Issuu

B Bizarre Bazaar ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS | ZACHARIAH HART STRASSBERG-PHILLIPS STUDIO STANNARD 2021

Acknowledgments Thank you Adam Strassberg for editing the following architectural discourse Thank you Bryce Collard for your python scripting support Thank you Andy Tenekjan and Natalie Holnes for your construction management support Thank you Lucy Black for your real estate finance support Thank you Tyler Olson for your furniture design advice Thank you Victor Gruen for envisioning the american mall architectural typology Thank you Roger Penrose and Robert Amman for being such inspirational geometers Thank you All Educators who supported my last five years of architectural education

REDEVELOPMENT

D Y R O E L T L EN C

PHOTO BY HENRY CROMETT 3

Preface

Architecture is the manipulation of geometry to create meaningful space. The challenge is in the balance between capturing just enough chaos to make the spatial composition artistic - so that it inspires, but not demands, that occupants diversify their spatial relationships - and maintaining just enough of an ordered framework to support that chaos so that the space can still maintain practical applications without degrading personal expression. A juxtaposition of order and chaos is expressed in the geometry of nature. Ecopsychologists propose that human beings are happiest when surrounded by the natural world in which they evolved. I propose that by adapting the geometric source codes for life as the geometric source codes for architecture designers can increase human happiness within the built environment. Historically, the irrational order of nature made its biophilic application upon the built environment difficult and elusive. Now, however, due to the current power of computer-aided design, architects can finally harness the power of nature’s design tools to create affordable, durable, practical, and organic modular architecture. As documented at www.zspdesign.com, the past four years of my architectural education at California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, have guided me towards this fifth year thesis project, entitled “Bizarre Bazaar”. My first design project as an architecture student was an expression of the organic fibonacci sequence pattern with a wooden “Tectonic Cube” that could be unlocked to reveal intriguing interior atrium conditions. Patterning space in such a biophilic manner inspired a quasi-topographic design process for a pedestrian and bike bridge building in a Chicago food desert that merged a community food hub with a self-harvesting greenhouse. The ecosystem of meandering circulation explored through such a biophilic patterning inspired a 73 acre master planning proposal for the staged redevelopment of an underused airport into a downtown for the community of Oceano, California. Design explorations for the community’s downtown modular mixed-use housing and courtyards inspired an adaptive reuse social impact project in a disadvantaged area of Philadelphia which I designed in six days with support from a team of three finance students. This affordable housing and local marketplace mixed-use design solution won first place in the 2021 Mulroy Real Estate Design Competition. Those expert judges agreed that module-based multi-unit construction can promote affordability and social equity. I implemented just such a design solution in my

Year 1

C TECTONIC U B E

ORGANIC

SHELL

Cube Configuration:

Seat

Wall / Window

Counter

Floor

The Cube Units are constructed from six personalizable corners and two stabilizing corners. Before a new resident settles into the Counter Wall / Window tiny home complex, they will personalize what type of corner modules they want to occupy which corner positions in theirSeat tiny / Cabinet Wall / Window home (shown as A,B,C,and D below). The corner pieces they Floor Seat select will be transported from a local location where they are easily mass produced (due to there only being four types of corner modules). Then the resident and/or local community serviceCabinet groups Closet will assemble the tiny home on site using easy ikea-like assembly Wall / Window Bed methods under supervision of a tiny home manager (a position filled Bed / Seat Floor by current residents of the tiny homes).

the Homeless

Door

A 12’

tre rS

e pp Pe et

“Cave Exterior” Each commuity can decide the level of porosity of their shelving to balance privacy from outside with natural light. What is put on the shelf becomes an expression of individuality to the wider housing community.

Counter

Mental Health Water Feature to center Pond

Shelf Wall / Window

Possible Uses: Skylight

Wall / Window

Floor

Wall / Window

Skylight

Wall / Window

Counter

Wall / Window

Seat / Cabinet

Wall / Window

Seat

Floor

Wall / Window

Closet

Cabinet

Wall / Window

Bed

Bed / Seat

Floor

Door

Cabinet

Wall / Window

Bed / Seat

Seat / Cabinet

Floor

Wall / Window Wall / Window Skylight

Wall / Window Wall / Window

Counter

Wall / Window

Skylight

Shelf

Wall / Window

Shelf Wall / Window

Closet

Wall / Window

Skylight

Door

Skylight

Cabinet / Bed

Wall / Window

Closet

Wall / Window Skylight

Seat

Wall / Window

Cabinet

Shelf

Wall / Window

Skylight

Counter

Skylight

Wall / Window

Door

Skylight Closet

Skylight

Closet

Wall / Window

Shelf

Wall / Window

Cabinet / Bed

Wall / Window

Counter

Skylight

Floor

Wall / Window

Skylight

Seat / Cabinet

Wall / Window

Floor

Wall / Window

Cabinet

Skylight

Bed / Seat

Bed

Wall / Window

Floor

Wall / Window

Shelf

Door

Wall / Window Wall / Window

Wall / Window

Skylight

Shelf

Wall / Window

Closet

Wall / Window

Skylight

Closet

Seat / Cabinet

Skylight

Wall / Window

Shelf

Skylight

Door / Closet

Skylight

Closet

Skylight

Wall / Window

Skylight

Closet

Wall / Window

Shelf

Wall / Window

Skylight

Wall / Window

Closet

Counter

Floor

Skylight

Door Wall / Window

Counter

Cabinet

1’=1/32”

y ter on et M re St

Skylight

Seat

Bed / Seat

Grey Water Moved up shelving support pipes

Main Communal Space including a communal kitchen, a table in the corner, and seating options

Grey Water is collected after occupant use

Farmed Water is passed through a collective water feature and them added to the users water supply

1’=1/32”

Stairs to connect units to the communal space vertically

Air Gap for water collection Bioconcrete Masonry Units R-26 Batt Insulation / Main Structural CLT Columns

Checkerboard Colored Ceramic Ogree Drop Tile Cladding / Menatl Health Planters / Water Collecters

Section:

^ N

Bioconcrete “Cave” Wall that self heals cracks from the water

et re St 1’=1/16”

Plan: 1’=1/16”

Side Door to connect units to the communal space horizontally

Threshold between communal space and outside

er pp Pe

“Cave Interior”

Skylight

Counter

Wall / Window

Seat

Shelf

Wall / Window

Lounge Seating

Skylight

Wall / Window

Possible Uses:

Door / Closet

y 14 Hour ter Thermal on et Lag M re St

Skylight

12’

Corner Possible Uses

Bed / Seat

Stairs to connect units to the communal space vertically

Wall / Window

Wall Window Floor

Cabinet / Bed

Corner Options:

1’=1/32”

Operable Clerestory Window

San Francisco early morning fog condensates to the tiles heated by thermal mass and then flows to plants or is collected into the wall. Rain water can also be collected this way.

’

^ N

Natural Ventilation/ Night Flushing

Daylighting

Wall Window Floor

THE “CAVE”

Wall / Window

Cabinet

Stabilizing Corners:

’

C B

1’=1/16”

Furrings hold up the 1’=1/32” Ceramic Cladding but allow for posoristy near the clerestory window

Skylight

Wall / Window

Corner Options:

1’=1/16”

Section: Ideation:

Bed / Seat

Door / Closet

Bed / Seat

Studio Pedone

y ter on et M re St

Plan:

Cabinet

Cabinet / Bed

Tiny Homes for the Homeless Studio Pedone Year 2

Floor

Wall / Window

C B

1’=1/32”

zspdesign.com

Seat / Cabinet

’ 12

1’=1/16”

Zachariah Strassberg-Phillips

Stabilizing Corners:

Door

Section: Ideation:

design.com

Wall / Window

Bed / Seat

Wall / Window

Skylight Wall / Window Wall / Window

e pp Pe

Skylight

tre rS et

1’=1/16”

Plan: 1’=1/32”

Wall / Window Wall / Window

Shelf

^ N

Wall / Window

Wall / Window Door Cabinet / Bed

Wall / Window

Shelf Closet Wall / Window

Cabinet

Closet Skylight Wall / Window

Skylight Closet

Wall / Window Counter

first quarter-long architecture project - creating a modular kit-of-parts catalog for transitional tiny homes for the homeless in San Luis Obispo. The way personalized user-intervention crafts a sense of architectural ownership inspired my essay titled Open Content Architecture. Additionally inspired by the idea of choice overload from social psychology, the essay heralds a new era of the self-structured usage of products occuring due to consumers producing their own personalized design solutions from a catalog of defined objectiles instead of the unstructured consumption of the current mass non-standard production paradigm. To shelter from this overwhelming consumerist paradigm, I designed a mixed-use cohousing community by layering cave-like modules with personable threshold porosity on a square column grid around a central atrium. In a later architectural engineering group project, I showed that irregular column grids could just as easily have their load flows calculated by using a Grasshopper computer program script based on a series of geometric voronoi relations. This revelation inspired the penrose tiling application shown later in the Bizarre Bazaar design process. Overall, my past studio work provided significant affordable, modular, biophilic, and mixed-use design thinking precedents which helped to guide my Bizarre Bazaar thesis.

Year 3

Housing Module Configurations Studio

3 Modules

1 Bedroom

5 Modules

2 Bedroom

6 Modules

3 Bedroom

Year 4

Modules

Year 5 7

Throughout the Bizarre Bazaar design development, it is my intent to merge the idea of generative modular form with the natural duality of chaos and order. I will expand upon my past studio work to experiment across the multiple scales of the built environment by using an integrated catalog of architectural objectiles within a biologically patterned, optimized system.

Table of Contents 11 PREMISE CONTEXT 12 12 13 15 15 16 17 17 19 20 22 22 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 29

31 NEIGHBORHOOD FROM MARKETPLACE 32 34 37 37 38 39 39 39 39

ABSTRACT SOCIAL ISOLATION 40 UNDERSTANDING PORTLAND 41 EXCHANGE CULTURE 41 Exchange Exchange of Products 42 Exchange of Ownership 44 Exchange of Experiences 48 Exchange of Ideas Exchange of Lifestyles 51 A Site for Exchange PORTLAND’S 2030 VISION LOCAL TRENDS Population and Median Income Housing Unit Type Analysis 54 Affordable Housing 54 Income Diversity 56 Neighborhood Community-Building 58 Transit 59 Business Support 60 Mass Timber 61 Urban Farming and Green Space 62 CORE CONTEXT OPPORTUNITIES Smart Growth 64 Social Equity 70 Resiliency 71 Sustainability 73 73 75

COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT MIXED-USE PROGRAM SITE ANALYSIS Site Site Adjacencies Site Circulation REGULATORY EVALUATION Zoning Density Bonus Allowable Site Uses versus Surrounding Uses Parking Requirement Additional Entitlements and Permits Political Considerations CLIMATE-FOCUSED ITERATION FORMAL PRECEDENT ADAPTING THE BAZAAR TO AMERICAN CONSUMERISM METABOLISM INSPIRATION

53 COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN

DISCUSSITURE Furniture Furniture Design Furniture Analysis NATURE’S RATIO APERIODIC TILING 2 + 7 = INFINITY STACKING APERIODICITY SISTER TILINGS CRYSTAL TILING DESIGN PROCESS COMPUTATIONAL DIAGRAMS DESIGN SUMMARY GRASSHOPPER SCRIPT Open Content Interiors Grasshopper Process

77 ARCHITECTURAL 103 REAL ESTATE RESULT ANALYSIS 80 82 83 84 84 85 86 88 90 93 93 94 95 96 99 100 101 101

EXAMPLE FLOOR PLAN SITE MODEL SITE PLAN CIRCULATION MODEL VOID MODEL BIOPHILIC INSPIRATION PROCESS STUDIES EXPERIENTIAL SECTION SYSTEMS SECTION MATERIALITY Watercolor Watercolor Aquarium Core Exterior Material Palette RENDERS MULTIMEDIA REPRESENTATION TAKE-OFF MODEL TAKE-OFF QUANTITIES EXPANSIVE SECTION

Final Show 9

104 104 107 107 107 108 109 110 112 112 112 112 113 114 115 116 118

CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Estimate Estimate Summary CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE Material Management Holistic Schedule DEMOLITION AND ADAPTIVE REUSE PLAN Site Site Logistics CONSTRUCTION PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key Key Construction Info Key Financial Info Development Phasing PROFORMA MARKET COMPARABLES AFFORDABLE UNITS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREMISE CONTEXT

Abstract: The death of the American Mall presents an opportunity to replace failed iconic structures with a new architectural pattern focused on meeting urban needs for affordable housing, community space, and local business support. Inspired by the ancient bazaar, an intriguing generative design based upon organic module tiling will be applied to the redevelopment of the 23 acre Lloyd Center mall in Portland, Oregon. This redeveloped “Bizarre Bazaar’’ will become a profitable and thriving mixed-use neighborhood combining ground floor commercial tenants with modular housing units, all integrated with nearby recreational, entertainment and community-building venues and activities. A potluck of community-focused uses will serve to encourage the mingling and merging of diverse Portland citizens from different social classes and cultural backgrounds.

Social Isolation and Consumerism:

Victor Gruen [1903-1980], the architect who pioneered the design of the classic American shopping mall, died well before the birth of the internet, however he nevertheless identified that the technological advancements of his time period, which were lauded for making citizens more interconnected, in fact were making them considerably more isolated. “An increased reliance is being placed on secondary, indirect means of communication, such as the telephone,... and simple chance meetings of one human being with another are growing increasingly rare” (22, The Heart of our Cities). Our ever-increasing power over with whom we connect has allowed us each to avoid “the millions of chance meetings that turn out to be the important events of a lifetime” (26). These are the chance meetings that used to occur daily in the marketplace, the bazaar, and then the mall. Daily consumerism which once required multiple social interactions in a community, now requires just a keyboard or touch screen and an internet connection. In The Society of the Spectacle, Guy Debord analyzes how isolation is now an inherent aspect of the economic system in which we reside: “The reigning economic system is founded on isolation; at the same time it is a circular process designed to produce isolation. Isolation underpins technology and technology isolates in its turn; all goods proposed by the spectacular system, from cars to televisions, also serve as weapons for that system as it strives to reinforce the isolation of ‘the lonely crowd’….Spectators are linked only by a one-way relationship to the very center that maintains their isolation from one another. The spectacle thus unites what is separate, but it unites it only in its separateness” (22). Historian Fay Bound Alberti proposes that modern chronic loneliness arises from the combination of capitalism and secularism. Per Alberti, “loneliness” has only relatively recently become itself a word in the English language, as he writes in A Biography of Loneliness: The History of an Emotion that “many of the divisions and hierarchies that have developed since the eighteenth century—between self and world, individual and community, public and private—have been naturalized through the politics and philosophy of individualism… Is it any coincidence that a language of loneliness emerged at the same time?” In our quest for individualism through privatization of the public realm, we have separated 12

the individual from the community and produced a society of lonely spectators. Author Murthy further develops the isolationist problem, observing, “lonely people [felt] homeless even though they have a roof over their heads”. He concludes that “To be at home is to be known” and that in a society of isolated individuals, no matter how interconnected they might be by technological advancements, if nobody truly understands each other then nobody truly feels at home. As is evident by the title of his book, Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World, Murthy advocates genuine human exchange as a solution to combat modern chronic loneliness and the feeling of homelessness it creates. Victor Gruen’s original vision for the shopping mall was one centered around the human exchange for which Murthy advocates. Gruen conceived the American indoor mall as a transplant of the Venetian public square. His vision for the shopping mall was utopian; it would be a programmatic and ideological mixture of intercultural public space and interpersonal consumerism in which a diversity of citizens would consume in proximity as opposed to being isolated into separate cars. Perhaps this vision did manifest for a time, and still manifests in certain malls today, however most American shopping malls are now dying or dead. Amazon and other internet-based online and delivery marketplaces have destroyed the profitability and viability of most retail brick-and-mortar competitors. Across the U.S., vacant malls cover swaths of developable land, often located at the juxtaposition of downtowns and residential areas. These threshold locations represent ideal locations to experiment with a “bizarre bazaar”. Integrations of favorite elements from rural, suburban, and urban living can adapt to local consumer and community preference in order to create a new type of mixed-use housing, retail and commercial space that aims to reverse widening social, economic, political, physical, ecological, and cultural disconnections in our society.

