Енглески језик за четврти разред средњих школа

ГОРДАНА МАРКОВИЋ КАТАРИНА КОВАЧЕВИЋ

IMPROVING

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Енглески језик за четврти разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа

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ДВАНАЕСТА ГОДИНА УЧЕЊА

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УЏБЕНИК СА РАДНОМ СВЕСКОМ

ЗАВОД ЗА УЏБЕНИКЕ БЕОГРАД

Рецензенти др Зорица Прњат, доцент за енглески језик на Географском факултету у Београду Ана Томовић, лектор на Катедри за англистику Филолошког факултета у Београду Ивана Брковић, професор у Првој београдској гимназији у Београду Лектор за енглески језик dr Sheila Sofrenović Уредник Слободанка Ружичић

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Одговорни уредник Татјана Костић Главни уредник Драгољуб Којчић

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За издавача Рецензенти Драгољуб др Зорица Којчић, Прњат, доцент за енглески језик на Географском факултету у Београду Рецензенти директор Ана Томовић, лектор на Катедри за англистику Филолошкогфакултету факултетаууБеограду Београду др Зорица Прњат, доцент за енглески језик на Географском Ивана Брковић, професор у Првојзабеоградској у Београду Ана Томовић, лектор на Катедри англистику гимназији Филолошког факултета у Београду Ивана Брковић, професор у Првој београдској гимназији у Београду Министар Лектор запросвете, енглескинауке језики технолошког развоја републике Србије, решењем број 650-02-01042/2016-06 од 3. марта 2017. године, одобрио dr Sheilaза Sofrenović Лектор енглески језик је овај уџбеник са радном свеском и тонским записом за издавање и употребу у 4. разреду гимназије и средњих стручних школа. dr Sheila Sofrenović Уредник Слободанка Ружичић Уредник CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији CIP Слободанка Ружичић Народна библиотека Србије, Београд Одговорни уредник ISBN 978-86-17-19659-0 Татјана Костић Одговорни уредник 37.016:811.111(075.3) Татјана Костић МАРКОВИЋ, Гордана, 1951Главни уредник © ЗАВОД ЗА УЏБЕНИКЕ, Београд, 2017 Драгољуб Главни уредник Ово дело неКојчић сме сеEnglish умножавати, фготокопирати на било који други начин репродуковати, ни у целини ни у Improving 4 : енглески језик заичетврти разред Драгољуб Којчић деловима, без писменог одобрења издавача. гимназије и средњих стручних школа : дванаеста година За учења издавача : уџбеник са радном свеском / Гордана Марковић, Cover: Carrickarade Rope Bridge, Northern Ireland (Depositphotos) Драгољуб Којчић, За Катарина издавача Ковачевић.

- 1. изд. - Београд : Завод за уџбенике, директор Драгољуб Којчић,: Планета принт). - 178 стр. : илустр. ; 27 cm 2017 (Београд директор + 1 електронски оптички диск (CD-ROM ; 12 cm)

Тираж 5.000.

- List of Irregular Verbs:развоја стр. 1470-172. Министар просвете, науке и технолошког републике Србије, решењем број 650-02-01042/2016-06 од 3. марта 2017.просвете, године, овај уџбеник са радном свеском и тонским записом издавање и употребуоду3.

4.

- Word List: стр.одобрио 175-178. Министар науке и је технолошког развоја републике Србије, решењем бројза 650-02-01042/2016-06 разреду гимназије средњихјестручних школа. марта 2017. године,иодобрио овај уџбеник са радном свеском и тонским записом за издавање и употребу у 4.

ISBNгимназије 978-86-17-19659-0 разреду и средњих стручних школа.

1. Ковачевић, Катарина [аутор], 1942-

CIPCOBISS.SR-ID 236922636 CIP ISBN 978-86-17-19659-0 ISBN 978-86-17-19659-0 © ЗАВОД ЗА УЏБЕНИКЕ, Београд, 2017 2017. Ово дело не се умножавати, фготокопирати набило билокоји којидруги другиначин начинрепродуковати, репродуковати, ни у целини ни у фотокопирати иина © ЗАВОД ЗАсме УЏБЕНИКЕ, Београд, 2017 деловима, без одобрења издавача. ни у дело целини ниписменог уседеловима, без писменог одобрења Ово не сме умножавати, фготокопирати и наиздавача. било који други начин репродуковати, ни у целини ни у деловима, без писменог одобрења издавача.

Cover: Carrickarade Rope Bridge, Northern Ireland (Depositphotos) Cover: Carrickarade Rope Bridge, Northern Ireland (Depositphotos)

CONTENTS STUDENT'S BOOK 6

Unit 1 DIFFERENT CULTURES – THE SAME LANGUAGE

7 THE EMERALD ISLE 13 THE PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

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46 THE WORLD OF SCIENCE 47 THE 3D PRINTING REVOLUTION 54 ACCIDENTAL SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES

Unit 5

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62 PEOPLE, PLACES, TRADITION… 63 LIVING IN EXTREME CONDITIONS 69 WEIRD TRADITIONS

Unit 6

74 GENDER EQUALITY 75 AGAINST GENDER DISCRIMINATION 82 GENDER DIFFERENCES

Unit 7

88 SHOPPING EXPERIENCE 89 SHOPPING, A FUN PASTIME 96 IS ADVERTISING NECESSARY?

Unit 8

WORKBOOK

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32 BOOKS and PRIZES 33 THE MOST IMPORTANT LITERARY PRIZES 39 FIRST PRIZE

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20 THE NATURAL WORLD 21 THE MIGHTY RIVER 26 GOING HOME FOR REPRODUCTION

106 IMPROVE YOURSELF 107 MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 112 MEMORY AND LEARNING

120 124 128

Unit 1 Unit 2 PROGRESS CHECK 1

130 134 138

Unit 3 Unit 4 PROGRESS CHECK 2

140 144 148

Unit 5 Unit 6 PROGRESS CHECK 3

150 156 160

Unit 7 Unit 8 PROGRESS CHECK 4

162 162 163 164 165 170 173 175

APPENDIX KEY TO SELF-ASSESSMENT TESTS KEY TO MINI QUIZ WRITING LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEXTS LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS WORD LIST

PLAN OF THE BOOK DIFFERENT CULTURES – THE SAME LANGUAGE Reading: A The Emerald Isle B The paradise of the Pacific

Vocabulary

Compound nouns; phrasal verbs with stand and keep

Grammar

Review of tenses; the use of articles

Speaking

Traditional or modern music?

Listening

Irish dancing

Writing

A short composition about Ireland or Hawaii

Communication

Expressing sympathy and encouragement

Unit 2

THE NATURAL WORLD Reading: A The mighty river B Going home for reproduction

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs with out; verbs used without prepositions; animal words

Grammar

The use of the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses; plural of nouns

Speaking

Endangered species

Listening

A canoe safari

Writing

Describing places

Communication

Asking а favour

Unit 3

BOOKS and PRIZES Reading: A The most important literary prizes B First prize

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs with call; words related to books; phrases with ordinal numbers

Grammar

The use of future perfect and future perfect continuous tenses; ways of expressing the future; the past simple and past perfect tenses; reported speech

Listening

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Speaking

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Unit 1

Books and reading Ernest Hemingway

Writing

A survey report

Communication

Reading preferences

Unit 4

THE WORLD OF SCIENCE Reading: A The 3D printing revolution B Accidental scientific discoveries

Vocabulary

Verbs used with prepositions at and for; phrases with account

Grammar

Inversion used for emphasis; the past perfect continuous tense; the use of modal verbs for past deductions

Speaking

3D printing – the pros and cons

Listening

Useful inventions

Writing

An invention you can’t do without

Communication

Speculating and predicting

PEOPLE, PLACES, TRADITION… Reading: A Living in extreme conditions B Weird traditions

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs with up; forming verbs with the prefix and suffix en

Grammar

Conditional sentences; the passive voice

Speaking

The effect of the sun on our lives; the pros and cons of bull-running

Listening

Saving people in need

Writing

Modern heroes

Communication

Expressing warnings

Unit 6

GENDER EQUALITY Reading: A Against gender discrimination B Gender differences

Vocabulary

Word formation: using suffixes

Grammar

Expressing wishes and regrets; the present and perfect participles

Speaking

Class debates

Listening

Women doing ‘men’s work’

Writing

1. Gender stereotypes 2.What causes inequality between women and men?

Communication

Expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification

Unit 7

SHOPPING EXPERIENCE Reading: A Shopping, a fun pastime B Is advertising necessary?

Vocabulary

Strong and base adjectives; intensifying adverbs; phrases related to shopping

Grammar

The gerund; the infinitive; the infinitive of purpose

Speaking

Famous malls and department stores

Listening

1. Do you enjoy shopping? 2. On advertising

Writing

A letter of complaint

Communication

Useful shopping phrases

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Unit 8

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Unit 5

IMPROVE YOURSELF Reading: A Multiple intelligences B Memory and learning

Vocabulary

Negative prefixes; linking words

Grammar

Reporting structures; passive constructions

Speaking

Discussing questions related to intelligence

Listening

A child prodigy

Writing

Write your CV

Communication

Using clichés Additional reading – Poetry

APPENDIX ▪ List of irregular verbs ▪ Key to exercises ▪ Texts for listening comprehension ▪ Word list ▪ List of phrasal verbs

Unit 1

DIFFERENT CULTURES THE SAME LANGUAGE In this unit, you will

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READ, LISTEN AND TALK ABOUT  Ireland  Irish music and dance

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 Hawaii

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the use of tenses articles compound nouns phrasal verbs with stand and keep expressing sympathy and encouragement

LEAD-IN How good are you at geography?

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Decide which answer (a or b) is true for Ireland and which for Hawaii. Write the letter (a or b) in the correct box.

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1. The entire country is situated on a. an archipelago b. an island 2. It is situated in a. the Atlantic Ocean

b. the Pacific Ocean

3. This country is a. a republic

b. a state

4. The first people who settled there were a. the Celts b. the Polynesians 5. The capital city is a. Honolulu

b. Dublin

6. The best-known traditional dance is a. Hula dancing b. step dancing

Ireland

Hawaii

Unit 1A

Read the text once and complete the sentences.

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The river which runs through Ireland is _____________.

A great number of the Irish emigrated because of ________________.

Irish national music was recorded for the first time in ________________.

The famous Irish national instrument is _______________.

READING

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t is amazing how much this green island can offer to tourists. People from all over the world go to Ireland to see its amazing landscape, fabulous coastline and green hills with lush vegetation, magnificent castles and the river Shannon. They will meet kind-hearted and hospitable people, imaginative storytellers who involve mystery and magic in their tales. Irish people are also extraordinary musicians who play traditional music in numerous pubs throughout the country.

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The EMERALD isle

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The Republic of Ireland covers five-sixths of the island, while the remaining area belongs to the United Kingdom and is known as Northern Ireland.

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Two main languages are spoken in Ireland: Irish and English. In the 19th century, Irish or Gaelic, now a minority but official language of the Republic of Ireland, was replaced by English as the first language for the vast majority of the population.

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Every traveller to Ireland will discover that music is one of the main passions of Irish people. Their traditional music includes many different types of songs and instrumental music from Irish history. Its origin can be traced back to almost two thousand years ago, when the Celtic tribes arrived in Ireland. It was orally passed on from one generation to another by listening and playing by ear.

Irish music has spread all over the world thanks to its long history of emigration. No event in Irish history had a deeper effect on the Irish nation than the Great Famine, which struck in the 1840’s. One million people died and many traditional songs and tales vanished with them.

In subsequent years, another million people emigrated to the USA bringing their music with them. The Irish population was concentrated in big cities and many

musicians began recording Irish traditional music for the first time. Their records made their way back to Ireland, where they had a great impact on traditional music. As a result, musicians in Ireland began to speed up the tempo of the tunes and also used the piano as an accompanying instrument to fiddles and pipes, the traditional Irish instruments.

Other popular instruments are the flute and drums and, in particular, the Irish harp, which became Ireland’s national symbol.

Up to the 1960’s, Irish music was performed in houses and pubs in rural areas and was played mainly to be danced to. The 1970’s saw the revival of music in terms of popularity and innovation. Old melodies were adapted to modern forms. The styles and rhythms of Irish folk songs found their way into almost every style of contemporary music – heavy metal, rock, even jazz – influencing the best-known artists, such as Sinead O’Connor, U2, Snow Patrol and many others. It can be concluded that now traditional Irish music has gained international recognition.

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Unit 1A GLOSSARY

2 Answer the following questions.

1. What are the characteristics of the Irish landscape?

2. What can you say about Irish people?

3. Which language is spoken by the majority of people?

4. Irish music spread to other continents. How did it find its way to the USA? 5. What do you know about the origin of Irish music?

6. What are the best-known Irish instruments?

7. How did traditional music change in the last decades of the 20th century?

8. In which musical genres can we find Irish music incorporated?

emerald – ​a bright green colour; a precious green stone often used in jewellery isle – island lush – growing well and thickly (plants) famine – a serious shortage of food in a country which may cause many deaths tribe – a group of people of the same race, language or religion revival – a process when something began to be active again

names

Did you know?

The main traditional instruments are: the fiddle - a traditional violin the Celtic harp - mostly small and can be played on the knee

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Evidence of Gaelic is still found in: a. the names of people: Sean /SO:n/ – is the same as John Liam /li@m/ – is the same as William Seamus /SeIm@s/ – the same as James

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recognition – a favourable public opinion given to somebody because of their achievements

the Irish flute the Bodhrán - a goatskin circular drum

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b. Irish surnames beginning with O’ (meaning from the family of) and Fitz or Mc (meaning the son of).

E.g. O’Neill, Fitzgerald, McHugh

Vocabulary 1

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Match the highlighted words in the text to their explanations.

1. _____________ to find out how or when something started in the past; to discover the origin of something 2. _____________ an effect 3. _____________ happening now 4. _____________ happening at a later time than something else 5. _____________ to cease to exist; disappear suddenly 6. _____________ to move away from each other; covering a large area 7. _____________ welcoming, friendly

Unit 1A

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Use the words from Exercise 1 to complete the sentences.

1. It was expected from ______________ generations to finish the building of the Pyramids.

2. The origin of Michael’s family can be _______________ to the 17th century.

3. I am more interested in the writing of _______________ authors than of those from the past.

4. Lack of sleep can have a bad _______________ on a student’s learning.

5. We decided to ________________ in the woods looking for the missing child.

WORD FORMATION Forming nouns from verbs by adding a suffix

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3 Make nouns from the verbs in bold to complete the sentences. Use the suffixes in the box.

