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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 2010 Architecture in the Middle East Course Book

Edited by Yasser Mahgoub

Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Table of Contents: Chapter 0 I. Past 1 2 3 4 II. Present 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 III. Future 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Name

Research Topic/Project

Yasser Mahgoub

Introduction

Al- Saadoun, Saad Al-Awadhi, Khalid Al-Bader, Dawood Boushehri, Noor Ahmad

Kuwait Timeline Impact of War Traditional architecture Elements Historical Buildings Conditions

Al - Enezi, Soltan Alqaoud, Yousef Rashed, Ahmed Hany Al-Terkit, Abdullah Alkazemi, Ali Aldhubibi, Nasser Al-Thaqeb, Abdullah Bablanian, Alin Al-Eisa, Abdulla Qamber, Esra

21st Century Globalization Impact Globalization/Localizatio Hybridity Urban Public Spaces Informal urbanization Downtown Towers Housing Provision for Kuwaitis Housing of the Expatriates Shopping Malls Gated Communities

Al.Sayegh, Sara Aldarwish, Ahmad Alsaiedomar, Afnan Alghadban, Ahmad Al Salman, Duha Al-Moshailikh, Fatima Boukomseen, Dalal Al Othman, Ghalia Yasser Mahgoub

Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

Pag e

Kuwait 3rd Master Plan The Silk City Jaber Bridge Kuwait Metro Planning of new developments to the South of Kuwait Heritage Village Kuwait Islands Al Shedadiyah Campus Concluding Remarks

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Introduction This book is the result of research and data collection done by students of Architecture in the idle East course taught by Dr. Yasser Mahgoub at Kuwait University, Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Petroleum in the Spring semester of 2009-2010 academic year. The course introduced architecture and urbanization in the Middle East using the following two books edited by Dr. Yasser El Sheshtawy and published by Rutledge: 1- Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaledioscope in a Globalizing World. Editor - Yasser Elsheshtawy Publisher: Routledge (10/30/2004) 2- The Evolving Arab City: Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development. Editor - Yasser Elsheshtawy. Publisher: Routledge (27/05/2008) Flowing this introduction, the students were assigned to research Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait. They were introduced with a list of possible topics to select from. The research topics were then expanded with a brief research plans. The students were provided with a word document to use as a template to follow in their writing. The following is the work submitted by the students ―without editing‖ from my part. In the future I might produce a revised and edited version.

The research topics covered past, present and future architecture and urbanization in Kuwait. They introduced the students points of views as a result of their research and investigations. As usual, most of the students were able to achieve good research results and appropriate conclusions.

Course Assignment: Kuwait University College of Engineering and Petroleum Department of Architecture Course Title: Architecture in the Middle East Course #: 421 Fall (2009-2010) Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Assignment Reports (Book) Researching Architecture in Kuwait Assignment: Each student is required to cover a selected a topic related to the lectures and readings and use project from Kuwait to research the topic.

Each student is required to document and present a contemporary, recent, or future project in Kuwait.

Each student is required to submit a 10 pages research report on topic and project highlighting its most important aspects.

Possible Topics on Kuwait I- The Past: Historical Moments - Kuwait planning and traditional architecture before the 1952 - The Impact of First Kuwait Master Plan of 1952 on the shaping of contemporary Kuwait city - Saba George Shiber assessment of Kuwait‘s urbanization during the 1960s.

- Impact of 20th century Modernization on Culture and Identity - Impact of War(s) on Kuwait Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait - Impact of International Architects and Architectural Firms on the Development of Kuwait‘s Architecture (Kuwait Landmarks, Utzon, Piatela, Erickson, SOM, ) - Impact of Kuwaiti Architects and Architectural Firms on the Development of Kuwait‘s Architecture (Hamed Shuaib, Saleh Al Mutawa, PACE, KEO, GC, SSHI, etc.)

- A Timeline of Kuwait‘s Development, Urbanization and Architecture II- The Present: Contemporary Conditions - Gated Communities - Impact of 21st century Globalization on spatial manifestations - Hybridity: Integration of local culture with foreign influence - Impact of International Architects and Architectural Firms on Kuwait‘s Contemporary and Future Architecture - Impact of Kuwaiti Architects and Architectural Firms on Kuwait‘s Contemporary and Future Architecture (PACE, KEO, GC, SSHI, College of Architecture!, etc.)

- The Loss and Search for an Architectural Identity - The Dual City: The rich and the poor!

- Urban Public Spcaes - The Fragmented City: Urban Sprawl and Loss of Sense of Place.