Understanding Portland:

Portland is a famously quirky city and home to famously creative citizens. Artists and musicians still can afford to both live and work amongst engineers and doctors. The city has some of the highest income diversity by district in the nation (see map). Alexia Wulff from The Culture Trip notes, “the eclectic residents that occupy Portland, [through] fascinating events and practices…‘Keep Portland Weird’... [it] is no longer just a mural on the streets between Burnside and Ankeny; rather, it’s a slogan, a motto, even a way of life.” In the early 2010’s, the Pioneer Courthouse Square in Portland’s downtown fell into disrepair and was going to be renovated into a large parking garage. Until something wonderful and weird happened. More than 50,000 individual Portland residents organized together as a community, donating ~$15 each to fund an alternative redevelopment for this square. Pioneer Courthouse Square is now an award-winning public space, affectionately called “Portland’s living room”. Stavros Stavrides in Commoning the City: Reinventing Togetherness notes that “The city may often be considered the product of institutional decisions and market mechanisms but creative processes developed through everyday practices can 13

The Lloyd Center: Then and Now

Mall 1975

Mall 2016

Rink 1977

Rink 2018

explicitly or implicitly mobilize the transformative potential of its inhabitants.” Space commoning, like that of the Pioneer Courtyard Square, “avoids uniformity and homogeneity [with] an inclusive, common life open to differences that contribute to its construction.” Many of the bricks which form “Portland’s living room” are engraved with a unique donor’s name, and this glorifies the citizens of Portland - their ability for collaborative action and also their ability to support individualism in the communization of space. Across the Willamette river from the Pioneer Courtyard Square, the Lloyd Center Mall, a much larger 23 acre site, has fallen into disrepair and is ready for a similar renewal now akin to that of the Pioneer Courthouse Square back in the 2010’s. When the Lloyd Center Mall opened in 1960, it was the largest mall in America. It was a quasi-public realm which concentrated a variety of restaurant, retail, and entertainment venues and was famous for its central indoor ice-skating rink. The Lloyd Center Mall was once a grand symbol of late twentieth century commercialism. Now, however, with the dominance of the online and delivery marketplace, commercialism no longer needs a building in which to symbolize itself. After 61 years of operation, the consumer-focused Mall has failed to adapt and evolve to the community-focused needs of Portland, and is now nearly abandoned in its entirety. This dramatic change however presents an even more dramatic opportunity to grow a new type of societal reality from the literal ruins of the failing Mall experiment. Portland’s low zoning restrictions and high affordable housing incentives create opportunities for profitable and sustainable community-oriented redevelopment. We can redesign and re-envision the present American mallscape - abandoned malls in general and the Lloyd Center Mall specifically - into a protean landscape, one adaptable to unimagined future changing needs, and one highly adapted now to present consumer and community preferences - mixed-use housing and commercial needs, a pleasant playful environment to reduce social isolation, and a nexus for forming and enriching local community. 14

Exchange of Culture: “To generate a culture of hybridity, architects must develop specific scenarios by coding generic programs with ambiences derived from particular cultural, social, and collective milieus [that] encourage unexpected patterns of socialization, interaction, and collective engagement and that allow new cultures to emerge [within] unpredictable and surprising environments.” - Anna Klingmann, pg. 314-315 The design of the Bizarre Bazaar will begin with an understanding of our modern exchange culture. What do individuals do at shops, marketplaces, bazaars and malls? They exchange. But they exchange much more than goods. They also exchange the sense of ownership attached to those products and the sense of life experience attached to the process of the exchange itself. As products have become increasingly exchanged online, consumers have become ignorant to production methods, and local small businesses have suffered, reducing middle class jobs and expanding the rich poor-gap. Influenced by this, a rent-oriented exchange of real estate reduces occupant ownership which in turn reduces the agency of individuals making them less invested in maintaining their neighborhoods. The modern decentralization of commerce from the city provides an opportunity for the revaluing of experiences of human exchange. Such a human-oriented perspective on commerce will help lessen modern feelings of isolation and inspire a more diverse exchange of ideas. As people from different lifestyles interact and exchange awareness, across layers of society, a culture of interpersonal understanding emerges. EXCHANGE OF PRODUCTS: Architecture provides space for product exchange, but architecture itself is also a product to be exchanged. The modular housing and commercial units needed to support Portland’s affordable housing and local businesses deserve to benefit from a new understanding of exchange culture that looks beyond solely the first exchange of an architectural product and rather towards its life-time of exchanges. Akin to how fashion expresses one’s personal identity, interior design expresses a business’s or household’s community identity. Yet such an identity is evolving and so too should the catalog of how interior space is crafted.

Varied Expressions of an Open Content Architectural Catalog This evolving catalog condition could be attained through an articulation of open content architecture. The essay of the same name prefaced previously describes how, “open content architecture will mass produce consistent building systems within which an ever expanding catalog of mass customizable architectural objectile options will maintain that the uniqueness of the dwelling matches the uniqueness of the occupant.” Applying the evolved Rent-a-Wall concept outlined in that essay to the Bizarre Bazaar will create an ease of agency over interiors, prompting occupants to exchange a sense of ownership over the architecture. EXCHANGE OF OWNERSHIP: As described in the financial analysis above, the Bizarre Bazaar’s first floor street-edge-facing commercial tenants and market rate housing modules will be sold their units. Not only will this help financially offset phased construction costs, but it will also encourage businesses and residents to remain invested in the upkeep of the surrounding public spaces from which they benefit. As financial ownership is exchanged over the evolution of the Bizarre Bazaar, a sense of community investment will help maintain its investment appeal for posterity. However, as referenced above, many Portland citizens do not have the financial capital to take part in such financial exchanges. However, for those residents, similar caretaking engagement can be incentivized through crafting a sense of social ownership. 16

This social ownership will be maintained through design methods that support a collaborative community of individualism. An example of this is the housing of intergenerational mentorship within the Bizarre Bazaar’s various public and private event spaces. In supporting Portland’s dire need for 1-bedroom and studio housing units downtown, the Bizarre Bazaar will attract both young professionals and independent seniors alike. There will be dedicated space to promote interactions between the seniors and the young adults and so a sense of community ownership will arise from this exchange of experiences. EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCES: While architectural products and architectural ownership are fairly commercialized they are not exchanged fairly frequently. Conversely, architectural experiences are happening every moment humanity flows through the built environment but have yet to be regulated by a defined commerce. In her book titled after this evolving experience economy, Anna Klingman explains the following modern trend. “Instead of just acquiring more material goods, people also want to experience quality time in their work and in their leisure surroundings….Architecture’s capacity to provoke aesthetic experiences is key to establishing cultural, economic, and social frameworks that suit our new routines and lifestyles” (47, Klingmann). Klingmann repeats how exchange of experiences produces exchange of culture in her books closing reminders for her colleges, demanding they evolve their focus on building technical performance to a focus on the full experience of the building. She reminds that, “In remarkable spaces, experiences are not just embodied by architecture - they become architecture...a catalyst for cognitive, behavioral, and relational values…” (313, Klingmann). Allowing for an exchange of experiences within architecture will catalyze an exchange of ideas between occupants. As will be described in more detail later, housing modules will be arranged in a way so as to craft a meandering experience. This will create individualized entry sequences and promote a sense of intrigue between residents and visitors. All community-members will share the experience of wandering the enchanting architecture of the Bizarre Bazaar. This communal experience will increase the chance meetings of different sorts of people (those that Gruen describes as essential components of his ideal urbanity) which inevitably will promote the meaningful exchange of different sorts of ideas. EXHANGE OF IDEAS: For the 2021 Cal Poly Abstract Show, an experience was crafted in which an intriguing platform was created half from wood and half from translucent acrylic, revealing an interior mirror bound in shifting lights. As shown in the adjacent images, the experience acted as a sort of dining table for understanding with red and blue puzzle tiles acting as cutlery to help digest a potluck of ideas between those strangers acquainted by the experience. The tiles prompt players to exchange various life experiences, ideas and cultural norms to promote interpersonal connection helping forge new friendships. Through the mixture of intrigue, the exchange of products, and the sharing of communal experience different members of society were unified through an exchange of new ideas. The Bizarre Bazaar will transform this tabletop into a tableaux. It will be a life-sized venue for the exchange of experiences, ideas and culture, and also, due to its scale, the exchange of lifestyles as well. 17

EXCHANGE OF LIFESTYLES: Customers, workers and visitors from urban, suburban, and rural backgrounds will desire to frequent the Bazaar’s various downtown programs. These various lifestyles will mingle in an equally variegated living space combining all layers of society into a mixed-use condition of community gardens atop meandering residential atop dense commercial courtyards. A dense ecosystem of social, spatial, and even ecological interaction will follow.

A SITE FOR EXCHANGE: The Bizarre Bazaar will help evolve a location for exchange culture into a community for cultural exchange. Products, ownership, experiences, ideas, and lifestyles may at first seem like divergent aspects of exchange, but they are all literally and geographically united through the embodying site adjacencies of the Lloyd Center (as shown in the adjacent diagram). To the northwest of the site, downtown restaurants serve various food products. To the north of the site, the Credit Union and Bank of America Banks provide financial avenues for increased ownership. To the northeast of the site, the day to day experiences of a range of occupants are housed by everything from suburban single family homes to apartment style senior living. To the southeast of the site, a potential for diverse ideation resides in a local movie theater and connections to the expressway, to buses and to the light rail system. To the southwest of the site, hotels for visitors, government buildings for policy makers, and a high school for students all express a variety of different lifestyles in close proximity. As shown in the adjacent diagram, site expressions of products, ownership, experiences, ideas, and lifestyles come together to create a five-petaled rose growing from the site. This is quite fitting for Portland known as the “city of roses”.

OWNERSHIP Parking

Banks

Apartments

Restaurants

NCE

P RO

ERIE

DUC

E XP Senior Living

Movie Theater

LIF

Expressway

Hotels

Light Rail Stop

S A E D I

Portland’s 2030 Vision: The five exchanges of products, ownership, experiences, ideas, and lifestyles embodied by the site align closely with the five visions for Portland’s economic, built, environmental, educational, and social future as outlined by the City of Portland’s 2030 Vision document. Portland’s Economic Vision promotes production and business support. Portland’s Built Vision aspires for downtown densification and a sense of community ownership. Portland’s Environmental Vision requires green buildings and sustainable experiences. Portland’s Educational Vision calls for a multitude of ideas and opportunities for all. And Portland’s Social Vision pursues lifestyles of cultural exchange. The Bizarre Bazaar will serve as an example for how downtown Portland redevelopment can fulfill the City’s 2030 vision. The project will be a dense transit-oriented building complex that will activate Portland’s economy with various commercial and community amenities intermingled with affordable and market-rate housing all topped with greenhouse gardens and solar panel farms. A multi-generational mentorship center and auditorium will provide opportunities for residents and visitors alike. More than just an exchange center for products, the Bizarre Bazaar will become a center for cultural exchange.

Local Trends: POPULATION AND MEDIAN INCOME Portland, Oregon’s population of roughly 670,000 is booming as more and more flock to the city. Since the 1980’s, Portland has experienced consistent population growth with the tri-county government estimating in 2010 that the Portland area gained about 500 people in an average week. Portland’s population increased by 10.6% from 2010 to 2020. About 40% of this growth occurs due to migration into Portland. In 2019 alone, about 130,000 people migrated from other states to Oregon and about a third of them ended up in Portland. As shown in the adjacent census data chart, while Portland’s population is growing linearly, Portland’s median income is growing exponentially from its current $76,231. As Portland’s economy flourishes, demand for new and diverse public and private spaces has increased. The city’s housing growth has recently been increasing by 1% per year. As more and more new residents move into Portland, additional public amenities are needed to foster community between residents and new apartment construction is demanded to meet growing housing needs. 22

HOUSING UNIT TYPE ANALYSIS: The following two charts express the Portland Household Size and Bedroom Count data from the 2019 Census. Most Portland households are only 1-2 people (shown in purple and green). Most 1-2 person households only need 1-bedroom apartments or occasional studios (shown in purple and green). However, most of the available housing has 2-3 bedrooms. This disconnect between supply and demand reveals a need for 1-bedroom and studio housing. Additionally, while units with 2 or more bedrooms are RENTER usually owned, 1-bedroom and studio units are usually OWNER OWNER rented. Thus, in fulfilling downtown Portland's 1-bedroom and studio housing need, the Lloyd Center should provide a majority of rental units. RENTER RENTER These units can also comply with FHA affordable housing requirements in order to gain low income tax credits to aid in redevelopment economic feasibility. Bedroom Count OWNER

(Portland,OR,2019)

OWNER RENTER RENTER

4+ 1 Household Size OWNER

(Portland,OR,2019)

RENTER

OWNER

Additionally, the demographics of society that usually take up residency in 1-bedroom and studio condos downtown are young professionals searching for career success and seniors searching for proximity to public amenities. Both of these societal groups are expressed in the apartments just OWNER across the street to the east of the Lloyd Center site. Accommodating both groups within the Lloyd Center’s housing units will provide for a unique opportunity for intergenerational mentorship. Seniors wanting to share their life stories will be able to mentor young professionals seeking life guidance within the Lloyd Center Redevelopments various supportive public amenities.

RENTER

2-3

RENTER

95% 90%

85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% SITE

Portland Income Diversity by District

(Higher % shows Rich and Poor

AFFORDABLE HOUSING: live closer together) The Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA) of Oregon projects that, from 2020-2040, the Portland Metro Region will have a total housing need of about 300,000 units. Of those units, about 51,000 units are to house low-income residents with 50%-80% of AMI incomes and about 37,000 units are to house very low-income residents with 30%-50% AMI incomes. The Bizarre Bazaar’s 5,364 housing units will fulfill about 2% of Portland’s total 2040 housing need. With the redevelopment supporting 80% affordable tenants, the project will be able to fulfill about 4% of Portland’s low-income housing needs and 6% of Portland’s very low-income housing needs for the 2040 goal. Oregon RHNA documentation explicitly suggests public support for affordable housing projects targeting low-income and very low-income residents. Being just such a project, the Bizarre Bazaar will receive a significant amount of government financial support.

