2226 Preliminary Analysis

YUCHENG DAI a 1 7 0 0 8 9 2

XIAOJIA LI a1732190

Contents

1-2

Lustenau A

Introduction Climate Analysis Air Temperature + So Relative Humidity + W Precipitation + Rainfa Building Strategies Innovative Materials Well-insulated Roof Floors + Walls Triple Glazing

7-8

Other Strate

Window Modification Shading Device Optio Ventilation Improveme Integrated Results Heat Gain Calculation Heat Loss Calculation Conclusion

Analysis

olar Radiation Wind Speed all Days

egies

ons ent

n n

3-4

5-6

Brisbane Analysis

Material Modifications

Climate Analysis Air Temperature + Solar Radiation Relative Humidity + Wind Speed Average Accumulated Rainwater Precipitation + Rainfall Days Directions Well-insulated Walls Natural Ventilation Shading Devices Perforated Screen

Heat Gain + Heat Loss Material Modification I Wall Modification Floor Modification Material Modification II Glazing Modification Roof Modification

9

References

Lustenau Analysis 2226 Office Building in Lustenau

Introduction

Percentage (%) 100 100

The 2226 Building, designed by Baumschlager Eberle, is a ‘low-tech’ office building to work sustainably without heating and cooling and technical ventilation system in Lustenau, located at the western state of Vorarlberg in Austria. The notion of ‘no intention of replacing nature with technology’ articulates a new direction for sustainable architecture development. The objective of this preliminary analysis is to investigate whether the based scenarios of the 2226 building are feasible for a subtropical climate in Brisbane to maintain the same exceptional environmental performance as in the cold-temperate continental climate in Lustenau.

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

Architectural Volume

Internal Floor Slabs

Vertical Circulations 00

Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar

Apr Apr

Maximum relative humidity Daily average relative humidity Minimum relative humidity

May May

Jun

Maximum speed Minimum speed Daily average sp

Figure 2. Monthly relative humidity and wind speed

Relative Humidity + Wind Spe Gross Wall Area 2

Net Wall Area

Ground Floor

Ground Floor

113.04 m

88.79 m2

Gross Wall Area 2

Net Wall Area 2

Upper Floor

Upper Floor

90.43 m

Lustenau is a relatively humid town thro humidity is above 64% all year round. maximum relative humidity can reach the maximum relative humidity is betw humidity of the year is around 15%-30% average wind speed is only 1.8m/s, wh of each month can reach 9.8 m/s.

Roof Area

576 m2

71.03 m

Climate Analysis Lustenau, Austria Temperature (°C)

Energy (Wh/m2)

40 40

Average rainfall days 10000 10000

50 50

8000 8000 30 30

40 40

6000 6000 20 20

30 30 4000 4000

10 10

2000 2000

00

00

-10 -10

Jan Jan

Feb

Mar Mar

Maximum temperature Daily average temperature Minimum temperature

1

Apr Apr

May May

Jun Jun

Jul Jul

Direct maximum Direct average

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

Global average Diffuse average

20 20

10 10

00

Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Precipitation

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

Jun Jun

Average rainfall

Figure 1. Monthly ambient air temperature and solar radiation in Lustenau

Figure 3. Monthly rainfall days and precipitation in L

Air Temperature + Solar Radiation

Precipitation + Rainfall Days

The relatively high latitude condition of Lustenau as one of the primary factors results in the low average temperature range (-1.3-0.3°C in the winter and 16.6-18.9°C in the summer). There are more than 6 months in a year that minimum temperatures were below 0°C, the minimum temperatures could even drop to -10.7°C in the winter months. On the contrary, there are only 2 months throughout the year that maximum temperatures could exceed 30°C. For the solar radiation, the average global radiation and average diffuse radiation are 905-5009 Wh/m2 and 554-3150 Wh/m2, respectively. The average direct solar radiation of Lustenau is approximately 2400 Wh/m2.