- Housing provision for Kuwaitis - Housing conditions of the expatriates in Kuwait: High, Middle and Low Economic Classes - Informal Housing - Informal Urbanization - Marginalized Populations - The living conditions of low paid migrant workers - Kuwait Waterfront - Historical Buildings Conditions: Degradation, Renovation, Revitalization, etc.

- Impact of Building Regulation on the Built Environment - Use of traditional architectural elements in contemporary architecture - Impact of Dubaization on Kuwait - Consumerism/Marketecture: Shopping Malls, Restaurants, Car Showrooms, Entertainment/Leisure cities, etc.

- Glocalization: Integrating the Global and the Local III- The Future: Mega Projects - The 3rd Master Plan - Developments South of Kuwait - The Silk City - Jaber Bridge - ―Sabah Al Salem‖ University City in Shedadiyah - Kuwait‘s Islands Future Plans: Failaka, etc.

- Downtown Towers - Towards Sustainability - Impact of Mega Projects on Environment: Jaber Bridge case study - Kuwait Metro - Kuwait Financial and Administrative Center - The Post-Oil Era Projects Tasks: Brief Research Plans Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 1- Nasser Khalifa: Downtown Towers Theme: Globalization and Image of the City - Collect information on the development of tall buildings in Kuwait: First tall buildings, Current tall buildings since 2000, and Under construction and Future tall buildings projects.

- Collect information of changes to building regulations of tall buildings in Kuwait.

- Take pictures of downtown towers (i.e. AlHamra, AlRaya, Trading Center, …)

- Discuss the positive and negative impact of these towers on the downtown urban environment (city image – infrastructure – traffic – climate – pollution – etc.)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3- Ahmad Aldarwish: The Silk City Theme: Globalization and Mega-projects - Collect information of the Silk City project.

- Use Erik Kuhn‘s site ( http://www.civicarts.com/ - http://www.civicarts.com/madinat-al-hareer.php ) to collect more information and images.

- Collect updated information from client, investor, architect, ect.

- Discuss architectural and urban design features and their relationship to globalization.

- Discuss impact on Kuwait‘s future urbanization.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4- Duha Bader Al-Salman: Planning of New Developments to the South of Kuwait Theme: Mega-projects and Urban sprawl - Collect information on formal and informal urbanization South of Kuwait.

- Collect information of future projects and planning schemes for South of Kuwait.

- Take pictures of examples of different types of urbanization South of Kuwait.

- Discuss positive and negative impact of these new developments.

- Present examples of current and future projects.

- Useful links: ( http://www.alwatan.com.kw/Default.aspx?tabid=227&article_id=553736 ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5- Dawood Al-Bader: Use of Traditional Architecture Elements in Contemporary Architecture Theme: Use of traditional elements and Architectural Identity - What are the architecture elements of traditional Kuwaiti architecture.

- Collect examples of different uses of traditional architectural elements.

- Discuss positive and negative uses of these elements.

- Interview several practicing architects and discuss with them their point of view.

- Take picture of several examples to use as an illustration of your argument.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6- Sara Al-Sayegh: 3rd Kuwait Master Plan (3KMP) Theme: Master Planning and Mega-projects - Collect information on history of Kuwait Master planning - Collect information on 3KMP. - Contact Municipality Master Planning Department - Interview Eng. Saad Al Muhailbi, Master Plan Coordinator at Kuwait Municipality and ask about updates.

- Focus on key features of the master plan.

- Discuss your point of view regarding the positive and aspects of the 3KMP. - Useful links: (http://www.baladia.gov.kw/ , ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7- Soltan Al-Enezi: 32st Century Globalization Impact Theme: Globalization and Identity Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait - Define and discuss ―Globalization‖ (What is Globalization? How does it impact cities and architecture indifferent parts of the world?)

- Discuss development of Kuwait city architecture and urbanization during the first decade of the 21st century.

- Collect examples of projects (constructed or under construction) during the first decade of the 21st century that illustrate the impact of Globalization.

- Discuss your opinion regarding the positive and negative impact of Globalization.

- Useful links: (http://www.archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=10068 ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8- Khalid Al-Awadhi: Impact of War Theme: War and Architecture - Collect information and pictures of the impact of war on architecture in Kuwait.

- Interview war survivors and discuss their views regarding the impact of war on the city and its architecture.

- Identify significant impact of war on architecture in Kuwait.

- Useful references: http://www.informedesign.umn.edu/Rs_detail.aspx?rsId=3312 , http://www.archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=10333 , http://www.archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=4759 ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9- Abdullah Al-Terkit: Urban Public Spaces Theme: Urban Public Spaces and Image of the City - Identify and survey examples of urban public spaces in Kuwait city.

- Analyze their use and development.

- Discuss their vitality and significance.