INCOME DIVERSITY: The Lloyd Center redevelopment project brings much-needed affordable housing and market-rate living to the Portland area and creates a unique location where multitudes of people across economic classes can mingle and live together. Having 80% affordable housing, 20% market rate units, and a variety of commercial tenants to bring in visitors, the development will continue Portland’s proud history of having some of the highest income diversity by district in the nation. In the adjacent map of such diversity, from the high area of lighter orange, we see that, unlike many other large cities in the United States, a heterogeneity of rich and poor families living side by side exists in the majority of Portland, especially downtown near the Lloyd Center. This shows that Portland residents are uniquely accustomed to mixed-income housing, commercial, and public spaces. In the more local map of the area around the Lloyd Center, showing districts by percent below the poverty line, we see a wide diversity of income levels exist adjacent to the site. The Lloyd Center is positioned at the edge of more impoverished residents to the southwest and more affluent residents to the northeast. The redevelopment’s many community oriented programs and public amenities will aim to unite the livelihoods of these two different neighborhoods. Portland Percent Below Poverty Line by District (Higher % shows Poorer Neighborhoods)

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

SITE

The City of Portland’s 5 Core Urban Planning Goals EDUCATION: Opportunity SOCIAL: Cultural Exchange

ENVIORNMENTAL: Green Buildings ECONOMIC: Business Support BUILD: Downtown Densification

NEIGHBORHOOD COMMUNITY-BUILDING: Portland’s planning department continues to promote “diverse mixed-income neighborhoods”. The city of Portland intends to invest in “accessible gathering spaces where its diverse community members can interact and communicate.” Portland’s 2030 vision intends for neighborhood associations - like that of the Bizarre Bazaar - to have a strong voice about the future direction of Portland. The Bizarre Bazaar will pave a way towards Portland’s in-fill densification aligning with Portland’s 2030 vision to promote “dense development in neighborhood centers and along retail corridors and [encourage] well-designed infill development.“ Additionally Portland envisions “distinctive neighborhood stores [that] provide a diverse array of products and services for local residents, so that residents can obtain daily goods and services within walking or biking distance of their homes.” TRANSIT: Being connected to the rest of downtown by portland’s bike-centric green loop, being across from the Holladay Park light rail station, having adjacent streets with a total of ten bus stops, and maintaining meandering pedestrian and bike circulation ramps as a core development design driver, the Bizarre Bazaar will serve as a model for the transit-oriented development and walkability stressed in Portland’s 2030 vision. Portland’s planning department has a specific 2030 Bike Plan that outlines specific funding considerations for evolving the city’s bike network. The plan also focuses on fulfilling Portland’s need for Bike Parking - something the Bizarre Bazaar will help actualize.

BUSINESS SUPPORT: Besides bike parking support, Portland’s planning department intends to support Portland businesses in a variety of ways. The Portland 2030 Vision aspires to provide “incentives for business and cultural activities to settle and stay in the city center” and to invest “in mentorship and support programs for small businesses, allowing them to grow and thrive.” The Bizarre Bazaar will house a multitude of small businesses ranging from live/work workshops to temporary pop-up market-stands to permanent mom and pop stores to anchor street front retail. The redevelopment’s intergenerational mentorship amenities will help fulfill the city’s vision for increasing the skills of low-income workers such as the affordable tenants of the Bizarre Bazaar. MASS TIMBER: One business that is currently booming in Oregon is mass timber. With 22% of all US mass timber construction occurring in Oregon, the state is a leader in mass timber construction. The 7th international mass timber conference will be held in Portland April 12-14 of this 2022 year. In 2018, Oregon proactively enacted the Tall Wood building code provisions even before approval by the IBC. This code adoption allows for Type IV A timber buildings to be permitted up to 18 stories and 270ft tall, something of which the Bizarre Bazaar will take full advantage. In December 2021, the Oregon Mass Timber Coalition (OMTC) was awarded $500,000 to develop a Mass Timber Modular Manufacturing Facility at Marine Terminal 2 which, at just an 8 minute drive from the Lloyd Center Site, will be where the Bizarre Bazaar will acquire the majority of its modular construction materials. Should the initial grant prove effective, the OMTC has the potential to receive up to $100 million dollars from American Rescue Plan funding in order to use mass timber construction to drive economic recovery in the Northwest. URBAN FARMING AND GREEN SPACE: Portland has found another avenue for economic recovery through city gardening . A 2017 Portland State University study showed extreme density of small farms in suburban yard spaces. This community of suburban farming could evolve into high density urban farming with green roofs becoming more prevalent in Portland. The city’s 2035 comprehensive plan requires buildings of 20,000 square feet or more in commercial zones to have eco-roofs. The Bizarre Bazaar can use its eco-roof space to provide a model for how to integrate Portland farming into new urban developments. Portland’s planning department “encourages high population density while incorporating parks, environmentally protected areas, street trees, community gardens, green spaces, waterways and pathways.” Portland’s 2030 Vision expects the vegetation of the urban environment with the expansion of the urban tree canopy and urban open spaces. The 2030 document envisions “every Portland resident living within a short distance of a park or greenspace… (and the) many pocket parks, community gardens, rooftop public spaces and other alternate open spaces in addition to our large city parks.”

Core Context Opportunities: SMART GROWTH: DENSIFICATION OF PORTLAND The Bizarre Bazaar will exemplify the City of Portland's vision of transit-oriented development by creating a neighborhood mix of small businesses, community amenities, and both market rate and affordable housing near the various public transit hubs adjacent to the site. The development will demonstrate exemplary walkability as users will meander through its intriguing design and be drawn in to discover what programs it has to offer. As young professionals, seniors, and visitors alike stroll up ramped boulevards into the intriguing atrium cores of development they will meet bikers commuting down the boulevards bike lanes connecting into the wider Portland Green Loop. The Bizarre Bazaar will become a precedent for the downtown Portland’s densification desired by Portland's planning department. The 23 acre mixed-use development will become a three dimensional neighborhood integrating the following programs: Street front restaurants, Small business commercial support, Affordable housing, market-rate housing, an Intergenerational mentorship hub, and auditorium, a Historic indoor ice rink, Aquariums, Hydroponic greenhouses, solar farms an Urban farming education center, and Rooftop sports fields and running track. SOCIAL EQUITY: A CENTER FOR EXCHANGE As described in the income diversity trend section above, Portland has a history of income diverse neighborhoods and social exchanges between socioeconomic classes. In an effort to glorify this unique aspect of city life, the Bizarre Bazaar will intermingle market rate residences with affordable residents. The redevelopments design will avoid spatially marginalizing any particular type of residents with its computational design that gives each residence a unique entry sequence. Community spaces scattered through the development will allow affordable and market-rate lifestyles to intermingle and inspire one another. Near the southeast edge of the development by the auditorium, the Intergenerational Community Center will provide multipurpose spaces for senior and young professional occupants to educate one another. All told, the Bizarre Bazaar will be more than a commercial center for economic exchange but evolve into a social center for cultural plurality and evolution. RESILIENCY: PREROGATIVE UNDERPINNING COMMUNITY The Bizarre Bazaar's various Community-focused flex spaces will allow for its community to evolve the use of their neighborhood to their needs. Over time, this allows the development to evolve to Portland's ever evolving urban needs. This ability to evolve to the changing interests of residents is additionally expressed in the developments open content architectural catalog of Interiors (as detailed in the architectural process appended below). The Bizarre Bazaar shows social resilience through its evolution capability but it shows climate-response resilience though its sustainable passive design strategies. 28

SUSTAINABILITY: UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURE AS AN ECOSYSTEM Portland’s 2030 Vision expects all buildings to meet green building standards. The Bizarre Bazaar will use a variety of passive and active design strategies to fulfill this goal. With regards to retaining heat through Portland’s cold winters, the development will maximize the use of sunspaces and solar exposure on aquariums and concrete circulation cores. Stairways and ramped boulevards will be covered in patches of urban farming greenhouse glass to create overheated sunspaces that both help plants grow and create isolated heat gain. Passive ventilation slits will be made in walls adjacent to these sun spaces to create maximum natural ventilation within the development units. Solar exposure on concrete and collected rainwater will serve as thermal masses which will retain heat through the night until the next morning. The aquariums that serve as thermal mass will also help circulate rain water caught on greenhouse glass gutters into underground water storage on the site’s existing basement level. The aquarium columns will be filled with a variety of ammonia producing fish which will not only add intrigue to the developments atrium experiences but will also farm ammonia for rooftop urban greenhouses to use on their various plants. Intermixed amongst the patches of rooftop gardens, on those rooftops inaccessible to the public, solar panels will farm energy for the development. Additionally occasional wind collation systems will exist on the facade of the development to catch those prevailing winds shown previously on the site plan. Piezoelectric energy collectors will be integrated into the many meandering bike and pedestrian ramped boulevards of the Bizarre Bazaar. Using this technology, the ground friction of users traveling these boulevards will create energy for the development. Excess energy created from all these sources will output to the Pacific Power Substation three blocks away. The Bizarre Bazaar’s many atriums of varying sizes and geometry will bounce sunlight down to the entryways of the development units. For those interiors needing extra sunlight reflective solar tubes will transfer natural light in from the roof and sunspaces. Besides Urban farming aquaponics, the Bizarre Bazaar will employ other sustainable programs in the form of community venues at the Intergenerational Education Center in which visitors can learn about the current and evolving sustainability of the development they occupy. The Bizarre Bazaar will be sustainable constructed through a modular mass timber construction process using prefab modular walls, windows, doors, columns, and beams. Not only does mass timber have a smaller carbon footprint than other building techniques but, with the nearest mass timber module factory existing only 8 minutes from the site, transportation environmental effects will be reduced as well. Activating the local mass timber facility will also engage local labor in a sustainable way.

NEIGHBORHOOD FROM MARKETPLACE

Community Redevelopment: Architect Anna Klingmann calls for architecture that surpasses its use value in order to attain brand equity through which it can become a catalyst for cultural and economic change. She details her vision in her book Brandscapes: Architecture in the Experience Economy, prefacing how our modern interconnectedness allows us nearly full control over with whom we interact: “Never before have we been so free to arrange our lives in accordance with our own individual needs and desires… chances to encounter people in the world who share our particular views and interests have become much greater”(54). Shared interests and beliefs bring people together. But meaningful communities are not formed around stagnant doctrines but rather the transformation of interests and beliefs in response to an evolving environment. The Lloyd Center Mall is in need of redevelopment because it failed to adapt to unexpected shifts in consumerism. A similar fate may follow Individuals who overly control their social interactions to surround themselves with those who share their views and interests. The late situationist, Bernard Tschumi, believes in encouraging unexpected public encounters, proposing in his Architecture and Disjunction that, “...maybe, one should … celebrate fragmentation by celebrating the culture of differences, by accelerating and intensifying the loss of certainty, or center, or history…” (237, Tschumi). Instead of revitalizing the familiar order of the Lloyd Center past, there is reason to embrace the unfamiliar chaos of the Bizarre Bazaar future. Thus “the culture of differences” will manifest from fragmentation. Klingmann summarizes this duality of community and transformation promoting that, ”places of assembly and interaction that ground the condition of the city with a renewed attention to community building… should be regarded as a proactive tool to set up conditions that increase our capacity for social interaction, personal growth, and enjoyment in complex ways, not only enabling moments of comfort and ease but also of challenge, discovery, and personal transformation” (54-55, Klingmann). The Bizarre Bazaar will foster a complex community of comfort and growth through its diverse mixed-use program.

Mixed-Use Program:

Vision for Community Landscape

“As planning and development concepts of regional shopping centers matrued, they began to include an ever-growing number of varying activity, and to date they have fallen short in only one respect. That is the failure to include residences. Otherwise, they have furnished proof that the separation and compartmentalization of various human activities is unnecessary [and] proof that melding results in significant economic and human advantages” - Victor Gruen, pg 202 34

Following Gruen’s advice from 57 years ago, the Bizarre Bazaar will evolve the Lloyd center into a mixed-use redevelopment, combining ground floor commercial tenants with modular local residential housing units, all integrated with nearby recreational, entertainment and community-building venues and activities. The location for exchange culture will mature into a community of cultural exchange through a mix of community-oriented programmatic uses. The Bazaar will be kept bizarre by a lush cornucopia of organic community planning. Affordable housing courtyards will be filled with aquarium columns, dog parks, sports feilds, bike paths, running tracks, and hydroponic community-gardens and greenhouses. Corner cafes will support game rooms, conference rooms, and library amenities. Local businesses such bike repair shops will share the first floor street edge with anchor tenants such as hardware stores, general stores, and pharmacies. Programs such as a library, a yoga studio and Amazon lockers will provide specialized services to downtown. The majority of the community spaces will be free-to-use public spaces, including amphitheaters, playgrounds, and intergenerational education event spaces. All community amenities in the Bazaar will be maintained by a HOA style administrative entity that will support the needs of the residents and employees of the Bizarre Bazaar. The architecture of the Bizarre Bazaar will encourage interactions between residents, customers, employees and employers, in order to build a strong community of actively engaged individuals and stakeholders.

Vision for Intriguing Interiority 35

Lloyd Center Site Map

100

200

400ft

Legend GENERAL USES

SPECIFIC USES

Lloyd Center

Government

Restaurants

Fire Station

Retail

Churches

LIGHT RAIL Green Line Blue Line Red Line A Line B Line Rail Stop

Housing/Misc.

Power Station

OTHER TRANSIT

Parking

Hospitality

Open Space

High School/ Career College

Post Offices

Movie Theater

Banks

Senior Living

CLIMATE DATA Prevailing Wind Summer Sun Spring/Fall Sun Winter Sun

Bus Stop Frequent Bus Route Standard Bus Route Banfield Freeway Pedestrian Boulevard Bike Path

Site Analysis: SITE ADJACENCIES: The adjacent uses to the Lloyd Center site shown by the previous site context map create various site forces that will influence the design thinking of the redevelopment. North of the site there are various retail and restaurant establishments. While the Bizarre Bazaar will not have retail uses besides those of its anchor stores, as detailed previously, many of the developments’ commercial tenants will be restaurants. By focusing such ground floor restaurant uses towards the northwestern frontage of the site, the Bizarre Bazaar will encourage customers into the site from the adjacent existing restaurants. Suburban single family homes sprawl to the north and east of the site, and a senior living center rests across the street to the east. The Bizarre Bazaar’s community-building public amenities shall be located along its northeastern frontage to help bring these neighborhoods into the redevelopment. The Bizarre Bazaar’s intergenerational education facilities will be located towards the southeast edge of the site to better integrate activities for Benson High School and Concorde Career College students from across the Banfield Freeway. 37