-ment -ion -ance -tion -al -y

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Example: Our project is nearing its completion. /complete 1. Michael gained the ________________for promoting traditional dance. /recognize 2. Kate Winslet won an Oscar for her ________________ in The Reader. /perform 3. Every year the government talks about the ________________ of agriculture. /revive 4. In some countries five percent of the ________________ is illiterate. /populate 5. They asked us to send a ________________ for the assistant who was ill. /replace 6. The ____________ of a great amount of money in the basement started the gossip. /discover

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Find in the text the words kind-hearted, storyteller, breathtaking and say which part of speech these compound words are. Which parts of speech are the words they are made of?

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COMPOUND WORDS

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FOCUS ON

words from 2 Join columns A and B to

make new compounds.

Some words can go into more than one combination.

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under paper easy tea play hair show fire eye over runner book

keeper ground paid back alarm witness weight room cup going cut up

Note: Compound words are written as one word, two words or with a hyphen.

Compound adjectives are often joined by a hyphen. If you don’t know how they are written, look them up in a dictionary. You have to be careful with compound words, e.g. a greenhouse means – a place where young plants are grown; a green house means – a house which has been painted green.

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Unit 1A SPEAKING

TALK ABOUT

Traditional or modern music?

Use the following questions to talk about traditional and modern music in Serbia / Ireland.

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 How much do you know about the traditional music of your country?  What instruments are usually used if people want to play Serbian folk music?  Are they the same as the Irish instruments?  What did you learn about Irish traditional music? Are there any similarities to Serbian music?  What is the influence of Serbian / Irish traditional music on pop music?  What kind of music do you usually listen to?

REVISION OF TENSES

Read the text paying attention to the underlined verbs. Name the tense for each example and then match them to the explanations (a - g) to show that you understand the use of tenses.

An example (2 b) is given.

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One of my schoolmates, Kate, used to work (1) in a shoe factory. For a year she would get up (2) early in the morning and ride on a bus to get to work. She didn’t even have a very good salary so she decided (3) to give up the job. I came across her a few days ago as I was going (4) to work.

She told me the news: ‘I have been working (5) in the fashion industry for a year now and I’m quite happy. I’ve even saved (6) enough money to rent a decent flat.’ I was glad that she had left (7) the shoe factory.

Past simple tense ( ) Past continuous tense ( ) Would + an infinitive without to (2 b) Used to + an infinitive ( )

 Present perfect simple tense ( )  Present perfect continuous tense ( )  Past perfect tense ( )

The ... tense is used to talk about a. an action that began in the past and continued up to the present moment. b. repeated actions in the past which no longer happen. c. activities which were in progress for some time in the past or for a longer activity which was interrupted by another, shorter action. d. past habits (actions and states) which are now finished or different. e. finished actions or situations in the past. f. actions that happened before another action in the past. g. a present result of a past event that is important now.

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Unit 1A

2

Complete the rules (A and B) with the expressions from the list below.

Some of the expressions can go into both boxes.

A We use the present perfect with expressions which refer to any time up to now:

B We use the past simple with expressions which refer to a finished time:

never, last year, then, up to now, when, already, in 2012, recently, often, yet, the other day, ago, so far, this week, by the time...

Where _________________ (the driver / look) when he ____________ (hit) a car in front?

Luckily, he _______________ (not / work) directly underneath the branch when it ____________ (fall).

I ______________ (never / fly) in such a luxurious plane before.

When I first ______________ (meet) her, she ______________ (sell) clothes in a store. Now she’s a star.

They ______________ (notice) that the bag was missing only after Dorothy______________ (leave).

Since their quarrel, Joan ________________ (never / say) a word to John.

Alice told us that she ________________ (never / smoke) before.

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Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

(Past simple, past continuous, present perfect, and past perfect tenses)

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Track 2

IRISH

dancing

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3

Listen to the text and then say whether the statements are true or false.

1. It is important that the body should be relaxed and graceful.

2. The dancers wear modern dresses.

3. The women wear copies of clothes from the past.

4. The kilts worn by the men are rather simple.

5. Soft shoes are used when dancers want to make a loud sound.

6. The harp accompanies the dancers.

7. Figure dancers take part in competitions.

8. The Riverdance show has made Irish dance popular all over the world.

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Listen to the text again and check your answers.

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Look at the pictures. Try to describe the clothes and dancers in the pictures with the words used in the text.

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Unit 1A

in world literature

Irish writers

Ireland has widely contributed to the world literature, particularly with works written in English. In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, James Joyce is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. Another writer, Oscar Wilde, is best-known for his novel The Portrait of Dorian Grey, as well as for his often quoted witticisms.

Here is a selection of anecdotes about Oscar Wilde.

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish-born writer and a Nobel laureate, Shaw is regarded as one of the most important British dramatists since Shakespeare. He was also well-known for his wit. Here is a selection of anecdotes about him.

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 ‘There is one thing worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.’

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 Oscar Wilde was once asked to complete a list of the world’s 100 best books. ‘I fear that would be impossible,’ he said. ‘I have written only five.’

 Shaw was standing alone in a corner at a cocktail party. ‘Are you enjoying yourself, Mr Shaw?’ his hostess anxiously asked him.

‘Certainly,’ he replied. ‘There is nothing else here to enjoy.’

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 ‘Oh, Mr Shaw, what made you ask me to dance?’ said a woman to him while they were dancing. –‘This is a charity ball, isn’t it?’ Shaw replied.

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 ‘Take care to get what you like, or you will be forced to like what you get.’

 Members of Wilde’s London club knew that his latest play had failed, but tried to appear ignorant of the fact when the writer arrived that evening.

‘Oscar, how did your play go tonight,’ asked one member, though.

‘Oh,’ Wilde replied arrogantly, ‘the play was a great success, but I’m afraid the audience was a failure.’

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If you know any other anecdotes about Irish writers, read them to your classmates.

You are going to listen to one of the Irish favourite songs ‘Oh Danny Boy’. Before listening, study the following words: (bag)pipes – a musical instrument bide – stay glen – a narrow valley hushed – quiet, calm

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While listening to the song, complete the missing words in the verses.

Oh Danny boy, the pipes, the pipes are _________ From glen to glen, and down the mountain ________ The summer’s gone, and all the _______ falling It's you, it's you must go and I must bide.

But come ye _______ when summer’s in the meadow Or when the valley’s hushed and white with _______ It's I'll be there in sunshine or in _________ Oh Danny boy, oh Danny boy, I love you so.

1.

2.

3.

4.

of the Pacific

The Hawaiians make lovely necklaces of flowers which they give to people as a welcoming gift.

The Hawaiian language is not in use today.

Mauna Kea is an active volcano.

Pearl Harbour’s port was attacked by the Japanese in World War II.

READING

awaii is a group of volcanic islands in the central Pacific Ocean. It became the 50th state of the USA in 1959.

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H

Track 4

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1

The paradise

Read the text to get the general idea.

Then read the statements (1-4) and decide whether they are true or not. Read the text again and check your answers.

Unit 1B

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Hawaiians are descendants of the ancient Polynesians who crossed the vast ocean and settled on the islands. Nowadays, Hawaii is the most diverse state in the United States and only 10% are native Polynesians. The rest have their ancestors among Asian, European and LatinAmerican immigrants. Some families can trace their heritage 300 generations back.

The Hawaiian language was banned for almost a century, but in 1978 English and Hawaiian were listed as ‘official languages’ by the constitution.

Hawaiians are proud of their multicultural heritage, but they also try to maintain their own identity.

All the islands are rich in Hawaiian culture, but two symbols stand out. One of the most important ways the ancient Hawaiians showed respect for their gods and goddesses was through hula dancing. Today hula is still performed both as an entertainment and as a prayer. Another symbol is a necklace of flowers, used as a welcoming gift; the art of making it goes from generation to generation.

The Hawaiian Islands are renowned for their spectacular beauty: abundant sunshine, expanses of lush green fields, coral reefs, sand beaches, and cloud-covered volcanic peaks rising to majestic heights. Some of the world’s largest active and inactive volcanoes are found on Hawaii.

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Unit 1B Hawaii Island (the Big Island) is the largest of the islands and is dominated by two volcanoes. One of them is Kilauea, whose eruptions provide spectacular displays of flowing molten lava, which occasionally cause great property damage. The results are large fields of petrified lava. The sleeping volcano, Mauna Kea, is considered to be the tallest mountain in the world. If measured from the bottom of the Pacific Ocean to the peak, it rises about 10,000 metres.

descendant – a person who lives after you, such as your child or grandchild ancestor – a person related to you and who lived long ago

expanse – a large, open area of land, water or sky

д

Discuss the following questions giving detailed answers.

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2

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reef – a line of rocks just above or below the surface of the sea propel – to cause someone to do an activity

Oahu, politically the most important island with its capital Honolulu, is different from the other islands because it keeps up with modern time. Six million tourists visit this island every year.

Most of them come for surfing on the famous Waikiki beach.

Another well-known site is Pearl Harbour, a port near Honolulu.

On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese fighter planes attacked Pearl Harbour destroying American war ships and killing soldiers, which propelled the United States immediately into World War II.

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constitution – the set of political principles by which a state is governed

The second largest island is Maui. It is a water sports paradise.

Brave surfers ride the 20 m high waves. The best surfers are uncrowned kings of the island. Maui bays offer another tourist attraction between November and April. Whales, coming from a long distance, choose these bays to give birth to their young.

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GLOSSARY

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1. Who were the ancestors of today’s Hawaiians?

2. How far in the past can some of the families find traces of their origin?

3. How many languages are officially used on the islands?

4. What are the two most important symbols of Hawaiian culture?

5. What are the fields of petrified lava a result of?

6. What attractions does Maui Island offer?

7. Which of the islands is the most visited?

8. What did you learn about the volcanoes on the Big Island?

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Did you know?

Aloha

The Hawaii experience begins and ends with aloha, a word that includes love, affection and mercy, and has become a salutation for hello and good-bye. It means to live with love and respect for self and others.

Unit 1B

Vocabulary 1

Match the words (1- 8) to the definitions (a – h). a. rock or metal turned into a liquid state because of great heat b. a piece of jewellery worn around the neck c. tradition, all features of life that have passed on from one generation to another d. to forbid something e. the highest point f. from a long time ago g. having changed to a substance like stone; frightened h. different types of people or things

Use some of the words from Exercise 1 to complete the sentences.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

John is a man of _______________ talents.

This film should be ________________ because it contains scenes of violence.

We have to climb two more hours to the _______________ of the mountain.

He bought a very expensive _______________ for his fiancée, but she didn’t like it.

When John saw a huge dog running towards him, he stood _______________.

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2

ban ancient diverse peak petrified heritage necklace molten

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

WORD FORMATION

Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the words in bold.

Change the form of the word so that a noun becomes an adjective or an adjective becomes a noun.

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3

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Examples: Volcanic peaks are often covered in clouds. /volcano She took advantage of our hospitality and stayed a whole month. /hospitable

За

1. I have never before seen such a _____________ volcanic eruption. /spectacle 2. I was surprised to see so much _____________ at that time of day. /active 3. We went to the forest for a walk and were surprised to see the _____________ of mushrooms. /abundant 4. National parks offer a remarkable _____________ of scenery. /diverse 5. Whales came from _____________ shores to give birth to their young. /distance

COLLOCATIONS

4 Which word doesn’t

collocate with the given word? Cross out the odd word.

1. VAST– ocean, field, majority, bench 2. BAN – film, office, language, book 3. OFFICIAL – recognition, truth, language, visit 4. MAINTAIN – peace, identity, answer, central heating 5. HIGH – tree, mountain, fence, man 15

Unit 1B PHRASAL VERBS

5 Study the phrasal verbs with STAND and KEEP and then do the exercise below. keep up with – try to do the same as someone else, go at the same speed keep off – prevent from touching, not walk on keep on – continue keep out – not allow to enter keep away – not allow to come near keep something up – to maintain standards, appearances, to continue keep to – remain steady or faithful to something keep back – not tell (information)

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stand by – help, support stand for – be the abbreviation of stand for – represent something stand out – be the best, be easily seen stand up (to) – to resist; confront bravely stand up for – speak for someone / something; support stand in for – take somebody’s place (if they are ill)

6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs with stand and keep.

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I believe you are innocent and I’d ______________ you anyway.

Ann’s voice really ______________ from the rest of the choir.

In spite of the warning, they ______________ looking for him.

Did Helen tell you everything? I think she _________a few things _________.

He wanted to ______________ his neighbours, who were all richer than him.

I’m not afraid to _________________ my rights.

Look! It says clearly: ‘______________the rails!’

There are too many people waiting to enter the concert hall. How can we ______ them ____?

They didn’t expect me to ________________ someone as powerful as our boss.

You'll be fine as long as you _____________the map. Don’t leave the road.

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во

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Grammar ARTICLES

Review the use of the definite article with geographical names and then do the exercises (1 and 2).

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Do not use the before the names of:

Use the before the names of:

• continents, countries and towns: South America, Brazil, Liverpool (but: the Hague, the Netherlands) • streets/avenues: First Avenue, Oxford Street • lakes: Lake Ontario (but: the lake of Ontario) • individual mountains and volcanoes: Mount Fuji • single islands: Cyprus

• countries whose names describe their political organization: the Czech Repulic • rivers, oceans and seas: the Tisa, the Atlantic • deserts, peninsulas and points on the globe: the Gobi, the Apennine Peninsula, the Equator • mountain groups: the Andes • island groups: the Shetland Islands

Unit 1B

1

Which of these place names are written with the?

2

1. Philippines 2. Indian Ocean 3. Pyrenees 4. Sahara 5. Black Sea 6. South Pole 7. Seine 8. Lake Ohrid

1. There are many volcanic islands in ____ Pacific Ocean.

2. ____ Shannon runs through ____ Ireland.

3. ____ Pennines is a group of mountains in England.

4. _____ Republic of Serbia is situated in _____ Balkans.

5. How many states are there in _____ USA? 6. ____Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the mainland of ____ Europe.

7. ____ Jersey is a British island in ____ English Channel.

8. When we went to Egypt, we swam in ____ Red Sea.

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9. Kilauea

Put the where necessary.

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS

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Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first by using the given word.

1. Tom was taller than his friends, so he was easily seen in the crowd. /STAND Tom ______________________________________________________.

2. Though Mary was shorter, she tried to walk at the same speed as me. /KEEP Though _____________________________________________________________.