- Propose changes and revitalization policies.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:- Noor Boushehri: Historical Buildings Conditions Theme: Historical Buildings and Contemporary Conditions - Survey current conditions of historical buildings in Kuwait.

- Collect information on Preservation efforts and laws from Kuwait Municipality.

- Compare with efforts in other Gulf countries.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21- Afnan Alsaiedomar: Jaber Bridge Theme: Mega projects and Environmental Impact - Collect information on Jaber Bridge and its significance for the future plans of Kuwait.

- Interview Architect Mazyad Al Mutairi, President of Kuwait League of Architects.

- Search for environmental impact studies of Jabber Bridge project.

- Discuss its location options, design idea and environmental impact.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22- Abdullah Al-Thaqeb: Housing provision for Kuwaitis Theme: Housing Shortage and Provision - Collect information on housing provision for Kuwaitis since the discovery of oil.

- Collect information of Ministry of Housing and Housing Welfare Authority on current and future projects.

- Discuss pros and cons and effectiveness of housing provision plans.

- Collect pictures of housing typologies.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23- Abdulla Al-Eisa: Shopping Malls Theme: Future Meg-projects and New Urbanization Forms Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait - Collect information on the development of shopping malls in Kuwait.

- Contemporary luxurious shopping malls in Kuwait: Souq Sharq, Marina, Kut, Avenues, …

- Future shopping mall projects: The Avenues Future phases, The Mall of Kuwait, etc.

- The shopping mall as a new urban form.

- Discuss the impact of shopping malls on the urban experience in Kuwait.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24- Ahmed Rashed: Hybridity Theme: Architecture and Hybridity - Define the term ―Hybridity‖?

- Illustrate how is ―Hybridity‖ found in Kuwait?

- Collect examples and projects that illustrate this phenomenon.

- Discuss its positive and negative aspects.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25- Fatima Al-Moshailikh: The Heritage Village project Theme: Future Mega-projects and Identity - Collect information on the Heritage Village project.

- Visit and photograph the current progress of the project execution.

- Interview developer and consulting office.

- Compare with similar projects in Gulf region.

- Discuss positive and negative aspects of Heritage Village planning and design features.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26- Ahmad Alghadban: Kuwait Metro Project Theme: Future Meg-projects and Impact on Urbanization - Collect information regarding the Kuwait Metro Project.

- Discuss impact of Kuwait Metro Project on future urbanization in Kuwait city.

- Useful links: (http://rekuwait.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/kuwait-metro-ridership/ , http://www.248am.com/mark/interesting/kuwait-metro-network-map/ , http://www.gulfbase.com/site/interface/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?n=63972 ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27- Saad Al-Saadoun: Kuwait Events Timeline Theme: Urbanization Timeline - Collect information on the development of Kuwait urbanization and architecture.

- Develop a detailed timeline that illustrates relationship between architecture and urbanism and economic, political, social and cultural aspects.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28- Alin Bablanian: Housing of the Expatriates Theme: City Urban Structure and Image of the City - Collect information regarding population distribution in Kuwait.

- Develop a map to illustrate percentages of Kuwaiti and expatriates in different areas in Kuwait.

- Interview sample of expatriates (5) and discuss their living experience in Kuwait.

- Distribute a short questionnaire (30) and analyze feedback.

- Take pictures of different expatriates urban environments.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29- Ali Alkazemi: Informal Urbanization Theme: Formal vs. Informal Urbanization - Define ―Informal Urbanization‖ typologies?

- Survey forms of informal urbanization in Kuwait: (i.e. informal market places, outdoor vendors, formation of gathering places in abandoned sites, informal housing and spontaneous soccer games.)

- Develop a typology of informal urbanization in Kuwait.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait - Photos of examples of informal urbanization in Kuwait.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2:- Dalal Boukomseen: Kuwait Islands Planning: Failaka Island Theme: Future Mega-projects and Islands Development - Review Kuwait Islands planning initiatives.

- Focus of Faliaka Island as a case study.

- Present Failiaka Island Master plan.

- Discuss obstacles towards implementation of islands planning.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31- Yousef Alqaoud: Globalization/Localization (Glocalization) Theme: Globalization and Localization - What does Glocalization mean? (The term 'glocalization', which first started appearing among academic circles during the late 1980s, combines the words 'globalization' and 'localization'. … It is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but is also fashioned to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market. This means that the product or service may be tailored to conform with local laws, customs or consumer preferences. Products or services that are effectively "glocalized" are, by definition, going to be of much greater interest to the end user. …

"Glocalization" is an historical process whereby localities develop direct economic and cultural relationships to the global system through information technologies, bypassing and subverting traditional power hierarchies like national governments and markets. … The creation of products or services intended for the global market, but customized to suit the local culture.)

