Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

pro’s vs. euk’s Robert Perry Malibu High School

THE CELL THEORY: ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS. ALL TISSUES AND ORGANS ARE MADE OF CELLS.

THE

TWO

TYPES

OF

CELLULAR LIFE

1. PROKARYOTES The name, “before nucleus,” refers to the fact that prokaryotes came first, before the evolution of a nucleus.

2. EUKARYOTES The name, “true nucleus,” refers to the fact that eukaryotes came along later, and evolved a true membrane-enclosed nucleus to protect the chromosomes.

fungi animalia plantae

protista EUKARYOTES FIVE KINGDOMS AND TWO TYPES OF CELLS

monera PROKARYOTES

“bacteria”

1. PROKARYOTES . . .

Prokaryotic means "before nucleus" BACTERIA ARE THE SIMPLEST, AND PROBABLY THE FIRST, FORMS OF LIFE ON EARTH. DID THEY COME HERE FROM OUTER SPACE?

NASA PHOTO OF BACTERIA? “FOSSILS” FOUND ON MARS.

IT’S A FACT, JACK !

PROKARYOTES ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT AND DIVERSE FORMS OF LIFE THAT EVER LIVED ON THE EARTH

THE BACTERIA CELL Size = 1 - 2 µ m

cytoplasm

DNA plasmid simple ribosome 3½

Photo Copyright © 2000 Dennis Kunkel

fimbriae, orPILLI pilli OR

bacterial flagella inclusion capsule cell wall plasma membrane

cocci

bacilli

spirilli

Circular cells

Rod shaped cells

Spiral shaped cells

The 3 Main Types of Bacteria Cells

Images Copyright Š 2000 Dennis Kunkel

http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/kunkel/

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION by BINARY FISSION which means: “splitting to make two”

Images Copyright © 2000 Dennis Kunkel

http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/kunkel/

Transfer of DNA by the process of CONJUGATION between 2 bacteria cells.

Hint: “sex” is the transfer of DNA from one individual to another.

Images Copyright © 2000 Dennis Kunkel

http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/kunkel/

SPORE

SPORE FORMING BACTERIA

MANY SPECIES OF BACTERIA CAN FORM SPORES WHICH CAN SURVIVE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.

Bacterial infections can be recognized by the following symptoms: fever cough raising sputum and a single complaint (such as sore throat, ear ache, sinus pain, cough).

(source: Kaiser Permenente)

PRO + PRO = EUK

SERIAL ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Prokaryotes unite to form the first eukaryotes: (Lyn Margulis, Univ. of Mass.)

PRO + PRO

pro

pro pro

EUK

EUK +

=

pro

symbiosis

in a series serial arranged of stages endo inside (an organism) different orgsymbiotic 2anisms living together.

serial endosymbiotic theory

eukaryotes

autonomous prokaryotes

PROKARYOTES vs.

EUKARYOTES Traditionally, prokaryotes are regarded as less specialized and evolutionarily "lower organisms" and the eukaryotes as more specialized "higher organisms". A more modern view is that prokaryotes are just as highly evolved as eukaryotes, but along different lines.

Dr J.A.Miyan, University of Manchester

PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes can be regarded as specially adapted to rapid exploitation of a wide variety of food sources; they are metabolically resourceful, their DNA replication is highly efficient and their simplicity can be regarded as streamlining (i.e. small cells eliminate the need for elaborate intracellular membranes, organelles or cytoskeleton and they have a very direct transcription-translation system of protein synthesis).

Dr J.A.Miyan, University of Manchester

2. EUKARYOTES Eukaryotes are metabolically conservative, have tightly controlled and compartmentalized cell processes and have sacrificed replicative capacity and metabolic adaptability for the advantages of multicellularity which requires cell specialization.

Also they have an elaborate transcriptional system, including non-coding DNA sequences and processing of messenger RNA (mRNA).

Dr J.A.Miyan, University of Manchester

EUKARYOTES “Eukaryote� means "true nucleus" nuclear membrane multiple chromosomes complex ribosomes mitochondria &/or chloroplasts: provide energy have double-membrane contain DNA flagella (complex) cytoskeleton

ANIMAL CELL (EUKARYOTE)

MITOCHONDRION PLASMA MEMBRANE NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

RIBOSOMES GOLGI

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM