Zoï Environment Network Graphic Portfolio 2021
Climate-Cryosphere-Water Nexus Central Asia Outlook Blue Peace Central Asia, 2018
Climate-Cryosphere-Water Nexus Central Asia Outlook Blue Peace Central Asia, 2018
Global Programme Water – Programme Framework 2021-24 SDC, 2021
Greening the Belt and Road Projects in Central Asia SDC, 2019
Air Pollution in the Western Balkans UNEP, 2021
National Framework for Climate Services for the Republic of Armenia SDC, 2021
National Framework for Climate Services for the Republic of Armenia SDC, 2021
Weather, Climate and Water in Central Asia World Bank Group, 2019 Mountain areas with some glaciers and significant snow reserves Seasonal shift in water availability
More pronounced inter-annual water fluctuations Cl i mate change
Fu t u re
Pre s e nt B a s el i ne
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Pres ent
M o nth s
Snow pack declining due to warmer temperatures
Without glaciers
With glaciers
Fu t u re
2 °C
mm
S e as o n al gl acial m e l t co ntr ibutio n
Present G l a c i e r s co ntr ibute im po r tant p a r t o f fl ow in h o t an d d r y s u mm e r m o nth s
Gl a c i er water s u p p l y di mi n i s h ed
5 0 -7 0 ye a r s fro m n ow Le s s water s ec u r i t y in h o t a n d dr y yea rs
R i ver flow dec l i n i n g du e to i n c rea s ed eva p orat i on
Northern regions of Central Asia, including grasslands of Kazakhstan Peak seasonal flow
Flooding extent
Climate change vulnerabilit y
Climate Change Vulnerability & Mountain Areas
medium
high
extreme risk
/I CI MO
D
low
©
ho to
yP am
Grabowsky /
CA FS
Ute
th to pho
/
C
©
.n e
t
Al © Hemis /
ek
r ya ha Jite ndra Raj Bajrac
t ak © Vivian A
os
Sources: Verisk Maplecroft; Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017 © Zoï Environment Network 2020
Adaptation at Altitude Taking Action in the Mountains SDC, 2020
Climate Change & Security in the Mediterranean Basin FDFA, 2019
Switzerland’s Proximity to Europe’s East SDC, 2019
The world of water conflicts Institutions Institutions are improving
d child he l an alt rna
h
Slow or no institutional change
Ma te
Institutions are deteriorating
Physical conditions are improving
communicab ce municab le & le d du -com n
670 projects
R no e
Impro ve
Slow or no physical change
services alth he
s ase ise
lth system hea en
Physical conditions are deteriorating
Stren gh t
Physical conditions
900 million CHF
Likelihood / intensity of conflicts or tensions under water stress (local, intra-state / inter-sectoral, inter-state):
Actions
Effectiveness of Swiss International Cooperation on Health Interventions 2000-2013 SDC, 2015
Contain the fast change in physical conditions
High --- Very high
Replace / restore damaged or deteriorating institutions
Moderate --- High
Boost institutional adaptation
Low --- Moderate
The Global Fund
UNAIDS
Direct inststitutional adaptation
None --- Low
Providing for Health (P4H)
Medicine for Malaria Venture SolidarMed (MMV)
Maintain status quo, encourage improving and sustain institutions
Engaging the Network for Political Dialogue
Communication and Advocacy
Policy and diplomatic dialogue, region or workshops, capacity-building for basin population and stakeholders
issues and solutions
Tangible Joint Strategic Operations
Advocacy, mass communication, inputs to formal and informal policy, political and diplomatic processes
Water as an Asset for Peace Atlas of Risks and Opportunities SDC, 2017 WHO
Joint hydrological monitoring, modelling, management and exchange of water data
Transboundary basin management plans, legal frameworks and institutions
200 Millions CHF 100 50
Providing sustainable access to water and sanitation services
20 10 5
UNFPA
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)
Medecin du Monde
Medecin sans Frontiere
Croix Rouge Suisse
W
Interactions between water, energy and food
r ate What are energy efficient water-treatment technologies?
What are water storage options for farmers?
F
Water - Energy - Food NEXUS IUCN Global Water Programme, 2013
What ways of operating dams sustain wetland fisheries?
d oo
How can water re-use reduce food-energy trade-offs?
