 Infectious bronchitis virus Pheasant coronavirus Turkey coronavirus Only two species agglutinate erythrocytes: Human coronavirus OC-43 and Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. IBV is not antigenically related to any other coronavirus. Rabbit coronavirus is a tentative species in the genus. (Brian W. J. Mahy, The Dictionary of Virology, 2009)
Droplet transmission An important mechanism for transmission of respiratory viruses. Aerosolized droplets are deposited at different levels in the respiratory tract depending on their size: those over 10μm are deposited in the nose, those 5–10 μm in the airways, and those less than 5 μm in the alveoli. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and human enteric coronavirus (HCV- 229E, HCVOC43, HECoV) Species in the genus Coronavirus. Cause acute respiratory disease (common colds) and gastrointestinal disease (HACoV) in humans mainly from January to March. 229E virus was isolated in 1966 in human embryonic kidney cells from a medical student with a cold. OC43 virus was isolated in 1967 in organ culture from a patient with respiratory infection. Not always easy to isolate; human tracheal organ cultures are probably the best method for primary isolations. The corona-like virus particles seen in feces and associated with diarrhea are difficult to isolate even in organ cultures. Strains have a common CF antigen but differences in antigenic structure can be demonstrated by neutralization tests and they belong to different coronavirus antigenic groups. OC43 is antigenically related to mouse hepatitis virus and 229E is related to coronaviruses of pigs (TGEV) and cats (FECV). Some strains of OC43 virus agglutinate human and monkey erythrocytes at 4°C, and chicken, rat, and mouse erythrocytes at room temperature or 37°C. Neuraminic acid receptors are not involved. Can be adapted to replicate in suckling mice and will kill them in 2–3 days following i.c. injection. Propagation in vitro is difficult, but strains of 229E can be adapted to growth in human diploid fibroblast cell lines. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Incubation period Time between exposure to an infectious agent and development of clinical signs and symptoms of infection; see also latent period, secondary attack rate. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Pandemic A widespread epidemic of human disease occurring throughout more than one country, or a continent or globally. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) A species in the genus Coronavirus, belonging to group 2. The cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The S protein of the virion is uncleaved, in contrast to other group 2 viruses. There is evidence that the natural host of the virus is the Chinese horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus), and an intermediate host in transmission of the virus to humans was the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata). In a remarkable international public health response to the outbreak of SARS, the virus was characterized and completely sequenced by several different groups by May 2003, and the spread of the disease was controlled by July 2003. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Transmission Transfer of a virus infection from an infected organism to an uninfected one. Horizontal transmission is most effective when it occurs by the respiratory route, as with influenza or measles viruses, but the viral determinants which promote respiratory transmission are poorly understood. See epidemiology. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Virus A submicroscopic organism that contains genetic information but cannot reproduce itself. To replicate, it must invade another cell and use parts of that cell’s reproductive machinery. (Gerhard Nahler, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2017)
Viruses Infectious units (obligate intracellular parasites) consisting of either RNA or DNA enclosed in a protective protein coat. Viruses are not organisms, and contain no functional ribosomes or other cellular organelles and no energyproducing enzyme systems, although many viruses contain enzymes involved in nucleic acid transcription. They cannot grow in size but their nucleic acid contains the necessary information for their replication in a susceptible host cell. This cell may provide some of the enzymes necessary for viral replication but its main function is to provide the energy-producing systems. The host cell may or may not be destroyed in the process of viral replication and release. The Latin noun virus is defective, i.e. does not have a full set of case-forms, singular and plural. Ancient grammarians used only the singular form. Modern usage has made the word a countable entity and modern languages each pluralize it in their own fashion. (Brian W. J. Mahy, The Dictionary of Virology, 2009)
Zoonosis A disease or an infection naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. However, the term has been frequently misunderstood. See Fiennes (1967) for a discussion of the etymology of this term and the various interpretations which have been placed upon it. (Brian W. J. Mahy, The Dictionary of Virology, 2009)
Zoonotic viruses Viruses transmitted between animals and humans. (Brian W. J. Mahy, The Dictionary of Virology, 2009)
[cool pics from medicine books]
Gabriel Turinici / Antoine Danchin, “The SARS Case Study: An Alarm Clock?”, in: M. Tibayrenc (ed.) Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies, 2007, p. 156.
Gabriel Turinici / Antoine Danchin, “The SARS Case Study: An Alarm Clock?”, in: M. Tibayrenc (ed.) Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases: Modern Methodologies, 2007, p. 154.
Brian W. J. Mahy, The Dictionary of Virology, 2009, p. 507.
[copyright free virus pics]
Beneficent: used for healing. Maleficent: used to destroy health or property. Traditionally blessed in church. Associated with demons, fairies, witches, or paganism. Apotropaic: protects against witch- craft and misfortune. Compare . Talismanic: attracts friendship or fortune. Compare . Counter-magical: undoes maleficent magic. Used to increase dairy production. Used to magically steal or spoil milk and dairy products. Aphrodisiac: promotes lust and/or marital love. Anaphrodisiac: inhibits lust, spoils marriage. Promotes pregnancy, eases childbirth. Abortifacient or contraceptive. Use unclear.
Only a thin line between the mask As a medical device and its mythological destination: Contagion and Infection & Possession and Haunting scaring spirits away (repeatedly), keeping them inside, calling on others, becoming Other or else.
A witch´s face A baby’s face A shameful face A beak filled with scents (viper flesh powder cinnamon honey) Miasma - the conviction that if you smell the Disease It’s already too late
Any notion of doom links to a scapegoat: Salem witch cakes were baked (from rye and urine) to direct guilt and fed to a dog (the devil´s familiar) looking for symptoms - if they look at you you´ll burn For ice ages or plagues or for being left-handed Or forgetting to throw away old milk.
”going to the Devil for help against the Devil.” Herbs on Trial: diabli ziebro, czarcikęs (devil´s rib, devil´s bite) Lore: Epidemic Disease Trial: To cure maleficent illness, bathe in diabli ziebro.
„Saints to call on in a pandemic“, an introduction More sympathetic: Digital Grasslands Divine Helms to make you swim faster Monster Masks to make new friends (unmarked) ____________