Second Year Engineering Portfolio

Architectural Engineering Design

REPORT

Studend ID: 00644666 Year: 2023 Word Count: 1500

Contents A4 Report Design Portfolio

4 32

Report

Design Brief Client: University of Salford & Rowing Club Building: Boathouse Client Requirements: Boat storage facilities, seminar/ lecture rooms, gym & physio rooms, changing rooms, catering room and administration.

Purpose/ Function: Provide leisure services, watersport activites, lessons on fitness and the water, fitness programs, views over the river.

Space

Area (m2)

Boat Storage

250

Gym

200

Physio

20

Seminar

50

Workshop

40

Catering

60

Storage

50

Services (Bathrooms)

30 700m2

Site Analyses

Breakdown: The site sits to the South-East of Media City with great landmarks and attraction points all around such as, Old Trafford, the Lowry, the War Museum to the west and hotels all around providing for a great residential to commercial building ratio. Whilst hosting a busy environment, the site breaks from this highly trafficed area to a calm, suttle water and nature relationship. This makes it a perfect place for leisure and lifestyle.

Location:

Salford Quays, Manchester Community Gardens M50 3SQ

Dimentions:

1000 Sqm (500 land - 500 Water) 3m Deep Water

Site Description:

Lays beside the Salford Water sports centre with a ramp leading down to the water below an open view of the Quays and a Manchester landmark, Old Trafford. The lanscape is rich of scenery and provides for a great connection between nature and the river which holds a small porch for watersporting activities. Activities include exersicing, dog walking, leisure and shopping with the lowry outlet nearby.

Car park to The Lowry The Lowry

Garden (Site)

Residential Area Watersport Centre

A Closer Look: Highlighted in green below, the site lays on the east of the Salford Community Gardens which hold a seating area in the middle surrounded by bushes and tress all around. Spanning a total of 1000 Sq metres, including both land and water which sits 3 metres deep.

The Site

History Over the past 100 or so years, Salford Quays has adapted and changed very much. New demands of lands such as more commercially built areas have been taken into regard with the Quays being covered with shopping outlets alongside the standard residential housing. Furthermore, the Quays has opened up to developments in technology with public transport such as trams and trains being widely accessible.

1800 Fig 1. Salford Quays, 1896

Fig 2. Salford Quays, 1934

Fig 3. Salford Quays, 1936

Fig 4. Salford Quays, 2000

Fig 5. Salford Quays, 2023, Google Earth

2023

Topography The garden sits at an elevation of 25m where the ground can be dug for more than 1m. The water sits 2m below the garden and the surface at 23m with a depth of 3m.

Climate Sun:

Summer

Winter

Impact on Design:

The centre will have to be orientated towards the river with openings or glass to maximise sun capture This is ideal as this is where most views looking out of the site are held.

Wind:

Impact on Design:

Winds from the south are beneficial for cooling so perhaps gym and fitness facilities could be placed toward the south.

Site section of garden facing watersport centre.

Soil Analyses

Identity: Sticky, dense, Moist fragments can be rolled into balls Constructive Features: Heavy to dig when dry, drain slowly after rainfall, hold water well, rich in plant nutrients, lose structure if walked on when wet.

Introduction To conduct soil analyses on Salford Community Gardens, the qaulities of the soil such as type, content and depth were looked at first where the water table and bearing capacity were identified following this. The analyses further goes into depth on the identities of the soil, it’s qualities and effects of these on construction. All research was achieved through the UK Soil Observatory website

Soil

Soil Section

Topsoil: Clay Texture: Clay to Sandy Subsoil: Riverine Clay, Sands & Gravel Depth: Deep Through researching the UK Soil Observatory, the soil was identified to be clay both on the surface and below.