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3. I was attacked by a bunch of hooligans, but I confronted them bravely. /STAND I was _____________________________________________________.

4. Chris was the first ever to climb the eastern side of the mountain. /HAD Before Chris _____________________________________________.

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5. I expected skydiving to be more frightening than it actually was. /NOT Skydiving ______________________________________ as I had expected.

За

6. When I was young, I went to a lot of dances. /USED When I was young, I ______________________ to a lot of dances.

WRITING

Choose either Ireland or Hawaii to write about.

Write a short composition of about 150 words.

Ireland

Layout of the composition Paragraph 1: Introduction Introduce the topic. Say why you have chosen that particular country.

Paragraph 2: Write about its interesting geographical features, people and culture.

Provide examples where possible.

Paragraph 3: Mention what impression the country made on you.

Paragraph 4: Conclusion Give your own personal opinion about the country and say if you would like to visit it.

Hawaii

Look up in the Appendix and study the instructions for writing.

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Unit 1B COMMUNICATION

Expressing sympathy and encouragement When somebody is annoyed by something unpleasant or hears bad news, you can show how you sympathize with him/her by using some of the following words and phrases: Expressing sympathy

Expressing encouragement

I’m sorry to hear that.

Don’t take it so badly, it...

How upsetting / annoying to ...

Never mind. Better luck next time.

Bad luck! Hard luck! Terrible!

Complete the sentences using the expressions from Exercise 1.

Don’t

worry; it’ll turn out all right.

How would you react in these situations?

What do you say?

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1

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a shame!

What a pity!

1. I’m What not surprised the/offer wasn’t genuine; it sounded ________________.

Can I help you in any way?

2. How did you feel when you won the prize? ________________________.

That’s dreadful!

Awful!

3. I know you failed the exam, but it’s______________________; so stop crying.

4. Unfortunately, he will finally see the results of his activities. __________________.

5. This exercise is difficult but it will help you lose weight. Don’t you know the saying _________________?

Note: The word ‘sympathy’ means compassion, feeling pity.

6. Avoiding stress is ___________________.

It is not an equivalent of the Serbian word ‘симпатија’.

Complete this dialogue. Try to use words and phrases from the table above.

За

2

во

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1. A friend tells you that he has failed his driving test.

2. Your sister comes home and tells you that she has broken off her engagement.

3. You ring up a friend to invite her to your party.

She tells you that she has got the flu.

A: How are you getting on with your plans for going to Ireland?

B: Not very well, I’m afraid. I’ve failed to organize a big enough group and the agency wouldn’t give us a discount.

A: _____________________. But I’m sure you’ll do it next time.

I’m miserable myself. My car was stolen yesterday.

B: _____________________. Perhaps the police will find it somewhere.

A: I hope so. And my sister’s cat has disappeared.

B: ____________________. I’m sure it will come back.

A: I do hope it will. Alice is very sad. See you later.

B: It’s been nice talking to you.

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Self-assessment 1

test 1

t s i l d r o W

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the List. (4 pts.)

1. Celtic ________ arrived on the island between 600 and 150 B.C. 2. I don’t know much about my _______________ who lived on this land 200 years ago.

3. John isn’t interested in the past, that’s why he only reads books by ______________writers.

2

Find words in the List which mean: (5 pts.)

1. a strong effect _________________ 2. disappear

_________________

___________________

5. various

___________________

д

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. (5 pts.)

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3

4. forbid

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3. plentiful ___________________

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4. During the Irish _____________ of the mid-19th century, the population of the island dropped by one third due to the starvation and emigration.

Verbs vanish petrify gain ban

1. We _______________ (wait) on the platform when the train arrived.

За

2. Is this the second time you __________________ (be) here?

3. As we ______________ (visit/not) Ireland before, we decided to go there.

4. I ______________ (think) about that problem for some time. Do you think I should complain to the manager?

5. I ________________ (clean) her room since morning.

4 Put in an article where necessary. (6 pts.)

1. ____ English people are always complaining about ____ weather.

2. ____ Lake Bled is in ____Slovenia.

3. ____Cyprus is an island in _____ Mediterranean Sea.

KEY- page 162

Nouns famine tribe recognition impact ancestor descendant Adjectives contemporary abundant diverse molten subsequent Phrases spread out trace (back) stand up for stand up (to) stand out keep up with keep off keep out keep back

20 pts.

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Unit 2

THE NATURAL WORLD In this unit, you will

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READ, LISTEN AND TALK ABOUT  the Zambezi basin and its animals  endangered species PRACTISE  the use of the present perfect and

present perfect continuous tenses  phrasal verbs with out

LEAD-IN

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 asking a favour

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 plural of nouns

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 the reproduction of the salmon

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How much do you know about animals?

Match these kinds of animals to the definitions below.

Write at least four examples for each kind on the appropriate line.

MAMMALS _____________________________________________________ REPTILES ______________________________________________________ BIRDS ______________________________________________________ INSECTS ______________________________________________________ FISH _______________________________________________________ They have 6 legs, 3 body sections and most are small air-breathing animals.

They have scales and most have gills instead of lungs. They are found in rivers, lakes, and oceans.

They have two legs, a backbone, a body covered by feathers and they lay eggs.

They are warm-blooded animals which have a backbone and a body covered by hair or fur.

They produce milk.  They are cold-blooded animals whose bodies are covered by scales.

Most of them lay hard-shelled eggs on land.    

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Unit 2A

The mighty RIVER 1

You are going to read about the Zambezi River.

Which paragraph talks about…

1.

2.

3.

4.

the wildlife living in the plains along the river? the changes that make some species endangered? the course of the river from its source to the mouth? the shift of seasons?

READING

Track 5

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A The Zambezi, which means ‘Great River’ in the language of the local inhabitants, flows 2,700 km from its source in the heart of Africa to its mouth in the Indian Ocean, crossing six countries. It meets many tributaries on its course, enters broad valleys and spreads out over a large area. Victoria Falls, one of the world’s greatest wonders, mark the end of the upper course of the Zambezi. There the river plunges into a gorge with the thunderous roar, making an enormous cloud of spray. The locals gave it the name ‘the smoke that thunders’. The river’s journey comes to an end as it approaches its mouth, divides into a maze of channels which form a wide delta before it merges with salty waters of the Indian Ocean.

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B The Zambezi basin holds many natural resources that are of exceptional value. It also contains a high diversity of habitats, which is reflected in an abundance of mammals and birds. The grasslands are home to many species of plants and animals, including hippos, elephants, black rhinos, buffalos, baboons, etc. Large predators found in the eco-region include lions, leopards, cheetahs, and spotted hyenas. Crocodiles, lizards and pythons are amongst the more common larger reptiles of the region.

За

C For millions of years, the Zambezi River has flowed with floods and droughts, supporting wildlife, plants and local people. During the dry season, water and food become scarce, animals leave their habitats and head to better-watered grasslands. However, the rainy season, which starts in November, brings great relief to all GLOSSARY of them when a great number of streams join together to form the mighty river. plunge – to fall a long way down D Unfortunately, growing human populations and poverty force local people to turn wild lands into farmland and also drive them into poaching important species, such as the black rhino, elephant and leopard. Thus they disrupt wildlife patterns in the Zambezi region. Since the river influences the life of millions of people, animals and plants, environmentalists should make an effort to prevent the degradation of its ecosystem. It is necessary to monitor, protect and secure habitats for these animals, however difficult this is to carry out. If they fail, the river may no longer be called the ‘river of life'.

into something; drop

gorge – a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually formed by a river merge – to join together scarce – not easy to find or get disrupt – to prevent a system, event or process from proceeding poach – to catch or kill animals without permission

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Unit 2A

2 Find parts in the text which give the information…

1. why Victoria Falls are called ‘the smoke that thunders’.

2. that many rivers flow into the Zambezi.

3. about the species that live on the grasslands.

4. about the delta that the Zambezi forms at its mouth.

5. why the rainy season brings relief.

6. about poachers and their victims. 

Share your information with your partner or with other students in the class.

Which highlighted word from the text means...

1. a complicated system of passages where you can get easily lost? ______________ 2. the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives? ______________ 3. a stream or river that flows into a larger river? ______________ 4. a valuable possession of a country, organization, person? ______________ 5. an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals? ______________ 6. the condition of being very poor? ______________

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Vocabulary

2 Use the words from Exercise 1 and the Glossary in their correct form to complete these sentences.

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д

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A great number of elephants have lost their natural ____________ because of civil wars.

We have exploited all our ____________ and now the company cannot go on working.

In some parts of Africa food is scarce and people live in _________.

They decided to ____________ their two companies into one.

If we don’t take good care, clean water will soon become ____________ on this planet.

A heavy storm ____________ travelling on the main road into the town.

The Robinsons have built an incredible ____________ of green walls on their land. I had a problem of finding the way out.

За

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

PREPOSITIONS VERB + PREPOSITION

3 Review the use of prepositions. Fill in the gaps with one of these prepositions: on, to, into, in, with, or for. The first sentence has been done as an example.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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A high diversity of habitats is reflected in an abundance of animals.

Lois divided an apple ______ halves and gave one half to me.

To save the business, the owners decided to merge it ______ one of their competitor’s.

She was complimented ______ her appearance.

I couldn’t agree ______ the conditions they insisted ______.

I am leaving ______the Zambezi basin tomorrow.

Who does this cat belong _______?

Unit 2A FOCUS ON

4 Verbs used without a preposition

Verbs such as reach, enter, approach, discuss, marry, resemble, enjoy, etc. do not use prepositions before a noun. The verbs which do not use a preposition are normally followed by a direct object.

Examples: 1. Has the jury reached the verdict yet?

2. Jane entered the classroom feeling very nervous.

Do the exercise in the Workbook.

PHRASAL VERBS WITH OUT

5 Use the verbs in the box in the correct form to complete the sentences below.

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ENDANGERED SPECIES

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SPEAKING

The police officer ordered his men to __________ out and search the fields.

These papers are in a dreadful mess. Do you have time to __________them out?

The generals were determined to __________ out their plan to defeat the enemy.

Oxford University ___________out among other universities in the world.

The coach made the team practise until he __________________ them out.

Fighting _____________ out between rival groups of fans.

I’m pleased that the play ____________ out to be a great success.

It is too dark; I can’t _____out the number on this house.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

turn break sort make spread carry wear stand

За

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Work in groups of four. Read the questions and decide how to express your opinion on this topic by answering them.

1. In your opinion, which animals are most endangered?

2. Why are they killed?

3. What is poaching?

4. How growing cities and pollution can destroy wildlife habitats?

5. What do you think about such sports as hunting?

6. Are there endangered species in this country? Can you name some of them?

7. Do you know where rare birds and animals live in this country?

8. What measures should be taken for animal protection?

LISTENING and GRAMMAR

A CANOE Track 6

safari

GLOSSARY snort – a loud sudden noise of disapproval slide (slid, slid) – to move easily over a surface

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Unit 2A Answer the following questions.

1. What did the canoeists have to avoid?

2. Why is the Zambezi flood plain important for a great number of animals?

3. Where did they see groups of hippos?

4. Why did the canoeists paddle close to the bank?

5. What were the crocodiles looking for?

2 Which words in the list match the explanations?

1. move a boat through the water using a pole

JAWS CLIFF RAPIDS PADDLE HIPPO

2. a large African animal which lives in rivers, lakes, etc.

3. a part of a river where the water flows very fast 4. a steep, high face of rock 5. the mouth, including the teeth

Grammar

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1

Look at the examples (1-9) and match them to the explanations (a-i).

1. Jack has been a tennis player for 6 years.

2. John has had a terrible crash and is now in hospital.

3. I’ve been here all morning.

4. Please do not smoke until you have gone outside.

5. Have you ever played chess?

6. This is the first time that I have ridden on a rollercoaster.

7. Liam has been ill since last weekend.

8. Jason has rung up four times today already.

9. I haven’t been to the seaside recently.

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за

1A

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THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

во

The present perfect is used

За

a. for an action which began in the past and is still going on. b. to emphasize the result of an action in the present. c. when we want to mention how many times something happened. d. to talk about the future after when, after, as soon as and until. e. for experiences that happened at some time in our lives.

for our first, second, only, etc. experience of something. g. to talk about things that have or haven’t happened in the recent past. h. with for to say how long an action has gone on. i. with since to say when an action started. f.

1B Look at the examples (1-3) and match them to the explanations (a-c).

‘We’ve been paddling for three hours now, but we haven’t seen any hippos or crocodiles yet.’

1. I’ve been studying since 5 o’clock and I’m planning to study for two more hours.

2. ‘Why are you so out of breath?’ – ‘I’ve been running.’

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Unit 2A The present perfect continuous tense is used a. for an activity that has just stopped, but you can still see its result. b. to show how long something has been happening. c. for an action which began in the past and is still continuing.

Note: The present perfect continuous tense is often used with: all week, over the last few months, for or since.

2

Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

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1. Jason __________________ (drive) his car for years and _________________ (never / take) it to the mechanic.

2. Stella ________________ (read) many books on meteorology.

3. Helen needs a holiday. She _________________ (work) too hard since her last summer holiday.

4. Megan ______________ (not make) any progress yet, though she __________________ (study) mathematics for months.

5. My parents usually go to the theatre once a month. They __________________ (do) that for more than 20 years.

6. I __________________ (write) invitations for my sister’s wedding ever since I got up and I only ________________ (write) ten letters.

7. I__________________ (eat) all day because I am bored. I __________________ (also/drink) six cans of lemonade.

за

Complete these sentences using the verbs from the list in the present perfect simple or continuous. Sometimes you need a negative form.

д

3

tear

analyze

receive

lose

search

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find (2)

За

1. The police ________________ the area for the missing girl, but they ____________ her yet.

2. I _____________________ accidentally ___________________ the important page.

3. Scientists ____________ the data for several days now, but they __________ nothing so far.

4. The solicitor wrote to Kate a fortnight ago, but he ____________________ a reply yet.

5. I am afraid we ______________ your application. Will you fill in the form again, please?

4

Answer the questions with no and a full sentence. Use the present perfect continuous and the present perfect tense as in the example.

Example: Have you started the report? (think about it / some time / not start) No, I’ve been thinking about it for some time, but I haven’t started it yet.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Has Nancy found her ring? (look for it / several days / not find) Has Lois returned the library book? (plan to do it / two weeks / not return) Have the Bonds sold their house? (advertise it / six months / not get a good offer) Have the Thompsons hired a housekeeper? (consider it / a while / not decide)

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Unit 2B

1

GOING HOME

for reproduction

Read the text quickly and circle the correct alternative.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Salmon are born in salty / fresh water.