The annual rainfall precipitation in Lust the number of average rainfall days is on the statistics, there is less rainfall in precipitation of 130mm, while significan with an average precipitation of 200m winter with an average of 13 days per mo when turning into summer (23 days in a and February are the wettest month an has the highest number of average rain

Building Strategies

Speed (m/s) 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6

The thermal stability of the original 2226 building is achieved by a combination of high levels of thermal insulation and thermal mass. The construction approaches and well-insulated building envelope mitigate the conduction of cool air from the external environment. These environmental strategies also reduce a large amount of heat loss in winter and decrease the heat gain in summer. The following approaches are some of the key strategies involved in the 2226 Building.

5 5 4 3 2 1 00

Jul Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

d

peed

d in Lustenau

eed

The flat roof was constructed with a relatively thick concrete slab with 350 mm of styrofoam tapered insulation for thermal and acoustic performance. The shutter vents in the facade have vacuum insulation panels inside, finishing with a gravel layer to absorb moisture.

Precipitation (mm) 300 300

240 240

180 180

120 120

60 60

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

The envelope of the 2226 building was constructed with Wienerberger perforated Porotherm 38 Clay Blocks, a product with cradle-to-cradle (C2C) design Silver Certification. The thick clay block is a distinctive type of brick material filled with mineral wool insulation, providing thermal inertia and load bearing capacity.

Well-insulated Roof

roughout the year. The average relative . There are 6 months in a year that the h 100%, while in the other 6 months ween 94%-99%. The minimum relative %. In terms of the wind speed, the daily hile the average maximum wind speed

Jul Jul

Innovative Materials

00

Floors + Walls The structural floors were constructed with pre-cast concrete slabs with insulation.

Battening has been laid on this for a cavity floor, topped in turn by a layer of wooden floorboard, a layer of footfall sound insulation, and anhydrite screed. The thick brick walls function as a low pass filter for temperature fluctuations, preventing disruption of daily indoor temperatures with a timescale. The perforated Porotherm Clay Blocks contribute to the extremely low heat transfer and high thermal capacity. It also helps to achieve indoor thermal comfort by prolonging the time of the heat flow through the walls.

days

Lustenau

tenau varies between 110-230mm and is from 12-24 days per month. Based n spring and autumn with an average ntly more rainfall in summer and winter mm. There are also fewer rainy days in onth, the number of rainy days increases average per month). In summary, June nd the driest month, respectively. May nfall days in the whole year.

Triple Glazing The 2226 building features a triple glazing system combined with a high-performance window frame. Deep-set window openings were settled at the back edge of the wall.

The thickness of the wall formed a natural shading to the windows reduce the heat input. Additionally, the Pilkington Optitherm™ S3 Windows have innovative ventilation openings, which use ‘hysteresis controllers’ to monitor the indoor air quality and natural ventilation through measuring the CO2 concentration, room temperature, external temperature and relative humidity.

2

Brisbane Analysis 2226 Office Building in Brisbane

Climate Analysis 40 40

Temperature (°C)

Energy (Wh/m2)

Accumulated rainwater (mm)

10000 10000

300 300 8000 8000 30 30

6000 6000 20 20

250 250

200 200

150 150 4000 4000 100 100

10 10 2000 2000

50 50

0

00 Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

Maximum temperature Daily average temperature Minimum temperature

May May

Jun Jun

Jul Jul

Direct maximum Direct average

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

0

Dec Dec

Jan Jan

Global average Diffuse average

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

Jun Jun

Figure 4. Monthly ambient air temperature and solar radiation in Brisbane

Figure 6. The average rainfall (solid line) accum 31 days period centred on the day in question, w percentile bands.

Air Temperature + Solar Radiation

Average Accumulated Rain

Brisbane features a subtropical climate, compared to the cold-temperate continental climate in Lustenau. The maximum temperature in summer is 32.5°C. However, the maximum temperature in winter is still considerably high (24.5°C). The average temperature is 24.5°C in summer and 15°C in winter. The average solar radiation is approximately 4300 Wh/m2 while the average global radiation is 3156-6822 Wh/m2 and the average diffuse radiation is 1275-2929 Wh/m2.