ECOCRIME
mic cono
th
grow
lati
on
gro
E
wth
Drivers
Pop u
Impaired development
cts
nfli
Co
Poverty
High prices
Corruption
for minerals, wood, fish
Fragile States
Growing production
Low governance
Land tenure insecurity
Lack of environmental laws Lack of law enforcement
Land grabing
between States, firms, customs, law, police forces
A PARADOX
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES ARE HIGH PROFIT / SMALL RISKS CRIMES
of waste and chemicals
Mix in legal trade Collu
sive corr uptio Use o n f viole nce
Lack of cooperation
Growing demand
Mostly from: China European Union United States Japan
Counterfeiting permits and certificates
g
kin
Hac Global computerised systems
New (and old) crime skills
ture
astruc
nd infr
orks a
netw tional
featuring: corporations Interna s) (cover activitie & traditional mafias s investments Legal busines Anti-competitive agre ements (business deals in the same sector) Good unders Flags of convenienc ta global e financ nding of the e syste Tax h m: avens Tax avoidance Global finance Bank secrecy Money laundering
opacity
Environmental Crimes Zoï Environment Network, 2013
E
How does watershed management help hydropower?
What technologies make irrigation more water efficient?
rgy ne
Cloud generic plot High Risk
a ad
*
83
82
*
*
21
22
* *
74
27 28
73
29
72 71
30 70
31 69
32
*
68
ry
Table 8: Rapid Country Water Diagnostic No. of Operations
s
37
ia
61
nd
58
53
52
51
Madagascar
a nesi
Indo
Italy
Lebanon
55
Mexic o
54
57
56
Mo
ro
cc
o
Ze
59
60
ala
41
43
46
45
48
47
50
49
5 4
3 2
high risk
>1
low risk
1 - 1.9
1 low risk
3 - 3.9 4<
*
high risk
no data
X
TA TO
CEM
AGG
RMX
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q11
Q12
Q12’
Q14
Q15
Q16
Q20
Q21
Q17
Awareness
SCORE
RESULT
Q21
40
57
8
1
0
4
4
9
6
positive
2
negative
Colombia
13
5
28
46
10
Costa Rica
1
1
3
5
4
6
Croatia
3
1
7
11
7
4
Czech Republic
0
9
52
61
4
6
positive result
Dominican Republic
3
1
12
16
7
5
negative result
Egypt
3
1
3
7
3
10
France
0
49
342
391
9
5
Germany
7
37
260
304
9
6
Guatemala
0
0
4
4
6
4
37
4
9
7
3
3
10
7
5
5
11
10
2
6
6
6
9
5
6
8
3
8
6
4
8
7
5
7
2
3
5
8
4
9
5
0 0
11 27
26 33
60
Israel
0
11
55
66
Latvia
2
0
5
7
Malaysia
0
3
14
17
36
12
269
317
Nicaragua
3
2
5
10
Panama
1
2
14
17
Philippines 1
Poland Puerto Rico
3 2 2
0 0 16
0 0 64
3 2 82
3
1
16
20
21
36
77
134
Thailand
1
0
0
1
UAE
0
0
9
9
UK
5
99
366
470
USA
16
147
200
363
Spain
Cement and Aggregates IUCN Global Water Programme, 2013
Stakeholders
17
Philippines 2
no data
Water Management
0
Mexico
2 - 2.9
Water Regulation
0
Ireland
Internal risk
Q2
Water Cost
KPI’s
China
Hungary
External risk
Water Use
Austria
40
42
44
w
Ind
39
62
38
63
64
ip hil
P
G
36
65
e pin
CE
35
66
RM
M
L
34
Ne
Ro
Cement and Aggregates IUCN Global Water Programme, 2013
Hunga
33
67
ma
Germany
AG
nia
High Risk
Low Risk
es
75
26
urc
25
sian Rusation r e Fed
Medium Risk
24
76
Serbia
Low Risk
France
so
77
23
Re
78
Go od pra ctic e
*
79
ter
80
a bi m o l ica Co ta R s o C tia lic 16 ub roa C Rep 17 h c Cze 18 r ado Ecu 19 dor v al a El S 20
Pa rtic ipa tio n
81
Slovakia
lga 12
13
15
85 84
ka
South Africa
Ca n
10
11
86
d
ile
Ch
14
Wa
an
Lan
n
Bu
09
*
88
87
erl
Spai
ria
Bra
08
93
91
ia
89
Sri
an
90
itz
d an
nz
Sw
92
ail Th
Ta
zil
Bel
giu m
Aust ralia
94
07
95
06
04
05
03
01
99
97
96
tes
98
Sta
02
ted
Uni
Vietnam
Argentina
Company A - General Risk Assessment
no data
neutral result
03
Editorial
06
Switzerland’s global engagement
08
Portfolio evaluation
09
Overall effectiveness
PORTFOLIO screening and sampling
1 4 PROJECTS, LEAVING 504
Energy 27% High effectiveness 291 million CHF
14
Cleaner Production 15% High effectiveness 74 million CHF
16
Natural Resources 9% High effectiveness mitigation 28% High effectiveness adaptation 154 million CHF
20
Hazards 44% High effectiveness 37 million CHF
24
Livelihoods 68% High effectiveness 110 million CHF
28
Knowledge 96% High effectiveness 80 million CHF
