Biodiversity - Common Marine Phyla

BIODIVERSITY Taxonomy of Common Marine Organisms Robert Perry Malibu High School www.MarineBioPhotography.com

Disclaimer: The images in this slideshow are all ŠRobert Perry except where not cited. Images may not be copied, posted, transferred, modified, or taken from this slideshow without written permission. Un-cited images in this show were mostly taken from the public domain of the world wide web.

The images are used here for non-profit, non-commercial, educational purposes only. Any un-cited image that is NOT available for our noncommercial educational use will gladly be removed immediately by emailing us. Persons viewing this PowerPoint presentation should not use or redistribute for commercial purposes.

All Rights Reserved. bperry@smmusd.org www.MarineBioPhotography.com

Disclaimer #2: The groups of organisms discussed in this slideshow represent only the most commonly observed marine life forms. There are dozens of other equally interesting and important groups of organisms, however they may not be quite so obvious at the beach. Apologies go out, in advance, to nematodes, sipunculids, ctenophores, nematomorphs, nemerteans, tardigrades, brachiopods, phoronids, insects and all the rest.

The status of the 5 kingdom classification scheme used in this slideshow is in flux. Some experts use 5 kingdoms, some don’t. We recognize that most of the life on Earth, in the past and in the present, consists of bacteria.

Likewise, there is some debate over the Protist group. In this presentation the term “protist� has been limited to single celled eukaryotes. We have placed the large marine algae in with the plants for ecological reasons.

TAXONOMY A branch of marine biology that classifies organisms into related groups based on inherited traits.

THE MOST BROAD, GENERAL GROUPS CONTAINING THE LARGEST NUMBERS

KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY THE MOST NARROW & SPECIFIC GROUPS CONTAINING THE FEWEST NUMBERS

GENUS SPECIES

THE SCIENTIFIC NAME

The 5 Kingdoms of Life • There are over 3.5 million named species, and an estimated total of at least 50 million different species of organisms alive today on Earth.

• MONERA Ultra-microscopic and hard to collect or observe at Zuma.

• PROTISTA Very common in plankton samples taken at Zuma.

• FUNGI Ultra-microscopic and hard to collect or observe at Zuma.

• Their relationships can be reduced to 5 major groups called the Kingdoms.

• PLANT Found only as natural ocean debris at Zuma.

• ANIMAL Found in water, sand and in plankton samples from Zuma.

• KINGDOM MONERA (aka PROKARYOTA) Most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth --- in the past and present.

Often broken into two Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Ultra-microscopic size –1 – 2 μm Important in ecosystem as producers, decomposers, and infections (parasites) Identified through culturing, incubating and their biochemistry Image source: Triarch

2. KINGDOM PROTISTA Eukaryotic Single-celled Some producers, some heterotrophs, some parasites.

© Robert Perry

3. KINGDOM FUNGI multicellular filamentous body with spores embedded in organic material heterotrophic by absorbing

Image source: http://www.natmus.dk/nmf/nb/8/english/art7.htm

4. KINGDOM PLANTAE multicellular autotrophic

5. KINGDOM ANIMALIA multicellular

heterotrophic by ingesting

The PLANT KINGDOM

Each Kingdom is divided into groups called Phyla.

In the Plant Kingdom "Phyla" are often called "Divisions."

Kingdom Plantae

Division Chlorophyta

Division Rhodophyta

Division Phaeophyta

Division Angiosperma

Title: University of Tsukuba

chloro phyta “GREEN ALGAE”

• Chlorophytes are mostly found in freshwater. The species we see are bright green, small and found growing in very shallow waters. They are the least abundant of all marine plants.

More Chlorophytes…..

“GREEN ALGAE”

Codium Enteromorpha Ulva

Found in the high intertidal attached to rocks.

Images - © Robert Perry

Rhodo phyta “RED ALGAE” Title: University of Tsukuba

• Rhodophytes are the most abundant marine algae in California. They range in color from pink to purple and are mostly medium sized. Some have calcified cell walls for protection.

“RED ALGAE”

It’s a fact, Jack: Red algae fossils are the oldest multicellular fossils known on Earth.

More Rhodophyta . . .

Some are leafy and foliaceous

“RED ALGAE”

Some are hard and calcified

Division Phaeophyta Phaeophytes are the largest plants in the ocean. They are brown to brownishgreen in color and may grow as long as 100m.

Phaeo phyta “BROWN ALGAE”

more Phaeophyta . . .

“BROWN ALGAE”

Images - © Robert Perry

Kelp forests are one of our most important ecosystems, providing SHELTER for thousands of other organisms.

Macrocystis is harvested for commercial use to extract algin, a tasteless emulsifying agent found in hundreds of products.

Image source: ISP Corp Used with permission.

Division Angiophyta (aka Angiosperma) Flowering plants are the dominant photosynthetic organisms on land.

They have evolved roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds, but are relatively rare in the ocean.

