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CDM 2 : ( )CDM CDM ( ) CDM CDM HCFC-22 CDM : ) ( ) ) 178
" 350 + 300 250 ] 200 ] 150 ] 100 ] \ tn 50 ] 2 L 0 50 100 1 50 200 250 300 350 =FsP es em ST 1L___ / mm = |m 20 : United Nations F k Convention O Cllmgtg Cheng6, Aprl 2008. ( ) 179
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AAU
(Assigned Amount Unit)
CER CDM (Certifed Emission Reduction)
RMU (Removal Unt)
CDM JI
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181
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2003 (RGGI Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative) CO 2007 5 1 (WCI Western Climate Initiative) EU (EU-ETS) (
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EU-ETS EU (EUA:EU Allowances)
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CCO ( " " ) 184
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VER ( Voluntary Emission Reductions)
VCS ( Voluntary Carbon Standard
CDM
( ) CDM 12
185
2003 (WWF) CDM JI (GS CDM) 2006 VER (GS VER) CDM (GS CDM) CDM 15 2006 (GS VER) CDM GS VER GS CDM : 5000 (ODA) GS VER 10 35 400 CER 50 VER 65 186
CER CDM VER 2008 Gold Standard Foundation (VCS Voluntary Carbon Standard) 2 (VCS 2007) 2007 11 VCS HFC 80 HFC-23 HCFC-22 ( ) CO 11 700 ( ) HFC-23 HFC-23 HFC-23 CDM 187
20 (World Commission on Dams) VCS " VCS Voluntary Carbon Unit (VCU) VCS VCU VCS 2007 2007 VCS 2008 50 150 1000 2000 CO ( ) VCS VCS IETA : TInternational Emissions Trading Association) The Cimate Group (TCG) (WBCSD : World Business Council for Sustainable Development) (WEF World Economic Forum) 2008 3 WWE http://assets.panda.org/ downloads/vcm_report_finalpdf. ? (JI CDM ) ( ) 188
Tufts Climate Inihative : www.tufts.edu/tie/tci/pdf/TCIL_Carbon_Offsets_Paper_April-2-07.pdf. The Carbon Catalogue www.carboncatalog. org/Droviders EcoBusinessLinks www.ecobusinesslinks.com/carbon_offset_wind_credits_ca rbon_reduction.htm (pp.190-.191) Tufts Climate Initiative ( ) ! 189
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EU- ETS Tradable Energy Quotas ( ) Personal Carbon Allowances CO ( ) Easyjet CO CDM CER CO CER EasyJet ( ) Chirizacha Perlabi 10 74000 Vebnet 250 000 PURE (the Clean Planet Trust) 194
CO PURE Vebnet 170 (wwwsafeclimatene/ calculator) 2006 FIFA NPO MyClimate 2010 FIFA 2 CDM : | | 195
( ) EasyJet (CDM ) 196
HSBC 170000 197
9) ( ) UNEP ( ) ( ) 198
? ? ( ) 199
( TISO14000
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1 ( ) ( ) 1 2 :
200
1 kg z3 kg kg ) 1 kg ( ) " ( ) 201
(GRI : Global Reporting Initiative) GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 3 (G3 Guidelines) 2006 GRI GRI GRI 1 500 (
) GRI UNEP
2007 CDP 2400 26% CDP 57 US CDP
(CDP Carbon Disclosure Project)
CDP CDP ( ) Migros 800000 - CO ( ) 204
270 US 30 ( ) 1990 1 300 000 Migros Migros CO CO CO 1 kg ( ) 1 kg ( ) 36 250 km 36 205
NGO ( : ICLEI ) OECD ASEAN ( NGO ) 206
IPCC 4 ] 2 1 2 207
208
United Nations Environment Management Group
11. Chemin des Anemones, CH-1219 Chatelaine, Switzerland
UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Postboks 183. N-4802 Arendal, Norway
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 20552, Nairobi. Kenya
(UNEP) (EMG) (GRID-Arendal)
(EMG) ( (MEAs) ( IMF) ) (WTO)) EMG 2001 (UNEP) ( ) EMG (www.unemg.org ) (UNEP/GRID-Arendal) (www.gridano ) (UNEP) UNEP (www.unep.org) 210
Alex Kirby
Harry Forster, Interrelate Grenoble
UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Jasmina Bogdanovic
Claudia Heberlein
Otto Simonett
Christina Stuhlberger
Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Cecile Marin, Cartographer
Philippe Rekacewicz, Cartographer
Roy Brooke, OCHA
Hossein Fadaei. UN Environment Management Group
Taryn Fransen, World Resources Institute
Audun Garberg, Norwegian Pollution Control Agency
Aniket Ghai, Geneva Environment Network
Christian Kornevall World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Christian Lambrechts, UNEP DEWA
Judith Moore, The World Bank
Janos Pasztor. UN Environment Management Group
David Simpson, UNEP DCPI