NO BUDGET NEGS
5
NO SUMMARY
2
THEMES
10
Report on Effectiveness 2014 Climate Change 2000 - 2012 SDC, 2013
134 PROJECTS, LEAVING 241 NO FUNDS DISPERSED
4
18 PROJECTS, LEAVING 486
118 PROJECTS, LEAVING 123
NO VALIDATION CRITERIA
3
508 PROJECTS
6
CLUSTER EXCLUSION
6 PROJECTS, LEAVING 375
105 PROJECTS, LEAVING 381
123 PROJECTS
SDC/SECO Portfolio
PORTFOLIO
508 PROJECTS
screening and sampling
NO BUDGET
4 PROJECTS, LEAVING 504 18 PROJECTS, LEAVING 486
NO SUMMARY NO VALIDAITON CRITERIA
105 PROJECTS, LEAVING 381
Funding and grants to organizations 66% High effectiveness 490 million CHF
NO FUNDS DISPERSED
30
6 PROJECTS, LEAVING 375
NEGS
134 PROJECTS, LEAVING 241
CHANNELS
29
CLUSTER EXCLUSION
Fast-start financing
High effectiveness predicted 140 million CHF
32
Conclusions
34
Outlook
118 PROJECTS, LEAVING 123
Report on Effectiveness 2014 Climate Change 2000 - 2012 SDC, 2013
123 PROJECTS
Risques et opportunités liés au climat FOEN, 2017
i
e
ati nal
I I c e cient al es
Figure 3.2 Life expectancy at birth by world regions until 2050 30
35
40
50
No data (or too old for comparison)
by development regions
Life expectancy at birth Years 80
Life expectancy at birth, 2012 Years European Union (EU28) North America 80 Europe and Central Asia East Asia and Pacific 75 Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa World: 70 70,8 Years Pacific Island Small States 65 South Asia 60
More developed countries
75 70
World
65 60
Less developed countries
55 50
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
50 PROJECTIONS
45
45
Least developed countries
40
Sub-Saharan Africa
55
40
The Gini index measures the extent to which, within a country, the distribution of income deviates from perfect equality. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
35 19501955
Sources: World Development Indicators, World Bank ; OECD Income distribution and poverty database ; US Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook ; 2014 (data: 2000 to 2012).
Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2014.
19751980
20002005
20252030
20452050
35
The European environment – state and outlook EEA, 2014
Figure 7.2 Correlation between energy use and gross domestic product, 2011. Figure 1.3 Population pyramids for Europe, Africa and Asia for 2000 and 2050 by age, sex and educational attainment Source: Samir K.C. et al, 2010. Projection of populations by level of educational attainment, age, and sex for 120 countries for 2005-2050, IIASA.
Energy use in tonnes of oil equivalent per capita
The European environment – state and outlook EEA, 2014
8
Asia Africa
7
Europe
6
South Korea
Russia
Americas
Japan
4 China
3
20
0
40
20
20
0
20
40
160 140 120 100 80
60
40
20
0
0
2050
0
20
60
40
20
0
40
60 160 140 120 100 80
60
40
20
0
0
20
25
30
35
40
Fig 2.3 Middle class consumption, 1965 - 2030 Share of national middle-class consumptions 100 % 20
40
60
80 100 120 140 160
2050
20
15
WOMEN
1965
Other 23 countries
Japan
100 + 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19
20
10
5
United 37 States
EU15 34
20
45
50
55
60
European Union countries are represented both individually and collectively (EU28). Sources: World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2014.
Million people 2050
5
Population in millions 1 000 500 250 100 65
GDP per capita (2011 USD PPP)
90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19
MEN
Brazil
India 0
2000 Asia Age groups in years
World average energy use per capita
Turkey
0 2000 Africa
Germany
Italy
1
No formal education
2000 European Union
EU28
2
Higher education Secondary education Some primary education
Australia
Oceania
5
Educational attainment
United States
Canada
40
60
80 100 120 140 160
0%
2011
40
PROJECTIONS
2030
37
Average middle-class consumption Thousand dollars per capita per year PROJECTIONS United States 20 EU15 Japan South Korea 15
2 5 8
18 India
20
17 China
26
4 9 14
No Chinese data for 1965.