SITE CIRCULATION: The site context map purposely omits streets, street names, and general car traffic. While this data is necessary to take into account at the scale of the site map shown later, understanding the city context like the isolated modern citydwellers who are enslaved to car culture, defeats the Bizarre Bazaar’s ideals of encouraging community and cultural growth. Thus minimal auto-oriented information is shown on the site context map. The Banfield Freeway is shown both as a dividing scar upon the urban fabric but also as an expression of the wide-reaching potential consumer base for the bizarre. The overabundance of parking is shown as a blight upon the city. With several adjacent parking structures being multiple stories tall, there is no need for so much parking on the Lloyd Center site. The most defining aspects of Gruen’s original mall typology was the separation of cars (which he called utilitarian functions) from pedestrian foot traffic in and around the marketplace (which he called human functions). In describing his concept of bringing the Venetian square to America through the creation of the Mall, Gruen cites Leonardo da Vinci, explaining, “approximately five hundred years ago [he] proposed cities in which human functions are strictly separated from purely utilitarian ones, cities in which the basement levels are used for cars and carriages, the ground level reserved for walking only...devoted to pedestrian streets, plazas and lanes surrounded by arcaded or colonnaded buildings” (11). Gruen’s mall typology bucked the drive-in trend of his time proving that pedestrian shoppers value the, “introduction of beauty and enjoyment into the environment” of the marketplace (200). The dominance of car transportation is not only economically unsustainable, and of course environmentally unsustainable, but is also socially unsustainable as the street grid it imposes upon the city fractionalizes the urban fabric increasing citizen isolation. Understanding the city without such a defined rectangular grid prompts a more organic relationship between the Lloyd Center Site and the flowering Bizarre Bazaar design. While Portland does have a sprawling autocentric suburbia, urban citizens and urban planners dissent against car-culture through the public transportation and bike and pedestrian paths highlighted on the site context map. The Lloyd Center Site is bounded on three sides by several bus stops - many of which support the frequent running line 8 bus route that runs along the southern and eastern edge of the site. Connecting both across the Willamette River to the heart of Portland downtown and all the way north to Woodlawn suburbia, the line 8 bus route brings in a diversity of customers to the Lloyd Center. Similarly, the bike paths that bound the south east corner of the Lloyd Center site connect to the north-eastern corner of the Portland Bike Green Loop that connects the site the the heart of downtown across the Willamette river. The redevelopment design shall allow for extensions of adjacent bike routes to cut through the Bizarre Bazaar pattern to create more movement through the site. Taking inspiration from the x-pattern walkways connecting the corners of the adjacent southern Holladay Park, a similarly organic pattern of bike and pedestrian paths shall be integrated into the rectangular site’s redevelopment. Just across the adjacent southern Holladay Park from the site is the Lloyd Center/ Northeast 11th Avenue light Rail Station that connects to three of Portland’s light rail lines. In this way the Portland site is connected to the adjacent towns of Gresham, Clackamas, Beaverton and Hillsboro as well as the Portland International Airport. In summary, residents of the Bizarre Bazaar will have little need for cars due to an expansive local multimodal transit system. 38

The Lloyd Center site has a unique opportunity to expand upon the several adjacent existing pedestrian thoroughfares in an effort to support the pedestrian-focused urbanity Gruen desired. North of the site, there is a pedestrian boulevard protruding away from the site between Credit Union and Dollar Tree that currently connects to one of the mall’s main entrances. This thoroughfare is interestingly collinear with the closest bridge across the southern Banfield Freeway, with the center of Holladay Park, and with the central Lloyd Center Ice Rink - the only part of the existing complex still in some semblance of use. This interconnecting line of pedestrian uses should be supported in the Bizarre Bazaar redevelopment. The existing Lloyd Center Design overlays this northern pedestrian thoroughfare with a skybridge allowing delivery trucks entering the Dollar Tree parking lot up to service second floor commercial tenants. In the Bizarre Bazaar redevelopment this multi story delivery infrastructure could be improved to have a more elegant relationship with pedestrian thoroughfares.

Regulatory Evaluation: ZONING: The site is within Portland’s CX zone. The CX zone is a high density commercial zone intended for development within Portland’s most urban and intense areas. The CX zone allows for intense development with high building coverage and large buildings placed close together. Development is intended to be pedestrian-oriented with a strong emphasis on a safe and attractive streetscape. No zoning changes will be required for the development of the Bizarre Bazaar. DENSITY BONUS: The Bizarre Bazaar will be using about 71% of its leasable square footage to support Portland’s dire housing needs. In return for such service, it has been assumed that the redevelopment will be fast tracked to gaining approval as designated a Planned Development and in doing so gaining significant density and height bonuses. This will expand the CX zone starting 4:1 FAR and 75ft height limit to a 15:1 FAR and a 245ft height Limit. To be approved as a Planned Development, a site must be larger than two acres and provide a combination of affordable housing, a publicly accessible plaza or park, and energy efficient buildings. The Bizarre Bazaar well surpasssess these requirements and so will easily be approved as a Planned Development. ALLOWABLE SITE USES VERSUS SURROUNDING USES: The Bizarre Bazaar will capitalize on its CX zone allowable uses of household living, retail sales and service, commercial outdoor recreation, parks and open space, and major event entertainment in the eastern auditorium that will support the allowable educational programs of the intergenerational mentorship center. However, CX zoning also allows for several other uses including, schools and colleges, offices, daycare, religious institutions, and medical centers.

Other than the intergenerational mentorship center, the Bizarre Bazaar will not contain a formal school or college due to its proximity to such existing institutions. Irvington Elementary School and Harriet Tubman Middle School are respectively seven and eleven blocks away from the site. Benson Polytechnic High School and Concorde Career College are just across the bridge over the Banfield expressway from the site’s adjacent Holladay Park. The existing Lloyd Center contained some office space on its third floor. But just like the rest of the mall these offices became underused over the past several years. In the recent covid-19 pandemic the popularity of working from home left the Lloyd Centers offices practically abandoned. Due to the high vacancy rate and overall lack of demand for office space, such a use will not be included in the redevelopment. However the Bizarre Bazaar will include about 220 work/live workshop boutiques that will serve as a sort of office space for the community’s many resident creatives. Four childrens daycares and three religious institutions already exist within three blocks of the site. With the Bizarre Bazaar catering less towards families, creating another daycare on site was not deemed effective. However, should the Bizarre Bazaar evolve over time to house more families or need worship gathering spaces, a number of the neighborhood’s 65 flex community spaces could be converted into daycares or worship gathering spaces. The Legacy Emanuel Medical Center is only 6 minutes from the site. While providing Portland with another hospital could be beneficial it is not as needed as affordable housing and its institutionalized nature could detract from the Bizarre Bazaar’s cultivation of community. While the redevelopment will not include a full medical center, pharmacies will be included amongst the Bizarre Bazaars commercial tenants. Agriculture is a conditional use in CX zones. However in Chapter 33.237, the City code explains that in order to, “increase access to affordable, healthful, food for all, especially for those who may have limited options because of location, access, or income… regulations encourage Community Gardens, Market Gardens, and food membership distribution at a scale that is appropriate to neighborhoods in an urban environment… The regulations also recognize that the gardens and food membership organizations can help build a sense of community and offer increased opportunities to garden and to interact with neighbors.” The Bizarre Bazaar’s rooftop aquaponic farming qualifies as a Market Garden that supports neighborhood health and in Chapter 33.237 it states that Market Gardens are an allowable use in CX zones and have no maximum area. In an effort to best support the city goals quoted above, the Bizarre Bazaar incorporates about 20,000 square feet of aquaponic farming rooftop. This is notwithstanding the 22 aquarium columns that will not only service the farms with ammonia but also serve as passive thermal mass, allow for mass rainwater collection, and of course add visual intrigue to the occupant experience. PARKING REQUIREMENT: According to the City of Portland’s Off-Street Parking requirements Policy 6.27, Portland’s objectives are to promote the economic vitality of the urban area and de-emphasize parking in order to reduce single occupant vehicles traveling throughout the city, and reduce traffic overall. According to Policy 6.25, Portland strives to mandate a reduction of parking by 10 percent per capita within the next 20 years. 40

The current Lloyd Center Mall has a plethora of parking that covers about half the site and completely surrounds the LLoyd Center to force an auto-oriented entry sequence into the building. In addition to this existing on-site parking, the site is currently surrounded by a plethora of street-parking, and off-street parking options. The Bizarre Bazaar will attempt to reduce parking availability to the maximum extent in order to adhere to the City of Portland’s transit-oriented development goals as well as inspire an intermingling of people of various socioeconomic statuses to promote a community-building experience. The Bizarre Bazaar satisfies Portland’s 20 year plan of reducing overall traffic in the city by minimizing parking unit quantity and encouraging the community to use public transit as a primary means of travel. A standard Portland development with 51 housing units or more is codified by the City under chapter 33.266 as requiring a minimum parking amount of one space per three dwelling units. However, as the Bizarre Bazaar is classified as inclusionary affordable housing, this parking requirement can be reduced to zero. The Bizarre Bazaar’s ramped circulation is designed at the convenience of bicycle users and provides easy mobility of bicycles throughout the structure, as well as provides an abundance of bicycle parking units. The minimum number of required bicycle spaces in residential structures is 1 space for every 20 dwelling units. While not required Portland promotes the creation of bike sharing docking stations - even providing parking reductions for their creation. The Bizarre Bazaar will have such bike sharing stations at the major intersections of its interior ramp network. ADDITIONAL ENTITLEMENTS AND PERMITS: The city of Portland requires a building permit for all development projects. A building permit application can be filled out with the City of Portland, Oregon - Bureau of Development Services. There is also a change of occupancy permit process that needs to be taken to change this development from originally a commercial lot to now a mixed residential and commercial use. However, as is typical with affordable housing projects, city officials will help fast track us through these initial hurdles, significantly securing project feasibility. Additionally, as detailed below by having 80% of the redevelopments housing units support 50% AMI low-income residents, the Bizarre Bazaar will receive significant Low Income Housing Tax Credits to help its financing. POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS: While, as outlined previously, the high density of the Bizarre Bazaar aligns with Portland’s 2030 vision for the future, the redevelopments location two blocks away from single family zoning may prompt some nimbyism from certain Portlandians who disagree with the government’s path towards density. The design of the Bizarre Bazaar creates a compromise by lowering its architectural form to only 5-6 stories on its eastern side near to the single family zoning. This induces a stepped architecture down from the 18 story western side that emulates the Lloyd Tower, which helps spread out morning solar heat gain across the site improving passive sustainability.

CLIMATE-FOCUSED ITERATION: Other than Holladay Park there is minimal open space in the immediate site area. The Bizarre Bazaar will expand upon the adjacent park open space with its hydroponic community gardens. A grand entry sequence into the site from the south will draw in park-goers up the hill-like building form of the Bizarre Bazaar. In this way the redevelopment will become an expansion of the park landscape. Through this formal synergy, the Bizarre Bazaar various community happenings will bleed out into Holladay PaPolitical Considerations: While, as outlined previously, the high density of the Bizarre Bazaar aligns with Portland’s 2030 vision for the future, the redevelopments location two blocks away from single family zoning may prompt some nimbyism from certain Portlandians who disagree with the government’s path towards density. The design of the Bizarre Bazaar creates a compromise by lowering its architectural form to only 5-6 stories on its eastern side near to the single family zoning. This induces a stepped architecture down from the 18 story western side that emulates the Lloyd Tower, which helps spread out morning solar heat gain across the site improving passive sustainability. rk and the rest of the urban environment. The hill-like redevelopment form northward from Holladay Park will also help moderate the effects of the Portland Climate on the site. The stair-stepped down Southern facade of the Bizarre Bazaar will mitigate the occasionally high winter winds from the south by allowing them to rise up the artificial hillside and not cool the building. The subsequent tall northern facade will help occasionally high summer winds from the north to naturally ventilate the redevelopment through the warm summers. Additionally, the stair-stepped building form will give more opportunity for daylighting to bounce into the site’s thick interior. Late afternoon sunlight, which can be detrimental due to glare and overheating thermal mass in the summer, will be shaded by the high rises to the southwest of the site. The hill-like building form will also help flow precipitation from the overcast and rainy days that are common to Portland winters down towards Holladay Park, keeping western, northern, and eastern, commercial street frontages dryer. In this way, from Portland’s annual 42.8 inches of annual rainfall, the Bizarre Bazaar could receive an annual water catchment harvest of about 22.5 million gallons with a high of 3.892 million gallons in January and a low of 0.264 million gallons in July. This water will be used throughout the building including naturally watering the various vegetation on the building hill-side. Portland can gain about 4 inches of snow during some winters which shall be considered in the Bizarre Bazaar’s community garden designs. Solar panels could be used to shelter plants and even melt snow. Being an expansive 23 acre site, the Bizarre Bazaar redevelopment has immense photovoltaic (PV) potential giving it enough economy of scale to counter the overcast Portland winters. The onsite PV system could have a rated capacity of about 14000kW creating a potential of 60 million kbtu’s of energy created each year. The site PV potential is 3.6 kbtu/ft2-yr. Though that is a fair amount of energy it pales in comparison to the estimated 41.2 kbtu/ft2-yr estimated site EUI needed (before considering building form). It may be beneficial for the Bizarre Bazaar to sell summer solar energy excess (from the 8 million kbtu per month) to the Pacific Power Station just three blocks west of the site in order to buy back energy in the overcast winters (when as low as 2 million kbtu per month is created). 42

Site Area

200ft 100ft

Hill-Like Design Iteration 43

Formal Precedent:

Ivry-sun-siene Apartment Skybridge Photo by Lambert Leopold

In his disgust of auto-centric sprawl, Gruen analyzed in 1964, “Where once there was an infinite variety of hills and mountains… satisfying both the eye and the spirit, [a] cancerous growth of man-made uniformity is being spread”(34). Just five years later in Ivry-sun-seine, a French province just southeast of Paris, French architects Renée Gailhoustet and Jean Renaudie broke ground on a project that countered the trend of ‘man-made uniformity’ with a mountain-like form that transfigures a sense of intrigue into the monotony of the street grid. Gailhoustet and Renaudie fulfilled Gruen’s imperative that “transfiguration of our existing urban organisms is the only remaining alternative. Transfiguration…means a change of urban pattern, a new order that can be superimposed over the existing one, transcending what we have inherited from the past with the spirit of the present and the immediate future” (58). The adjacent image showing the skybridge between two sections of the social housing complex best represents the superimposition of the project’s irregular almosttriangular column grid on top of the existing rectilinear roadway. 44

At the same time as the Lloyd Center became a symbol of capitalism in Portland, Gailhoustet and Renaudie were designing their ten social housing buildings for the communist-leaning Ivrysun-seine province. Interestingly, while Gailhoustet and Renaudie master-planned the complex to support communist ideals of equality and co-property, they also painstakingly architected each individual unit to have a unique floor plan. Their Ivry-sun-seine masterpiece is an expression of how individualism can be glorified within a community-focused development vision. The individual Ivry-sun-seine housing unit floor plans may at first appear prickly and anti-social when understood on their own. But when all such unique units are amalgamated together a smooth terrain of hills and valleys emerges with various roof gardens and balconies visually and spatially connecting units together in a complex web of private and public living. Amongst the repeated irregularity of circulation paths and clerestory light-shafts a sense of experiential intrigue is exchanged between individual occupants forming a sense of community within the development. Ivry-sun-siene Hill-like Form Photo by Lambert Leopold 45

Google Earth FR

Ivry-Sur-Seine Housing Complex Process Diagrams

by Renée Gailhoustet and Jean Renaudi, 1969

Ivry-Sur-Seine Housing Complex Master Plan

Gailhoustet and Renaudie’s colorful floor plan process images resemble the De Stijl art movement from which they were inspired. Defined yet irregular construction lines help produce a chaotic seeming column grid while acute angle unit floor plan corners resemble the organic edge line of fern leaves. Interior circulation (shown in red) meanders through these floorplans like a trail through forest bushes. The biophilic forms of the Ivry-sun-seine housing complex are accented by the inclusion of actual biology into the architecture through several green roofs that add a fluff of indulgence to an otherwise austere building exterior of concrete glass and brick. Formal intrigue and a Bazaar-esqu sense of interiority are created in Gailhoustet and Renaudie’s precedent by having a biophilic design created from an irregular layout of seemingly chaotic construction lines. A similarly organic design process will be used in the Bizarre Bazaar in order to instil similar intriguing thresholds of interiority - the communal experiences of which are intended to promote the exchange culture needed to intermingle the ‘lonely crowd’.