Angio phyta “FLOWERING PLANTS�

Only 2 Angiophytes live in the ocean in California

Image Š Robert Perry

Zostera

Phyllospadix

Phyllospadix flowers in the late spring and summer.

Image Š Robert Perry

The PROTIST KINGDOM

The Protist Kingdom

Unicellular eukaryotes collected in our plankton samples.

(Some experts believe the Protist Kingdom also includes “algae.� We call them plants).

Kingdom PROTISTA

Phylum Protozoa

Phylum Chrysophyta

Phylum Dinoflagellata

Phylum Protozoa • Protozoans are common members of both the microplankton and nanoplankton samples we collect. All are singlecelled, heterotrophic eukaryotes.

Proto zoa “first animal”

Foraminifera

Radiolaria

more Protozoans . . . (some freshwater classics)

Ameba proteus

Paramecium caudatum

Phylum Chrysophyta. (aka, Bacillariophyta)

Other than the tiny and very abundant autotrophic bacteria, DIATOMS are the most abundant and important autotrophs in the ocean that we will be able to see.

All are unicellular and most are planktonic.

Chryso phyta “golden algae�

DIATOMS

Chrysophyta

upper half of frustule epitheca

hypotheca lower half of frustule

Each cell is enclosed within a silicon dioxide (SiO2) [aka “glass�] frustule.

More Chrysophyta . . .

dino phyta “rotating algae�

DINOFLAGELLATES Title: University of Tsukuba

(aka, Pyrrophyta)

Dinoflagellates are redbrown, microscopic, unicellular, planktonic organisms enclosed in cellulose armor. They swim with flagella and may alternate between heterotrophic and autotrophic life. Many are toxic.

Cellulose plates:

cell wall = cellulose

Dinoflagellate bloom = “red tide�

Lingulodinium polyedra

Autotrophs in sun, heterotrophs in dark.

More Dinoflagellates‌

The ANIMAL KINGDOM

eukaryotes

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

porifera

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Porifera Sponges are masses of cells perforated by external pores leading to internal water canals. They have no tissues. All are benthic and aquatic, most are marine.

California species are irregular and colorful.

pori fera “PORE BEARING�

Porifera . . . water is pumped in the small pores

water is pumped out the big pores

Š Robert Perry

Porifera . . .

Species of sponges are often identified solely on the basis of their internal microscopic skeletal spicules.

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phlyum Cnidaria (aka, COELENTERATA)

Cnidarians are round animals that have stinging tentacles around a central mouth. The cells are arranged in two tissue layers.

Some are planktonic, some are benthic. Most are marine, some colonial.

cnidaria “stinging nettle�

Cnidaria stinging tentacles

mouth

round body symmetry

Class Scyphozoa

Class Hydrozoa

THE “JELLYFISH”

THE “HYDROIDS”

Class Anthozoa ANEMONES CORALS, etc.

3 Classes of Cnidaria Images - © Robert Perry

Deadly (or painful) Cnidarians !

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Platyhelminthes THE FLAT WORMS

Flat worms are almost two-dimensional worms that are found in the plankton and benthos. These may have been the first bilateral animals (with a “head” and “tail”), and tissues arranged in small organs.

“platy” = flat “helminthe” = worm

head anterior

Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry ‌a head and a tail‌

organs anterior

dorsal view

left lateral

right lateral

tail Planaria

posterior

posterior

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

bryozoa

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Bryozoa

bryo zoa “moss animal”

aka, Ectoprocta

Bryozoans are worm-like colonial animals that live inside boxes. Individual “zooids” are nearly microscopic. Each has a long neck with a ciliated hand known as a lophophore.

Some species, like Begula neritina above, grow erect like plants Images - © Robert Perry

“Jack Frost” Bryozoan, Membranipora, on Macrocystis fronds

1.

3.

2.

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

bryozoa

annelida

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Annelida body divided into Repeated segments

Segmented worms are divided into 3 classes: 1-earthworms 2-leeches 3-polychaetes

All the common marine worms are Polychaetes, or “bristle worms.”

annelid “annulus” = ring or segment

body divided into repeated segments

Setae (hairs) on both sides of each body segment

http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol261/ch/ch17.html

Ph.Annelida - Cl.Polychaeta.

Ph.Annelida - Cl.Polychaeta.

There are 2 kinds of polychaete worms in the sea.

Class Polychaeta Marine Worms

Sub-Class ERRANTIA the free-living polychaetes

Sub-Class SEDENTARIA the tubedwelling polychaetes

head

segmented body

head tail left image from internet source unknown

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

bryozoa

mollusca

annelida

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Mollusca Mollusks have a soft, muscular body which may or may not be protected by one or more shells. The 3 body regions are: 1--Headfoot.

2--Visceral Mass.

3--Mantle Cavity.

mollusca “mollis� = soft

visceral mass

mantle cavity headfoot

Brown turban, or kelp snail Norrisia norrisii

The 5 Classes of Mollusks Phylum MOLLUSCA

Class GASTROPODA

Snails, slugs.