Adult / Young salmon travel back to the stream they were born in.

The female / male fertilizes the eggs.

This species has a short / long life-cycle.

Both young and adult / Only young salmon are easy prey for predators.

READING

Track 9

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T

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he Pacific salmon is one of the species that has intrigued many researchers all over the world because it is difficult to understand why adult salmon swim thousands of miles to get to the stream where they were born.

They live in the ocean, but they reproduce in fresh water.

There is evidence to support the conclusion that salmon have a number of senses which lead them back to their native stream to spawn.

д

за

This journey may be only a few hundred yards or over two thousand miles long, depending on the species and the stream. They usually reach their spawning grounds between July and early September.

Swimming long distances is exhausting, and only the fittest ones finish the journey. They also become easy catch for predators such as bears and eagles in their spawning grounds as the streams are shallow.

За

во

When the female reaches the place where she will lay her eggs, she digs a depression in the gravel with her tail and then deposits her eggs in there. She waits for her mate to fertilize the eggs and then covers them with gravel. The process is repeated several times and thousands of eggs are laid. Shortly after completing spawning, both male and female die.

After being born in fresh water, salmon travel hundreds of miles carried by strong currents to the ocean where they feed on fish, shrimp, squid and anything they can catch. It is important to survive the first few weeks since they often encounter deep water predators. The time spent in the ocean varies, but it is normally one to five years. Then the process of GLOSSARY reproduction continues. Salmon depression – ​a hole, a part of a intrigue − to interest someone a complete their life-cycle when lot; to make someone curious surface that is lower than the they return home to spawn. fertilize – to cause an egg/seed to start developing into a new animal or plant by joining it with a male

surrounding area

spawn − to produce eggs

vaguely – not clearly expressed, known or described

spawning ground − a place where fish leave their eggs for fertilization

26

accuracy – the ability to perform a task without making a mistake

The phenomenon of salmon’s migration and their amazing ability to navigate great distances with perfect accuracy is still only vaguely understood.

Unit 2B

2

Complete the sentences in your own words using information from the text.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Scientists are interested in __________________________________________________.

Salmon swim a long way from the ___________ to _____________ to reproduce.

Without special senses salmon couldn’t ______________________________________.

The role of the female is to __________________ and of the male to _____________.

At the spawning grounds their lives are endangered by ________________________.

Both parents ______________ after having finished the spawning.

In the salty waters salmon feed______________________________________________.

They return to the place where they _______________ navigating accurately.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

I’m so ex ______________ because I’ve been digging in the garden the whole day.

They are easy catch for bears because the streams are sh ______________.

I’ve been in______________ by his plans for the next expedition to the Amazon.

I va_______________remember meeting him in Paris years ago.

Salmon use this part of the lake as their sp______________ ground.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in bold.

1. We have finished the experiment with a high degree of ______________. /accurate 2. Before I _____________ this speech, I’d like to thank my colleagues who had helped me in this research. /conclusion 3. All my relatives live in ___________ countries. /distance 4. The_____________ of lions in this part of the grasslands is part of my research. /reproduce 5. _____________ through the rapids had to be done with great care. /navigate 6. The date of _____________ of the road works will be known soon. /complete

За

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2

Complete the sentences with the words from the text. The first two letters are given.

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1

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Vocabulary

COLLOCATIONS

3

Which word doesn’t collocate with the given word in capital letters?



DEEP

sea, depression, distance, feelings, blue, breath

STRONG

argument, winter, current, coffee, smell, resistance

PERFECT

accuracy, time, example, mistake, moment, life

FRESH

water, air, memory, bread, flavour, place

HEAVY

smoker, rain, puddle, fog, traffic, metal

Choose five collocations from the box and use them in appropriate sentences.

27

Unit 2B

Grammar PLURAL OF NOUNS

1

Plural of nouns of foreign origin Some words of Latin or Greek origin make their plurals according to the rules of these languages: phenomenon – phenomena, crisis – crises /kraIsIs – kraIsi:z/, oasis /@U"eIsis/ – oases /@U"eIsi:z/, datum – data, medium – media, fungus /"fVNg@s/– fungi /"fVNgaI, "fVNgi:/.

Some nouns follow the English rules: gymnasium – gymnasiums, formula – formulas (though formulae is used by scientists).

Plural of compound nouns

3

Singular forms for both singular and plural

4

Plural nouns

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2

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Compound nouns form their plural in different ways: a. With most compound nouns, only the second part becomes plural: teacups, storytellers, spoonfuls, take-offs, etc. b. Compounds containing man or woman make both elements plural as well as those consisting of two words linked by and. E.g. women doctors, ups-and-downs c. If compounds are made up of a noun followed by an adjective, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb only the noun becomes plural: sons-in-law, men-of-war, runners-up, passers-by.

во

д

за

Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural: fish, deer, sheep, bison, etc.

Some types of fish do not normally change in the plural: salmon, trout, squid, cod, carp, but sharks, sardines, crabs, lobsters, etc. have a regular plural.

За

Certain nouns are always plural and take a plural verb when they are used with a particular meaning. greens (vegetables) arms (weapons) spirits (alcohol) goods (things for sale) savings – (money you save)

conditions (factors that influence someone’s living or working environment) customs (the place at a border where people declare goods from foreign countries) refreshments (drinks and a small amount of food) surroundings (the environment) belongings (the things you own)

28

Unit 2B PRACTICE

1

Complete the sentences with the words in bold in their plural forms.

1. Scientists have noticed a number of strange _____________ in the water recently. /phenomenon 2. The company has been faced with a number of ____________ lately. /crisis 3. We have different judgments of the matter, that’s why we have different __________. /criterion 4. Our boss keeps sending us a few ____________ every day, which irritates us./memorandum 5. A large number of _________ and a flock of ___________ fled in fear when a hunter fired the gun. / deer, goose 6. We have opened two new ____________ for shooting films in which all the __________ die in the end. /studio, hero

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7. How many ___________ do you see on the street? /passer-by

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KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in bold.

1. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years. /been It _______________________________________________________ so much.

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2. The last time Harry came here was in 2001. /since Harry___________________________________________________________.

3. This is my first visit to Hawaii. /time

This is the first _____________________________________________________.

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4. The guest performers are all here now. /already The guest performers _________________________________________________.

WRITING

Describing

places

Some English friends of yours are planning a short holiday in a part of the country near where you live. Write an e-mail to your friends, giving them some useful information.

First choose a place you think is worth seeing. It can be a mountain, lake, river, woods, dam, gorge, etc.

Describe the attractions of the place. Say what makes it distinctive.

Explain to your friends what they can do and see there. (hiking, fishing, bird watching, rafting, boating, etc.)

Mention animals and plants which can be seen there.

You can use some of these words in your writing: stunning, outstanding, fascinating, breathtaking, historic, spacious, lush green, favourite destination, refreshing, etc.

29

Unit 2B COMMUNICATION

Asking

a favour

When asking somebody to do you a favour, you can use some of the following words and expressions: Can you open the door for me?

Will you…

Will you hand me that book?

Would you (please) . . .

Would you please turn down the music?

Could you possibly…

Could you possibly give me a ride to school?

Would you be so kind as to…

Would you be so kind as to lend me your mobile phone?

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Practise asking your classmates to do you a favour.

To get someone’s attention you can use the following phrases:

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Can you …

Excuse me, ...

Pardon me, ...

Sorry to bother you, but ...

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Note: Using longer sentence structures you tend to be very polite: I was wondering if I could ask you to do me a favour?

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д

Examples

1. Sure. What’s the problem?

2. Could you bring me some coffee?

2. I’d be glad to. How do you like it?

3. Could you help me move these tables?

3. No problem. I’d be glad to.

4. Could I ask you to do me a favour?

4. It depends. What is it?

За

1. Can you help me with my essay?

 Don’t forget to thank your friend for offering to do you a favour!

Thank you very much.



You saved my life.

I’ll return the favour sometime.

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 I really owe you.

Self-assessment 1

test 2

t s i l d r o W

1 Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the words from the List. (6 pts.)

Verbs plunge merge disrupt poach fertilize intrigue spawn

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1. We’re very unhappy because our firm decided to ___________with a much bigger one.

2. The heavy rain _____________ our plans for a concert in the open.

3. Antelopes rely on good senses of hearing and smell to avoid dangerous ____________.

4. Our forests are natural ____________ of great value.

5. The ____________, with which she did the project, was amazing.

6. Scientists have been studying several natural _______________ of recent climate changes.

Choose the correct plural forms (a or b). (5 pts.)

1. Helen asked us to be her _____ at the wedding. Will you accept? a. maids-of-honour b. maids-of-honours

д

3

‘Why are you out of breath?’ - ‘___________________ (do) work-outs.’

Somebody _________________ (steal) my bag. I can’t see it anywhere.

Your cat __________________ (lie) on my chair since morning.

What ____________________ (you/buy) for the party?

Nobody ___________________ (ask) us yet what we want.

за

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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the sentences by using the present perfect or the present 2 Complete perfect continuous tense of the verbs in brackets. (5 pts.)

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2. Will you put the ____ into the car boot? a. luggages

b. luggage

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3. They saw several ____ in the national park. a. bison

b. bisons

5. Travelling through the desert, we came upon two _____. a. oasis

b. oases

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the List. (4 pts.)

I was looking at the address, but I couldn’t ___________ the name.

Will you check if the reviews of last night’s play _____________?

The main hero of the book _____________ to be a negative character.

These jeans are really ____________. I can’t wear them anymore.

KEY- page 162

Adjectives scarce exhausting Adverbs shortly vaguely

4. You need five____ of sugar for that cake. a. spoonfuls b. spoonsful

1.

2.

3.

4.

Nouns gorge habitat poverty predator resource phenomenon accuracy

Phrasal verbs come out spread out carry out wear out make out turn out

20 pts.

31

За во д за уџ бе н ик е

WORKBOOK

Unit 1

DIFFERENT CULTURES THE SAME LANGUAGE READING and VOCABULARY

1

Read this Irish traditional story and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.

teaches

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The old crow the young crow

One day the old crow took a young one out into the field to __________ him how to fly.

When the young crow had learned how to fly and could go to any _________ of Ireland, the old crow said, ‘I think that you are able to fly anywhere now and make your _________ by yourself. Before you go, I want to give you some advice that will protect you from _________, as it has protected me.’

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living shoot throw teach cornfield advice bending danger part

‘Tell me,’ said the young crow.

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‘If you are ever in a potato field or __________and see a man coming towards you with something under his arm or in his hand, fly off immediately, for he may have a gun and may_________ you.’

‘I understand,’ said the young crow.

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д

‘Another bit of ___________to you,’ said the old crow. ‘If you see a man ___________down as he comes toward you in a field, fly off as fast as you can, for he may pick up a stone to ___________at you. If he has nothing under his arm and if he doesn’t bend down, you’re safe.’

За

‘That’s all very well,’ said the young crow, ‘but what if he has a stone in his pocket?’

‘Off you go,’ said the old crow. ‘You know more than me!’

2

Match the words from the two lists to form compound nouns or adjectives.

A

master home ozone absent meeting world wheel steering window

B

made piece wide point shopping chair minded layer wheel

Note: The most common compound nouns tend to be written as single words. If you are not sure, you should look them up in a dictionary.

120

3 What do we call these?

E.g. 1. a teacup 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

a cup that we drink tea from a box for matches paste for cleaning teeth money that parents usually give their children to spend a shop that sells sweets a bag for sleeping in a place where you buy tickets for the cinema traffic which is too busy

Unit 1 PHRASAL VERBS

4

Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the phrasal verbs with stand and keep.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Jack supported his friend when everybody was against him. _______________ This tent is good and it will prevent the rain.

_______________ Sue continued making the same mistakes. _______________ They maintain their reputation by working very hard. _______________ I know he would confront absolutely anyone if he believed he was right about something. _______________

REVIEW OF TENSES

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READING and GRAMMAR

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past simple tense is commonly used to tell stories. In the 5 The following legends, all irregular verbs are taken out. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct form of the following verbs. take shake give come put fall throw hurt make

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How the volcano got its name

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д

Long ago, the Roman God Jupiter and his wife Juno _______ birth to an ugly son, Vulcan. Once when Juno argued with Jupiter, Vulcan _______ the side of his mother. This angered his father, and Jupiter ________ Vulcan out of their home. Vulcan ________ to earth. His hard landing ________ his legs. He _______ his home deep inside the small island near Sicily. Deep in his mountain, Vulcan worked at his forge making things such as braces for his legs, cups, plates and jewellery. The huge mountain called Vulcano (Vulcan’s mountain) acted as his chimney. From the top of the mountain lava, clouds and dust _______ out.

Today the modern word ‘volcano’ describes all mountains that throw out lava, ash and gas.

Hawaiian legend Hawaiian natives believed the anger of the beautiful goddess Pele caused volcanic eruptions. When she stamped her feet, earthquakes ________ the earth and when she _______ her magic stick into the earth, volcanoes erupted.

6 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in the list.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

All the shops ________________ already by the time we ________________ there.

While we ________________ home last night, we ________________ of petrol.

I ________________ to get hold of you for ages. Where have you been?

I ________________ most of my homework, but I am stuck on the last bit.

I am terribly sorry, but I ________________ your name.

run out close arrive try drive forget do 121

Unit 1 STATE AND ACTIVITY VERBS

7

State verbs are not normally used in the continuous tenses. These verbs are grouped as follows: verbs of the senses: see, verbs which express feelings and emotions: respect, verbs of mental activity: understand, verbs of possession: own, Add more examples to each group.

Choose the correct alternative.

за

This wine is tasting / tastes a bit strange.

I’m agreeing / I agree with you on all those matters.

What do you think / are you thinking of Helen?

I’m thinking / I think of going on holiday.

She’s having / She has a bath and she can’t talk to you.

I’m remembering / I remember how happy we were as children.

I’m understanding / I understand what you want to tell me.

How much am I owing / do I owe you?

д

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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8

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Note: Some verbs can be used in the continuous tenses, but there is a difference in meaning.

1. a. I think Jane is a nice person. (expressing opinion – I believe…) b. Tom is thinking of leaving the country. (considering) 2. Have / Have got a. Henry has two cars. (possess) b. I’m having a wonderful holiday. (enjoy) Have is also often used in expressions to denote actions: have a bath, have a swim, have a party, etc.

