Architectural Programming Lecture

Architectural Programming By: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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INTRODUCTION • The student should prepare a comprehensive architectural program that includes definition of functions, activities, utilities, areas, and volumes.

• The suitable size of Graduation Project ranges from 10,000 to 15,000 m² of usable area. This is the "total gross floors areas" not the "building foot print".

• The land area, outdoor activities and landscape depend on the site and has no limit or range. Outdoor and site areas are added to such a range.

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INTRODUCTION Project Complexity

• The project complexity should be related as shown on the following graph.

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10,000 m2

15,000 m2

Project Size 4

INTRODUCTION • The program should be relevant to the needs of the owner and expected users and consistent with architectural recent theories and design data.

• It should respect local and international standards.

• The student should work with the faculty advisor and the client (if available), to calculate the required areas in relation to the physical, environmental, and social context.

• The program is presented in the form of functions, areas, and relationships, space data sheets of the main spaces.

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION • It is imperative that the program or the predesign document outlines all the information and that each students should develop a set of design constraints and the design criteria that respond to them. • As well, the program document should include preliminary alternative concepts that articulate the program and respond to the constraints identified for each project and site.

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INTRODUCTION What is architectural programming?

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INTRODUCTION What is architectural programming?  Architectural programming is the research and decisionmaking process that defines the problem(s) to be solved by design.  Architectural programming is basically a research process to gather, analyze and document relevant information (human factors, functions & activities, relationships, cost, ordinances, site, climate…etc.) and then reach a conclusion.  Architectural programming establishes the appropriate criteria for the proper design solution (a guide), to identify the forces that influences the design (both internal and external).

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Architectural programming is the first step of the project lifecycle. Decisions taken at this stage affect the cost and operation of the project in the future.

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The most cost-effective time to make changes is during programming. This phase of a project is the best time for interested parties to influence the outcome of a project.

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The Project Lifecycle • Project Selection - define the goals (wants, needs, requirements, etc.); • Programming - research and document the related issues (facts, problems, potentialities, etc.); • Preliminary Design - in a schematic form, acknowledge the impact of those issues on the goals; • Design Development - interpret the spatial expression of the design, goals and issues; • Final Design - resolve the issues, and the inter-relationships, of the design, goals, and issues; • Documentation - prepare the contract drawings and specifications; • Construction - facilitate and monitor the fabrication and assembly of the built environment; and, • Evaluation - assess the quality of the built environment and its impact on the project's goals and users.

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IMPORTANCE OF PROGRAMMING • To provide the designer with the information needed to achieve the best possible solution to the problem at hand.

• The wide range and variety of projects and building types the architect is asked to design makes it impossible to provide training for all building types. Programming is the tool that enables architects to handle this wide range of buildings.

• The critical importance of the architect’s role in shaping the built environment.

• To avoid major mistakes in design decisions, which can be very expensive to correct.

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PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK

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PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK

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Introduction • Programs are prepared for three different design phases: – Master Planning – Schematic Design – Design development

• Should contain the information that the designer needs to make informed design decisions for that phase.

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Master Planning Requirements • Site Design (circulation, parking, drainage, retention, utilities) • Building Layout (overall building relationships, sizes, location, orientation, future expansion)

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Schematic Design Requirements • Building Design (building organization, size, orientation, image, growth, change) • Interior Design (user needs, activities, sizes, relationships, conditions) • Space identification and square meter allocation • Relationship matrices and diagrams Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Design Development Requirements • Space program sheets • Building systems requirements (materials, systems, processes)

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A Six-Step Process

Many different programming formats incorporate the same essential elements. In all cases, the design programming fits within a larger context of planning efforts which can also be programmed. For design programming for a building, we propose a six-step process as follows: 1. Research the project type 2. Establish goals and objectives 3. Gather relevant information 4. Identify strategies 5. Determine quantitative requirements 6. Summarize the program Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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EMERGING ISSUES • Some of the emerging issues in the discipline of architectural programming include: • Development of standards and guidelines for owners that build similar facilities frequently. These efforts include: – Formalizing (computerizing) building facility requirements for Web-based consumption—for example, the National Park Service has developed Facility Planning Model Web-based software to assist park superintendents and other staff in the development of space and cost predictions for legislative requests. The intention is to make budget requests more realistic and more comprehensive.

– Facility programming to make early predictions to aid in early capital budgeting.