Sudhir Sharma, UNFCCC Secretariat
Maryke van Staden., ICLEILocal Governments for Sustainability
Niclas Svenningsen, UNEP DTIE
Svein Tveitdal, coordinator editorial committee
Natasha Ward, Inter American Development Bank
Raul Daussa, OSCE
Remco Fischer, UNEP Finance Initiative
Martina Otto. UNEP DTIE
Philip Reuchlin, OSCE
211
Jan Burck, Germanwatch e.V.. Germany
James ]. Dooley, Joint Global Change Research Institute. United States
Per-Anders Enkvist McKinsey & Company, Sweden
Mehrdad Farzinpour, Institut du Transport Aerien, France
Daniel Kluge. Verkehrsclub Deutschland e.V. Germany
Stefan Micallet, International Maritime Organization
Ina Ridenauer, Oko-Institut e.V Germany
Capt. Eivind S. Vagslid, International Maritime Organization
( ) : ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) 212
(Adaptation)
(Anthropogenic)
(Carbon dioxide)
(CCS : Carbon sequestration and storage) CCS
(Carbon sink)
CO :
(COz equivalence)
(CO0)) (CHL) (Nz2O) ( )
(Eco-driving)
ISO 14000
wwwdso.org/iso/home.htm
(Kyoto Protocol) ( )
( )
2008 2012 5 1990 5% 213
(Mitigation) Dpm " (Stern Report) 2006 700 (UNFCCC The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (UNFCCC) 1994 189 ( ) 214
ASPO (Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas)
wwwr.peakoilnet
CAMSAT (Carbon Management Self-Assessment Tool )
www.brdt.org/fx.brdt/scheme/camsat.aSDx
CCP ( Cities for Climate Protection)
wwwr.icleiorg/index.php?id=800
CCS (Carbon Sequestration Capture and Storage)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_strage
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/item/2718.php
CN Net (UNEP Climate Neutral Network)
www.climateneutral.unep.org/cnn_frontpage.aSDx?m=49
C40 (C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group)
wwwr.c40cities.org
EMAS (Eco-management and audit scheme)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/index_en.htm
GHGs (Greenhouse gaseS)
ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability)
www.icleiorg
IEA (International Energy Agency)
WWW.iea.Org
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) www.iDcc.ch
LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry)
http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/luluct/items/1084.php
215
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) www.oecd.org/home
OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe)
WWW.OSCGe.OTg
SMEs (Small and medium enterprises)
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) www.undp.org
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
WWW.uneD.OTg
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) http://unfccc.int/2860.php
216
Auffhammer, Maximilian and Richard T. Carson: Forecasting the Path of China's COs Emissions Using Province Level Information, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2008
http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/03/10_chinaco2.shtml
Boyle. Godfrey: Renewable energy - power for a sustainable future (second edition), Oxford University Press, 2004 Brain. Marshall: How Electric Cars Work, 2006 http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car.htm
Brower, Michael and Warren Leon: The Consumer's Guide to effective Environmental Choices, Three Rivers Press, 1999 Godall, Chris: How to live a low-carbon life- the individual s guide to stopping climate change, Earthscan, 2007 Easyjet, Carbon OfRSetting, 2006 www.easyjet.com/en/Environment/carbon_offSetting.html
Employee Transportation Coordinator Handbook, 1999 wwwWr.resourcesaver.org/file/toolmanager/O16F7812.pdf
European Commission: Green Paper - Adapting to climate change in Europe - options for EU action, 2007
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0354en01.pdf
European Environment Agency - Indicator Management Service: Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (CSI 013) 2008 http://ims.eionet.eurODa.eu
Food and Agriculture Organisation: Livestock a major threat to environment, 2006 wwwr.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), 2007