За

THE USE OF ARTICLES

We often use the to refer to things that are unique. We use the with the names of: a. documents – the Constitution b. organizations – the United Nations c. political parties – the Conservatives d. official titles – the Mayor (if not immediately followed by a name) e. historical events – the Battle of Hastings f. ships, as well as special names of aeroplanes and trains – the Titanic

9

122

Put in an article if necessary.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

____ Labour Party hasn’t been successful recently. ____ Mona Lisa has already been stolen from ____ Louvre once.

South of ____ Equator we see ____ Southern Cross. ____ Orient Express is never late.

In many countries ____head of state is called ____ President.

Every year they celebrate the anniversary of ____ French Revolution in France.

Unit 1

10 Read the e-mail below and find 5 spelling and 4 grammar mistakes and correct them.

Hi Rhonda,

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I’m writing this e-mail in hopes that you and your family are well. This is the first time that I visited these paradize islands. The best way to see Hawaii’s Big Island is to drive around it. You are soon be deep in a varied landscape unlike any other in the United States. You encounter active lava flows, jungle, farmland, warm beeches, cool highlands, and views of soaring mountains. And everywhere, you feels the aura of mysterous Polynesians who landed here more than a tousand years ago and named the island Hawaii. Will you promise me that next year we sit together on one of these marvelous beaches and watch the surfers? I’ll bring a lot of photoes. I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.

EXPAND YOUR VOCABULARY

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Love, Maggie

The use of articles in set expressions

Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with an appropriate article if necessary.

д

за

I am not in ____ mood for socializing. I’d rather stay at home.

Mr O’Neill will be with you in ____ while.

This medicine is no good! It’s out of____ date.

Get out of ____way. I’ll drop the box.

I’m sure that crime is on ____ increase in big cities.

I’d love to speak in ____ public.

You have to hand in your essay by Friday at ____ latest.

I’m trying to lose weight. I’ve gone on ____ diet.

Why don’t we go for a walk for ____ change?

во

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

За

11

MINI QUIZ

12

Match the expressions in italics (1-5) to the explanations (a – e).

1. When they told me about my promotion, it was music to my ear.

2. He can play any songs by ear.

3. He resigned because he was tired of playing second fiddle to his boss.

4. She was critical of her husband, but now she has changed her tune and agrees with everything he does.

5. When I failed two exams, I had to face the music.

a. to change one’s opinion b. to accept punishment or criticism for one’s actions c. without looking at the note d. good news which makes people happy e. to be subordinate to someone The answers are on page 163.

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Unit 2

THE NATURAL WORLD READING and VOCABULARY

1

Track 7

Complete this passage with the words from the box. They are all connected with a river and most of them you have learnt before. On completing the passage, listen to the text and check your answers.

The river Danube has its ____________ (1) in Germany, in the mountainous part called the Black Forest. On its way to the Black Sea, it flows through several capitals and it has many _____________ (2), the most significant one is the Sava River. At Belgrade, there is a _____________ (3) of these two rivers.

Dam

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valleys gorge

In its middle course, the Danube flows through _________ (4). It looks like a flatland river with its low ________ (5) and a bed that reaches a width of more than one mile.

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tributaries confluence

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a ___________ (6). One of the largest hydroelectric projects was built there: the Ðerdap High _________ (7) and the Iron Gate power station. The project didn’t only help produce hydroelectricity, but it also made the river navigable.

banks delta mouth

Downstream from the Iron Gate, the river is free – flowing all the way to its ________ (8) in the Black Sea. Some 80 km from the sea, the river begins to spread out into its large __________. (9)

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д

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source

WORD FORMATION

За

2 Read the text and complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in bold.

Adult marine turtles migrate a long ____________ for reproduction.

Their primary ____________ sites are on beaches located on remote islands. They often encounter danger.

Some are ____________ caught in nets, others distant are caught for food or____________, some are reproduce killed by man’s _____________, and many die accident of ____________ and ____________ disasters. produce Habitat____________ is another problem. We pollute / starve might help their population ____________ by nature / destruct bringing in protective laws and ____________ recover programmes. rehabilitate 124

Unit 2 Find the four sentences which contain the wrong phrasal verb and correct them by using the correct form of the phrasal verbs with set, keep, sort and carry.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Grammar Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

(The present perfect simple and continuous tenses, active or passive)

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4

We would like to eat out tonight.

The closed windows didn’t put out the rain from coming in.

My sister broke out her threat and told my girlfriend that I had gone out the previous night.

She spread out her papers all over the desk and started reading them.

I have to make out the books in my bookshelf.

We decided to turn out early tomorrow morning because a long journey was ahead of us.

за

уџ бе н

1. Marine turtle population numbers ________________________ (decrease) these days.

Turtles and their eggs _____________________________ (use) for food for centuries. Turtle soup _______________________ (be) important in many tropical cultures. Local people _____________________________ (also rely) on turtle eggs for protein.

2. Tom _________________________ (fish) for the last two hours, but he________________________ (not catch) any fish yet.

3. What ____________________________________ (you/do) since I last saw you?

4. I’m tired because I __________________________________ (work) in the garden all afternoon.

5. I _____________________________________________ (try) to phone you the whole week.

6. Susan _______________________________ (play) the piano since 4 o’clock.

7. Your sister _____________________________ (wear) ten different pairs of shoes this week!

д

Put each verb in brackets into the correct tense.

1. The reaction of local people to today’s news _______________ (be) strange so far.

2. Tom realized that the machine he________________ (buy) a few days earlier was broken.

3. When I opened the door to the office, I saw that the boss________________ (interview) a young woman.

4. It __________________ (rain) all day! Why won’t it stop?!

5. I’ll join you as soon as I ____________________ (read) this letter from my sister.

6. Please wait until I __________________ (sort) these documents correctly.

во

5

За

3

PLURAL OF NOUNS

6

Underline the correct form of the noun.

1. We felt better as soon as we went through the Custom / Customs, though we had nothing to declare.

2. They wanted to store their good / goods safely in the storage room.

3. We all know that it is bad manner / manners to stare at people.

4. There are some lovely picnic spots in the surroundings / surrounding.

5. We got some useful information / informations about the film at the box office.

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Unit 2

1. They roasted two _________ (goose) and three_________ (turkey) for their guests.

2. The _________ (thief) broke into the shop without attracting the attention of ___________ (passer-by).

3. They agree that these were strange ___________ (phenomenon).

4. He insisted that all the books were put in the _____________ (bookshelf).

5. How many _______________ (brother-in-law) do you have?

6. There are several good _______________ (woman doctor) in this hospital.

7. Bob brought me a few___________ (handful) of flowers yesterday.

Choose the correct verb.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Cattle was/were raised on this farm and sold in the town at a high price.

The United States consists/consist of 50 states.

Politics is/are a complicated business.

Fine leather goods is/are sold in this shop.

There is/are some refreshments over there. Help yourselves.

The police was/were not able to find any clue to the crime.

The news we received yesterday was/were very good.

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8

Put the nouns in brackets in their plural forms.

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7

GENERAL REVIEW

Read the instructions and examples and add more examples for each item.

1. Collective nouns (team, family, etc.) can take either a singular or plural verb.

Give some example sentences and explain the difference. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Certain nouns are always plural and take a plural verb: police, clothes, etc. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Garments, tools and instruments consisting of two parts: pants, pliers, etc. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add –ves. Complete the list: sheaf, calf, ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Nouns ending in o add –s or –es: a. photos; b. tomatoes. a._________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________

За

во

д

за

9

VERBS WITH AND WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS the sentences by using the verbs in the list in the correct form.

10 Complete Add a preposition if necessary.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

126

Lucy ___________ my brother. The wedding was last Sunday.

We have a good relationship in the firm. I can ____________ my partners.

We must _____________ your plans for changing schools.

The train _______________ Belgrade now. Mary ______________ us on platform 6.

They are twin sisters, but they _________________ each other at all.

They __________________ two groups to play volleyball.

When Jack _____________ the room, everybody stopped talking and looked at him.

discuss enter divide rely marry resemble (not) approach wait

Unit 2 LISTENING

11

Read the text and fill in the gap with the correct preposition (a, b or c).

Then listen to the text and check your answers. a. in a. to a. for a. to a. of a. in a. about a. across a. to a. until

b. from b. from b. about b. at b. by b. of b. from b. over b. over b. on

c. to c. at c. on c. on c. about c. after c. for c. on c. into c. from

Scottish missionary and famous explorer of Africa, David Livingstone, was the first European who discovered this awe-inspiring waterfall in 1855, during his journey _____ (1) the upper Zambezi _____ (2) the mouth of the river.

Livingstone had been told _____ (3) the falls before he reached them from upriver and paddled across _____ (4) one of two land masses in the middle of the river, which is now called Livingstone Island. He had previously been impressed _____ (5) another falls further upstream, but found the new falls much more impressive, and gave them their English name _____ (6) honour of Queen Victoria.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

VICTORIA FALLS

Track 8

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Columns of spray can be seen _____(7) miles away as more than five hundred million cubic metres of water per minute fall_____ (8) the edge which is nearly two kilometres wide, ____ (9) a gorge over one hundred metres below. The waterfall was rarely visited by people ______ (10) 1905, when a railway was constructed.

There are different names for the groups in which some animals live.

во

д

For example: A lot of cows together make a herd. Wild dogs live in packs.

Look at the pictures and complete these sentences.

1. The __________ are big animals. They eat with the help of their long trunks. They A pack of … live in __________.

2. The ________ are big cats. They are predators that live in savannahs in ____________.

3. Many ________ species migrate to warmer climates during the winter. They fly in A school of … _______.

4. The _________ live in forests and are very dangerous animals, especially when they appear in _________.

5. __________ can be found in fresh and salt waters. You can see a _________ of them in clear water.

A herd of …

За

12

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MINI QUIZ

A pride of …

A flock of …

The answers are on page 163.

127

PROGRESS CHECK

1

1

Circle the correct answer. (12pts.)

1. I ______ attention to the road when I ______ into a hole in the ground.

A didn’t pay / fall

B wasn’t paying / fell

C hadn’t paid / has fallen

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2. Ferdinand Magellan was the first European who______ through the strait that ______ ever since then as the Strait of Magellan.

A was sailing / will be known B had sailed / had known C sailed / has been known languages were spoken there.

A lived / have been

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3. While I _______ in London during the 1990s, I _____ surprised to hear how many B was living / was

C working / had been

4. Joan ______ many bestsellers since her first book was published in 2002.

A wrote

B had written

C has written

A adopt to

за

5. Worldwide, animals have to ________ the climate change.

B adapt at

C adapt to

д

6. Swimming long distances is very _______ even for a fit swimmer.

во

A exhausting

B exhausted

C exhaustful

7. Entering the valley, the river ______ over a large area.

За

A flows out

B spreads out

C runs out

8. The native tribes played their music ______.

A by tune

B by heart

C by ear

9. The necklace and hula are two Hawaiian symbols that ______.

A stand up

B stand out

C stand at

10. We were getting ready for a picnic, but the day ______to be very rainy.

A turned out

B turned up

C turned in

11. He couldn’t _____ with other students because he hadn’t learned English before.

A keep in

B keep on

C keep up

12. They were very skilful and ______the problem in five minutes.

A worked out

128

B worked up

C worked off

UNITS

1 and 2 2

Fill in the gaps with an article where necessary. (7pts.)

1. Who will win ____ election this year? I think ____ Conservatives.

2. ____ Mallorca is the largest island in ____ Balearic Islands.

4. I like to read newspapers like _____Times.

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3. ____ Etna is the most active volcano in ____ Europe.

5. A lot of people object to attempts to bring up ____Titanic.

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6. They are planning to climb _____ Mt Blanc as a team.

7. I think he lives in _____ Chestnut Street.

8. _____ sun is very strong over _____ Equator.

9. _____ United Nations building is situated on ______First Avenue.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the nouns in bold. (6pts.)

за

3

1. I need a lot of _________ for my project. /datum

д

2. You should put 5 _________ of sugar in the cake. /spoonful

во

3. In the 18th century, many households kept a few ___________. /manservant 4. In some competitions, many people can be ___________. /runner-up

За

5. Will you buy two ___________ of bread at the baker’s? /loaf 6. Are there many ______________ in your town? /woman driver

4

Choose the correct form of the verbs or nouns. (5pts.)

1. The surroundings of the town is/are rather dull.

2. I’ll feel better as soon as I get some refreshment/refreshments.

3. His jeans is/are quite old-fashioned.

4. Mathematics is/are difficult for some people.

5. He gave me some advice/advices though I wanted to do it my way.

129

APPENDIX Unit 5 Key to the exercise Lead-in: 1e 2b 3a 4 c 5d

KEY TO SELF-ASSESSMENT TESTS TEST 1

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1 1. tribes 2. ancestors 3. contemporary 4. famine 2 1.impact 2. vanish 3. abundant 4. ban 5. diverse 3 1. were waiting 2. have been 3. hadn’t visited 4. I have been thinking 5. have been cleaning 4 1. - / the 2. - / - 3. - / the

TEST 2

уџ бе н

1 1. merge 2. disrupted 3. predators 4. resources 5. accuracy 6. phenomena 2 1. I’ve been doing 2. has stolen 3. has been lying 4. have you bought 5. has asked 3 1. a 2.b 3. a 4. a 5. b 4 1. make out 2. has come out 3. (has) turned out 4.worn out

TEST 3

TEST 4

За

во

д

за

1 1. call off 2. will 3. convinced 4. shortlist 5. contribution 2 1. fund 2. preceding 3. consideration 4. noble 5. mankind 3 1. will have cooked 2. will have been studying 3. will be skiing 4. will have been discussing 5. will have used 6. will be getting married 4 1. He asked me to bring him his book to the meeting that night / tonight.

2. The child admitted that she/he had broken the vase.

3. She warned him not to come near her.

4. He inquired if I was coming to the board meeting.

1 1. drawback 2. baffled 3. grasp 4. ajar 6. overall 2 a. ignore b. solid c. replacement d. alike 3 1. must have left 2. had already been playing 3. had been hurting 4. must have been 5. could have won 6. may have taken 7. likely 4 1. Hardly had he entered the house when the police arrested him.

2. Never had I for one moment thought the consequences would be so serious.

3. On no account must you lift heavy weights like that again.

4. Not only has Tom broken his leg but he has also injured his shoulder.

TEST 5 1 1. amount to 2. deafening 3. cast 4. owed 5. altitude 2 1. would have believed 2. would be 3. hadn’t forgotten 4. would go 5. met 162

3 1. assuming 2. unless 3. even if 4. in case 5. provided 6. on the condition that 4 1. The army had to be called out to help with rescue work.

