Policy responses

Mainstreaming mountain considerations into national plans

The United Nations General Assembly proclamation of 2022 as the International Year of Sustainable Mountain Development further underscores the need to increase awareness of the importance of sustainable mountain development and the conservation and sustainable use of mountain ecosystems.

The global policy frameworks most relevant to mountain regions include the Rio conventions on climate, desertification and biodiversity; the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction; and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In light of the environmental and socioeconomic circumstances in the mountains, and in consideration of the importance of mountain ecosystem services in both the mountains and the lowlands, mountain considerations loom large in the prospects for the ultimate success of the frameworks.

The mainstreaming of mountain-specific challenges into National Adaptation Plans and Nationally Determined Contributions, as well as other national plans linked to global frameworks, is a necessary element in the broad goal of leaving no one behind. Similarly, the mainstreaming of mountain considerations can inform national plans for a green economy or an energy strategy or any plans related to biodiversity or disaster risk reduction. The failure to consider the role of mountains in these endeavours is essentially a guarantee that many people will be left behind.

Multisectoral and multi-stakeholder collaboration and cross-sectoral policies

Water users in upstream and downstream areas often have different and competing interests – the generation of electricity and the irrigation of crops, for example. Stakeholder engagement can help reconcile the differences, but it must be inclusive to be successful, and must work to involve marginalised and vulnerable groups.

An SDC-financed project – Glaciares+ – takes a community-based adaptation approach that integrates traditional knowledge with technical and scientific information to promote climate-resilient livelihoods, reduce the impact of hazards, and build local capacity. This project contributed to the reduction of the risks associated with melting glaciers in the mountains of Peru and to improve water management while pursuing a multisectoral strategy for taking advantage of opportunities opened by retreating glaciers.

In addition, development cooperation experience reveals the benefits of collaboration among scientists, policymakers and practitioners. The SDC-funded Adaptation at Altitude programme, for example, works to provide science–policy exchanges and collaborations, and to generate and share knowledge. The programme has gathered key stakeholders from mountain regions around the world, and maintains a Solutions Portal with case studies offering field-tested solutions to adaptation challenges in mountains.

Key issues

Better information for decision-making

Efforts to build resilience in the mountains rely on an understanding of climate risk, and the mapping of the populations, assets and ecosystems exposed to climate-related hazards is a starting point for developing plans and policies. The assessment of vulnerability requires greater investment in the data and information that can improve decision-making on climate resilience and that can help policymakers understand the changes in the water cycle, the dynamics of glacial lakes, and the loss of biodiversity and the associated effects on livelihoods.

Greater investment is also needed for the installation and maintenance of weather stations and observation systems and for the application of hydrometeorological models. More data on weather and climate for remote areas is needed to support early warnings and other disaster risk reduction activities. In addition, landscape-level climate risk assessments can integrate the analyses of multiple hazards and provide insights into the interactions of the hazards.

Another SDC-funded project in Peru – Climandes – worked to improve the reliability of weather and climate forecasts and to develop quality climate services tailored to the agricultural economy of the Andes and to the needs of local decision-makers. The Climandes project connected users and providers of climate services in order to match climate information with user needs, and developed farmers' skills to enable them to make informed decisions. The followup BRAVA project is working with the support of Swiss researchers and experts from MeteoSwiss to increase the predictive capabilities of the national authorities and to support co-design of Weather, Water and Climate Services across the region. These projects benefit the local population, including the most vulnerable, and contribute to food security and poverty reduction.

According to the OECD (2021), “Mountain communities are also increasingly using information communication technologies to strengthen their climate resilience. Effective geospatial technologies are also crucial for understanding temporal and spatial variabilities in the social, economic, geophysical and ecological contexts of mountain areas. Such technologies include geographic information systems, remote sensing and modelling of glacier dynamics.”

Sharing good practices

Mountain areas across the world face similar challenges under climate change, and would benefit from increased international and cross-regional exchange of knowledge and experience, and sharing and peer learning on adaptation measures and solutions. The Adaptation at Altitude programme supported by the SDC facilitates interregional exchange and makes selected and tested climate adaption solutions for mountain areas available through a Solutions Portal.

Nature-based solutions that support climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in mountain areas are finding favour among governments, development cooperation providers, and the private sector. The sustainable management of mountain ecosystems protects the valuable ecosystem services they provide, and builds resilience in both the mountains and the lowlands. Among the ecosystembased adaptations in wide use in the mountains are afforestation, reforestation and improved forest management to reduce the risks of shallow landslides, and river restoration to reduce the risks of floods.

Investment in climate resilience and adaptation

Changes in the climate are occurring more rapidly in the mountains than in the lowlands, but mountain regions generally have inadequate resources to devote to climate resilience and adaptation. Governments can improve the enabling environment for mobilising climate financing by providing incentives for private sector investment through public interventions that lower or transfer risk, by mainstreaming climate considerations into national and local budgets and sectoral plans, and by facilitating access to climate finance. The relatively limited access of mountain regions to major adaptation support programmes indicates an opportunity for mountain countries to increase their climate funding, which may include support from global climate finance instruments such as the Green Climate Fund and the Adaptation Fund.

Another option that may appeal in mountain regions is market-based payment for ecosystem services, an instrument that is increasingly used across the globe to finance the conservation of nature.

Mainstreaming mountain considerations into national plans

Ensuring

Investing in climate resilience and adaptation

Leaving

Raising awareness

Sharing good practices

Raising awareness

People living in the mountains are well-aware of the hazards they face, but may not be knowledgeable of the role of climate change or of the assistance available to them. Raising their awareness may result in the collaboration of civil society organisations and local government, the benefits of which may include the combining of traditional knowledge and scientific research in the development of adaptation strategies. The people living downstream also have a real stake in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the mountains, and raising their awareness of the relationship between the mountain ecosystems and the downstream benefits may help build support for adaptation in the mountains.

Leaving no one behind

With more than 90 per cent of the people who live in the mountains living in developing countries, and more than 60 per cent living in rural areas that experience poverty, marginalisation, lack of economic opportunities, inadequate basic services and infrastructure, and remoteness from centres of power, the feeling of being left behind might be all too common. And when people flee the disasters and environmental changes occurring in the mountains by migrating to urban centres or abroad in search of better income, the ones who stay behind to look after the family homes are most often the women, children and elderly – those most vulnerable to disasters.