wwwW.ipcc.ch
International Energy Agency (IEA) Renewables in global energy supply - fact sheet, 2007 wwwea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf
International Energy Agency (IEA) : Standby Power Use and the IEA 1-Watt Plan"- Fact Sheet, 2005
217
www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2005/standby_factpdf
King, David and Gabrielle Walker: The Hot Topic: How to Tackle Global Warming and Still Keep the Lights on, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2008 Kollmuss, Anja and Benjamin Bowell: Voluntary Offsets for Air-Travel Carbon Emissions. Evaluations and Recommendations of Voluntary OfSet Companies, Tufts Climate Initiative, 2006 wwwr.tufts.edu/tie/tci/pdf/TCI_Carbon_Offsets_Paper_ an31.pdf
Mallon, Karl: Renewable energy policy and politics - a handbook for decision-making, Earthscan, 2006 New York Times: Cement Industry Is at Center of Climate Change Debate. October 26, 2007
www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/business/worldbusiness/26cementhtml
Pew Center on Global Climate Change: Coal and Climate Change Facts, 2007 www.pewclimate.org/globaLwarming-basics/coalfacts.chm
Steffen, Alex: Worldchanging: A Users Guide for the 21st Century, 2006 www.worldchanging.com
Stern, Nicolas: STERN REVIEW: The Economics of Climate Change. 2006 www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/3/2/Summary_of_Conclusions.pdf
Sustainable Development International and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Climate Action, 2008 Times Online: Haile Gebrselassie pulls out of Beijing marathon because of pollution, March 10. 2008
www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/athletics/article3521537.ece
The Clmate Group: Carbon down profit up (third edition) 2007 wwwr.theclimategroup.org/assets/resources/cdpu_newedition.pdf
UN Energy: Sustainable Bioenergy: A Framework for Decision Makers. 2007
ftp://ftpTao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1094e/a1094e00.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Environment Outlook - The fourth Global Environment Outlook: environment for development (GEO-4) 2007 wwW.unep.org/geo/geo4/media
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report 2007/2008Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World, 2008
218
http://hdr.undp.org/en
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) : Twelve Steps to Help You Kick the CO Habit, 2008
www.unep.org/wed/2008/english/Information_Material/factsheetasp
UNEP DTIE Energy Branch: The GHG Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organisations, 2000
www.uneptie.org/energy/tools/ghgin/docs/GHG_Indicator.doc
UNEP DTIE: Why Take A Life Cycle Approach?, 2004
www.uneptie.org/Dc/Sustain/reports/lcini/UNEPBookletLENGprintpdf
World Bank: Rising Food Prices Threaten Poverty Reduction, April 9. 2008
http://web.worldbank.org/W BSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0.contentMDK:21722688~pagePK: 64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607.00.html
World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 2007
www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/kPUZwapTJKNBF9UjaG7D/EEB_Facts_Trends.pdf
World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Measuring to Manage: A Guide to Designing GHG Accounting and Reporting Programs, 2007
http://pdfwriorg/measuring-to-manage.pdf
World Resources Institute (WRI) Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy, 2005
www.wri.org/publication/navigating-the-numbers
219
( ( ) 1970 21 . 1997 , ( ). 1998 LCA 2001 LIMR 2005 ( ) LCA , , , , . * , ( ) , FAX (03.3293.2824) . , * , . . ( ) > ] ] 82 22 5 25 1 1 UNEP/GRID- Arendal Editorial Team Alex Kirby 101-8460 3-1 03(3233)0641() URL http://www.ohmsha.cojp/ 2070 ISBN978-4-274-20841-6 Printed in Japan
/ !! Dictionary of Energy ( :Elsevier 2005 10 ) : 8.000 100 150 50 I KG RS I hristopher Morris | @ 5/640 na http://www.ohmsha.co.jp/ AAMvukihoo TEL.03-3233-0643 FAX.03-3233-3440 E-1005-121