- How is it ―experienced‖ and ―expressed‖ in urbanization and architecture in different parts of the world?

- How is it ―experienced‖ and ―expressed‖ in urbanization and architecture in Kuwait?

- Discuss the negative and positive aspects of ―glocalization‖.

- Use architecture and urbanization examples to illustrate your discussion.

- Useful links: ( http://www.d.umn.edu/~cstroupe/ideas/glocalization.html , ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32- Esra Qamber: Gated Communities Theme: Globalization and Gated Communites Phenomenon - Define Gated Communities? (A gated community is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and sometimes characterised by a closed perimeter of walls and fences.)

- Survey different typologies of gated communities around the world.

- Discuss differences and commonalities between gated communities in Kuwait and other Gulf countries and different parts of the world.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33- Ghalia Al-Othman: Al Shedadiyah Campus (Sabah Al Salem University City) Theme: Future Educational Environments - Collect information regarding Shedadiyah Campus.

- Analyze project contents and design features.

- Discuss positive and negative aspects of planning and design.

-.Discuss impact of planning and design decision on future learning environments in Kuwait.

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Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Urban Public Spaces in Kuwait: A Critique Abdullah Abdulwahab AlTerkit Department of Architecture, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Khaldiya, KUWAIT Aboud316@hotmail.com ABSTRACT In the Introduction part of my research I will be talking about the different types of urban spaces that are present today in the Downtown Area of Kuwait City. I will state their problems and their current conditions. Among the different spaces present today are; Safat Square, AlJahra Gate Area, AlShaheed Park as well as the scattered open areas located in AlMubarakiya area.

In the main body of the research, I will continue to further analyze the above stated spaces and define the repercussions resulting from the lack of variety in spaces. Downtown Kuwait City is an area bustling with businessmen and employees from all walks of life. During the day, the lack of outdoor seating and pleasant public areas has a major effect on the lifestyle and mood of those people. I will explore the possible solutions for these problems through performing different tests and questionnaires on people occupying surrounding areas. Also, I will try and find out why most of the above stated areas are deserted and only occupied by a minority of Asian workers.

The advantages that will result from creating a well designed public space in an area full of businesses and multi-national corporations are endless. Business propositions and deals can be sparked during lunch break, employees can be fired over an excessively friendly conversation with their bosses, and people from all sorts of professions can mingle and interact igniting a multitude of opportunities that will otherwise be nearly impossible to attain.

In conclusion I will display my findings and solutions in both a theoretical and visual manner, as well as discuss the possible psychological and physiological results that a well-designed public space will bring about in the people.

Keywords: Urban, Public, Space, Sociability, Accessibility.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Urban Public Spaces are the breathing lungs of any city, and form a crucial part of the urban planning process.

The word ―urban‖ in the context of urban public spaces refers and relates to densely populated areas in the city, in this case referring to downtown Kuwait City. Public is a term that is used to refer to a matter which concerns the people as a whole. Therefore we see an image starting to form of what Urban Public Spaces really refers to.

In order to understand how an urban public space is supposed to function in a city like Kuwait City, I will display and discuss the characteristics of a successful space and how these characteristics are supposed to be implemented in order to maximize the outcome desired from the space. These characteristics include: visual accessibility, physical accessibility, sociability, activity, proportionality of the space to its surroundings.

2.

What makes a successful public space

2.1

Accessibility

Initially, an urban space needs to be accessible for pedestrian use, as pedestrians are the primary users of such spaces. A successful place would have good physical accessibility where, pedestrians can easily enter and exit the place without endangering themselves while trying to get there. Another crucial aspect is visual accessibility.

A successful place has to be correctly identified by passers-by from a distance so that they would mentally and subconsciously prepare themselves to enter or arrive in such a place.

How the space is physically and visually connected to its surroundings is also a vital consideration. The edges of the space and how they blend in with the rest of the urban fabric of the surrounding neighborhoods will dictate the success or failure of the place. If a space is surrounded by blank walls on most of its edges then it will soon

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait become a dead space infested with crime and ill doings. However, if a place is surrounded by buildings with rows of shops on the ground floor and is carefully positioned in relation to the surrounding transport arteries, then the space would become an instant sensation attracting hundreds of people a day.

2.2

Sociability

An important aspect of public spaces is their social life, and how people behave when using a public space and in what ways they communicate and interact with each other. A sociable space is a space that encourages interaction with strangers, and pushes its users to communicate with each other. This is one of the most difficult results a designer could achieve, however there are certain elements that are present in some spaces which makes them superior to others. Adequate seating is a must in a successful space, and must be considered during the design phase of any space instead of being an afterthought. The seating configuration in a space will hugely impact how people interact with each other, and is a huge determinant of how people will use the space.