2. Wine isn’t served to teenagers with meals here.

3. The bill must be paid before the first of the month.

4. Dogs aren’t kept on leads in this park.

TEST 6

уџ бе н

ик е

1 1. indications 2. imply 3. intimidated 4. terrifying 5. teasing 6. incompatible 2 1. typing 2. correspondence 3. edition 3 1. wimp 2. myriad 3. tough 4 1. Not knowing what present to buy, I decided to make you this. 2. While crossing the street yesterday, I nearly got knocked down by a bus. 3. Having worked for ten years in a bank, she decided to look for a new job.

5 1. I really regret not keeping in touch with my friends from school. 2. If it wasn’t raining, we could play tennis. 3. If I were you, I would sell this old car and buy a new one.

4. I wish I had remembered to pay the electricity bill. 5. Not wanting to quarrel with him, she apologized.

TEST 7

во

1. trait 2. skimmed 3. relate 4. perseverance 5. confined 6.valid 1. reinforce 2. clarify 3. excel 1. despite 2. otherwise 3. however 4. undoubtedly 5. whereas 6. consequently 1. He is regarded as a leading scientist. 2. His father is believed to have discovered those artefacts.

3. We expect he will return in a week. 4. A beggar is reported to have broken into his bungalow last Friday. 5. She left work early so that she could be /so as to be with the children.

За

1 2 3 4

д

TEST8

за

1. 1. downside 2. browse 3. convey 4.temporarily 2. 1. treat 2. thrive 3. available 4. temptation 5. tremendous 6. skip 3. 1.There’s no point in waiting for him. He won’t come back. 2. I am not keen on cooking.

3. In my opinion, he is bound to succeed in life. 4. The headmaster is likely to be re-elected. 5. The houses seem to be deserted. 6. He seems to be used to jogging every morning.

4 1/D 2/D 3/B 4/C

KEY TO MINI QUIZ Unit 1 1d 2c 3e 4a 5b Unit 2 The elephants ... /...live in herds. 2. The lions .... /...live in prides. 3. ... bird species ... /in flocks 4. The wolves... /...in packs 5. Fish ..../...a school Unit 3 1. bookworm 2. bookmark 3.bookstall 4. bookmaker 5. bookkeeper 6. booking office Unit 5 1c 2d 3a 4g 5f 6b 7e

163

WRITING Conclusion

In each composition there must be a theme or a single idea which dominates the work. Present your ideas clearly depending on the kind of essay (narrative, opinion, for and against, etc.)

Plan your composition

Try to write clear, simple sentences that express exactly what you want to say.

уџ бе н

Read the title carefully. Spend 5 or 10 minutes planning your composition. It isn’t a waste of time, it is better if you know in advance what you want to write about.

Try to show as much skill in ending your composition as you do in starting it. First and last impressions are important. The concluding paragraph provides a summary of the information and arguments contained in the composition. Do not introduce new ideas. Finish the composition by bringing it to the point of greatest interest.

Use a sentence which will show the reader that your account has finished. For concluding you can use one of these phrases: in brief, in short, in conclusion, to conclude, to summarize.

ик е

INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING A COMPOSITION

за

Arrange the ideas in your plan so that they fit into four to six paragraphs. Your main aim is to give all the facts in the right order. The introduction and conclusion should always be given their own paragraphs.

Introduction

Body

За

во

д

The introductory paragraph should define the aim of the composition and what it hopes to achieve, while also giving general facts about the topic.

You can have 2 – 4 paragraphs with main ideas giving details or examples.

Successive paragraphs should be linked by the ideas they contain. Use the correct linking words.

For listing arguments or points use: firstly, first of all, secondly, next, thirdly, finally, last of all.

A new paragraph is also used each time you are contrasting two points or presenting each side of an argument.

Don’t forget to check your grammar, spelling and punctuation.

WRITING AN E-MAIL E-mails, whether for business or social reasons, are usually written in a more informal style than letters.

You should always give your e-mail a subject, which should summarize its purpose in a few words.

If you are including any attachments, make sure to mention it in the text of your e-mail.

Personal e-mails You can start your e-mail by using the words Dear or Hi, followed by the first name of the person you’re writing to.

You can use some of these expressions in your e-mail: Sorry it’s taken me so long to write.

I hope you’re well.

Look forward to seeing you soon.

164

LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEXTS

To close a personal e-mail, you can use the expressions: Best wishes / Kind regards.

If writing to a family member, partner, or close friend, you can finish with the following: Love,

UNIT 1

sign your first name.

IRISH DANCING Irish dance or step dance is known for its quick and precise leg and foot movements. The body should be upright and relaxed. The arms and hands should be kept flat against the side.

Dancers are taught to show control and the grace of their bodies.

Business e-mails

The content of business e-mails should be brief and to the point.

за

For closing business emails, the following phrases are appropriate: Regards/Kind regards/Best regards.

во

д

In business emails, you should also include your full name, organization, and contact details at the end.

За

The costumes worn by Irish dancers today reflect the clothing of the past. Each school of dancing has its own distinct dance costume. The dresses worn by women are copies of Irish traditional dresses. A brooch is worn on the shoulder holding a shawl which falls down over the back. The men wear a kilt and jacket, with a cloak hanging from the shoulder. The dancers wear hard or soft shoes.

The hard shoes are used to produce a stamping sound.

уџ бе н

It is not necessary to use ‘Dear’, although some people prefer to do this.

ик е

The conventions for starting business e-mails vary, although it is quite common to use first names for both business and personal e-mails if you know the recipient.

The dancing traditions of Ireland are in close association with traditional Irish music. The pipe and flute are the main accompanying instruments.

There are two distinctive forms of Irish dancing: solo dances and figure dances. Solo dances, performed nowadays mainly in exhibitions or competitions, require a great deal of skill and years of practice. Figure dances are simple and easy to learn. They can be performed in a square, circle or line formation and require only an elementary knowledge of seven basic steps.

Irish step dancing was popularized in 1994 by the world-famous show Riverdance which consists mainly of traditional Irish music and dance.

The success of Riverdance and more recently Lord of the Dance has placed Irish dance on the international stage.

165

UNIT 2

UNIT3

A CANOE SAFARI

ERNEST HEMINGWAY

H: Good evening. This is the Helen Robinson’s radio talk show – Great Adventurers. Tonight we would like to welcome Tom Harris, a photographer, who has recently returned from a canoe safari on the Zambezi River. Tom, have you brought a lot of photographs of the great river?

American Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist

H: Where did you start your journey?

After the war, he spent years in Paris as a correspondent. The publication of The Sun Also Rises established his reputation as a novelist.

уџ бе н

T: After Victoria Falls we followed the river through a deep gorge, with steep cliffs above. There the river flowed swiftly and we paddled carefully, avoiding the rocks of the rapids. Then the landscape changed and we found ourselves in the Zambezi flood plain, which is the habitat of a great number of amazing animals.

His novels came out of his own life experiences. As a 19 year-old, during World War I, he was accepted as an ambulance driver in Italy where he was badly wounded and had to spend some time in hospital.

This experience would provide material for his future novel A Farewell to Arms.

ик е

T: Of course, I have. I took hundreds of photos of the wildest and most beautiful scenery in the world.

I’ve been trying to sort them out since I returned, but unfortunately, I haven’t managed to do it yet.

Hemingway was a reporter, soldier, short-story writer, novelist, deep-sea fisherman, but first of all a man whose unique art of writing influenced the style of an entire generation of writers.

за

H: Did you have any encounter with dangerous animals?

За

во

д

T: Yes, but only with those living in the water, hippos and crocodiles. There, where the river widened, we saw a large group of hippos floating in the muddy water. They watched us approach and then snorted before disappearing beneath the water. We were very careful and paddled close to the banks because one bite from those jaws could have put an end to our safari. Then we noticed crocodiles sunbathing on the sandbanks. As we drew closer, they slid silently into the water. They cruised past us looking for an easy meal.

H: What is your next great adventure?

T: I’ve been planning an expedition to the Amazon for years, but I haven’t raised enough money yet.

However, I’m not giving up the idea.

H: Thank you, Tom, for being with us tonight.

166

From his home in Florida he made many trips, including several safaris to Africa. As a result, he wrote his best short story, The Snows of Kilimanjaro.

In 1936 he went to Spain as a war correspondent.

For Whom the Bell Tolls is his longest novel and it came out of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War. Hemingway was again in the role of a war correspondent in World War II. After the war he settled in Cuba. There he spent a lot of time with fishermen and their stories gave him the idea to write a short novel, The Old Man and the Sea. The novel brought him the Pulitzer Prize for distinguished American fiction.

In 1954 the Swedish Academy awarded him the Nobel Prize for Literature for ‘his powerful modern narration, as most recently revealed in The Old Man and the Sea.’ In 1961 writing was becoming impossible because of his illness and this literary genius committed suicide.

later and never saw his simple mixtures give birth to a soft drink empire.

UNIT 4 USEFUL INVENTIONS Potato chips

UNIT 5 SAVING PEOPLE IN NEED The Titanic engineers

ик е

When the Titanic went down in 1912, she took with her the lives of many brave people including her entire crew of engineers. It was their duty to keep on pumping the water from the flooding compartments, which delayed the sinking by many minutes. The pumping and electrical lighting had to be maintained as long as possible giving people more minutes of light so that they could find their way out. All the engineers stayed at their tasks until the very end and in that way a lot of people had a better chance to survive. When the order to abandon the ship came, it was too late for them.

уџ бе н

In 1853, George Crum worked as a cook in New York, in a restaurant which was well known for its delicious, thick-sliced fried potatoes. One day a customer, not being satisfied with the taste of potatoes, kept sending back his plate to the cook.

Whenever he returned the plate, he complained that chips were not fried enough and that they should be sliced a little thinner. Crum finally lost his temper. He cut paper-thin slices of potatoes, fried them until they were hard as a rock and salted them heavily. To the chef’s surprise, the customer loved them and wanted more! The rest of the story is... as they say... history. Today, this accidental invention is a popular snack food all over the world.

A pop top can opener

Rescue for the immigrants

За

во

д

за

A picnic lunch in 1959 inspired a man to invent the pop top. Ernie Fraze, the owner of a successful engineering company, was attending a picnic when he realized he’d forgotten to bring a can opener for the drinks. It crossed his mind that it was a problem that other people must have encountered as well and decided to find a solution to it. Fraze designed a new kind of can, often referred to as a pop top, that could be easily opened with a removable tab.

Eventually, his company began to manufacture such cans and sell them to soft drink producers and beer brewing companies.

Coca-Cola The inventor of Coca-Cola wasn’t a shrewd scientist who wanted to strike it rich in the beverage business. John Pemberton, a pharmacist by profession, just wanted to cure his headache. He used two main ingredients: coca leaves and kola nuts. When his lab assistant accidentally mixed the two with carbonated water, the world’s first Coke was the result. But sadly, Pemberton died two years

During the summer of 2014, the illegal immigration of people from countries in Africa and the Middle East into European countries became better controlled than ever before. As a result, migrants were taking far more risky journeys by boat, which led to hundreds of them drowning. During that summer, the Italian family Caltrambone bought a boat to help save migrants who were in trouble at sea. Around 3,000 men, women and children were safely transported to Italy and Malta. If they had not been rescued, they might not have survived.

Dolphins – the saviours Rob Howard took his daughter and two of her friends for a swim in New Zealand. Suddenly a group of dolphins started pushing all four of them together by making a tight circle around them and didn’t let them swim away. Rob soon noticed a big shark heading towards the group. The shark 167

UNIT 6 WOMEN DOING ‘MEN’S WORK’ Sandra

Morgan I rarely enter a store unless I am actually in need of something... like a new pair of pants. But I don’t head to the stores just to see what’s there on the off-chance, or if something I don’t need might catch my eye. Besides, I find malls hot and crowded and I quickly become bored. However, a lot of my friends seem to actually enjoy the activity. And it baffles me. The whole concept of wandering around a bunch of stores without any real need or purpose is pointless.

Erica

Shopping is fun, and we all like to treat ourselves to new items. I shop because I find pleasure in buying things, even when I don’t need them. I’ve struggled a lot with controlling my shopping addiction. When I’m dealing with an unpleasant situation or have a challenging task in front of me, I often experience an uncontrollable impulse to hit the shops.

Jessica

д

за

уџ бе н

I left college with a full qualification to work with young children, but decided it wasn’t for me. My brother gave me the idea to get a licence and work with him as a lorry driver. When I walked into the classroom to do the first of my practical exams, I felt really intimidated. I was the only girl. I passed the tests easily, but the first time I sat behind the wheel was terrifying. Fortunately I got used to it pretty quickly and now I really enjoy driving. A lot of teasing goes on where I work. It’s always going to be seen as a man’s world. However, I don’t think that there are jobs that only boys or girls could do.

It’s what they want to do that matters.

DO YOU ENJOY SHOPPING?

ик е

swam in circles around them for some time until it lost interest and swam away. It was clear that the dolphins had made a circle to protect them.

За

во

I’m studying to become a surgeon. Women are not prevented from pursuing surgery as a career, but it is generally seen as a men’s profession. Being a surgeon is tough; but then, most things in life that are worth doing require hard work. Surgery is extremely rewarding and competitive. I know I am lucky to do a job I love, but I would be insincere if I said I’ve enjoyed every minute. There have been some very difficult times. Some female medical students tell me they don’t want to do surgery because it’s incompatible with having a family. That maybe so, but I have no intention of giving it all up if I start a family. I believe that eventually I will have both.

168

In order to resist the temptation, now, when I need to go shopping for essential items, I calculate how much money I need and I leave my credit cards at home or make a shopping list.

Mike For me, shopping is just shopping; it means some new clothes for work or a small trinket for a friend.

I go, buy what I need and leave. I don’t look upon it as an enjoyable social pastime, since I often feel a frustration when I see goods that I can’t afford.

However, I know that shopping is for many people a popular leisure pursuit. They say that treating themselves to something nice at the shops has a ‘positive impact on their mood’. That might be true, but the effect of such satisfaction doesn’t last long and then they’re back where they started, only a bit poorer.

UNIT 7

UNIT 8

ON ADVERTISING

A CHILD PRODIGY

Roger

уџ бе н

Besides, lots of money is spent on a single advertisement by paying celebrities to endorse a product, which does not really help increase the value of the product. If that amount of money is spent on improving the quality of the product, it will be more beneficial both for the producer and the consumer.