Source: Brookings Institution, 2013.
Russia Malaysia
10
Brazil China India
5 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Vital Ozone graphics 3 UN Environment, 2012
Shortening time lapse before mass use of technological inventions 7
World Wide Web
long
short
12
Compact disc
13
Mobile phone
26
Black and white television
1873
1880
1876
Telephone Electricity
1890
1900
1897
1910
1920
1926
18
1951
1930
1940
1950
16
Computer
Colour television
Invention available to general public >> >> 1870
10
Smartphones 1
Time before mass use
1979 1975
1960
1970
1983
1980
31
Radio
35 46 << <<
Years necessary for an invention to be used by a quarter of the US population
1. "Early smartphones (IBM Simon,1993) were primarily used as enterprise devices and were prohibitively expensive for most consumers" (pcworld.com). Sources for smartphones: pcworld.com; Wikipédia; eMarketer; US Census Bureau, 2012. Sources for other inventions: Kurzweil R. , 2005. The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, 2005.
1991
1990
2000
2010
The European Environment: Global Megatrends, 2010 EEA, 2010
The European Environment: Global Megatrends, 2010 EEA, 2010
A reas protected Square k ilometres
Arnhem
CRO A TI A
8 000
Apeldoorn
5 000 2 000
W est B alk ans protected areas
P rague
share of P O L A N D marine areas 12 %
300
CZ ECH
REP UBL I C
SL MOO V N A TEN K REP EG ROUBL I C.
V ienna
Dieren
Brussels
Budapest
West Balkan Environmental Core Set of Indicators EEA, 2012
A L BA N I A
3%
2
Vienna
200 000 to 1 000 000
Budapest
0
C R O A T IA
Shkodër
H E R Z E G O V IN A
Saraj evo
M O N T E N E G R O
P odgorica
9% IT A L Y
Selected European countries
P ristina KOSOVO 2
Sofia B UL G A R IA
Skopj e
A driatic Sea
13 %
Tirana
Durrës Tirana
Water exploitation index
SE R B IA
Rome
Bor Kladovo Negotin Zajecar Knjazevac
REG
Belgrade
6%
F O R M E R YUG O SL A V R E P UB L IC O F M A C E D O N IA
Less than 20 000 (towns)
Donji Milanovac
100 km
Sumadija/Pomoravlje
B O SN IA A N D
4%
20 000 to 200 000
R O M A N IA
Z agreb
9%
0.5 0.1
More than 1 000 000 people
Ferrara
1%
1
Population
Basel
Ljubljana
L j ublj ana
P ercentage of protected areas in total national territory
per thousand people
Nijmegen
1 - including Kosovo
8%
Number of cycling jobs
Doetinchem
H UN G A R Y
SL O V E N IA
Malmö
Münster
REG
1%
Bratislava
A UST R IA
La Rochelle
F O RMER Y UG O SL A V REP UBL I C O F MA CED O N I A
Copenhagen
Groningen
Antwerp
BO SN I A A N D H ERZ EG O V I N A
P lease note: N Y G ERMA The same site can be protected under different status. O verlaps have been removed and areas rounded for the proportional sq uare sizes calculation (opposite) but not for the national percentage calculation below. Some areas represented below are not recognized internationally.
D esignated sites
Ede
SERBI A 1
Pro Map jec : Zo t : U ï En NE viro CE n m ,U N E e nt N P, W etw HO ork Cyc , 201 ling 6. and
Water abstraction as a percentage of available long- term freshwater resources 40 % BEL G I UM
REG: Region METRO: Metropolitan area
Korçë
Kadıköy
Pendik
Abana
(no data)
Kocaeli Bursa
Athens gre
en
jobs r
35
A L B A N IA
Boljevac Sokobanja
METRO
Batumi
Gölcük
epo rt, 2 016.
SP A I N
30 Mediterranean
G R E E C E
25
Sea 2 - under UN Security Council Resolution 124 4 (1999). Sources: Common D atabase on D esignated A reas, EEA , 2011; World D atab ase on P rotected A reas, U NE P - WC MC , IU C N, 201 1 .