This graph illustrates the variation o 31- day period centred around eac for 31 days centred around 10 Fe circle), with an average total accum around with an average total accu blue solid circle).

Percentage (%)

Average rainfall days (mm)

Speed (m/s)

100 100

50 50

16 15 15 14 80 80

13

40 40

12 11 10 10

60 60

30 30

9 8 7

40 40

20 20

6 5 5 4 20 20

3

10 10

2 1 00

0 Jan Jan

Feb Feb

Mar Mar

Maximum relative humidity Daily average relative humidity Minimum relative humidity

3

Apr

May May

Jun Jun

Jul Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

Maximum speed Minimum speed Daily average speed

00 Jan

Feb Feb

Precipitation

Mar Mar

Apr

May May

Jun

Average rainfal

Figure 5. Monthly relative humidity and wind speed in Lustenau

Figure 7. Monthly rainfall days and precipitation in

Relative Humidity + Wind Speed

Precipitation + Rainfall Days

Brisbane is also quite humid with a maximum of 100% relative humidity in 10 months and 95% in December and 97% in November. The average relative humidity fluctuates within a relatively stable range (65-77%) with the 72% annual average humidity. It is surprising that the minimum relative humidity features a spike during the winter months and peaks in January and March. Based on the calculation, the minimum relative humidity in the summer months is approximately doubled, compared to the minimum relative humidity in the winter months. For the wind speed, the average is around 3.3m/s and the maximum is about 10.7m/s.

The rainy days per month in Brisbane the seasonal trends. There are fewer r 13 days per month and also increases 22 days per month, the number of ave is 17.5 days per month. However, t than Lustenau ranging from 60m to summer is 187mm while 63mm in win the wettest month and the driest mont number of average rainfall days in the

Directions Due to the climate differences between Lustenau and Brisbane, the strategies and tactics also need to be changed. The subtropical climate in Brisbane requires a wide range of design responses. A list of design methods (as illustrated below) can be considered as appropriate strategies to tackle with warm, humid, and wet summers and generally mild, dry winters in Brisbane.

Well-insulated Walls Jul Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct Oct

Nov Nov

Insulation materials are generally low in conductivity, which may theoretically make a significant decrease in terms of the U value and the thermal inertia. Applying the ample internal insulation might be an appropriate strategy in Brisbane.

Dec Dec

mulated over the course of a sliding with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th

nwater

of rainfall accumulated over a sliding ch day of the year. The most rain falls ebruary (indicated with a blue hollow mulation of 140mm. The least rain falls umulation of 34mms (indicated with a

Natural Ventilation

Precipitation (mm) 300 300

240 240

The natural cooling approaches (such as cross ventilation) may function as the practical strategies. The wind forces outdoor cool air into the building through an inlet while outlet forces warm interior air outside. It could improve the internal convection circulation and control the humidity level, which plays an important role in a hot and humid climate.

180 180

120 120

60 60

00

Jul

Aug Aug

Sep Sep

Oct

Nov Nov

Dec Dec

ll days

n Lustenau

e also vary from 12-24 days and follow rainy days in winter with an average of s in summer months with an average of erage rainy days in spring and autumn the precipitation in Brisbane is lower 210mm. The average precipitation in nter. In summary, January and July are th, respectively. March has the highest e whole year.

Shading Devices Harsh sunlight penetration during the summertime is a significant issue for subtropical climate in Brisbane. Utilising shading devices is crucial for the building thermal performance. As Brisbane has relatively high average solar radiation level, adopting shading devices could be a highly effective approach for Brisbane’s humid subtropical climate.

Perforated Screen The perforated screen solution provides highly effective protection from direct sunlight in summer but also maintains adequate daylight admission in winter and potentially helps the airflow. The perforated panel can also be treated as the ‘permeable skin’ of the entire façade system.