What supports this is the texture being sticky, dense and smooth when rubbed together. Clay soils are extremely common besides rivers and lakes due to the ability to store water and not swell or breakdown. The subsoil is defined as Riverine clay, flood plain sands and gravel with a dominantly fine grain size being argillic arenaceous. The UK Soil observatory describes the depth as ‘deep’ with the capabilities of digging the soil and subsoil to more than one metre.

Properties of Soil Chemicals Concentration (mg/kg) Water Erosion: Low sediment, barely seen to move Wind Erosion: Not prone Run Off: Only in REALLY we periods Carbon Stock (Topsoil): 0.23 Carbon Stock (Subsoil): None

Arsenic Chlorine Bromine Copper Lead

35 148 22 87 199

Arsenic: Agricultural pesticide Chlorine: Fuels plant growth Bromine: Pesticide Copper: Seed production Lead: Deposit from gasoline

Water Table Holding a deep foundation of a clay to sandy soil the site is naturally set to withstand the rising of the water levels. Only under heavy rainfall does the water rise, even more so when it is constant as the clay soil soaks up the moisture to it’s capacity consquently causing water to rise above the surface. The site contains a highly productive aquifer meaning a lot of groundwater can be stored below the ground. With clay soil being highly poros but lowly permeable, it means there is a higher drainage and retention of water but a lot of pressure is required for the water to squeeze through, hence the clay holds the water for longer periods.

Section showing water absorption

Load Bearing Capacity The bearing capacity can significantly change depending on the form the clay takes (soft / Firm) but this is dependant on the water. In dry seasons the clay is likely to be firm but as rainfall consitently occurs in other seasons the ckay will start to become mushy unsafe to even walk on let alone construct on with risks of large settlements. To improve the bearing capacity of the ground important solutions can be put in place like; increasing the depth of the foundtion, draining / confining / compacting the soil, or using a grouting material.

Type

Bearing Capacity (kPa)

Soft Clay

< 75

Firm Clay

75 - 100

Limitations

Opportunities

Constraints and opportunities vary within the site with some being solutions or problems to others. The biggest limitations of the site are the public footpath which leads down to the water and the three trees which site towards the south of the garden. Firstly the trees block a great amount of the view available of the water, which is extremely dissapointing as garden sits largely in a residential area so views are already limited with the rows of house towards the north. Secondly, the footpath is tedious to build around as it cannot be excavated or destroyed so a design must be intergrated which connects both the water and land structure. This could simply be through a bridge which connects the two but then the view of the river from the land is further limited, causing another inconvenience. However, all hope of a view is not despaired as the ability to build over the trees with the experimentation of a cantilever is definitely possible. Also, the site is positioned in an awkward way but, this could be used as an advantage with a clear direction of flow through one way in and another at the other end out. Furthermore, the trees might not be completely concerning as they act as natural barriers towards the sun, providing shading in warm climates so less cooling is required.

Basic Design Solutions

Design Concept #1 Shell Structure To begin the design of concepts, an in depth review was taken of the heritage of the site where an influence from the historical analyses of the site was implemented. The location originally being a dock was a key influence in bringing together a design which reflected this history and the orginally purpose of the area which was to transport goods. This concept was implemented into a design with the idea of the ‘transported goods’ being the user and the structure a ship in which the ‘goods’ are held.

To finalise the design, a structure was required with allocated systems and elements to ensure the concept could become functional and not just be a design was carefully thought about. Here id where an inspiration to use a boat inspired design was though of and the best way to represent that was found to be with a shell structure. Having this structure on the water a connection was still needed which would represent bridge / walkway onto the carrier so a design of a bridge with a rod soaring into the sky was created connecting a the space on the land to the one in the water.

Final design with site view.

Design Concept #2 Folded Plate Structure For the second design concept, an approach of seperating people, water and architecture was taken to understand how spaces can be divided to accommodate for different experiences. This concept began with the seperation of two key spaces, a social space and a water space. Inspiration from this came from the study of a restaurant boathouse located in Amsterdamwhere the architects play on elevation to create views but two different types of facade depending on the environment to help the structure fit the tonw of the space it sits in. This study is analysed in E3.