When I was just two years old, I could do 200 piece jigsaws and read newspapers and books. At three, I was calculating using long division. I was given many IQ tests at schools and teachers tried to advance me several grades. My parents wisely refused, but did allow a single grade skip. I often asked my mother what my IQ score was since I knew that I had taken many IQ tests. She insisted it was not important. Eventually, when I was 10, she gave in and told me it was 120. I was disappointed and thought, ’Well, I am not so smart after all.’ My school success was explained by my good memory and the fact that I had read most of the material for any class years before. I concluded that one could make up for average intelligence by reading a lot and working hard.

I became a professor at a top university before I was 30. Once when I was with my parents and the subject of IQ came up, I happened to mention how much I achieved although I had a barely aboveaverage IQ. My mother laughed and said that she just gave me that number because I kept pestering her and she thought it was a bad idea for me to think I was exceptionally smart. Actually, I had the highest score the testers had ever seen. By that time in my life, it meant absolutely nothing to me. I was only aware that she had made exactly the right decision to tell me I was neither average nor particularly smart. My academic potential had to be balanced by my overall well-being. She didn’t want me to grow up under the pressure of being a child prodigy, but to enjoy my childhood.

ик е

Well, the first reason I can mention why I don’t like it is pretty obvious. Most adverts are rather irritating. I don’t like commercials breaking up my TV shows or seeing adverts while playing a game on my computer.

Bill

во

д

за

To be honest, I don’t mind watching commercials when they are really effective and relevant.

However, most advertising is generally disappointing.

Open up any newspaper or magazine and you’ll find that most advertisers lack inspiration; there are so many old ideas repeated, only for different products.

За

I hear mixed reactions from my friends when we happen to talk about ads. Nevertheless, we all agree that the effect of advertising is tremendous and it is absolutely amazing how a good ad can help any product or service become popular in almost no time!

169

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS Past Tense

be /bi:/

was,were /wQz, w3:/

been /bi:n/

бити

beat /bi:t/

beat /bi:t/

beaten /bi:tn/

ударити

become /bI"kVm/

became /bI"keIm/

become /bI"kVm/

постати

begin /bi"gin/

began /bi"g&n/

begun /bi"gVn/

почети

bend /bend/

bent /bent/

bent /bent/

савијати се

bind /baInd/

bound /baUnd/

bound /baUnd/

везати, повезати

bite /baIt/

bit /bIt/

bitten /bItn/

загристи

blow /bl@U/

blew /blu:/

blown /bl@Un/

дувати

break /breik/

broke /br@Uk/

broken /br@Ukn/

поломити

bring /brIN/

brought /brO:t/

brought /brO:t/

донети

build /bild /

built /bilt/

built /bilt/

градити

burn* /b3:n/

burnt /b3:nt/

burnt /b3:nt/

горети

burst /b3:st/

burst /b3:st/

burst /b3:st/

прснути

buy /baI/

bought /bO:t/

bought /bO:t/

купити

cast /kA:st/

cast /kA:st/

cast /kA:st/

бацити

catch /k&tS/

caught /kO:t/

caught /kO:t/

ухватити

choose /tSu:z/

chose /tS@uz/

chosen /tS@uzn/

изабрати

come /kVm/

came /keim/

come /kVm/

доћи

cost /kQst/

cost /kQst/

cost /kQst/

коштати

cut /kVt/

cut /kVt /

cut /kVt /

сећи

deal /di:l/

dealt /delt/

dealt /delt/

поделити

did /dId/

done /dVn/

чинити, радити

drew /dru:/

drawn /drO:n/

цртати, вући

dream* /dri:m/

dreamt /dremt/

dreamt /dremt /

сањати

drink /driNk/

drank /dr&Nk/

drunk /drVNk/

пити

drive /draIv/

drove/dr@Uv/

driven /drIvn/

возити

eat /i:t/

ate /et/ or /eIt/

eaten /i:tn/

јести

fall /fO:l/

fell /fel/

fallen /fO:ln/

пасти

feed /fi:d/

fed /fed/

fed /fed/

хранити

feel /fi:l/

felt /felt/

felt /felt/

осећати

fight /faIt/

fought /fO:t/

fought /fO:t/

борити се

find /faind/

found /faund/

found / faund /

наћи

fly /flai/

flew /flu:/

flown /fl@un/

летети

forbid /f@"bId/

forbade/f@"beId/

forbidden/f@"bIdn/

забранити

forget /f@"get/

forgot /f@"gQt/

forgotten /f@"gQtn/

заборавити

170

Past Participle

уџ бе н

за

д

За

draw /drO:/

во

do /du:/

ик е

Infinitive

Past Tense

forgive /f@"gIv/

forgave /f@"geIv/

forgiven /f@"gIvn/

опростити

freeze /fri:z/

froze /fr@uz/

frozen /fr@uzn/

замрзнути

get /get/

got /gQt/

got /gQt/

добити

give /giv/

gave /geiv/

given /givn/

дати

go /g@u/

went /went/

gone /gQn/

ићи

grow /gr@u/

grew /gru:/

grown /gr@un/

расти

hang* /h&N/

hung /hVN/

hung / hVN /

окачити

have /h&v/

had /h&d/

had /h&d/

имати

hear /hi@/

heard /h3:d/

heard /h3:d/

чути

hide /haId/

hid /hId/

hidden /hIdn/

сакрити

hit /hit/

hit /hit /

hit /hit /

hold /h@Uld/

held /held/

held /held /

hurt /h3:t/

hurt /h3:t /

hurt /h3:t /

keep /ki:p/

kept /kept/

know /n@U/

knew /nju:/

lay /leI/

laid /leId/

lead /li:d/

led /led/

learn */l3:n/

learnt /l3:nt/

leave /li:v/

left /left /

lend /lend/

lent /lent/

let /let/

let /let/

lie /laI/

lay /leI/

држати

повредити

known /n@Un/

знати

laid /leId /

положити

led /led /

водити

learnt /l3:nt/

учити

left/left /

оставити, отићи

lent /lent /

позајмити некоме

let /let /

дозволити

lain /leIn/

лежати

lit /lIt/

lit /lIt /

упалити

lost /lQst/

lost /lQst /

изгубити

д

за

чувати

За

lose /lu:z/

ударити

kept /kept /

во

light /laIt/

Past Participle

уџ бе н

ик е

Infinitive

make /meik/

made /meid/

made /meid /

направити

mean /mi:n/

meant /ment/

meant /ment/

значити

meet /mi:t/

met /met/

met /met/

срести

pay /pei/

paid /peid/

paid /peid /

платити

put /put/

put /put//

put /put/

ставити

read /ri:d/

read /red/

read /red /

читати

ride /raid/

rode /r@ud/

ridden /ridn/

јахати

ring /rIN/

rang /r&N/

rung /rVN/

позвонити

rise /raiz/

rose /r@uz/

risen /rizn/

подићи се

run /rVn/

ran /r&n/

run /rVn/

трчати

say /sei/

said /sed/

said /sed/

рећи

see /si:/

saw /sO:/

seen /si:n/

видети

seek /si:k/

sought /sO:t/

sought /sO:t/

тражити 171

Past Tense

sell /sel/

sold /s@uld/

sold /s@uld/

продати

send /send/

sent /sent/

sent /sent /

послати

set /set/

set / set /

set /set /

ставити

shake /SeIk/

shook /SUk/

shaken /SeIkn/

трести

shine /SaIn/

shone/SQn/

shone/SQn/

сијати

shoot /Su:t/

shot /SQt/

shot /SQt /

бацити, пуцати

show /S@U/

showed /S@Ud/

shown /S@Un/

показати

shut /SVt/

shut /SVt /

shut /SVt /

затворити

sing /siN/

sang /s&N/

sung /sVN/

певати

sink/siNk/

sank/s&Nk/

sunk/sVNk/

потонути

sit /sit/

sat /s&t/

sat /s&t /

седети

sleep /sli:p/

slept /slept/

slept /slept /

спавати

smell*/smel/

smelt /smelt/

smelt /smelt/

мирисати

speak /spi:k/

spoke /sp@uk/

spoken /sp@ukn/

говорити

spell*/spel/

spelt /spelt/

spelt /spelt/

срицати

spend /spend/

spent /spent/

spent /spent /

потрошити

spoil*/spOIl/

spoilt /spOIlt/

spoilt /spOIlt/

упропастити

spread /spred/

spread /spred /

spread /spred /

раширити

spring /sprIN/

sprang /spr&N/

sprung /sprVN/

искочити

stand /st&nd/

stood /stud/

stood /stud/

стајати

steal /sti:l/

stole /st@Ul/

stolen /st@Ul@n/

украсти

sweep /swi:p/

swept /swept/

swept /swept /

почистити

swim /swim/

swam /sw&m/

swum /swVm/

пливати

took /tuk/

taken /teikn/

узети

taught /tO:t/

taught /tO:t /

учити некога

tear /te@/

tore /tO:/

torn /tO:rn/

поцепати

tell /tel/

told /t@uld/

told /t@uld/

рећи

think /TiNk/

thought /TO:t/

thought /TO:t /

мислити

throw /Tr@u/

threw /Tru:/

thrown /Tr@un/

бацити

understand

understood

understood

разумети

/Vnd@"st&nd/

/Vnd@"stud/

/Vnd@"stud/

wake/weIk/

woke/w@Uk/

woken/w@Ukn/

пробудити

wear /we@/

wore /wO:/

worn /wO:n/

носити (одећу)

win /win/

won /wVn/

won /wVn/

победити

write /rait/

wrote /r@ut/

written /ritn/

писати

*The verb also has a regular form.

172

Past Participle

уџ бе н

за

д

За

teach /ti:tS/

во

take /teik/

ик е

Infinitive

LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS back up – give someone support break down – stop working break in – enter using force break into – enter to steal something

catch up with – get to the same

give in – stop competing or

standard as the others

arguing and accept you can’t win

come up against – be faced by, be

give up – stop doing something

stopped by

that you do regularly

come across – find by chance

give off – send (light, energy, smell etc.) out from a source

come into – inherit come out – become known

and sometimes violently

publicly; be issued

bring in – introduce a new law,

produce

bring up – raise children, look after

come up – be mentioned,

them

discussed, arise

bring along – bring someone or something with you

cut down on – reduce

bring back – think about the past

cut off – disconnect a phone call

events, return something

за

get along/on – have a good

bring down – reduce, make

call for – require

За

way to somewhere else call off – cancel call on – visit

call out – speak in a loud voice; tell workers to go on strike call up – phone carry away – make enthusiastic carry on – continue carry out – conduct, perform a task carry through – accomplish

go on – continue go out (light) – stop giving out light

go through – experience go up – rise

get on – enter a bus/train

keep up with – try to do the same

get off – leave a bus/train get away with – escape the

call in – stop at a place while on a

go off – become bad/rotten

hold up – delay

во

call after – give the same name as

competition

relationship with

д

something smaller

as a hobby; take part in a

уџ бе н

come up with – think of, invent,

rule or system

go in for – do something regularly

ик е

break out – start, begin suddenly

consequences of get over – recover from an illness/ loss; overcome get down to – give one’s attention to something get through – succeed in making contact; reach get rid of – eliminate, throw away give away (something) – reveal information that you should keep secret, give something old to someone else as a gift give out – distribute

as someone else, go at the same speed keep off – prevent from touching, not walk on keep on – continue keep out – not allow to enter keep away – not allow to come near keep something up – maintain a standard/appearances; continue keep to – remain steady or faithful to something keep back – not tell (information) look after – take care of look for – try to find

173

look down on – have a poor

set out (on) – begin a journey/

take over – take control of

opinion of (somebody), consider

drive/voyage

something

set up – start a company/

take to – begin to like

inferior / think less of look up to – respect someone

organization; establish

look into something – investigate

run after – chase

as a hobby

look something up – find

run down – feel weak due to

turn down – reject; refuse an offer

information in a reference book

overwork

look forward to – be excited

run down/ over – hit by a vehicle

about the future

turn down – lower the volume

run out of – not have any more,

turn off – switch off turn on – switch on

look out – be careful, mind

use up

make for – go in the direction of

run into – meet by chance

make off (with) – run away,

run up against – meet with

escape

difficulties

make out – manage to see or hear

sort out – deal successfully with a

clearly

problem; organize

address

make up – invent (a story)

spread out – open something and

wear out – wear something so

put out – cause something to stop

turn up – appear suddenly

stand by – help, support

work out – think about the

за

someone overnight

seen

во

put up with – tolerate

д

stand out – be the best, be easily

put up – increase prices or taxes

За

put forward – propose for

consideration; suggest a new plan put through – connect someone by phone put on – gain weight; wear put off – postpone set something aside – keep

stand up (to) – to resist; confront bravely stand up for – speak for someone /something; support stand in for – take somebody’s place (if they are ill) take somebody in – deceive, trick take something in – understand

something (money/time) for a

take after somebody – resemble

special purpose

in looks

set off – start to go somewhere

take off – leave the ground and

set something off – cause an

turn to – ask someone for help;

much that it becomes unusable

stand for – represent something

put up – give hospitality to

turn into – transform

put it on a surface

stand for – be the abbreviation of

burning

turn out – end up being; result

ик е

уџ бе н

make up for – compensate for

174

take up – begin doing something

start flying; remove clothing/shoes

explosion; make an alarm start

take off – suddenly become

ringing

successful/popular

problem and find the answer

WORD LIST bed (river) /bed/ n – корито

abundant /@ bVnd@nt / adj − изобилан

congregate / kQNgrIgeIt/ v – скупити се

behaviour /bI heIvj@/ n −

accuracy / &kjUr@si/ n −

consequently / kQnsIkw@ntli/adv –

понашање

прецизност

према томе, због тога

beverage / bev@rIdZ/ n – пиће

admittedly / @d mItIdli/ adv

consideration /k@nsId@r eIS@n/ n –

bias / baI@s/ n – пристрасност,

– по општем признању,

обзир, разматрање

предрасуда bind /baInd/ v – повезати

ajar /@ dZA:/adv – полуотворено,

constitute /’kQnstItju:t/ v – конституисати, установити

ик е

општеприхваћено одшкринуто

blessed / blesId/ adj – благословен

altitude / &ltItju;d/ n − надморска

brewing /bru:IN/ n – пиће, врење, прављење пива

ancestor / &nsest@/ n – предак

brimming / brImIN/ adj – препун,

уџ бе н

висина

constitution /kQnstI tju:Sn/ n –

устав

који се прелива

apparently / @ p&r@ntli/ adv –

contemporary /k@n temp@r@ri/ adj − савремен contribution /kQntrI bju:S@n/ n –

brooch /br@UtS/ n − брош

approximately /@ prQksIm@tli/ adv

browse /braUz/ v – претраживати

convey /k@n veI/ v – пренетити,

– приближно

bulky / bVlki/ adj – кабаст,

саопштити

arise /@ raIz/ v – настати,

масиван

convince /k@n vIns/ v − убедити

појавити се

cardboard / kA:dbO:d/ n – картон

crab /kr&b/ n − рак

carp /kA:p / n − шаран

dam /d&m/ n – брана

cast /kA:st/ v − бацати

dazzling / d&zlIN/ adj – блештав,

clarify / kl&rIfaI/ v – разјаснити

диван, заслепљујући

clay /kleI/ n – иловача

depression /dI preS@n/ n −

д во

arms /A:mz/ n − оружје

за

очигледно

array /@ reI/ n − највећи низ, ред,

За

распоред, поредак

artefact / A:tIf&kt/ n –

рукотворина, артефакт assume / @ sju:m/ v –

cloak /kl@Uk/ n − огртач

претпоставити

club /klVb/ n – батина, штап

attitude / &tItju:d/ n − став

cod /kQd/ n − бакалар

available / @ veIl@bl/ adj –

come up / kVm Vp/– појавити се,

доступан

искрснути

bachelor / b&tS@l@/ n – нежења

confined /k@n faInd/ adj –

baffled / b&fld/ adj – збуњен ban /b&n/ v – забранити bank (river) /b&Nk/ n – обала