4

Material Modifications 2226 Office Building in Brisbane

Heat Gain + Heat Loss

Material Modification I Wall + Floor

Lustenau

Heat Gain (W) 40% 0.4% 6% 2%

Windows Appliances Occupants Others Walls Lighting Roof

0.8%

0.8%

Roof Walls Windows Occupants Lighting Appliances

460.8 852.36 48927.47 37440.00 898.56 5184.00

Total

93763.20

Table 1. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau Figure 8. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau

52%

Heat Loss (W) Infiltration Windows Walls Others

2%

Floors Roof

4%

78%

8%

2%

Roof Walls Windows Floors Infiltration

1198.08 4432.30 5278.87 1198.08 42232.80

Total

54340.13

Appliances Net Heat Loss

10%

1555.2 52784.93

Table 2. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau Figure 9. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Lustenau

Brisbane

Heat Gain (W) 39% 0.7% 5% 3%

Windows Appliances Occupants Others Walls Lighting Roof

1.3%

1%

Roof Walls Windows Occupants Lighting Appliances

1016.41 1494.30 19424.15 37440 898.56 5184.00

Total

65457.42

Table 3. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane Figure 10. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane

53%

Heat Loss (W) Infiltration Windows Walls Others

2% 4%

78%

8%

10%

2%

Floors Roof

Roof Walls Windows Floors Infiltration

1474.79 4336.41 5328 1406.59 30050.26

Total

42596.05

Appliances Net Heat Loss

1555.2 41040.85

Table 4. Areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane Figure 11. Breakdown into areas of heat gain for the original 2226 building in Brisbane

5

150 mm reinforced concrete slab with 1mm thickness structural LYSAGHT bondek 13 mm oak hardwood flooring with laminated finish nailed to 19mm timber floorboards 3 mm REGUPOL acoustic underlay sit underneath the 40 mm air cavity 200 mm external aerated concrete with 12.5 mm lime plasterboard and 90 mm high density glasswool rigid insulation 100 mm internal aerated concrete panel White 12.5 mm plasterboard fixed to the Rondo KEY-LOCK® concealed suspended ceiling system

Wall Modification

Although the wall systems in the 2226 in the climate of Brisbane, it is overwhe the original external walls was over 700m construction but also sacrificed a consid aim of this modification is to reduce the performance. As a result, the external w sandwich panel wall system.

Floor Modification

The original 2226 building features a se with 350mm insulation layers. In this stag to a small proportion of the heat loss and Consequently, the floor system was trans 150 styrofoam insulation. In addition, the dramatically increases the space betw potentially enhancing the air circulations

Material Modification II Glazing + Roof

Triple glazing system consists of three 6mm clear float glass panels with 16mm air cavity, fixed to the clay block walls and slaked lime plasterboard

150 mm styrofoam insulation attach to the 150 mm concrete slab

Double glazing system consists of two 6mm clear float glass panels with 13mm dehydrated air cavity (6/13/6mm)

25 mm Rondo 127 top cross rail 0.75bmt fixed to 28mm Rondo 129 furring channel

building also work1 considerably well elming in its thickness: the thickness of mm which not only builds up the cost of derable amount of habitable spaces. The thickness while remain the high thermal wall system was updated to a concrete

eries of 200mm precast concrete slabs ge, we assumed the floor slabs contribute d the negligible contribution to heat gain. sformed into a 150mm concrete slab with e reduction of the internal floor thickness ween floor finishes and ceiling boards, s within the space.

Glazing Modification The base case applied a triple glazing system for all windows to massively reduce heat gain and heat loss throughout the year. However, triple glazing is much more expensive and excessive than double glazing. As a result, the glazing system was switched to a double glazing system. The timber frame was updated to an aluminium frame for higher water resistance, structural integrity and easier long-term maintenance.