The experimentation of using a folded plate structure was introduced to differ the two facades opposite each other with tests done to find a desired volume. The folded plate structure gave the ability to hold a rough texture which was desired to be on the facade facing the river, with a straight edged facade to welcome users on the opposite side. Both of these facades were design to intergrate the setting and tone of the environment they faced.

Final design with site view.

Design Concept #3 (Chosen design for E2, 3 & 4) Frame Structure The third concept was a play on the context of the site and the environment.

Following the site analyses and reseach, the context of the site is clear to being a public space open for relaxation and a connection with the water.

Being away from the high traffic area of the Lowry, the site offers a neutral type of flow in providing the user with an opportunity to take in the river and it’s views. Alongside context, the environment was looked at deeply as this is a huge quality which makes up the site, hence the Watersport Centre alongside the site was investigated for both it’s design and place within the landscape.

After creating a view initial volumes and drawing them onto a section of the site, the idea to increase the depth of some specific features and structural elements of the centre came into play. After deciding to seperate the two spaces and ensuring they hold the same context the final design was constructed and displayed with a top view of the site to show its relation.

Initial ideas and designs Through drawing out the features of the Watersport Centre and the landscape, initial deisgn blocks were created testing volume and how the structure can be linked with the environment around the site.

Final design with site view.

Structural Analyses

Form - Steel frame

Diagonal Portal

Frame Type: One Way Frame

The desired frame type for the leisure centre will be a one way frame. The centre on land will be two storeys high with an additional storey on water seperated from the land. Timber is the desired material of this frame with adjustments to the foundation both on land and water as timber is incompatible with moisture.

Fig 6. One way timber frame

Sketch: Basic Formation of one way frame

Why one way frames?

One way frames provide the opportunity to ‘cover the largest possible area with the most uniform floor structure,’ which makes this frame suitable for a leisure centre as less interior space is used without trusses and for a centre with large facilities, a huge span is required. One way frames provide for a range of spans without implementing columns too much to a point interior space is reduced but, the spans are not large enough so the building looks like a warehouse or hanger. One way frames are largely flexible with the ability to ‘tessilate’ to produce different forms which can be horizontal or curved. This provides the ability for flexible construction which is beneficial for a boat house as boathouses take various forms.

Short Span Fig 7. Connection of one way frames

Fig 8. Flexibility of Timber, Taiyuan Botanical Garden Domes

Long Span

Composition

Structural Systems

1. Foundation.

2. Primary components - Rigid frame, primary beams, steel bracing, beam-column joints, etc.

3. Secondary components - Roof purlins, secondary beams, etc.

4. Envelope - roof and wall panels.

The column will sit on a base plat above bedding space with 6mm bolts inserted into a concrete slab.

As this structure will float above the water, pile foundation made from concrete will be poured to cover the 3m depth which the slab will rest on.

Fig 9. Base of portal frame column

Load Bearing Transverse Structure

Longitudinal Structure Fig 10. Haunch connection at eaves

Columns are supported by pin con- Bracing has been added to corner to renections to resist axial forces. Eaves sist tensile loads and transfer horizontal contain haunches which increase the loads to the ground. Without bracing the resisting moments of the member and structure would collapse from overloadprevent buckling. ing horizontal forces.

Bracing is required at corners to transfer horizontal loads like the wind to the ground. Being in a climate where the winds can become severe in later seasons, bracing is imperitive to ensure the structure doesn’t collapse from racking.

As preveiously mentioned, haunches will be installed at eaves to resist moments and stop racking.

This will increase the strength of the eaves and provide for a good stiffness.

Fig 11. Typical bracing system

Connections

Land Structure

Roof

Water Structure

Roof

The beams will run lie under the opening in the roof in a truss formation.

Steel plates will be used to connect the truss members to the beam and to the roof above. The diagonal members will resist compressive loads while the bottom resists tensile loads.