ограничен confluence / kQnflu@ns/ n – спој двеју река, ушће

допринос

удубљење descendant /dI’sendnt/ n – потомак device /dI vaIs/ n – направа, уређај dig /dIg/ v − копати disrupt /dis rVpt/ v – пореметити, прекинути distinctive /dI stINktIv/ adj – карактеристичан, особен

175

fertilize / f3:tIlaIz/ v − оплодити

distinguish (oneself) /dI stINgwIS/ v – истаћи се

fixedly / fIksIdli/ adv – упорно,

diverse /daI v3:s/ adj −

нетремице

разноврстан, различит

downside / daUn.saId/ adj – лоша (негативна) страна

indispensable / IndI spens@bl/ adj –

fling /flIN/ v – бацити

неопходан, нужан

flock /flQk/ n – јато (птица)

infamous / Inf@m@s/ adj –

frenzy / frenzi/ n – помама

drawback / drO:b&k/ n –

озлоглашен

fund /fVnd/ n – фонд

infinite / InfIn@t/ adj – бесконачан

drift /drIft/ v – кретати се споро

fungus / fVNg@s/ n – гљива

initial /I nIS@l/ adj – почетни

dumping / dVmpIN/ n – бацање

gain /geIn/ v − добити

ик е

недостатак, мана

interpersonal /Int@ p3:s@n@l / adj –

међуљудски

generate /dZen@reIt/ v –

edge /edZ/ n – ивица

произвести, створити

efficient / IfIS@nt / adj – ефикасан

genuine /dZenjuIn/ adj –

интересовање

истински, прави

intrusive /In tru:sIv/ adj –

уздизање

gill /gIl/ n − шкрга

наметљив

embodiment /Im bQdIm@nt/ n −

glamorous / gl&m@r@s/ adj –

item /aIt@m/ n – предмет, ставка

раскошан, чаробан

itinerary /aI tIn@r@ri / n –

emerald / em@r@ld/ n /adj − endorse /In dO:s/ v –

goods /gUdz/ n − роба

lobster / lQbst@/ n − јастог

gorge /gO:dZ/ n – клисура

во

промовисати, одобрити

маршрута, итинерер

д

смарагд(ни)

За

ensure /In SO:/ v − осигурати establish /I st&blIS/ v − установити

evolve /I vQlv / v – развити се

excavate / eksk@veIt/ v – ископати excel /Ik sel/ v – истицати се, надмашити expanse /Ik sp&ns/ n –

intrigue /In’tri:g/ v − побудити

glow /gl@U/ v – сијати

за

оличење, отелотворење

уџ бе н

отпада

elevation /elI veIS@n/ n −

lush /lVS/ adj – бујан

grant /grA:nt/ v – доделити

majority /m@ dZQr@ti/ n – већина

grasp /grA:sp/ v – схватити,

make an allowance for (something)

зграбити

– узимати у обзир

gravel / gr&v@l/ n − шљунак

manufacture /m&nj@ f&ktS@/ v –

habitat / h&bIt&t/ n – станиште herd /h3:d/ n – стадо heritage / herItIdZ/ n − наслеђе humble /hVmbl/ adj – скроман

производити mate /meIt/ v − парити се merge /m3:dZ/ v – стопити се, интегрисати се minority /maI nQr@ti/ n − мањина

пространство

ignore /Ig nO:/ v – игнорисати

facilities /f@ sIl@ti:z/ n – објекти,

impact / Imp&kt/ n − утицај

пропустити, изоставити

imply /Im plaI/ v – сугерисати,

molten / m@Ultn/ adj − истопљен

установе, средства famine / f&mIn/ n – глад fast /fa:st/ n – пост

176

инкомпатибилан индикација

(људско)

дигресија, разонода, одвраћање

adj – неодговарајући, неспојив, indication / IndI keIS@n/ n – знак,

flesh /fleS/ n – тело, месо

diversion /daI v3:S@n/ n –

incompatible /Ink@m p&t@bl/

циљати, подразумевати

miss out (on something) v –

monk /mVNk/ n – калуђер mould /m@Uld/ n – буђ

multitasking /mVlti tA:skIN/

poach /p@UtS/ v – ловити

n – радити више ствари

бесправно, криволовити

истовремено

rush /rVsh/ n – рогоз salmon / s&m@n/ n − лосос

pose /p@Uz/ v – поставити

myriad / mIrI@d/ adj – безброј

scales (of fish) /skeIlz/ n − крљушт

poverty / pQv@ti/ n − сиромаштво

neckerchief / nek@tSIf/ n – марама

prayer /pre@/ n − молитва

за око врата

school /sku:l/ n – јато (риба)

preceding /pri: si:dIN/ adj –

necklace / nekl@s/ n − огрлица

scrutinize / skru:tInaIz/ v –

претходан

noble / n@Ubl/ adj − племенит

проучити, испитати

predator / pred@t@/ n − крволочна

notion / n@US@n/ n – осећај, појам,

звер, грабљивица

утисак

се

on account of /@ kaUnt/– због

pride /praId/ n – чопор (лавова)

on no account – нипошто

prodigy / prQdIdZi/ n – чудо (од

ик е

наизглед

непрозиран

propel /pr@ pel/ v − покренути

overall /@Uv@rO:l/ adj – укупан,

pursuit /p@ sju:t/ n – тежња

свеобухватан, глобалан

seemingly / si:mINli/ adv – shallow / S&l@U/ adj − плитак shark /SA:k/ n − ајкула

уџ бе н

opaque /@U peIk/ adj –

scullery / skVl@ri/ n – кухињска перионица

pretend /prI tend/ v − претварати

nun /nVn/ n – калуђерица

детета)

scarce /ske@s/ adj – оскудан

recognition /rek@g nIS@n/ n −

shielded / Si:ldId/ adj – прекривен, заштићен shortlist / SO:tlIst/ n − ужи избор shrewd /Sru:d/ adj – лукав

признање

pack /p&k/ n – чопор (вукова)

reef /ri:f/ n – гребен

painstaking / peInzteIkIN/ adj –

refined /rI faInd/ adj − префињен,

неуморан, мукотрпан, радан,

отмен

skip /skIp/ v – прескочити

regardless (of) /rI gA:dl@s/ – без

slope /sl@Up/ n − падина

обзира на

snort /snO:t/ v − фрктати

reinforce /ri:In fO:s / v – појачати

soaring / sO:rIN/ adj – високо се

relate /rI leIt/ v – односити се

уздизати

replacement /rI pleIsm@nt/ n –

solid / sQlId/ adj – чврст, поуздан

замена

spawn /spO:n/ v − мрестити се

resource /rI zO:s/ n − извор,

spinster / spInst@/ n – уседелица

passer-by /pA:s@ baI/ n − peak /pi:k/ n − врх

д

За

пролазник

во

марљив

за

owe /@U/ v – дуговати

perceive /p@ si:v/ v – опазити

perseverance /p3:sI vI@ns / n – истрајност petrified / petr@faId/ adj – запањен, скамењен philanthropist /fI l&nTr@pIst/ n – филантроп, човекољубац pit /pIt/ n − рударска јама plant /plA:nt/ n − фабрика plunge /plVndZ/ v – стропоштати

богатство revival /rI vaIv@l/ n – препород, буђење, riot /raI@t/ n – метеж, побуна rod /rQd/ n – шипка runner-up /rVn@ Vp / n − такмичар иза победника

shrimp /SrImp/ n − рачић skim /skIm/ v – брзо прегледати

squid /skwId/ n − лигња stamp /st&mp/ v − ударити, лупкати stuff /stVf/ n − ствари stumble upon /stVmbl/ v – набасати, случајно наићи на

се; удубити се

177

subsequent / sVbsIkw@nt/ adj −

terrifying / ter@faIN/ adj –

trinket / trINkIt/ n – тричарија,

следећи

застрашујући

накит

surpass /s@ pA:s/ v – надмашити

thrive /TraIv/ v – напредовати,

trout /traUt/ n − пастрмка

успевати

surrounding /s@ raUndIN/ adj −

tough /tVf/ adj – напоран, тежак

се, релаксирати се

surveillance /s3: veIl@ns/ n –

trait /treIt/ n – црта, особина

uplift / VplIft/ v – подићи,

присмотра, надзор

побољшати

treat /tri:t/ n – чашћење,

swan /swQn/ n – лабуд

уживање

vaguely / veIgli/ adv − нејасно

take into account – узети у обзир

treat /tri:t/ v – почастити,

valid /v&lId/ adj – важећи

поступати, лечити

tease /ti:z/ v – задиркивати,

will /wIl/ n − тестамент

tremendous /trI mend@s/ adj –

привремено

сјајан, изванредан, огроман

temptation /temp teIS@n/ n –

tribe /traIb/ n – племе

уџ бе н

temporarily /temp@r@rIli/ adv –

искушење

во

д

за

tributary / trIbj@t@ri/ n – притока

За

wimp /wImp/ n – слабић

ик е

tremble /trembl/ v − дрхтати

задевати

178

unwind /Vn waInd/ v – опустити

околни

PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES

Alfred Nobel /&lfrId n@U bel/ Iris Murdoch / aI@rIs m3:dQk/ Julian Barnes / dZu:li@n bA:nz/ Kazuo Ishiguro /ISI gU@r@U/

ик е

Kilauea /kI:laU@I@/ Kilimanjaro / kIlIm@n dZA:r@U/

уџ бе н

Maui / maUi/ Mauna Kea /mO:n@"keI@/ Morel /mQr el/ Oahu /@U A:hu:/

за

Pearl Harbour /p3:l hA:b@/ Pulitzer / pUlIts@/

во

Shannon / S&n@n/

д

Salman Rushdie / s&lm&n rUSdi/

За

Sinead O’Connor /SI neId, @U kQn@/ Waikiki /waIki ki:/

Wilhelm Roentgen /wIlhem r3:ng@n/ Zambezi /z&m bi:zi/

179

Катарина Ковачевић Катарина Ковачевић Гордана КатаринаМарковић Ковачевић Гордана Марковић Гордана Марковић Катарина Ковачевић Гордана Марковић

IMPROVING ENGLISH 4 IMPROVING ENGLISH 4 Енглески језик за 4. разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа IMPROVING ENGLISH 4 Енглески језик за 4. разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа ДВАНАЕСТА ГОДИНА УЧЕЊАгимназије Енглески језик за 4. разред и средњих стручних школа IMPROVING ENGLISH 4 ДВАНАЕСТА ГОДИНА УЧЕЊА

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УЏБЕНИК СА РАДНОМ СВЕСКОМ ДВАНАЕСТА ГОДИНА УЧЕЊА Енглески језик за 4. разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа УЏБЕНИК СА РАДНОМ СВЕСКОМ УЏБЕНИК СА РАДНОМ СВЕСКОМ ДВАНАЕСТА ГОДИНА УЧЕЊА УЏБЕНИК СА РАДНОМ СВЕСКОМ Прво издање, 2017. година Прво издање, 2017. година Прво издање, 2017. година Прво издање, 2017. година Издавач Издавач Завод за уџбенике, Београд, Обилићев венац 5 Издавач Завод за уџбенике, Београд, Обилићев венац 5 www.zavod.co.rs Завод за уџбенике, Београд, Обилићев венац 5 Издавач www.zavod.co.rs www.zavod.co.rs Завод за уџбенике, Београд, Обилићев венац 5 Ликовни уредник www.zavod.co.rs Ликовни уредник Аида Спасић Ликовни уредник Аида Спасић Аида Спасић Ликовни уредник Корице Аида Спасић Корице Аида Спасић Корице Аида Спасић Аида Спасић Корице Фотографије Аида Спасић Фотографије Depositphotos Фотографије Depositphotos Depositphotos Фотографије Графички уредник Depositphotos Графички уредник Борис Поповић Графички уредник Борис Поповић Борис Поповић Графички уредник Дизајн и прелом Борис Поповић Дизајн и прелом Tатјана Дизајн иВукмировић прелом Tатјана Вукмировић Горана TатјанаРаичевић Дизајн иВукмировић прелом Горана Раичевић Горана Раичевић Tатјана Вукмировић Горана Раичевић Обим: 22½ штампарских табака Обим: 22½ штампарских табака Формат: 20,5 × 26,5 cm табака Обим: 22½ штампарских Формат: 20,5 × 26,5 cm Тираж: 5000 примерака Формат: 20,5 × 26,5 cm табака Обим: 22½ штампарских Тираж: 5000 примерака Тираж: 5000 Формат: 20,5примерака × 26,5 cm Рукопис предат у штампу маја 2017. године Тираж: 5000 примерака Рукопис предат у штампу маја 2017. године Штампање завршено маја маја 2017. године Рукопис предат у штампу 2017. године Штампање завршено маја 2017. године Штампа „Планета принт“, Штампање завршено мајаБеоград 2017. године Рукопис предат у штампу маја 2017. године Штампа „Планета принт“, Београд Штампа „Планета принт“, Штампање завршено мајаБеоград 2017. године Штампа „Планета принт“, Београд