Class BIVALVIA

Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels.

Class AMPHINEURA (Polyplacophora)

Chitons.

Class CEPHALOPODA

Octopus, squid.

Class SCAPHOPODA

Tusk or tooth shells.

Last 3 images from internet authors unknown

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

bryozoa arthropoda mollusca

annelida

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Arthropoda Arthropods have jointed limbs because the entire body is enclosed in an external skeleton. They must moult this external skeleton to grow.

Arthro pod jointed limbs

Phylum ARTHROPODA

INSECTS

SPIDERS

The most diverse group of animals on earth, but, alas!

They don’t live in the ocean

Don’t live in the ocean either

Class CRUSTACEA Arthropods with two pairs of antennae.

Crabs, lobsters, barnacles, copepods, etc. Found in ocean, freshwater and in moist places on land.

Phylum Arthropoda:

Class Crustacea external skeletons

jointed limbs

Phylum Arthropoda:

Class Crustacea

Benthic sand crab Benthic isopod

Planktonic copepod shrimp

Benthic barnacles

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

bryozoa arthropoda mollusca

annelida echinodermata

Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum

Echinodermata Calcium spines or plates embedded in skin.

5 body regions.

Water-vascular system of locomotion.

All are medium sized, benthic and marine.

echino dermata “spiny skin�

Echinodermata 5 body regions tube feet (podia) water vascular system

spiny skin

Š Robert Perry Dive Log 1242

Phylum ECHINODERMATA

Class Asteroidea stars

Class Echinoidea

Class Holothuroidea

Class Ophiuroidea

urchins

cucumbers

brittle stars

Class Crinoidea lillies

Bottom right 2 images from internet authors unknown

Echinodermata Dendraster excentricus is an Echinoderm. The $and dollar$ at Zuma Beach trap detritus and provide shelter to other animals in the middle subtidal zone.

eukaryotes

porifera

ANIMALS

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

cnidaria platyhelminthes

bryozoa arthropoda mollusca

annelida echinodermata

ch o

rda ta Animal cladogram based on DNA sequencing From National Museum of Natural History

Phylum Chordata Dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

Notochord. (becomes backbone in “higher” Chordates).

Pharyngeal gill slits.

Post-anal tail.

chord ata “to have a cord” dorsal nerve cord; notochord

Phylum CHORDATA Subphylum UROCHORDATA Subphylum VERTEBRATA Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Suborder Odontoceti Order Pinnipedia Family Phocidae Family Otariidae

Chordata aves mammalia

urochordata

osteichthyes

chondrichthyes

PHYLUM CHORDATA

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA

Image courtesy of Russ Hopcroft, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF)

seanet.stanford.edu/Urochordata/index.html

-- Chordates without a vertebral column.

-- Primitive “fishlike” chordates such as Oikopleura or Clavelina huntsmani. Group also includes tunicates and salps.

PHYLUM CHORDATA

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA CHORDATES THAT HAVE A BACKBONE

http://www.flickr.com/photos/phosphorbox/85659288/

VERTEBRATES

VERTEBRATA - CHONDRICHTHYES

FISH WITH BONES (AND BACKBONE) MADE OUT OF CARTILAGE --SHARKS --RAYS

--CHIMERAS

VERTEBRATA - OSTEICHTHYES

FISH WITH BONES (AND BACKBONE) MADE OUT OF BONE MOST OF THE WORLD’S FISH BELONG TO THIS CLASS

VERTEBRATA - REPTILIA --SCALEY SKIN --LAY EGGS ON LAND --VERY FEW IN OCEAN --EXTREMELY RARE IN CALIFORNIA WATERS Sea turtles http://costaricanconservationnetwork.files.wordpress.com

Marine iguanas

Sea snakes http://www.divetime.com

http://www.galapagosmap.com/pictures/marine_iguana.jpg

VERTEBRATA - AVES

-- feathers -- warm blooded (aka, birds)

-- lightweight, hollow bones

VERTEBRATA - MAMMALIA

-- HAIR (at some point in life) -- WARM BLOODED -- NURSE THEIR YOUNG

Marine members Class Mammalia

Order Cetacea

Order Pinnipedia

whales

seals

Fins, not flippers.

Flippers, not fins.

Blowhole(s), not nostrils.

Nostrils, not blowholes

Never come ashore.

Come ashore to rest and breed.

Order Cetacea baleen

teeth

Sub-order Odontoceti Toothed whales Single blowhole.

Sub-order Mysticeti Baleen whales

Teeth.

Double blowhole.

Most abundant and diverse whales.

Baleen, not teeth.

Order Pinnipedia

External ear flaps.

No external ear flaps.

Hind flippers cannot fold under body to walk or run on land.

Family Phocidae

Hind flippers fold under body to walk or run on land.

Family Otaridae

THE END