Adapting the Bazaar to American Consumerism: A thorough financial analysis of the redevelopment of the Lloyd Center is crucial to ensuring the viability and vitality of its transformation into a Bizarre Bazaar. However, the history of the bazaar and the consumerism inherent to it, is not nearly as mathematical. Bazaars first arose nearly five millennia ago in Persia. The first bazaars were nodes for caravans to trade goods, services, and culture under the aegis of local palaces and mosques. As trade evolved, near the tenth century, the bazaar became entrenched in the city. They grew organically to fill up the streets and stalls became covered to increase their protection from the weather and improve the longevity of their wares. The bazaar became the beating heart of each city. As architecture began to envelop the flowering nature of the bazaar, such architecture also became similarly organic. Over the centuries, the vibrant spirit of the bazaar imprinted itself upon the architectural shell it made for itself. In this way, quite unlike the rectilinear regularity of the American Mall, the Persian bazaar expressed the organic nature of its consumerism within the form and geometry of its architecture. In his master’s thesis, Geometry at work: Re-reading the Persian Bazaar, Mehran Mojtahedzadeh conducts a purely formal and geometric analysis of the grand bazaar of Isfahan in modern day Iran in an effort to uncover the emergent architectural elements that make the bazaar so unique. In his research, Mehran analyzes the grand bazaar of Isfahan according to the organic nature of its plan and the experiential quality of its section. But he is unable to find an external elevation in the bazaar’s architectural documents. Mehran explains that, “When walking through the bazaar we do not encounter any evidence that would lead us to obtain an understanding of its external expression as a material form.“ He concludes that the bazaar’s architectural intrigue spawns from its identity as a space of interiority. This sense of interiority is so intrinsic to the nature of the cavernous bazaar that it is even represented in the adjacent AI computer-generated art of www.wombo.art. The 48

In his thesis Mehran notes that, “Before entering we are unable to take much of a guess as to what is happening on the inside; the only visible element is the arch that marks the starting point of the bazaar. The bazaar’s intrigue is accentuated by its organic interior chaos being juxtaposed by the ordered monumentalism of its arched main entrance”. Mehran defines how this arch element is “continuity between the wall and the roof”. He then explains how through the geometric technique of Kar-Bandi, an amalgamation of rotated arches create the dome units that make up the grand bazaar of Isfahan. In Mehran’s diagramatic example of Kar-Bandi, he shows how two platonic pentagon 2d geometries can frame the rotation of arches. This geometry and the way it is organically tiled in plan to fill in the city helps inspire the Bizarre Bazaar design thinking outlined later. Just as the dome modules created by Kar-Bandi make up the grand Bazaar of Isfahan, modular units will also make up the Bizarre Bazaar of Portland. The bazaar concept is not a new paradigm in American commercial architecture. A great example of its application is the Los Angeles Grand Central Market. Unlike the grand bazaar of Isafahan, the grand central market does not modularize its sense of interiority using a series of domes but rather uses the modernist construction method of piloti columns in order to create one “grand” unified experience of interiority. Within this unified form more than fifty market stalls are all privately owned and operated creating a sense of ownership and community between tenants that help to maintain the livelihood of the bazaar. Unlike with the overly-ordered mall typology, the inter-proximity and sense of interiority and ownership of the LA grand Central Market stalls creates more individualized, personable interactions between producers and consumers which inspires a genuine exchange between the cultures expressed in the bazaar’s many types of cuisines. Applying a similar formal solution to the Portland Bizarre Bazaar will inspire similar cultural exchange between producers and consumers.

Kar-Bandi Example on a 3 by 5 Bay

Grand Bazaar of Isfahan

Los Angeles Grand Central Market 50

Metabolism Inspiration: The same year Lloyd Center’s grand opening solidified the seemingly timeless American mall architectural typology, the 1960 World Design Conference discussed a different form of architecture whose interchangeable components evolved to the true adapting growth of cities. Twelve years later, Kiro Kurokawa expressed these new metabolism ideas in his 14 story tall Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo, Japan. The project’s prefab modular units house traveling businessmen working downtown with each being easily replaceable and exchangeable by retensioning the four high-load bolts that plug each module into its central concrete core. Similar to the Bizarre Bazaar, the tower’s units interiors are individually influenced by each unit’s relationship to its neighbors. The Bizarre Bazaar’s computational design adapts the Capsule Towers key design moves of stacking and rotating to expand a similar modular amalgamation to the scale of a 23 acre complex. As detailed in later sections, the Bizarre Bazaar uses the capsule tower form as an architectural motif in order to create hierarchy across its otherwise hill-like skyline. 51

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN

DISCUSSITURE:

PROGRESS

COLLABORATION

DISCUSSION GROW UNDERSTANDING

ROTATE

FURNITURE DESIGN: As a submission to the 2021 Vellum Furniture Competition, a five-surfaced furniture piece was assembled as a physical expression of the Bizarre Bazaar’s key concepts. It was.inspired by how the previous site for exchange diagram analyzed the City of Roses’ site as a five-petaled rose. The project was used as a medium for an initial Bizarre Bazaar design discussion. The piece is titled “Discussiture” because the furniture is meant to inspire discussion between its users. In this way, Discussiture is an geometric evolution of the experiment previously performed at the 2021 Cal Poly Abstract Show. While at the show the experience of a puzzling physical platform directly prompted a social platform for cultural exchange, Discussiture attempts to more subtly inspire a community of interpersonal recognition and productivity without the need for such direct interventions. 54

Discussiture supports a duality of understanding and progress with two formations. The piece can mechanically shift between being a table for collaboration and seats for discussion. In the table formation, the five surfaces of the furniture collaborate to create a singular table across which an exchange of ideas can be created. In the seat formation, the five petals rotate on lazy susans to blossom outwards as seats to draw in their users for an intimate discussion. While both formations of the Discussiture’s surfaces forge community through understanding and progress, the legs of Discussiture geometrically embody community through their interlocking pattern. As shown in the adjacent diagram, the ten legs of the Discussiture were inspired by the legs of 5 team members when they huddle together. On their own, two legs are unstable, but when braced by a community of others, they are strong. By expanding the angle between its legs, the DIscussiture is able to create a motion similar to a tightening Chinese finger trap that allows it to shift between seat and table formations. Like the arms of a team huddle, telescoping rods were used to lock the Discussiture into its two different configurations.

FURNITURE ANALYSIS: In dimensioning the legs of the Discussiture, assumptions were made about the height of table and seat surfaces. A variety of common furniture pieces were measured with respect to a variety of different heights of people and the Discussiture was designed with an attempted average height in order to accommodate most users. The table height is 32 inches from the ground so that it can be used from both a standing and seated position. The seat height is 20 inches from the ground so that it can be used with another discussiture table or by itself. In measuring the commonplace furniture imperial units were used but as an analysis of these measurements evolved it became clear a better measuring system existed. In a measuring system of equidistant units, the scale of a piece of furniture may seem irrelevant to something as large as the universe or as small as a quark. But through the exponential measuring system of scientific notation, we are only roughly 14-26 orders of magnitude size difference from either - a countable amount. It is almost as if nature has placed humanity at the center of its exponential measuring stick. So what happens if nature’s grand measuring stick is used for something as banal as furniture? To start an origin for measurements is generated at roughly the geometric center of a human: a table height of 32 inches. This exponential origin can be defined as 0 where the greek symbol Phi ( ) is a stand-in for our yet unknown variable with which to exponentially measure. Then an adjacent second measurement is defined in order to spawn our exponential measuring system by defining Phi. In the adjacent diagram, the smaller 20 inches seat height was used - equating to -1 in the exponential measuring system. To solve for Phi the ratios between the measuring systems can be equated as follows: 0

-1

32in

20in

20in (

)

32in (

20in (1)

32in (

20in 32in 32in 20in

32in * Phi 3 = 11’ 4” ROOF / CEILING 9’ 8” Clerestory

32in * Phi 2 = 7’ 0” DOOR / WINDOW

5’ 4” Average Eyeline 32in * Phi 1 = 4’ 4” SHELF / CABINET 32in * Phi 0= 2’ 8” TABLE / COUNTER 32in * Phi-1 = 1’ 8” SEAT / CHAIR 0in * Phi-2 = 0’ 0” FLOOR / GROUND

-1

)

1.62 56

The Golden Scale of Horizontals A new measuring tape for the unit interior

With Phi approximating to 1.62, the exponential measuring system can further extend out from the human form in the horizontal direction. When the orders of magnitude created by this measuring system are converted back to more easily understandable imperial units, surprising relations are revealed about the scale of a standard room. Extrapolating from an order of magnitude of -1 being the height of a seat and an order of magnitude of 0 being the height of a table, and order of magnitude of 1 becomes about 52 inches - the height of a standard shelf. Extrapolating further, an order of magnitude of 2 is about 84 inches - or the height of a standard 7ft door - and an order of magnitude of 3 is about 11ft 4inches which is roughly an average floor to floor height of a residential unit. It is perhaps no surprise that the ratios in our built environments mirror the ratios found in the natural environment in which we evolved as a species. The Bizarre Bazaar will use nature’s exponential measuring system in order to develop a more organic architectural design solution. 57

Electron Diffraction

Nature’s Ratio:

Scaled Spirals

In searching for a biophilic design pattern for its many commercial and housing units, the Bizarre Bazaar will incorporate algorithms that pattern the natural world. Nature is the first architect and has had eons to perfect its design resulting in the golden ratio. The golden ratio makes aesthetically pleasing spirals when applied in the cartesian coordinate system, however when applied in the polar coordinate system, the golden ratio reveals its first superpower: space packing efficiency. When consecutive evenly spaced entities are cumulatively rotated golden ratio rotations around an origin, the most space is granted between them on the 2d plane. The most obvious example of this in nature is expressed in sunflower seed placement. But while the golden ratio produces efficient order it carries with it an inherent internal chaos. Intrinsic to the gold ratio is its defining number Phi ( ) A - the irrational number 1.61803398874.... As the adjective B C “irrational” implies the number Phi has an inherent imbued D E chaos when it is understood through the standard decimal G system. But, despite this chaos, phi can be succinctly F understood relation to the number 1 - the mirror for all I H B=E, D=G, F=I multiplicative and divisorial operations: A=B+C=B+(D+E)=B+(D+(F+G))=B+(D+(F+(H+I)))

=1+

1 1+

1 + 11 1 + ...

-1= 1

This cyclical property of the golden ratio - its second superpower - reveals a beautiful hidden order to the irrational number. Through this cyclical ability to scale within itself, the golden ratio presents itself in nature in ways as small as Electron diffraction patterns in quasicrystals to as large as the spirals of galaxies. 58

Just like binary fission in prokaryotic cell organisms, phi can reproduce more of itself by dividing itself in half. Yet interestingly phi can also be defined by this intradivision as shown in the adjacent figure. Taking the limit of Phi as defined this way, yields an even more mysterious definition of the ordered chaos that is phi: 5+ 5

= 5- 5

It is mysterious and beautiful that such a chaotic entity as can be constructed from an algorithm with only the number five - a number whose geometry remains uncommon in our present man-made world. Our bridges are supported by grids of triangles, our city street maps are lined with grids of quadrilaterals, and our pedestrian paths are even occasionally tiled with a grid of hexagons. However, pentagons are few and far between. This is because, unlike many of its regular polygon cousins, the pentagon cannot periodically tile the infinite 2d plane by itself. It is more mysterious and beautiful then that the pentagon is the key to mathematician Roger Penrose’s famous two-moduled aperiodic tiling pattern.

Aperiodic Tiling:

Modularity is a finicky sect of architectural design. Modular architecture when fabricated through a kit of parts can easily be mass produced off-site and quickly assembled at the affordable prices needed to support Portland’s affordable housing needs. Modular components can also be designed for disassembly and reconfigurability, increasing sustainability and providing an easy avenue for a building's formal evolution over time. Modularity also allows for the open content architecture evolution of the Rent-a-Wall concept detailed previously However, actual historical uses of modularity have painted a bleak outlook of the design method as a cookie-cutter of uniformity. But uniformity need not be the product of a design sect with such rich geometric potential. Such uniformity arises from unimaginatively designed relationships between the modules. However the intermodule liminal condition need not be so periodically banal. Aperiodic tiling is the key to imbuing creative chaos into the ordered field of modular construction. Unlike regular pentagons, squares can easily tile an infinite 2D plane. However they do so in a way that is periodic. This means that any significantly large subset of square tiles can be found more than once, or periodically, within the infinity of tiling patterns. But within the last century, geometers have found that aperiodic tiling systems exist in which any significantly large subset of tiles is wholly unique to the infinite tiling plane within which it resides. 59

Aperiodicity unites Efficient Modularity

A set of modules that tile a plane is aperiodic if any large region of such modules is diverse to all other large regions within the same plane.

Infinite Diversity

In 1964, the same year Gruen published his book referenced recently, Robert Berger found the first example of an aperiodic set of tiles, by using using the undecidability of the Turing machine halting problem to mathematically prove that a set of 20,426 distinct logician Hoa Wang’s square colored dominos never repeats. In the past decade, the mathematics community recently proved that 11 such square tiles with four colors between them are a minimum need to produce such aperiodicity. However, looking beyond our industrialized human tendencies towards the quadrilateral, Roger Penrose, with support from other mathematicians, dissected a regular pentagon through the golden ratio in order to produce the famous 2-moduled tiling system that took his name.

GROW 0

2 + 7 = Infinity: The diagonal between two regular pentagon vertices is a golden ratio length of the pentagon’s regular side. When all such diagonals are drawn within a regular pentagon, a star-shaped intersection is formed which divides each diagonal into golden ratio related segments. Within these golden ratio interrelated construction lines, penroses kite and dart tiles are created. As shown in the adjacent diagram, these modules contain angles that are multiples of 36 degrees. To tile the infinite plane aperiodically, Penrose specified only certain valid edge connection possibilities. In the adjacent diagram these tiling rules are graphically described by two different colored curves which must be smoothly connected in order to create aperiodicity. As shown in the subsequent diagram, this creates only 7 possible vertex conditions for the tiles. As if through magic, 2 types of modules and 7 ways to relate them to one another creates an infinitely diverse aperiodic tiling system.

-2

-3

-1

ROTATE

Robert Amman’s Two Rhombi Modules

Stacking Aperiodicity: Aperiodicity is an effective way to extract uniformity from modularity across the 2D plane, but architecture exists in three dimensions. In order to create a truly unique and intriguing unit complex a diversity must be created in between layers of tiled units. In order to do this, we follow a similar design process as that of Gailhoustet and Renaudie and erect key columns to support the various floors of the architecture. However, unlike the Ivry-sunseine’s human-designed chaotic construction lines, we can let our aperiodic tiles themselves algorithmically define for us seemingly random columns to support units above while maintaining an overall formal intrigue to the construction.

Roger Penrose’s Two Kite and Dart Modules

2 Modules + 7 Configurations = Possibilies

Different kite and dart vertex conditions can be stacked on top of one another so that a central origin column (or possibly circulation core) connects to a vertex of each module in the tower stack created. However, as shown by the three outer columns in the previous model, creating this stack, other columns are revealed to also be able to permeate through aligned vertices unbroken by kite and dart unit areas. Intriguingly only three exterior columns are able to do this, showing the unique property that some but not all columns support the stacked aperiodicity. As experimentally proven in more detail in the generative design solution section below, as long as the penrose pattern is rotated about one of its vertices by a multiple of 36 degrees, some but not all possible vertex columns maintain compatibility with the new layer of form. Thus the relation between columns and modules shown in the physical tower model can be extended to the infinite layered-cake possible 3 dimensional Bizarre Bazaar unit interrelations.