Flashing and trim with anchor bolts with gravel and waterproof membrane on the top 200mm external aerated concrete panel with 12.5mm lime plasterboard and 90mm high density glasswool rigid insulation

100 mm internal aerated concrete panel 150 mm styrofoam insulation attach to the 150 mm concrete slab White 12.5 mm plasterboard fixed to the Rondo KEY-LOCK® concealed suspended ceiling system

Roof Modification Applying a thinner concrete roof structure to mitigate the excessive roof structure of the original 2226 building, by largely reducing the thickness of the styrofoam thermal insulation from 350mm to 150mm.

6

Other Strategies 2226 Office Building in Brisbane

Window Modification

Ventilation Improvement

d.

c.

a.

06/21, 8 am-10 pm (unshaded)

12/21, 8 am-10 pm (unshaded)

06/21, 8 am-10 pm (shaded)

12/21, 8 am-10 pm (shaded)

b.

Shading Various shading strategies were generated based on the solar analysis (as illustrated above), not only providing efficient shading to block harsh sunlight penetration, but also forming a consistent architectural language and gesture.

North Façade Options

GF vents

0.308 m2 Each window

Conditions

0.411 m2

Building Location

Ou Are m2

Original Modified

Lustenau

30.

Brisbane

30.

Brisbane

41.

a. Adjustable Screens

b. Moveable Screens

Table 5. Heat exchange in the original state and modifie

The panels can be easily changed the directions all the time, allowing ample sunlight in winter and block harsh direct sunlight in summer (It can be installed horizontally or vertically).

The flexibility of this device keeps ample sunlight year-round. The verticality of the sheets can also incorporate with the architectural language, to form a consistent visual comfort.

Heat exchange

Total heat

87549.79 W

6545

East / West Façade Options

Figure 12. Heat exchange in the original state and mod

Ventilation

The built-in timber vents were controlled climate. The average air temperature in resulting in lower heat exchange throug size of the vent by 33% of the original s and exterior has been increased and th has been improved accordingly.

Shading Devices c. Cubic Shading

d. Eggcrate

It combines the traditional overhang with sidefins, forming a rectangular shaped shading device to activate the dynamic variations for the building façade system.

A combination of vertical and horizontal shading elements. It is a suitable option for the east/west façade as their high shading efficiencies.

7

According to the building data, 53% o Controlling the amount of heat that cond great improvement of the heat gain from have been generated for north, west, an performance and incorporate them into t

Integrated Results 120000

Heat Gain

100000 100000

80000 80000

60000 60000

40000 40000

20000 20000

00

Roof Roof

Walls Walls

Heat gain in Lustenau

Windows Windows

People People

Lighting Lighting

Appliances Appliances

Total heat gain gain Total heat

Heat gain of the modified building

Heat gain in Brisbane

Figure 13. Areas of heat gain comparison

Areas

Upper floor vents 2

0.247 m Each window

utlet ea

Modification 1016.41

460.80

587.52

Walls

852.36

1086.77

1494.30

Windows

48927.47

50350.52

19424.15

People

37440.00

37440.00

37440.00

898.56

898.56

898.56

5184.00

5184.00

5184.00

93763.19

95547.37

65457.42

Appliances

0.329 m2

Brisbane

Roof

Lighting Total heat gain Table 6. Areas of heat gain comparison

Heat Loss Wind Speed

Heat Exchange

m/s

Watts

.81

2.2

198,662.88

.81

3.7

65,662.27

.08

Lustenau

60000 60000

50000 50000

40000 40000

30000 30000

20000 20000

10000 10000

3.7

87,549.79

ed state

t gain

57.42 W

dified state

by sensors to provide a pleasant indoor n Brisbane during summer is quite high, gh natural ventilation. By increasing the size, the heat exchange between interior he performance of the natural ventilation

of the heat gain comes from windows. ducts through the windows could make a m the windows. Various shading options nd east façades to optimise the shading the overall architectural language.