2.3

Activity

Activity in a public space attracts visitors and can be the soul and life of the place. People start integrating and communicating within the space because of a certain activity going on.

2.4

Proportionality to Surroundings

For a space to function well and have a welcoming aura to it, it has to be well designed and proportioned to its surrounding buildings. If a space is quite small and surrounded by skyscrapers, it will definitely give an intimidating feeling to users, if any. There are certain guidelines that designers must follow in order to come up with relatively good spaces, and for users to be comfortable and enjoy their time in the space.

3.

Kuwait’s History with Public Spaces

After displaying the characteristics of successful public spaces, this section will discuss how the historical spaces in the old city were far more humane and thriving than our modern-day spaces.

Alsafat Square (Figure 1) in the old city of Kuwait had a symbolic reference to it, referring to the unity of the Kuwaiti people where they would all congregate to hear important announcements made by the leaders of the city-state back in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Kuwaitis from all walks of life; the tradesmen, the merchants, the workers, men, women and children would all gather in this space and interact in a very harmonious manner.

Travellers visiting the country from England, India and Africa would come to this place to exchange their goods and perform the activities of trade. The place in itself had a soul strengthened by how the people would constantly and effectively interact with each other whether on an economic or a socio-cultural manner. The space also provided a major ―breather‖ from all the dark alleys and walkways throughout the fabric. Religious ceremonies and celebrations would also take place there.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 1: Alsafat Square circa 1940 After the discovery of oil, Kuwait‘s old buildings were demolished and with them, the public spaces of the old town disappeared. In 1977 Kuwait‘s master plans (Figure 2) were drawn up and contained numerous public open spaces within the city‘s centre along with green patches and gardens.

4.

Figure 2: 1977 Kuwait masterplan Modern-Day Kuwait and Public Spaces

Kuwait City‘s present day public spaces are either an empty square or a garden, or a combination of both.

Apparently it seems like somewhere between 1977 and 2010 something must have gone wrong with the planning department in the Kuwait Municipality. The places are scattered throughout the city and are sometimes much neglected and in terrible conditions. The spaces I will be discuss here are; Alshaheed Park, Aljahra Roundabout, Safat Square, Mubarakiya Squares, Joint-Banking Complex Plaza, and Alirada Square.

4.1

Alshaheed Park

Alshaheed Park, located at the beginning of the First Ring Road off Dasman Roundabout, is a large Park built at the periphery of the Downtown area of Kuwait City, separating it from the residential areas of Dasma

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait and Mansouriya. It used to be part of the ―green belt‖ which surrounded the city but has been removed in the past two decades.

To reach this park, the only methods of transportation are by car or bus. You cannot reach this place plainly as a pedestrian as it is surrounded by main roads and highways. At first sight, the park is quite large but the first thing to strike you once you approach it is that it is fenced, negating every principle of a public space (Figure 3).

The minute any space is fenced gives it a sense of privacy although it may be intended to be completely public. I was hesitant to enter the place wondering if this is the right entrance, only to be further surprised that it is the only entrance.

It is quite a vast space occupied by only a handful of people when I visited on a Saturday afternoon (Figure 4a).

It is quite well maintained and actually quite pleasant, but in my opinion, it has failed as a public space due to the fact that it is fenced and is located in a relatively remote area to the downtown of Kuwait. As a personal proposition I thought of other places where this pleasant park can be located, and the first thing which came into mind is the area between the Grand Mosque and the Kuwait Stock Exchange, an area bustling with people on any day of the week (Figure 4a, 4b).

Figure 3: The park‘s relatively humble entrance

Figure 4a, 4b: A picture taken inside the park(a) and (b) the same picture super-imposed on a view of the Kuwait Stock Exchange Area.

4.2

AlJahra Roundabout

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait AlJahra Roundabout is a historical site in Kuwait City, harboring the famous Jahra Gate from when the city was walled during the 19th and early 20th century. The area is quite prestigious and elegant with 5 star hotels overlooking the roundabout and prime dining and shopping facilities. However, everyone seems to be neglecting the historical symbolism of the gate and focusing on the surroundings. When standing in the vicinity of the gate you witness a timeline of Kuwait‘s growth from a mud brick town to a modern city in the 1960s to a shallow plastic collection of skyscrapers in the past decade.

On a Friday night the place is packed with Asian expatriate workers enjoying their weekend. They assemble in the area because it has one of the biggest bus stations in Kuwait where most bus routes end. Kuwaitis are nowhere to be found on any day of the week, and pedestrian locomotion is suicidal due to the heavy traffic at the roundabout.