To resist moments, apex connections will be used below the centre of the steel arms. The plate is firstly welded and then bolted in after connecting the pitched roof and haunch to the beam.

Due to being a fixed connection the apex resists moments and axial forces which will proivde for great stiffness.

Column-beam

Eaves

Concealed beam hangers will provide the connection of the columns to the beams due to their ‘invisible’ look.

These connections can be made off site to provide for efficient assembly on site. The plate used will be galvanised steel held together with steel dowels and screws. The connections help transfer loads horizontally into the columns.

Similar to apex connections, haunches will be installed at eaves to resist moments at the corners of the joint. This is because the frame is body is vulnerable to collapse from racking so a support must be put in place.

Foundation

Footing

A sthick steel plate is what will connect the glulam column to the concrete slab below. The plate is bolted into the slab with nuts and washers at the base.

Four threaded rods sit at the bottom of the column which are glued into the glulam. The connections transfer vertical loads throigh the column.

As typically used, the portal frame will have a pinned support. No moment forces are resisted however the haunches will provide for moment resistant. Tensile loads will be resisted through the bolts which hold down the plate and column.

Materials Land Structure

Water Structure

Timber (Frame) Concrete (Foundation) Steel (Connections) Copper (Cladding) Glass (Openings)

Steel (Frame) Hardwood (Dock) Copper (Cladding) Glass (Openings)

Material

Mechanical Properties

Steel

Tensile, malleable, tough, ductile, strength

Timber

Toughness, elasticity, appearence, permeable

Hardwood Concrete Copper

Glass

Strong in tension & compression Compressive strength, durability, chemical resistance Ductility, corrosion resistance, heat conductivity Heat resistance, hardness, flexibility

Profile

Design

Precedent study #1 Structure: Jetty Boat Museum Location: Windermere, United Kingdom Architect: Carmody Groarke Year: 2019 Influence: Structural Frame This boat museum was a great influence to my design with it’s simplicity in nature and ability to hide so well in the landscape. Using gravel to represent the historic nature of the site and district it really reflects and brings out the experiences of the past and the water for the users.

It’s main influence was the struictural frame it incorporates with these copper facade overhangs about supported by a steel and timber portal frame below. The intergration of using timber on such a sight is excellent, especially being on the water with the further stability of the stability forming the portal frame. Another influence was the podium in which the spaces sit on which was done deliberatley to avoid the rish of flooding which is extremely usefule for the community garden as it lies beside the water similarly. A big design influence of this museum itself was to represent the heritage within history of diferent boats which is extremely influential towards the boathouse as the site has developed m,assively overtime from being a dock.

More on Station: https://www.archdaily.com/913719/windermere-jetty-museum-carmody-groarke?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab

Precedent study #2 Structure: Dali Erhai Lake Ecological Rest Station Location: Dali, China Architect: Line+ Studio Year: 2022 Influence: Plate Envelope This resting station in Chinas provides for a great breakway for tourists and people coming and going. The design behind this was to be an ecological corridor’ and buffer zone to develop public architecture to a completely new level with openess and inclusivity. It’s inspirations came from the strategy of reducing environmental impact by using left over steel for waste and intergrating it into other areas such as the stair railings. This alongside it’s design to rise slowly from the ground was extremely influential in outdoor architecture and for the boathouse with the facade providing a great burst of texturwe within the landscape.

More on Station: https://www.archdaily.com/search/all?q=ecologicsl%20rest%20station&ad_source=jv-header

Precedent study #3 Structure: Het Bosch, Restaurant Boathouse Location: Netherlands Architect: Dreissen Architecten, JagerJanssen architecten Year: 2010 Influence: Texture of facade This restaurant in The Netherlands was widely influential towards designing the boathouse as it so heavily relates to the reuirement and characteristics of the site. The design behind this restaurant was to divide the facade depending on the environment it faced to help intergrate it into the landscape.