1995-2010 evolution
Water stress
A thens H UN G A RY
1995 2010
15
10
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Warning Threshold
20
West Balkan Environmental Core Set of Indicators EEA, 2012
L I TH UA N I A
CZ ECH REP UBL I C
F O RMER Y UG O SL A V REP UBL I C O F MA CED O N I A
5
874 438 3
BUL G A RI A
SWI TZ ERL A N D
8
CROATIA
SERBIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA RO MA N I A SL O V EN I A
MONTENEGRO
0 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Sources: Eurostat, 2009; EEA , 2010; State Statistical O ffice and Water Economy A dministration, P ublic Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewage System in the former Y ugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2011; Raskin et al. 1997.
FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
601 Source: UNEP Ozone Secretariat, 2011.
CLIMATE CHANGE MIGRATION CASE STUDY: UPPER EAST GHANA View of a North Ghana community Bolgatanga
Overflow release from Bagré Dam after wet season heavy rains
Guinea Savanna
Bimbilla
Bole
Movements of nomadic peoples
Sudan Savanna
Yendi
Tamale
Bagré Dam
Major Roads
Salaga
Rural-Urban Migration West Africa Ghana Meningitis Belt
Sunyani
Movements of nomadic peoples
Mampong Kumasi
Ho
Obuasi
Increased tendencies to crime & violence
Koforidua
Cape Coast
ACCRA Winneba
Tema
Marginal non-cultivated lands
Sekondi-Takoradi
FULANI
Climate change dynamics at community level
(NOMADS)
CROPLAND
FULANI
VILLAGE
(NOMADS)
Climate Change
Climate shift in Ghana
Flooding
Extreme hot days 1960
Declining investments & exchange
Health
Agriculture Wet & Dry seasons
Working hours
2003 Agriculture Wet season
Erosion
84
36
Migration
365 days
Incomes chemical fertilizers
Bush fires
Water infrastructure
Livestock Crime & Violence Deforestation
Climate change migration Case study - Ghana UNDP, 2015
Contraction of area suitable for wet & dry season agriculture
Interrelated Compounding Factors
Migration to urban centres
Nomadic (Fulani)
Smallholder Farmers
Sources: DARA & the Climate Vulnerable Forum (2012) Credits: M.O. McKinnon (UNDP Geneva) and E. Tachie-Obeng (EPA-Ghana) Layout & design: Zoï Environment Network © UNDP 2015
Summary of results of 9 POPs in mothers’milk
UN Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 EMG, 2012
UNIT → ng g-1 fat
drins
chlodanes
DDTs
heptachlors 10000 1000 100 10
HCB
1
Mirex toxaphene
PCB7 min
max
Summary of results of 3 POPs in mothers’milk 30 years
UNIT → pg g fat -1
40
TEQ PCDD/PCDF
30
years TEQ25 PCB
20
NGA
10 WSM
TEQ TOTAL
20 years
KIR
FJI UGA
MEX
15 years
IDN
min
MUS
SEN URY PLW MLI TGO ATG KEN GHA
JAM PER
CUB
max
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Mothers’ Milk UN Environment, 2012
Indicators Alazani / Ganykh Basin UNECE, 2015
Georgia and Azerbaijan Total water resources 97,606 million m 3 / year Total water withdrawal 14,024 million m 3 / year
Basin limits
Georgia
River length 391 km River basin area 11,717 km 2
Alazani / Ganykh basin
Azerbaijan Basin water resource 7,100 million m 3 / year
Georgia
Azerbaijan TOTAL RENEWABLE FRESHWATER RESOURCES
63,330 million
m3 /
year
34,680 million m 3 / year
of which, water withdrawal:
of which, water withdrawal:
1,823 million m 3
11,970 million m 3
Agriculture 58.2% Industry 22.1% Municipal 19.8%
Agriculture 84,4 % Industry 12.8 % (est.) Municipal 2.8 % (est.)
Alazani / Ganikh basin share: 3,500 million m 3
NB: national percentages (no data available at the basin scale)
NB: national percentages (no data available at the basin scale)
3,600 million m 3
INSTALLED ELECTRICITY GENERATING CAPACITY & HYDROPOWER 4,308 kW
7,114 kW
of which, hydropower: 2.6 million kW
of which, hydropower:
Hydropower 61 % Fossil fuel 39 %
Fossil fuel 85 % Hydropower 15 %
1.1 million kW
AGRICULTURAL LAND 19,000 km 2
4,000 km 2
NB: no data available at the basin scale
1,962 km 2
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 15,700 million dollars
66,600 million dollars NB: no data available at the basin scale
6.2 million
POPULATION 5 million people
9 million people 405,000
447,400 Sources: FAO Aquastat ; US EIA International Energy Statistics ; Word Bank , 2015.
Indicators Drina Basin UNECE, 2015
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