Figure 5: A view of the roundabout, the gate and the surroundings.

Figure 6 (Left): The Roundabout‘s vicinity on a Friday night Figure 7 (Right): A close-up view of the Gate.

The primary reasons behind the failure of this space as a public place are the fact that the area is very poorly maintained, and the stigma associated with the clash between social classes. Another major factor is the areas accessibility; crossing the road to reach the Gate‘s plaza is very difficult during rush hour or off-peak hours.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Providing pedestrian access, and engaging the space with specific activities will inject life into the place and give it a certain identity instead of the bland image it has today.

4.3

AlSafat Square

I have only very recently found out where AlSafat Square is located, while conducting this research. I am very well acquainted with the streets and alleys of Downtown Kuwait, but I never really knew what the AlSafat Square looked like. It seems that it has been obliterated from existence and has ceased to be mentioned in the general public‘s everyday interests.

When arriving at AlSafat Square the first thing you notice is that the space is actually invisible from the street and is sunken below street level. The space is too big in relation to the surrounding buildings, and it is quite an awkward space to even walk through. It feels very uncomfortable and too exposed and quite unfriendly to human scale especially the sculpture placed near the street.

AlSafat has undergone several transformations both physically and symbolically from being one of Kuwait‘s landmarks to a marginalized space barely used today. As a proposed solution, the space must be divided into smaller cellular spaces in order to humanize the space and make it into a more comfortable area to occupy. As a necessity it must be raised to street level to ensure visual accessibility, and adequate seating must be provided as well as appropriate activities.

Figure 8 and 9: A comparison between the old Safat Square and the modern day version. Figure 9 (right) shows how the square is sunken and empty at noon.

Figure 10: A top view of AlSafat Square showing its awkward shape and position in relation to the surrounding buildings.

4.4

Mubarakiya Squares

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Almubarakiya is an old district in the city which houses the markets of the old city which are still thriving today. The squares injected within the district are in my opinion the most successful examples of public spaces in Kuwait, partly because of their proximity to shopping facilities and not due to their design.

These squares are well-defined and prevent the space from leaking and floating aimlessly. Their shapes, entrances and connections to the surroundings are satisfactory and perform their desired functions. The spaces have adequate seating for users to rest, converse and have a quick snack. At the periphery of AlMubarakiya larger spaces are provided where users can sit down at the restaurants, dine, smoke or just watch other people, as people watching is the number one activity in public spaces. There are playgrounds for children to amuse themselves while their parents sit down and have a meal. Even though the space is fully occupied on most days, the only attractions which appeal to the people to visit the place are the shopping facilities and the dining options. The place has no vegetation what so ever and lacks the true essence of a sociable public space where strangers network over a cup of coffee. The only talking that happens there is between friends and family.

Figure 11: AlMubarakiya mini squares.

Figure 12: The Larger squares of AlMubarakiya which only act as basins to receive more diners.

As a proposal to resolve the place‘s issue, more diverse activities can be provided, or political and cultural events can be conducted in the area. The place definitely needs more greenery to visually compensate for the

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait overflow of heads in the above picture (Figure 11). Walkways should be integrated within the seating configuration to allow for a more definite interaction between strangers.

4.5

Sahat Alirada (‫)ساحة االرادة‬

Sahat Alirada is conveniently located opposite Kuwait‘s Parliament building on the Gulf Road, and serves its function well; to allow citizens to voice their opinions to the officials of the country. It is very difficult to access due to the heavy and fast-pace traffic on the Gulf Road. It is also more of a destination rather than a space as it is completely cut off by the road from any neighboring buildings. It is only defined by the surrounding sand shores and trees.

On days of political rest in Kuwait, Sahat Alirada is absolutely empty which means it was only created to serve a specific function, contrary to regular public spaces. However, on days of political upheaval in the country, you can barely find a parking space near the place due to the large audience usually listening to public speakers and parliament members. Due to the unique characteristics of this space it cannot be judged as a regular public space.

In my opinion it is very successful in serving its purpose, however it would be much more pleasant to give the area pedestrian access as well as more diversified functions and events such as social and cultural festivals and so on.

Figure 13: People flock to the place to support specific causes.

Figure 14: The amount of people who assemble in this area is shocking; however diversifying the functions would give the place a much more solid character and role in Kuwaiti Culture.

5.

Concluding Thoughts

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Urban spaces in Kuwait city are becoming extinct, at least the successful ones are. Could it be that our main concern to have a public space is to go there and eat, or feed some sort of desire for attention or to see and be seen?

