Programming for design edith cherry chapter 1

Programming for Design: From Theory to Practice EDITH CHERRY

PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK

Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK

Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

Chapter 1 Introduction

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • What is Architectural Programming?

“Architectural programming is the research and decision-making process the defines the problem to be solved by design.”

• Architectural Programming process provides the designer with a clear definition of the scope of a project and the criteria for a successful solution.

– Human factors – Functions – Form-givers: Site and climate.

• Listen to and understand the client’s ideals and aspirations.

• Criteria for relationships of spaces and activities that support the client’s operations.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Lists of spaces • Client’s budget • Concepts of acceptable intensities of development • Synthesize the information and make statements that summarize the problem to be solved by design.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • A design can take a universe of possible forms But • When is completed it will have only one.

• AP process establishes the criteria appropriate to a particular project.

• The process provides the designer with guidance for selecting the most appropriate form.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction

History of Architectural Programming

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction History of Architectural Programming • Self-conscious and unselfconscious design • Unself-conscious – People create, by trial and error, forms that meet their basic social and physical needs.

– Traditions  Right way to design and program – Designer is Builder and User – Communication of Success and Failure is Automatic.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction History of Architectural Programming • Self-conscious and unselfconscious design • Self-conscious design – Tradition provides “archetypes” but does not dictate them.

– More freedom in the selection of forms  More opportunity for error.

– Designers don’t use or build the buildings they design – Communication about success and failure requires conscious effort (POE) – Failures may not be corrected in subsequent projects.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Science and Technology Arena – WW2 – Communication Technology • Communication techniques and information

– 1950s – Computer Technology • Process large amounts of information • Input – Output • What are your goals?

– 1957 – Space Travel • Techniques for examining existing systems • Designing new systems • System Analysis

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Sociopolitical Arena – 1950s and 1960s Racial issues – Problems of urban centers – failure of urban renewal programs – 1962 Gans – The Urban Villagers – Boston’s West End Urban renewal process insensitive and inhuman.

– Quality of Information!

– Whose values? Who is to consult?

– Community participation in planning urban renewal projects – Participation by the people – Public involvement – “Implicit” rather than “Explicit” process.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Academic Arena – Design Methods Research or Design Methodology - How we design!

– West Germany - Horst Rittle – Great Britain - Bruce Asher, Christopher Jones, Geoffrey Broadbent – 1960s Rittle  UC Berkeley (wicked problem) – Christopher Alexander  MIT & Harvard – Berkeley (Pattern Language) – Conferences on deign methods research

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Academic Arena – Alexander: • Participation in Design • Layperson to undertake for themselves the design of their environment

– User participation in the Design Process: • • • • • •

Habraken Friedman Brolin Zeisel Deasy Sanoff

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Academic Arena – Criticism: • Programming was viewed as the definition of the functional problem alone.

– Peter Rowe (Design Thinking): • Programming could define aesthetic, psychological and many other problems.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Academics researching design methods.

– Architects applying them in the filed.

– Postwar baby boom after the 1940s

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Caudill Rowlett Scott (CRS, CRSS) produced design criteria for new high school facility – Working with client prior to design - “Architectural Analysis – Prelude to Good Design”  Architectural Programming.

http://crs.arch.tamu.edu/about-us/history/

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Pena and Caudill – Programming as a vital part of architectural practice.

– 1977 Pena and Focke – “Problem Seeking” – CRS + HOK – Problem Seeking Approach – Davis – McLaughlin – Burns – Edward T. White – Preiser.

– Today the architectural programming phase of an architectural project is incorporated into standard architectural contracts and national architectural licensing examination.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Performance Specification Concept • Describes what a designed object should do rather than what it should look like or be made of (prescriptive).

• It should describe the desired performance and leave to the designer the development of forms to accommodate those performances.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – 1960s - Community Design Centers • Client (user) involvement • Providing architectural and planning services those communities and individuals who could not afford professional fees.

• Volunteers

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Performances Specifications – Public Participation – Systems Analysis

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • The Professional Practice Arena – Programming vs. Design • The act of programming implies a separation of the criteria definition process from the design act

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – The architect should be skilled at all states of architectural programming and be able to provide the service.

• Small Projects: without an additional service charges • Large Projects: client paying separately for the program to a specialist

– A new kind of professional who specializes in architectural programming.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming

Project Scale

P

D P D P D P/D

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Some professionals feel that it is the clients’ responsibility to provide the functional program and the architect’s responsibility to develop the architectural program.

– Good program addresses the problem in a comprehensive way, Qualitatively and Quantitatively.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Other professionals view the programming process to expand the client’s horizon significantly.

– Every building has a “hidden program” that is the basic social-physical form that society expects.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Some architects are skeptical about studying the design process at all.

– It affects Creativity!

– Programming restricts creativity!

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – Programming – Avoiding preconceptions.

– Our training as architects emphasizes solutions – Uncomfortable with programming.

– Our society rewards good answers much more than it rewards good questions.

– Uncover issues, prejudices and conflicts.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – A client is too busy to make the decisions.

– Investment – Involvement – Uncomfortable working closely with the users of the buildings – Clients don’t pay for it.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Professional Issues and Programming – How much programming is enough!

– More or Less.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Who does architectural programming?

– Clients: Those who build frequently – developers – real-estate companies - …

– Consultants: Develop the program independently of the design architects – Architects: In-house effort.

– A designer should always review the entire document before proceeding with design.

Part I: PREPARING FOR PROGRAMMING Ch. 1: Introduction • Summary – – – – –

Programming Process = Research + Decision Making Problems to be solved by design Conscious or Unconscious Programming as sub-discipline of architecture Programming precedes design phase

– Why programming should be done?

– When should it be done?

– Who should do it?

End