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EMERGING ISSUES • Client-owners are increasingly requiring verification that the design complies with the program. sub-discipline as a career path.

• New technologies are generating a need for types of space which have no precedents. Basic research on these technologies is required to determine standards and guidelines.

• As more clients require measures for building energy and resource conservation standards (LEED, Green Globes, etc), the programming process needs to reflect these requirements in goals, costs, scheduling, and process.

• The supply of facility programmers is smaller than the demand. More professionals need to consider this sub-discipline as a career path.

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Program Preparation

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Program Preparation • • • • • • • •

Program Form Program Content Preliminaries Executive Summary Values and Goals Design Considerations Project Requirements Space Identification and Allocation • Relationship Matrices and Diagrams Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Space Program Sheets Budget and Cost Analysis Project Schedule Design Analysis Appendix

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Introduction • To process and organize the information so it can be communicated effectively to the client and the designer. • Understand the nature of the architectural problem. • Obtain their concurrence (approval) that the program document is correct as presented.

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Program Form • A variety of presentation format.

• Bound paper publication.

– Bound left edge (English) – Bound right edge (Arabic)

• Typical sizes: – 8 ½‖ x 11‖ or 8 ½‖ x 14‖ or 11‖ x 17‖

• Orientation – Vertical or Horizontal Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Program Form

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Program Form

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Program Content • Five to Eight sections including: – – – – – – –

An executive summary Values and goals Design considerations Specific project requirements Budget Schedule Appendix

• The nature of design problems will affect how each program is structured.

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Preliminaries • • • • • •

Cover sheet Transmittal Acknowledgement Directory Methods References

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Cover Sheet Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Transmittal Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Acknowledgement

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Directory • Persons that the design team should contact relative to specific areas of design: – – – – – –

Areas of concern Name Position Address Telephone E-mail

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Methods • A summary of the information gathering and analysis procedures used to produce the program document.

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References • Reference materials.

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Executive Summary • Purpose • Format

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Executive Summary - Purpose • It allows the executive to take only a few minutes to read and understand the nature of the architectural problem.

• It allows the designer to obtain an understanding of the entire design problem.

• It reveals to anyone the key issues to look for as they continue through the document.

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Executive Summary - Format • Only a few pages in length.

• State: – – – – – – – – – –

The organization’s mission/purpose How the project will serve these purposes The principal values or issues Specific goals to be achieved Important constraints or opportunities Special user needs Overall size and relationships The quality level of materials and systems The project schedule The project budget and preliminary cost estimates

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Values and Goals • First present the values and goals in simple phrases or sentences. • Followed by the programming matrix

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Design Considerations - Facts • Human (activities and characteristics) • Environmental (site and climate) • Cultural (traditions, laws, codes, and ordinances) • Technical • Other

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Design Considerations - Facts • Human (activities and characteristics) – Nature of organization and its activities – The organizational structure – The organization mission and goals

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Design Considerations - Facts • Environmental (site and climate) – Visual illustration of the location of the project: • • • • •

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The city or region in which the site is located Its immediate environmental context The characteristics of the site The climate and microclimate Other information.

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Source: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Source: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Source: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Source: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Source: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/q/QR41170.php

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Design Considerations - Facts • Cultural (traditions, laws, codes, and ordinances) – – – – –

The cultural context of the problem Community traditions Community fabric Urban design objectives Ordinances or special review procedures relating to site, building, or landscape appearances.

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Design Considerations - Facts • Technical – Controlled temperature or humidity requirements – Materials and finishes – Solutions similar to existing ones or alternative approaches

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Design Considerations - Facts • Other (facts or needs?)

– – – – – –

Image of facility Signage and way-finding Form and color Energy conservation Safety and accessibility Budget and time

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Project Requirements • Needs • Performance Requirements (PRs) • Design Requirements (DRs)

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NEEDS • Poorly developed programs  a simple list of the required spaces is the program.

• What space they think is needed without any systematic consideration of: – – – – – – –

The institutional purposes to be served Values to be expressed Project goals and objectives to be met Environmental or cultural context Special users Client/user design ideas Other considerations

• Reduces design to a puzzle-solving exercise.

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NEEDS • Contain compete information on the client’s and user’s: – – – –

Values Goals Objectives Factual constraints and opportunities

• Space needs compiled from programming matrix.