Most of the spaces in the city are haphazard and are a result of unconscious planning. For spaces to have their full effect, they have to be designed properly with specific seating and specific desires in mind ranging from who to serve to what to plant. New and creative activities need to be implemented, feeding the human‘s desire to know, see and learn, creating some sort of culture, instead of relying on malls, which are not public spaces and cannot substitute public spaces. The foremost intention behind providing public spaces is to enhance our lives and provide a chance for people and buildings to ―breathe‖, and not to waste prime real estate land like most of our decision-makers think. Therefore an educational reform is in demand, to educate the younger generation about the importance of well designed public spaces and how they enhance and enrich our lives with a multitude of experiences unattainable in any other space.

Urban design is an integral part of the success of any city, and is definitely what will decide the success or failure of a public space. Therefore the Urban Design committee of any city must have enough education and awareness to integrate public spaces within the fabric of the city in order to create the desired effects and results.

REFERENCES Carmona, M. and Heath, T. (2005). Public Places, Urban Places: The dimension of Urban Design, Architectural Press. UK Shaftoe, H. (2008). Convivial Urban Spaces: Creating Effective Public Places. Earthscan Press. USA Campos, M. (2000). Urban public spaces: a study of the relation between spatial configuration and use patterns. University of London. UK Dixon, J (2007). Urban Spaces No. 3, The Design of Public Places. Visual Reference Publications. New York USA. Steffan, I. (2004). Urban planning and accessibility of urban spaces.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

JABER BRIDGE Mega Projects and Their Environmental Impacts Afnan Hashim Al-Sayed Omar Architecture Department Student, Kuwait University, KUWAIT Email address: afnan-88@hotmail.com ABSTRACT What is the environmental impact of Jaber Al–Ahmad Bridge? Jaber Al–Ahmad Bridge is one of the mega projects designed to link the old Kuwait city with the new Silk city in Sabbiyah passing through the Kuwait Bay. It will provide good opportunities for Kuwait to enlarge its inhabited areas and move people to live in the North. Many paths were proposed to link the old and new cities, but they were narrowed to two; one is from the FIRST RING ROAD to Sabbiyah, and the other is from AL-GHAZALI ROAD to the same area.

Which path is the most suitable to have the bridge to be built on? Which one has the less effect on the environment and on the Kuwait Bay's living creatures? And what are the dangers carried by the bridge construction on the Bay? It's important to study the entire social, economical, environmental, and traffic standards criteria that each path has. Since the Bay area is very sensitive and critical, a concentration on the environmental impact of the bridge should be considered at the top level because, if it's not taken seriously, future problems will appear gradually and it will be more about destruction than building and construction.

Also it must be studied carefully to choose the path that has fewer effects on the environment. Analyzing the problem will be from different points of view; each is seeing one path as the best suitable path with giving reasons and evidences. To have the best study results, information about these impacts must be collected from the daily newspapers articles about this topic. An example of similar kind of bridges is included in the paper to have a comparison between the two.

Keywords: Bridge, Environmental Impact, Silk City.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Creating new cities in the Arab region is needed to control the growth in population that is increasing every year. Seeing the new creation of cities that is now happening in the Gulf Countries like Dubai and Doha is opening the chances for other countries to do so. Talking about Kuwait, most of its lands are empty and have no life action happening in them. People need to expand to the empty lands to reduce the population pressure occurring in the City Center of Kuwait. That's when the idea of building a new city in Kuwait showed up. A city in the northern parts of Kuwait will be built to achieve the desired goals. Al Sabbiya City situated in the northern edge of Kuwait bay will attract citizens and expatriates to live and invest. The Silk City is way too distanced from Kuwait City; it needs a shorter link to connect both cities together. This connecting link must be a bridge passing on the Kuwait Bay rather than passing through the long distance and moving along the edges of the bay.

Kuwait approved a new project of the bridge; which was called JABER AL AHMAD BRIDGE to shorten the distance between both cities and encourage the interaction between them. But the Bay area is a very sensitive and critical area that will be negatively affected and harmed by the bridge's foundations and construction process. So the government was struggling to choose the best path to situate the bridge on which has the less harm on the environment. Will the proposed path, which was approved by the government, be safe and friendly to the environment? What is the environmental impact of the bridge on the bay? What are the other social, economical, and traffic impacts of the bridge? Are there other substitutes for the bridge to connect Kuwait City with Silk City? And what are the other examples of a bridge connecting two cities along water?

2.

RESEARCH ANALYSIS

2.1

The New City

As a result of the rapid growth of population in Kuwait, the Kuwaiti Government planned a new strategy to control that growth through expanding the inhabited areas in its lands. Most of the lands in Kuwait are owned by

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait the oil sector, which is limiting the chances of expansion of urban fabric and building away from Kuwait City.