00

Roof Roof Heat loss in Lustenau

Walls Walls

Windows Windows

Floor Floor

Heat loss in Brisbane

Infiltration Infiltration

Total loss Total heat heat loss

Heat loss of the modified building

Figure 14. Areas of heat loss comparison

Areas

Lustenau

Brisbane

Modification

Roof

1198.08

852.48

1474.79

Walls

4432.30

3153.75

4336.41

Windows

5278.87

3756.12

5328.00

Floor

1198.08

852.48

1406.59

Infiltration

42232.80

30050.26

30050.26

Total heat gain

54340.13

38665.09

42596.05

Table 7. Areas of heat loss comparison

Conclusion The original 2226 building could fit in Brisbane’s condition during the winter months due to the thick brick walls, floors, and triple glazing system. However, excessive massing leads to overheating issues in summer. Therefore, the aim of the modification is primarily focused on reducing heat gain while considering a more cost-effective solution to ensure the heat loss is controlled at a lower level.

The combination of strategies was worked well. Applying shading devices to the windows contributes to the greatest improvements in reducing heat gain.

The modifications of walls, roof, and floors also result in both cost-effective and locally appropriate construction strategies.

8

References Bibliography

“Brisbane Climate: Average Temperature, Weather By Month, Brisbane Weather Averages - Climate-Data.Org”. 2021. En.Climate-Data.Org. https:// en.climate-data.org/oceania/australia/queensland/brisbane-6171/.

Meinhold, Bridgette. 2021. “Berlin Office Building Features Two Different High-Performance Facades”. Inhabitat.Com. https://inhabitat.com/berlinoffice-building-features-two-different-high-performance-facades/.

“Daylighting In Subtropical Climates”. 2021. Researchgate.Net. https://www. researchgate.net/figure/left-and-Figure-2-right-Office-buildings-in-Brisbane-asub-tropical-climate-employ_fig5_257311277.

Queiroz, Natália. 2021. “Simplified Methods For Shading Device Optimization Processes: A Comparison Between Radiance And Energyplus For Daylighting Analysis Capabilities”. Researchgate.Net. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/342383006_Simplified_Methods_For_Shading_ Device_Optimization_Processes_A_Comparison_Between_Radiance_And_ EnergyPlus_For_Daylighting_Analysis_Capabilities.

Eberle, Baumschlager. 2016. WIENERBERGER Brick Award 2016, 2226 Lustenau. Video. be baumschlager eberle.

Hugentobler, Walter, and Peter Widerin. 2016. “DO HEALTHY BUILDINGS NEED TECHNOLOGY?.”

Schoof, Jakob. 2021. “House Without Heating: Office Building In Austria”.

Detail-Online.Com. https://www.detail-online.com/article/house-withoutheating-office-building-in-austria-16667/.

Strange, Hugh. 2014. “2226 Lustenau Office Building”. Architecture Review, 2014.

“Average Weather In Brisbane”. 2021. Weatherspark.Com. https:// weatherspark.com/y/144671/Average-Weather-in-Brisbane-Australia-Year-.

“Average Weather in Lustenau”. 2021. Weatherspark.Com. https:// weatherspark.com/y/63544/Average-Weather-in-Lustenau-Austria-Year-Round “The Importance Of Internal Heat Gains - An Analysis Of Baumschlager Eberle’S 2226”. 2021. Issuu. https://issuu.com/nomadarchitects/docs/the_ importance_of_internal_heat_gains.

9

“Good Reasons For Building With Clay juwoe.de/en/ziegel/gute-gruende-baue

“Thermal Performance Of Different Mate com.au/thermal-performance-different-m

“Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Sheets A Koolfoam. https://www.koolfoam.com.au

“The Insulation Process Of Concrete Wa Inc.”. 2021. Tiltwall.Ca. https://tiltwall.ca concrete-wall-panels-explained/.

“2226 / Baumschlager Eberle Architekte archdaily.com/451653/2226-be-baumsc

Blocks”. 2021. Juwoe.De. https://www. en-mit-ziegel.php.

erials”. 2021. BUILD. https://build. materials.

And Insulation| Koolfoam”. 2021. u/eps-sheets.

Wall Panels Explained - Tilt Wall Ontario a/blog/the-insulation-process-of-

en”. 2021. Archdaily. https://www. chlager-eberle.