Sister Tilings:

In 1976, Robert Amman independently discovered a sister two-module tiling system to Penrose’s kite and dart tiling system that is entirely made up of wide and thin rhombi. The sibling relationship between these two tiling systems is artfully shown in a wood art piece crafted by Arnaud Chéritat. The adjacent figures diagram Chéritat’s work expressing the formal sisterhood between the two tiling systems. While both systems may yield space packing efficiency, when applied to the real-world needs of housing complexes both systems fall short in allowing for circulation between units. Thus, as described in further detail in the generative design solution section below, the Bizarre Bazaar will craft its own sister penrose, dubbed the crystal tiling system, in which individual crystals exist within void space creating meandering circulation and cavernous meeting spaces between modules. As additionally diagramed atop Chéritat’s woodwork, all three tiling systems can be scaled within themselves to produce more refined generations of themselves. This is possible due to the cyclical nature of the gold ratio described previously as the second of phi’s superpowers. The way differently scaled generations of a penrose tiling sibling interrelate with occasional shared edges inspires a scaled heterogeneity of form, as shown in the adjacent design iteration, that will become a topic of future design study. While the Bizarre Bazaar’s commercial and residential units are central to its formal topography, the redevelopment will also support a variety of private and public amenities which will need smaller and larger spaces. These differently scaled spaces could be accommodated with a heterogeneity of scales of tiling generations collectively influencing the SISTER TILING form of the redevelopments final design. DESIGN INTERATION 62

KITES / DARTS

RHOMBI

MEANDERING BETWEEN MEETINGS 63

CRYSTALS

WOOD ART BY ARNAUD CHÉRITAT

Crystal Tiling Design Process: After understanding how the crystal tiling evolved previously meets the Bizarre Bazaar’s needs for meandering intrigue, a generative design process towards a final design will follow. First a site-less crystal tiling generator is to be created using the algorithmic software of the Grasshopper computer aided design program. Then, this algorithm will be generativity optimized for the site conditions of the Portland Lloyd Center Site. The grasshopper algorithm will input customizable design constants for everything from tiling origin to individual unit area to north direction in order to conjure a crystal tiling of bizarre bazaar units. Then an optimizable vertex will be selected out of all possible crystal tiles around which to rotate the tiling an optimizable multiple of 36 degrees and stack a customizable floor to floor height in order to create the layered-cake of unit interrelations outlined previously. Then a column grid will be formed where the vertices of the stacked tiling patterns overlap. Then all crystal tiles not connected to the column grid will be culled to create atriums within the form.

SELECT

ROTATE

468

STACK

SELECT o

576 ROTATE

Subsequent layers of the Bizarre Bazaar will be created in relation to the initial column grid created through a continuation of the select, rotate, stack, cull form generation. This will pseudo-randomly raise hills of units up from valleys of courtyards evolving a compelling building landscape until a certain customizable FAR or height limit is reached. By allowing for customization of design inputs, the grasshopper algorithm will be able to create a near-infinite amount of site-less crystal tiling stack design solutions. Using multivariable optimization software, the crystal tiling stack grasshopper algorithm can be generativity designed to fit the quantitative needs of the Lloyd Center site. Everything from zoning restrictions to daylighting minimums to maximizing unit count to EUI and PV implementation area desires can become variables optimized within the generative design. Once the software computes optimized solutions to the grasshopper algorithm based on various desired quantitative variables, human design sense can be applied through the implementation of differently scaled tiles as alluded to in the previous section. In total, grasshopper form finding algorithms, multivariable optimizers, and human design sense can work together to create an architectural evolution of the crystal tiling system that fulfill the needs of the Lloyd Center redevelopment site. Additionally, an augmented version of the A* wayfinding algorithm used in GPS computer generated directions, could be applied to the five sets of parallel lines (5-grid) that underlay the penrose tiling pattern in order to create thoroughfares between destination areas within the Bizarre Bazaar complex and create easily-comprehensible egress pathways. An example of these thoroughfares and their related crystal modules and column grid is expressed in the following plan diagrams.

“GRASS GROWS”

TILING “ECOSYSTEM” ALGORITHMIC GENERATION “FLOWERS BLOOM”

CULL “HILL FORMS” STACK

CULL

EXAMPLE ALGORITHM STACK

EXAMPLE ALGORITHM PLAN

THOROUGHFARES 5-GRID

COLUMNS

CRYSTAl OPTIONS

SITE

MODULES

Note how the previous computationally-created diagram looks eerily similar to the handdrawn process diagrams of the Ivry-sun-seine housing complex analyzed earlier in this thesis. Interestingly, the diagram is also geometrically similar to the urban planning proposal with which Gruen concludes his book. Gruen even inexplicably includes pentagonal patterns in his fractal-like organizations of urban centers. These similarities hint that, in future evolutions of the development, the Bizarre Bazaar’s crystal tiling pattern could be expanded out from its site into the surrounding city urban planning in order to spread its community exchange benefits.

FLOOR STACKING GRASSHOPPER SCRIPT: (A MIXTURE OF GALAPAGOS, OCTOPUS, AND LADYBUG PLUG-INS)

GRUEN’S METROPOLIS

SCAL

E: 1”

ALE SC

ng nderi ores C e Mea Venat irculation C

3 from

: 1”

12”

re s a f h rlap g u ro Ove o h g te T Tilin a r ne m Ge fro

Pos i “Cr tion A yst per al” iod Tili ic ngs

APERIODICITY GENERATES MEANDERING

Use the Cyclicity of Phi to create Scale Hierarchy

SC : 1” ALE 56”

Computational Diagrams

”

SCALE: 1” = 512”

From a simple tiling pattern overlayed on the site boundary and locations of elevator cores, the design script (shown subsequently) outputs not only units but their open content interiors as rhino blocks ready for personalization.

= 512

MEANDERING BREEDS INTRIGUE 70

BEDROOM? BEDROOM?

”

= 32 ” 1 : LE

SC A

ATRIUM

4”

OFFICE/FLEX?

E: 1”

BALCONY?

BEDROOM?

KITCHEN?

OFFICE/FLEX?

7 Gen

OFFICE/FLEX?

ENTRY?

6 withi

rs e Doo mits Locat Egress Li n

ALE

SEATING?

TO ELEVATOR

ith

COMMUNITY YEILDS PREROGATIVE

ENTRY?

gn i s e r D rams o i er og Int ar Pr dul o M

SCALE: 1” = 128”

tr y e eom ation G tal h Ven s y Cr wit ull

Each interior module will serve as a flex space, providing residents individualized prerogative over how to organize their built environment and create community between residents.

Design Summary

= 16”

KITCHEN?

SEATING?

e lum rate U n 5 nit -Gr s to id alig

: 1”

BALCONY?

KITCHEN?

INTRIGUE UNIFIES COMMUNITY

SCAL

SEATING?

PASSAGEWAY

As tiles are applied to the site they overlap to create thoroughfares from which meandering circulation will veinate. A variety of atriums are serviced from individualized entry sequences all coordinated with a 5-grid of modular structural integrity.

Inspired by the geometric interiority of the ancient community-focused bazaar, the 23 acre site will be redeveloped through the aperiodicity of penrose tiling computational design processes that use grasshopper to generate meandering 3D neighborhoods with a lush sense of interiority. In order to increase experiential intrigue, the new bazaar will be made bizarre with a modular mixture of affordable housing, community-building venues and local businesses. This “Bizarre Bazaar” will yeild a sense of prerogative through a unique open content catalog of reusable modular interiors.

Custom Python Nodes by Bryce Collard

Grasshopper Script:

Open Content Interiors

Grasshopper Process:

Designing the Bizarre Bazaar with computational processes only enhances the projects human artistic expression. While grasshopper scripts helped output optimized geometry, it took human ingenuity to instruct scripts which factors to optimize - such as percentages of unit area types and ease of circulation. Human and computer became design partners. Grasshopper was initially used to output custom crystal tiling geometry from penrose tiling algorithms using the Parakeet plug-in. Originally, a script was developed to use the Galapagos plug-in to optimize the select, rotate, stack, cull design operations for units created and daylighting (via Ladybug plug-in). However, a human designed implementation of the design operations based upon the insights of the Galapagos optimization and physical model studies was eventually adopted for better control over program implementation across floors and overall form pruning. After the key design operations were finalized, grasshopper was used to output 5-grid columns, vegetated railings, and more. For residential, commercial, and community spaces, two different scales of crystal tilings were region differenced to gain more intriguing expressions of aperiodicity. Specialized grasshopper nodes were needed to partition this geometry into livable units. Computer science major Bryce Collard made it his senior project to code key python scripts into the custom grasshopper nodes required. These included deriving interior versus exterior wall types and grouping interior unit fragments into catalogable module types (as shown by the colored areas on the previous spread).

ARCHITECTURAL RESULT 77

Program Distributed Unit Type l BOOTHS a i c r e WORK/LIVE SHOPS m m o C STORES ity LOUNGES n u m m PARKLETS Co l STUDIO a i t n de 1-BEDROOM i s e R 2-BEDROOM

Unit Area ~ 260 sqft ~ 680 sqft ~ 1770 sqft ~ 4640 sqft ~ 1770 sqft ~ 700 sqft ~ 800 sqft ~ 1100 sqft

Amount 1243 220 291 65 286 1448 3433 483

Total Area 321,320 sqft 148,830 sqft 515,360 sqft 301,410 sqft 506,510 sqft 1,013,600 sqft 2,746,400 sqft 531,300 sqft 6,084,720 sqft 78

Bizarre B Bazaar 79

Example Floor Plan Example Floor P 50 N 200ft Floor 100 Plan: Example N 200ft 100 50

200ft

100

KEY

The Bizarre Bazaar emerges a 18 story high mass timber neighborhood of meandering circulation integrating residential and commercial uses with community and open space areas.

KEY KEY

Plan

Example Floor Plan

Two Bedroom Units (9%)

Communal Lounge

Lawn

One Bedroom Units (64%)

Work/Live Commercial

Eleva

Studio Units (27%)

Pop-up Booths

Ramp

Two Bedroom Units (9%)

Communal Lounge

Lawn Space

One Bedroom Units (64%)

Work/Live Commercial

Elevator Cores

Studio Units (27%)

Pop-up Booths

Ramp-way Entry Points

Two Bedroom Units (9%)

Communal Lounge

Lawn Space

Bike/Ped Ramp from b

One Bedroom Units (64%)

Work/Live Commercial

Elevator Cores

Bike/Ped Ramp to abo

Studio Units (27%)

Pop-up Booths

Ramp-way Entry Points

Meadering Pathways

Two Bedroom Units (9%)

Communal Lounge

Lawn Space

Bike/Ped Ramp from below

One Bedroom Units (64%)

Work/Live Commercial

Elevator Cores

Bike/Ped Ramp to above

Studio Units (27%)

Pop-up Booths

Ramp-way Entry Points

Meadering Pathways

Site Program

Site Model:

Site Plan: SCALE: 1” = 80’ 83

Circulation Model: The layers of modules will be navigated by meandering bike and pedestrian ramped boulevards while glazed stair cores will provide the development with code egress.

Void Model: A variety of atriums will permiate layers of modules.

Biophilic Inspiration: Just like the stalks of the native oregonian elderberry bush the ramped boulevards meader through residential foliage growing berries of commercial program as they grow towards the sky.

PROGRAM KEY: Photovoltaics Residential Public Space Water Urban Farming Commercial Bike Ramps

Process Studies:

Process Models

Process Section SCALE: 1” = 16’

Process Plans

SCALE: 1” = 500’ 3rd 1st 4th 2nd

5th

Experiential Section: Let us discover daily life at the Bizarre Bazaar!

Eve

ning

While studying, Nina watches Gregory watering his greenhouse balcony and Grandma Lila do her daily exercise.

Sun Tubes

Sun

Sun Space

Lounge

Solar Gain

Northwestern Winds

Solar Panel

As residents line up for the Trimet Line 77, Javier brings office brunch orders back across the sky bridge.

TRIMET

Rainwater Collection 88

Ammonia-rich Water

Natural Ventilation

Public Mural

Even

Stack Ventilation

Kiara’s aspiration to work in marine biology is inspired by the intriguing vertical aquariums outside her affordable residence.

ing S

Radiant Flooring

As David opens his second floor Live/Work Workshop, Pablo Caserving fé starts brunch out from the restaurant kitchen.

Aquarium Core

Sunlight bounce down atriums to greenhouses and bounces through mirror-filled sun tubes to create skylights for residential

Systems Section: Eve

ning

Sun Tubes

Sun

Northwestern Winds Sun Space

Solar Panel

TRIMET

Lounge

Solar Gain

Let us discover the sustainability of the Bizarre Bazaar!

Apart from activating solar panels, sunlight will turn lounge entry spaces into sunspaces which will induce natural ventilation.

Rainwater will be collected throughout the neighborhood and stored in the development’s 22 aquarium cores. Rainwater Collection 90

Natural ventilation, stack ventilation through atriums, and radiant flooring will keep the complex cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Natural Ventilation

Public Mural

Ammonia-rich Water

Even

Stack Ventilation

Apart from capturing solar heat gain, the aquarium’s intriguing fish create ammoniarich water for the developments various

ing S

Radiant Flooring

Café

Aquarium Core

Materiality: Watercolor

Aquarium Core

Exterior Material Palette Aquarium Shafts

Colored Vertically Corrigated Aluminum Siding

Colored Ceramic Penrose Floor Tiles Concrete Ramps Perforated with Recycled Glass

Vertical Core

Wood Shading Overhang

Commercial

Storefront Glazing

Canted Glazing with Colored Mullions

Aquaponic Farming Plants

Colored Boardform Self-healing Structural Concrete

Perforated Metal “Irresistable” Egress Stair

Exposed Mass Timber Columns and Beams

Greenhouse

Black Metal Planter Beds

Horizontal Circulation

Residential

Modular Operable Recessed Windows

Horizontal Plank Wood Railing

Wood Shingle Entry Roof

Modular Colored Wood Composite Panels

Renders: A mixed-use jungle of residential apartments, local businesses community lounges, and greenhouse urban farming

Ramped bike paths meander sunlight boulevards up through storefronts thoroughfares, amongst metabolism residential tower, along communal sports feilds and past views of surrounding Portland.

Chance meetings between wandering occupants will forge cultural exchange between individual lifestyles.

97 https://tinyurl.com/BizarreBazaarFlyby

Final Flyby Video:

BEFORE AFTER

Multimedia Representation: The Bizarre Bazaar’s final apperence was developed by visualizing computational design geometry through various different mediums including collage, sketching, watercolor, physical models, and finally through Lumion rendering software. 99

Take-Off Model:

2% of the

massive development was detailed in a section model.

LLoyd Tower

WEST

The building form steps back from the single family housing two blocks to the east up towards the Lloyd Tower to the west.

Rooftop Community Greenhouse

Bike/Ped Ramps

Metabolism Residential Towers

Adapative Reuse Ice Rink Atrium

100

Take-Off Quantities: Various quantities of components needed for construction were aquired from the take-off model.

3512 WINDOWS 3003 WALLS 600 COLUMNS 302 DOORS 44 ELEVATIONS 22 STAIR CORES 22 AQUARIUMS

Take-Off Urban Program Farming

469,470 SF OF FLOOR PLATES 397,870 SF OF CEILINGS 23,642 SF OF SOLAR PANELS 19,760 SF OF GREEN ROOF 11,550 SF OF BOULEVARD 4,700 SF OF SPORTS FIELDS

Hydroponics Aquarium Thermal Mass

Metabolist Residential Tower

Basketball Court Jagged Floor Plates

Bike Path Ramp

Adaptive Reuse Atrium

Expansive Section

A diversity of atrium forms create a diversity of daylighting conditions

Multigenerational Auditorium

101

Water Retention/ Hydroponics/ Aquarium

SCALE: 1” = 24’

Bus Stop EAST

102

REAL ESTATE ANALYSIS 103

Construction Estimate: The take off quantites calculated from the previous 2% model were used to estimate the construction cost of 100% of the development as exemplified below. Cal Poly construction management senior Andy Tenekjian applied RS Means’s Portland-specific database to calculate Bizarre Bazaars construction estimate. Taking in consideration the developments cost-cutting modular construction method, he estimated to have a relatively cheap cost per square foot of $362.