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Space Identification and Allocation • • • •

Tabular presentation Leadership Iconic representation Building efficiency

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Graduation Project Preliminary Program

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Student Name: Project Name: Item Sub-Items Description 1 (name) 1.1 (name) 1.2 (name) 1.3 (name)

# of Units Net Area/Unit

Toatal Net Area

Net to Gross Factor Gross Area

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

Total

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Grand Total

#VALUE!

Total 2

(name) 2.1 (name) 2.2 (name) 2.3 (name) Total

3

(name) 3.1 (name) 3.2 (name) 3.3 (name) Total

4

(name) 4.1 (name) 4.2 (name) 4.3 (name) Total

5

(name) 5.1 (name) 5.2 (name) 5.3 (name)

(Insert more rows as required)

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Space Identification and Allocation • Tabular presentation – Brown sheets or Grid sheets – Appropriate size for each space

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Space Identification and Allocation • Leadership – Lead lengthy work session discussions: • Number of persons who will be using the spaces • Activities in which they are likely to engage • Type and amount of furnishings and equipment that will be needed

– Point out norms and standards for space size – Help client/user group come to an understanding and agreement to what size each space must be.

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Space Identification and Allocation • Iconic representation – Illustrate space size with small rectangular figures at the same scale.

– Effective in showing laypersons the comparative size of spaces.

– Helpful to the designer – Designers are often more comfortable with iconic rather than numeric imagery.

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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Estimate the amount of additional square footage (meters) that will be required to account for unprogrammed spaces including: • • • • • • Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

Circulation spaces Walls Mechanical and electric rooms Janitor’s closets Rest rooms Miscellaneous storage 97

Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Estimate the amount of additional square footage (meters) that will be required to account for unprogrammed spaces including: • • • • • •

Circulation spaces Walls Mechanical and electric rooms Janitor’s closets Rest rooms Miscellaneous storage

N ÷

G

÷ X

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Building efficiency Gross Area

Assigned Net Area

Unassigned Area

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0.75 2

1.25

9 7

20 60

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Net Area Circulation Mechanical Walls Toilets Janitors Storage

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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – – – –

Very substantial percent of the building area Net-to-Gross Ratio or Building Efficiency Varies significantly for different building types If it is accounted for incorrectly, it can have a significant negative impact on building quality.

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Building efficiency

Efficiency = Net Area / Gross Area

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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Calculation of efficiency:

Net Area = Gross Area Efficiency 6000 m2 60% Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

= 10,000 m2 104

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams • Relationship Matrices • Relationship Diagrams Understanding relationships is a very basic and important part of architectural programming.

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams Three distinct levels: 1. Relationship of activities within an organization.

2. Relationship of activities to objects or places.

3. Relationship between different objects and/or places.

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

Relationship of activities within an organization

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

Relationship of activities to objects or places

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

Relationship between different objects and/or places Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams The programmer must discover the actual relationships and not make assumptions based on limited past experience.

• Food preparation  Eating • Kitchen  Activities

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams The programmer needs to have a good understanding of all the relationships between activities, objects, and places in order to know which activities and objects can and should be separated into distinct spaces or rooms, and which will work better in one common area.

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Relationship Matrices Relationship matrix develop and show how various spaces relate.

Every identified space is located vertically along one side of the matrix.

Lines at a 45-degree angle to the end of each identified space extend to provide one cell connecting each space to every other space.

A simple distinguishable code can be used to show the nature of the relationship between the spaces.

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Relationship Diagrams Small circles or ―bubbles‖ each of which contains the name of one of the identified spaces.

The bubble representing the space under consideration is drawn first, then other spaces relating to it are indicated in additional bubbles placed near the first bubble.

Heavy, medium, and light-weight lines can be used as a code to indicate strong, moderate, and weak relationships.

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Relationship Diagrams For simple buildings, it may be possible to prepare a diagram which, like the relationship matrix, shows the interrelationships of all interior and exterior spaces.

As the building becomes more complex, it is difficult to prepare such a diagram without implying some relationships that may not exist. It may be necessary to relate only the established major zones of the building.

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Space Program Sheet A space program sheet for each identified space includes: • Statement regarding the purpose • The square meter allocations.

• The important relationships for each space.

• Types and numbers of people who will use the space.

• The activities in which people will be engaged at various times of the day, week, and year.

• Furnishing and equipment needs.

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Space Program Sheet A space program sheet provides a complete miniature program for the space covered.

They are circulated throughout the client’s organization for review, comment, and correction.

The following are samples of program sheets.

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Program Example

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