Supporting this is the rough textured facade which faces the water using a three pitched roof design where a straight edge is used on the opposite side to hold a welcoming, warm feel. Furthermore, a big inspiration is the use of reinforced concrete columns to elevate the structure from below, not only to provide for a great view over the river but to act as storage space for six boats below. This feature was extremely influential when designing the boathouse as it linked so well with the water and land characteristics.

More on Restaurant: https://www.archdaily.com/329783/het-bosch-dreissen-architecten-jagerjanssen-architecten

A3 Panels

Concept #1

Concept #2

Concept #3 Chosen Design

Structural Systems

Concept #1

Concept #2

Comparison All three concepts related to the site really well and it was hard to decided the best one. However, once placed onto the site there were many pros and cons which were discovered and influenced the choice of the final.

Concept 1: The intergration to use various systems and a shell structure is heavily displayed throughout the design and devlopment of the first concept. With systems sush as tension cables, a compression rod and footings and a curved shell to reprersent the dersign of a boat reflecting the history of the site, this concept was very much a favourable one. However, through designing and implementing it with the site and restraints, it became clear that it lacked functionality, hence it not being chosen.

Concept #3 Chosen Design

Concept 2: This concept took a simple approach of context of the site and environment with the use of a folded plate. Despite it being completely related to the site, it was evaluated to being to simple and basic, not always a bad thing althought, with this concept it lacked any interest and was viwed as just an extension to the watersport centre.

Concept 3: The final concept was almost an iteration of the first two and a development of their flaws, holding both a simplistic, environmental nature whilst intergrating a great structural system, responding well to site conditions. Firstly, the concept of using a frame structure was perfect as it is common in the industry for it’s reliability and easy conctruction, alongside the portal form constructed from timber and steel to solidify the structure and responmd to loads brilliantly. Being lightweight in it’s design is great for the low but safe load bearing capacity of the soil within the site. Secondly, the idea was to use a horizontal deisgn to help intergrate the structure within the landscape and it paid off really well through it’s design of being noticeable but not overwhelming. The reliability of using this frame structure over the other two was extremely influential in deciding it as the best, as it guarantees great stability and functionality whilst being more built for long term use.

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Strategy

Risk Assessment

Pre Construction phase:

After the design phase the plans will be sent to the constractor and client translated into paperwork to clear up what is actual being buillt and how. These submitted documents will be a breakdown of three things: the chematic design, design development and the documentation of construction.

Construction Phase:

The construction phase will begin with the contractor transfer the planning and documentation of the boathouse into actual construction. To overlook and ensure the construction phase runs smoothly and to follows the brief provided, the architects, consultants and engineers will be hired consistently for buildiong services. Regular monitoring will be done on site from these professionals to ensure the boathouse construction is completed on time and within the quality and budget margin.

Closing the Project:

This is the final rpocess where the boathouse will be handed over to the client (University of Salford) with the correct documentation of the final accounting, warrenties and manuels.

To ensure this process is efficient and falls within the clioent needs, system checks will be carries out to ensure they meet the industry requiremnts. These can range from testing light exposure, sound, vibrations to air quality and temperature. This process will be key to ensure the client is satisfied to occupy the space.

Plan & Identify:

To minimise the effects of risks on the boathouse, planning will be carrieds out in the earliest of stages to vision the probabilities of dangers being inflicted within the strategy.

Analyse:

Before jumping to solutions on how to avoid these risks, they will be analysed first. This process is to see the effect of the risk and its probabilty of occuring so higher probable risks may be dealt with early. This will involve the brainstorming of various different professionals to land on every outcome of a risk.

Strategy:

Similarly to the planning phase, after analysing the risk the right professional will be brought in to overlook the risk and its outcome. This process will include the right planning on working out how to mitigate the risk or reduce it’s probabilty of occuring.

Action:

This is the phase where the risk will be managed carefully, es-