Item 13ft Columns 18ft Columns Single Doors Double Doors Operable Windows Storefront Windows Green Roof Area (SF) .....

2% Qty Unit Cost 352 348 213 89 2,506 1,006 19,761 .....

2% Total

100% Total

$2,737.00 $959,904.00 $47,995,200.00 $3,830.00 $949,840.00 $47,492,000.00 $140.80 $29,990.40 $1,499,520.00 $359.50 $31,995.50 $1,599,775.00 $480.00 $1,202,880.00 $60,144,000.00 $760.00 $764,560.00 $38,228,000.00 $40.70 $804,272.70 $40,213,635.00 ..... ..... .....

ESTIMATE SUMMARY The overall project estimate was calculated using historical cost per square foot based on projects similar in scope and size. These unit costs include material and labor. A 1.3% markup is included in the total above the line cost due to inflation as these are historical units costs. Our below the line costs include a 0.5% for bond, 10% for general conditions, 1.5% for liability insurance, 1.5% for subguard, 4% for contingency, and a 5% fee. Looking across the industry these values may be on the higher end of the spectrum, but due to the immense scope of work we deem these values fit to accommodate the needs of the project. The cost of material and labor is $358,339,906 and the total below the line cost to execute this project is $438,966,384. The construction will particularly activate Portland’s growth in the Mass timber industry by $24 million in modular production. Project construction is expected to sustain at least 8,600 jobs each year, significantly activating Portland’s construction economy.

104

HISTORICAL COST INDEX Cost Code 01 71 23 01 74 23 03 31 00 05 12 00 06 10 00 06 22 00 07 10 00 07 21 00 07 41 13 07 50 00 07 60 00 08 10 00 08 35 00 08 41 26 09 29 00 09 51 00 09 65 00 09 91 00 10 14 00 10 28 00 10 44 00 10 55 00 11 31 00 12 20 00 14 20 00 21 11 00 22 00 00 23 00 00 26 00 00 27 00 00 27 00 00 27 50 00 31 00 00 32 12 16 32 13 13 32 80 00 33 00 00

105

TRADE DESCRIPTION Surveying Progress Clean & Dumpster Structural Concrete & Tilt Up Structural Steel & Misc Metals Rough Carpentry Millwork Waterproofing Thermal Insulation Composite Panels Roofing Sheet Metal and Flashing Door and Hardware Elevator Door Smoke Containment System Glass Entrances and Storefront Metal Framing and Drywall Acoustic Ceilings Resilient Flooring Paint and Coatings Code Compliant Interior Signage Toilet Accessories Fire Protection Specialties Postal Specialties/FEC/Knox Residential Appliances Window Coverings Hydraulic Elevators Fire Suppression Plumbing HVAC Electrical Low Voltage & Communication Communications Horizontal Cabling Fire Alarm Earthwork Asphalt Paving Site Concrete Landscaping & Irrigation Underground Wet Utilities

00 00 00 Inflation Rate DIRECT COST SUB TOTALS

BY ANDY TENEKJIAN Bizzare BIZARRE BAZAAR Bazzar

TOTAL UNIT SIZE 23.0 ACRE 1,000,000 SF 200,000 SF 800,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 150,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 900,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 300,000 SF 44 EA 5,000 SF 700,000 SF 100,000 SF 100,000 SF 900,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 500,000 SF 44 EA 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 900,000 SF 900,000 SF 1,000,000 SF 23 ACRE 23.0 ACRE 23.0 ACRE 23.0 ACRE 23.0 ACRE

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

160,818 889,013 1,472,725 36,340,960 23,926,072 2,927,232 1,016,736 1,099,886 6,341,879 32,944,088 9,046,898 5,267,630 792,000 192,354 26,926,246 323,043 527,698 3,157,340 202,273 720,222 87,420 87,617 707,442 1,015,773 1,248,148 2,803,635 24,128,170 31,637,748 41,065,235 1,594,058 1,505,283 1,030,371 2,108,417 1,347,938 3,158,813 4,047,603 2,961,295 1.30% $358,339,906

Procurement: 141 days Mobilization: 57 days Sitework: 141 days Foundations: 141 days

Framing: 42 days

Roofing: 442 days

ES Rough Plumbing: 385days Rough MEP: 699 days

Individual Line-Item Tasks

Exterior Finishes: 548 days

Paint Interior: 618 days Site Work: 110 days Finishes: 997 days

106

Timeline Ground Breaking: May 1, 2023 Date of Completion: April 2, 2029 Before

After

MATERIAL MANAGEMENT Construction will commence an extensive pre-construction process that includes submittal reviews and procurement tracking. Due to laydown area being limited and off-site storage inconvienant, orders and deliveries will be phased. The use of prefabricated units will reduce logistical issues. A material procurement log will be updated frequently as vendors will be contacted once a week for updates on manufacturing and delivery time. Additionally, the eight minute transportation from the nearby mass timber modular manufacturing facility will aid in the project’s procurement process.

BY NATALIE HOLNES

Construction Schedule: 107

HOLISTIC SCHEDULE Cal Poly construction managament senior Natalie Holnes created a holistic construction schedule to calculate the Bizarre Bazaar’s total construction time of about six years. As shown in the adjacent zoomed-out view of the holitsic schedule, the project will reach various key milestones trhoughout construction. Specifically, mechanical electrical and plumbing implementation will take longer than usual due to the vertically fragmented nature of the projects radiant-cooled floors and the extensive amount of MEP fixtures needed by the flexible program of Bizarre Bazaar’s 5,364 residential units.

Demolition and Adaptive Reuse Plan:

Phase 1 of Demolition is designed to prepare those parts of the site the can be completed most easily and that areneeded for the first phase of construction. This will include demolishing the southeastern single floor parking lot and using the existing northern delivery bridge, accessed through the parking structure on NE Halsey St. - the least busy of the LLoyd Center’s surrounding streets.

Phase 2 will be the longest phase of demolition. It will use the cleared third floor rooftop from phase 1 as a base of operations to develop the southern half of the site. The Lloyd Center box stores will be destroyed but the three main atriums of the Lloyd Center and their supporting columns will be adaptively reused into Bizarre Bazaar’s construction. Additionally the south western 2-story parking structure will have its floor plates and columns adptaed into the Bizarre Bazaar structural system and a portion of its southern street edge will be developed into community bike parking. Demoltion in all phases will preserve the subterranean delivery truck systems that exist below the Lloyd Center. 108

Phase 3 of Demolition will only include demolishing the northeastern 2-story subterranean parking garage. But phase 3 will be logistically challenging as the demoltion base of operations will need to be moved to accomodate the final phase of deomlition and intial construction phases.

Phase 4 will finish demolition by adaptively reusing the columns and floor plates of the northwestern paring structure from an operation center on NE Hasley St. and NE 10th Ave.

SITE LOGISTICS In compliance with SWPPP practices, each demolition and construction phase of the Lloyd Center property will have silt fencing and soil stockpiles to prevent runoff of dust and excess materials from going into the surrounding streets. Initiating demolition on May 9th, 5.1 initial months of Portland dry season can be expected in which on an average of 2.3 days with 0.4 inches of rain. from May 9th to October 13th, the process may will still have to adapt to precipitation. Considering this, water trucks will be used for dust control to reduce environmental impacts and comply with environmental regulations. During the rainy season, compost berms and socks with compost blanket seeds leading to stormwater drainage exists will uniformly guide any construction runoff into the drains and prevent pollutants from entering the surrounding city. 109

Construction Plan:

Phase 1 of construction will create an operable 6 stories of modular mass timber residential, commercial, and community space on the roughly 172,500 sf of cleared site from demolition phase 1 doing so quickly as to create initial revenue needed to offset construction costs. One main entrance and exit will be used for this sequence located on NE Halsey St. Material will be hauled onto site from the nearby Banfeild Expressway off ramp and a single crane will help move modules into place.

Phase 2’s 517,500 sf of construction will complete the southern portion of the development. An additional dumpster and crane will be used to complete this majority of the construction process. Various columns, floor plates, and atriums (including the historic Ice Rink) preserved from the LLoyd Center’s demolition will be integrated within the developments adaptable tiling modularity. 110

Phase 3’s 230,000 sf of construction will include a second floor auditorium space to accompany the south eastern multigenerational mentorship center. Phase 3 will conclude with a relocation of construction headquarters across NE Halsey street.

Phase 4’s final 287,500 sf of construction will require relocation of the jobsite trailer and laydown area to the northeastern offsite parking lot. Flaggers will be employed on NE Halsey and NE 9th Ave to direct traffic around construction. 111

Executive Summary: KEY CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION: The Bizarre Bazaar’s phased construction will start in may 2023 and take 6 years to complete. The construction combined Material and labor cost will total about $358.4 million. The construction will particularly activate Portland’s growth in the Mass timber industry by $24 million in modular production. Project construction is expected to sustain at least 8,600 jobs each year, significantly activating Portland’s construction economy.

Development Timeline

YEAR 0 PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4 DEMOLITION CONSTRUCTION REVENUE

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

30%

10%

KEY FINANCIAL INFORMATION: Levered After Tax IRR: 17.96% Development Yield: 9.02% Loan to Value Ratio: 50.2% Average NOI: $868 Mil Break Even Year: 2029 Cap Rate: 5.1%

4.5

5.5

6.5

100%

DEVELOPMENT PHASING: As shown in the Timeline above, the Bizarre Bazaar’s four demolition phases and four construction phases will be staggered in order to optimize a six year construction time producing five total development phases. After one and a half years, throughout the third development phase, 10% of the complex will be fully constructed and will begin to gain revenue. At year four another 20% of the neighborhood will start gaining revenue. These initial revenue sources will help offset construction costs helping create stabilization by the end of construction - at which point the original construction loan will be refinanced with a permanent loan at a lower interest rate (as shown below).

Initial Revenue Construction Financial Timeline Begins Initial Revenue Ends Construction Initial Revenue Begins Begins

0 0 0 Construction Begins Construction Construction Begins Begins

Construction Ends Ends

6 6 6 Stabilization Refinance Refinance Refinance

Stabilization Stabilization

Reversion Reversion Reversion

16 16 16

112

Proforma:

113

Housing Bureau Gov Funding

2.5%

$11M

Low Income Housing Tax Credits

47.3%

$213M

Construction Loan

50.2%

$226M

(80% Affordable Housing at 50% AMI) (130% basis boost for Designated Dificult to Develop Area)

$450M

Sources of Funds:

Cal Poly Finance Senior Lucy Black created a detailed proforma extending out 16 years in order to analyze Bizarre Bazaar Finances.

Flanders Lofts

725 NW Flandrs St, Portland, OR 97209

4.15%

2018

1,104

$388,000

$351

Avenue Lofts

1400 NW Irving St, Portland, OR 97209

4.05%

2011

772

$299,500

$388

Bizarre Baazar

2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

700

$280,000

$400

On e B e d r o o m S a l e C o m p a r a b l e s Ranked per Sale Price

Market Comparables: CAP RATE

YEAR BUILT

# BATH

SALE PRICE

$/SF

The Henry Condominiums 1025 NW Couch ST, Portland, OR 97209

PROPERTY

ADDRESS

3.80%

2018

960

$520,000

$542

1310 NW Naito Pkwy

1310 NW Naito PKway, Portland, OR 97209

4.10%

2016

849

$450,000

$530

Bizarre Baazar

2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

800

$408,000

$510

820 NW 12th Ave

820 NW 12th Ave, Portland OR 97209

4.15%

2011

774

$395,000

$510

Mississipi Avenue Lofts

4216 N Mississippi Ave, Portland, OR 97217

3.90%

2008

729

$376,000

$516

Average

Average of Comparables

4.11%

2010

762

$374,555

$489

1620 NE Broadway St

1620 NE Broadway St, Portland OR 97232

4.25%

2012

836

$363,000

$434

4.30%

2006

603

$339,999

$564

4.10%

2013

691

$269,000

$389

4.30%

1999

617

$250,000

$405

Riverstone Condominiums821 NW 11th Ave, Portland OR 97209 710 NW Naito Pkwy

710 NW Naito Pkwy

MARKET RATE SALES: Studio: $400 1-Bedroom: $510 2-Bedroom: $495

Cascadia Condominums 533 NE Holladay St, Portland, OR 97232

T wo B e d r o o m S a l e Co mp a r a b l e s Ranked per Sale Price PROPERTY

ADDRESS

MARKET RATE RENTS: (per sf per month) Studio: $2.75 1-Bedroom: $2.00 Commercial: $30.00 CAP RATE

YEAR BUILT

# BATH

SALE PRICE

$/SF

The Henry Condominiums 1025 NW Couch ST, Portland, OR 97209

3.80%

2008

1,731

$945,000

$546

Metropolitian Condos

1001 NW Lovejoy Street, Portland OR 97209

4.80%

2015

1,237

$725,000

$586

1310 NW Naito Pkwy

1310 NW Naito PKway, Portland, OR 97209

4.10%

2014

1,707

$649,900

$381

Average

Average of Comparables

4.21%

2013

1,287

$595,294

$463

1620 NE Broadway St

1620 NE Broadway St, Portland OR 97232

4.25%

2006

1,332

$549,950

$413

Mississipi Avenue Lofts

4216 N Mississippi Ave, Portland, OR 97217

3.90%

2016

1,165

$549,000

$471

Bizarre Baazar

2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

1,100

$544,500

$495

325 NE Graham St

325 NE Graham St, Portland OR 97212

4.25%

2011

1,173

$400,000

$341

1133 NW 11th Ave

1133 NW 11th Ave, Portland, OR 97209

4.40%

2018

847

$399,000

$471

B I Z A R R E B A Z A A R M A R KE T C OM P A R A B L E S S tudio S a le Co mp a r a ble s

S tudio Re nt Co mp a r a ble s

Ranked per Sale Price

Ranked per Rent

PROPERTY

ADDRESS

CAP RATE

YEAR BUILT

# BATH

SALE PRICE

$/SF

Metropolitan Condos

1001 NW Lovejoy Street, Portland OR 97209

4.80%

2015

1,337

$749,000

$560

Denizen

Average

Average of Comparables

4.33%

2015

978

$429,125

$425

Flanders Lofts

725 NW Flandrs St, Portland, OR 97209

4.15%

2018

1,104

$388,000

Avenue Lofts

1400 NW Irving St, Portland, OR 97209

4.05%

2011

772

Bizarre Baazar

2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

700

Ranked per Sale Price/SF SF $/SF

SALE PRICE

$3.17 1,337

$749,000

561 NE 16th Ave

PROPERTY ADDRESS ADDRESS YEAR BUILT OCC. CAP RATESF YEAR BUILT $# BATH 1001 NW Lovejoy Street, Portland OR Metropolitan Condos 2050 NE Hoyt St, Portland, OR 97232 2020 94% 4.80%465 2015 $1,474 1 97209 Average Average of Comparables 2016 561 NE 16th Ave, Portland, OR 97232 98% 4.33%540 2015 $1,465 1

$2.71 978

$429,125

$351

Bizarre Baazar

Bizarre 2201 Center, Portland,- OR 97232 2201Baazar Lloyd Center, Portland, ORLloyd 97232

$1,375 1

$2.75 700

$280,000

$299,500

$388

Twenty Twenty

2020Lofts NE Multnomah St, Portland, 97232 2019 Avenue 1400 NWOR Irving St, Portland, OR 97209100%

4.05%481

2011 $1,361 1

$2.83 772

$299,500

$280,000

$400

Average

Average of Comparables 725 NW Flandrs St, Portland, 2013OR 9720997% Flanders Lofts

4.15%498

2018 $1,3381

$2.70 1,104

$388,000

PROPERTY

500

Sullivan's Ridge

1710 NE Multnomah St, Portland, OR 97232

1996

94%

542

$1,176

$2.17

Hassalo on Eighth

1061 NE 9th Ave, Portland, OR 97232

2015

97%

462

$1,176

$2.55

On e B e d r o o m S a l e C o m p a r a b l e s Ranked per Sale Price

Ranked per Sale Price/SF CAP RATE

YEAR BUILT

# BATH

SALE PRICE

$/SF

On e B e d r o o m , On ePROPERTY B a t h r o o m R e n t C o m pADDRESS ar able s

The Henry Condominiums 1025 NW Couch ST, Portland, OR 97209

3.80%

2018

960

$520,000

$542

Ranked per Rent

1310 NW Naito Pkwy

1310 NW Naito PKway, Portland, OR 97209

4.10%

2016

849

$450,000

$530

PROPERTY

Bizarre Baazar

2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

800

$408,000

$510

The Cornerstone

820 NW 12th Ave

820 NW 12th Ave, Portland OR 97209

4.15%

2011

774

$395,000

$510

Mississipi Avenue Lofts

4216 N Mississippi Ave, Portland, OR 97217

3.90%

2008

729

$376,000

Average

Average of Comparables

4.11%

2010

762

1620 NE Broadway St

1620 NE Broadway St, Portland OR 97232

4.25%

2012

Riverstone Condominiums821 NW 11th Ave, Portland OR 97209

4.30%

2006

710 NW Naito Pkwy

4.10% 4.30%

PROPERTY

ADDRESS

710 NW Naito Pkwy

Cascadia Condominums 533 NE Holladay St, Portland, OR 97232

SALE PRICE

603

$339,999

$/SF 960

$520,000

2016 $1,598 2

$2.28 849

$450,000

2006 2018

Axcess 15

2008 $1,5141

$2.15 729

$376,000

$516

Bizarre Bazaar

2201 LloydAve Center, Portland, 820 NW 12th 820 OR NW97232 12th Ave, Portland -OR 97209

2011 $1,400 1

$2.00 774

$395,000

$374,555

$489

Average

Bizarre Baazar OR 9723295% Average of Comparables 2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, 2012

$1,4001

$1.97 800

$408,000

836

$363,000

$434

The Union

Average Average of 304 NE Multanomah St, Portland, ORComparables 97232 2015

92%

4.11%766

2010 $1,343 1

$1.75 762

$374,555

603

$339,999

$564

Broadmore

1620 NE NE Broadway St Portland, 1620 Broadway St, Portland 1514 17th Ave, ORNE 97232 2017 OR 97232 93%

4.25%750

2012 $1,295 1

$1.73 836

$363,000

2013

691

$269,000

$389

Crown Royal

Cascadia Condominiums 533 NEOR Holladay 1912 NE Schuyler St, Portland, 97212 St, Portland, 2014OR 97232 97%

4.30%659

1999 $1,248 1

$1.89 617

$250,000

1999

617

$250,000

$405

710 NW Naito Pkwy

4.10%

2013

691

$269,000

710 NW Naito Pkwy

4.15%700 -

713

Co mme r cia l Re nt Co mp a r a ble s Ranked per Rent

Ranked per Sale Price

PROPERTY ADDRESS

4.30%

ADDRESS YEAR BUILT OCC. 3.80% SF The Henry Condomimiums 1025 NW Couch ST, Portland, OR 97209 1310 NW Naito PKway, Portland, OR 1310 NWNE Naito 1425 7th Pkwy Ave, Portland, OR 97232 1999 94% 4.10%700 97209 1500 NE 15th Ave, ORN97232 2016 100% 3.90%704 Mississipi Avenue LoftsPortland, 4216 Mississippi Ave, Portland, OR 97217

T wo B e d r o o m S a l e Co mp a r a b l e s PROPERTY

CAP RATE YEAR BUILT # BATH

Riverstone Condominiums 821 NW 11th Ave, Portland OR 97209

ADDRESS Ranked per Sale Price/SF

CAP RATE

YEAR BUILT

# BATH

SALE PRICE

$/SF

Kells Irish Pub

The Henry Condominiums 1025 NW Couch ST, Portland, OR 97209

3.80%

2008

1,731

$945,000

$546

The Civic

Metropolitian Condos

1001 NW Lovejoy Street, Portland OR 97209

4.80%

2015

1,237

$725,000

$586

7-Eleven

PROPERTY ADDRESS 112 SW 2nd Ave, Portland, OR 1001 NW Lovejoy Street, Portland OR Metropolitian CondosSt, Portland, OR 1927 W Burnside 97209 NE M Condominiums L King Blvd, Portland, The7Henry 1025OR NW Couch ST, Portland, OR 97209

1310 NW Naito Pkwy

1310 NW Naito PKway, Portland, OR 97209

4.10%

2014

1,707

$649,900

$381

Beautysession

Bizarre 130 Baazar NE 3rd Ave, Portland,2201 OR Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

Average

Average of Comparables

4.21%

2013

1,287

$595,294

$463

1620 NE Broadway St

1620 NE Broadway St, Portland OR 97232

4.25%

2006

1,332

$549,950

Mississipi Avenue Lofts

4216 N Mississippi Ave, Portland, OR 97217

3.90%

2016

1,165

Bizarre Baazar

2201 Lloyd Center, Portland, OR 97232

325 NE Graham St

325 NE Graham St, Portland OR 97212

4.25%

2011

1133 NW 11th Ave

1133 NW 11th Ave, Portland, OR 97209

4.40%

2018

$/SF

CAP RATE YEAR BUILT # BATH $21.00 SF 8,100 $170,100

SALE PRICE

6,237 2015$149,676 4.80% 2

$24.00 1,237

$725,000

3,089 2008$98,8481 3.80%

$32.00 1,731

$945,000

$90,0452

$29.00 1,100

$544,500

Bizarre Bazaar

2201 Lloyd Center, ORN97232 3,000 2016$90,0002 Mississipi Avenue LoftsPortland, 4216 Mississippi Ave, Portland, OR 97217 3.90%

$30.00 1,165

$549,000

$413

Average

Average of Comparables 1133 NW 11th Ave 1133 NW 11th Ave, Portland, OR 97209

3,278 2018$84,2971 4.40%

$30.95 847

$399,000

$549,000

$471

Average 211-219 SW 6th Ave Average 211-219 SW 6th Ave, Portland, ORof Comparables

2,552 2013$51,0402 4.21%

$20.00 1,287

$595,294

1,100

$544,500

$495

1,750 2006$49,0002 4.25%

$28.00 1,332

$549,950

1,173

$400,000

$341

1,379 2014$41,3702 4.10%

$30.00 1,707

$649,900

847

$399,000

$471

1620 NE Broadway St Ave,1620 NE Broadway St, Portland OR 97232 1448-1452 NE 28th Ave 1448-1452 NE 28th Portland, OR 1310 NW Naito PKway, Portland, OR 1310 Pkwy Modera Belmont 685NW SENaito Belmont St, Portland, OR 97209 The Roux 4326-4328 Mississippi325 Ave,NE Portland, 325 NE GrahamNSt GrahamOR St, Portland OR 97212

4.25%288

$64.56 1,173

$400,000

- 3,105

2011$18,5932

114

Units Breakdown

Affordable Units: The various community-building urban ammenties provided by the Bizarre Bazaar will be easily accessed by adjacent low income residents and will inspire all types of Portland citizens to evolve the mixeduse development into a socioeconomic melting pot. In order to inspire additional cultural exchange, the Bizarre Bazaar’s 20% market rate housing will be mixed within the neighborhoods 80% affordable units. These units will qualify for 50% Area Median Income Affordable Housing Tax Credits by being rented at the Portland-specific predetermined rates shown below. All told, the Bizarre Bazaar redevelopment is a profitable real estate investment while supporting a majority affordable residents. AFFORDABLE RENTS (per month) Studio: $846 1-Bedroom: $906 2-Bedroom: $1,088

115

Conclusion: Through the ease of online shopping, the popularity of the home office, the recent strictures of the COVID pandemic, an age of ever more insular living and austere consumerism is threatening to disconnect society’s isolated individuals. This trend can be countered through architecture and its ability to inspire diverse cultural exchange. This is exemplified by the organic redevelopment of the 23 acre Lloyd Center Mall into a community-building mixed-use complex. In spending a year detailing this multifaceted architectural solution, the Bizarre Bazaar has become much more than a student asssignment. The project was inspired by precidents from cultures across the globe. The architecture evolved across various mediums through a plethora of reviews, shows, competitions, and critiques.The thesis ideated upon research from architects, mathematicians, philosophers, sustainability experts, urban planners, financial consultants, urban farmers, and sociologists. The developing design was enhanced by insight from future architects, construction managers, real estate developers, mechanical engineers and computer programers. This plurality of interdisciplinary collaboration and diversity of design methods not only represents the wonders of Cal Poly education buy also mirrors how projects succeed outside the realm of academia. In this way, Bizarre Bazaar will serve as a stepping stone towards similarly pioneering interdisciplinary collaboration in the future. This architecture thesis has artfully ordered many seemingly chaotic factors into a cohesive computational design. The premise of reunderstanding consumerism, the vision of a community-oriented mixed-use design, the feasibility of Portland financing, and the context of historical marketplace typologies, exchange culture, and Lloyd Center site forces merge with the aperiodic potential of Nature’s ratio and its subsequent tiling system to evolve neighborhood from marketplace in the Bizarre Bazaar! 116

117

Bibliography: “33.266 Parking, Loading, and Transportation and Parking.” Title 33, Planning and Zoning, https://www.portland.gov/sites/default/files/code/266-parking_0.pdf. Alberti, Fay Bound. Biography of Loneliness: The History of an Emotion. Oxford Univ Press, 2021. Bureau, U.S. Census. “Oregon Population 4.2 Million in 2020, up 10.6% from 2010.” Census.gov, 8 Oct. 2021, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/ oregon-population-change-between-census-decade.html. “CC2035 Documents.” Portland.gov, https://www.portland.gov/bps/cc2035/cc2035-documents#toc-cc2035-as-adopted-plan. City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. “Base Zone Central Commercial.” Portland Zoning, https://www.portlandmaps.com/bps/zoning/#/map/R488239. City of Portland, Oregon. https://www.portland.gov/sites/default/files/2021/ drac-letter-to-bds-bps-regarding-loading-standards.pdf. Comparing Urban Agriculture in Four ... - Urbanag.info - About. https://www.urbanag.info/uploads/4/2/9/5/42956777/pdx_garden_survey_report_final.pdf. Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith, Zone Books, 1994. Effinger, Anthony. “Six Ways to Redefine Portland, Using One Dead Mall.” Willamette Week, Willamette Week, 17 Nov. 2021, https://www.wweek.com/news. Employment Created by Construction Expenditures. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/12/art5full.pdf. “Explore Census Data.” Explore Census Data, https://data.census.gov/. Gruen, Victor. The Heart of Our Cities: The Urban Crisis: Diagnosis and Cure. Simon and Schuster, 1964. “Goals and Policies: Community Involvement.” Portland 2035 Comprehensive Plan, https://regulations.justia.com/regulations/fedreg/2021/11/15/2021-24202.html. 118

“Income Statistics.” Portland, Oregon (OR) Income Map, Earnings Map, and Wages Data, http://www.city-data.com/income/income-Portland-Oregon.html. Klingmann, Anna. Brandscapes: Architecture in the Experience Economy. MIT Press, 2007. Lambert, Léopold. “Ivry-Sur-Seine: The Architectural Genius of Renée Gailhoustet & Jean Renaudie in Paris Banlieues.” THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE, 21 May 2018, https://thefunambulist.net/editorials. Lepore, Jill, et al. “The History of Loneliness.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 30 Mar. 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine. “Lloyd Center Mall, a Piece of Portland’s History, May Soon Be Gone. It Won’t Be Forgotten.” UpcloseDesigns, 1 Sept. 1969, https://upclosedesigns.com/lloyd-center-mall-a-piece-ofportlands-history-may-soon-be-gone-it-wont-be-forgotten.html. “Mass Timber Coalition Awarded $500,000 as Oregon’s Only Finalist in EDA’s Build Back Better Regional Challenge.” Port of Portland, https://www.portofportland.com/Newsroom/Mass-TimberCoalition-Awarded-500000-as-Oregons-only-finalist-in-EDAs-Build-Back-Better-Regional Challenge. Mass Timber Market Analysis - Oregon. https://www.oregon.gov/ODF/Documents/ForestBenefits/ Beck-mass-timber-market-analysis-report.pdf “Mixed Residential - Commercial Use.” Mixed Residential Commercial Use RSS, https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bds/49412. Mojtahedzadeh, Mehran. “Geometry at Work .” Epoka University, 2012. https://core.ac.uk/reader/152488769. Muller, Derek Alexander, director. The Infinite Pattern That Never Repeats. Youtube, Veritasium, 30 Sept. 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48sCx-wBs34&t=836s. Murthy, Vivek Hallegere. Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World. Harper Wave, an Imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2020.

119

Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030 - City of Portland, Oregon. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/ transportation/article/345419. “Portland Office Rent Price & Sales Report.” CommercialCafe, https://www.commercialcafe.com/office-market-trends/us/or/portland/. “Portland, OR Market Trends - Movoto.” Movoto Real Estate, https://www.movoto.com/portland-or/market-trends/. Regional Housing Needs Analysis - Oregon.gov. https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/UP/Documents/20211028_RHNA_WorkGroup_Mtg1.pdf. “Roger Penrose - Forbidden Crystal Symmetry in Mathematics and Architecture.” Lecture by Roger Penrose, Youtube, The Royal Institution, 14 Jan. 2014, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=th3YMEamzmw&t=1685s. Smart City PDX - Portland. https://www.portland.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/ programofferscompiled.pdf. Stavrides, Stavros. “Commoning the City: Reinventing Togetherness.” European Cultural Foundation, Eurozine, 21 May 2020, https://culturalfoundation.eu/stories. Strassberg-Phillips, Zachariah Hart. “Open Content Architecture.” ZSPDesign, ZSPDesign, https://www.zspdesign.com/design-projects/year-4/open-source-architecture. Sveiven, Megan. “Ad Classics: Nakagin Capsule Tower / Kisho Kurokawa.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 9 Feb. 2011, https://www.archdaily.com/110745/ad-classics-nakagin-capsule-tower-kisho-kurokawa. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plans in Mixed Use ... https://www.portland.gov/sites/ default/files/2021/tdm-plans-in-mixed-use-zones.pdf. Tschumi, Bernard. Architecture and Disjunction. MIT Press, 2001. Wulff, Alexia. “How Portland Became America’s Capital of ‘Weird’ and Embraced It.” Culture Trip, The Culture Trip, 29 Jan. 2017, https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/oregon/articles.

120

Process Collage 121

Bizarre Bazaar Thesis