The Kuwaiti Government's vision is to create a mini sample or copy of Kuwait City in Sabbiya and call it the Silk City. It is a multi-purpose city accommodating aspects of economy, commerce, culture, residence, and entertainment. The City of Silk will have all the facilities needed for Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis; universities, schools, hospitals, residential units, shopping malls, factories, power stations, etc. depending on the special location of Sabbiya next to Bubiyan Island. It will mark Kuwait to be on the top and will be considered the city of the 21st century in the Middle East. The new city will be built over 250 square kilometers. The specialists' and experts' study results showed that the Silk City will create investment opportunities and attract both local and foreign investors, provide job opportunities for more than 300,000 people, and provide housing for over 750,000 people.

Figure 1: The City of Silk Sky Line. (Source: madeenat al hareer website) 2.2

Problem and Solution – The Bridge

A major problem occurred while planning for the new city; the distance between Kuwait City and Sabbiya is too long. Cars have to move along the periphery of Kuwait Bay to reach Sabbiya, and that does not achieve the desired goal of attracting people from the inside and outside of Kuwait to settle in the new city. The only existing road that connects Sabbiya with Kuwait City is 104 kilometers long. As a solution, the government thought that the idea to link both cities together is a must. It is necessary to create a shorter link that will bring the maximum benefits of the silk city. That when creating a bridge was needed. Jabir Al Ahmad Bridge was the solution that will link Kuwait city with the new silk city in Sabbiya. The main goals of the bridge are: to develop the new city, to merge the Northern parts of Kuwait with the Middle and Southern parts, and to encourage and develop the social and economical interaction between the new and old cities.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 2: An Outline Showing the Original Distance and the Bridge's Distance between Kuwait City and Silk City. (Source: internet)

2.3

Bridge Descriptions

The bridge will start from the intersection point of the Ghazali Expressway with Gamal Abdel Nasser Street, near the port of Shuwaikh extending above the Kuwait Bay and will reach Sabbiya in the north. The total length of the bridge will be 37.5 kilometers. 31 meters of it will be elevated from the starting point until it reaches the other end in Sabbiya and the other 6.5 meters will be built over a flat parts on the ground when it reaches Sabbiya area. Its width is a total of 31 meters and it has a height of 28 meters above sea level. The bridge consists of two directions; each contains three lanes and an emergency lane on the right side. It also has U-Turn points distributed accordingly along the bridge. It will be hanged from the middle to let the large ships pass under. Building a suspended bridge in the middle needs a ground base; that leads to the idea of creating two artificial islands on the sides to also accommodate a gas station, a medical department, a coast guard unit as well as other facilities like restaurants and hotels.

Figure 3: A Rendered Image of Jaber Bridge (Source: internet from M. O. P. W.)

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 4: The Two Artificial Islands on the Sides of the Bridge (Source: internet)

2.4

Before That!

Let us read the story from the beginning! Before choosing the Bridge's path and starting point, many extensive studies on the site of the bridge were made. The studies were done by international experts because of the location of the bridge; which will be located on the Kuwait Bay and it is a very sensitive and critical area. The experts proposed 26 paths for Jaber Bridge and they studied them all one-by-one. Each path was given a unique name so they'll be easily analyzed. The Kuwait Municipality, the Environment Public Authority, the Ministry of Public Works, the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait University, and the Public Authority of Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources- all did the intensive studies on all the proposed paths. They based their studies on many factors; traffics, development, aesthetics, cost, etc. Other studies were mainly concentrated on the environment; studies on the sailor movement and depth of marine, environmental impact assessment, geological studies, planning and traffic studies, and sustainable maintenance. The paths were narrowed to only three; the path 1B that starts from Al Ghazali Road in Shuwaikh Port, the path 4B that starts from the first ring road in Dasman & Bnaid Al Gar, and the path 5B that starts from the second ring road in Dasman & Da'eia.

They were the best three paths which almost accommodate all the study results. But after that the path 5B was eliminated because it was the less of the three paths to fulfill the desired goals. The competition was only between paths 1B and 4B.

Figure 5: A Map Showing the Proposed Paths 1B, 4B, and 5B (Source: internet)

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 5: an Image Showing the Location of the Bridge in its Starting Point 4B. (Source: AlRai Newspaper, 2010) 2.5

Pros and Cons

The studies that were made on the paths 1B and 4B have resulted many negatives and positives of each path.

Let's take them one by one and compare.

The negatives that were seen in the path 4B- the 1st ring road- are: 1.

It requires a modification on Al Estiqlal Road and removing precious properties on it sides to create 4 lanes.

2.

It will lead to more traffic jams and it needs many Anchor points to join the bridge with other streets. (from the Ministry of Public Works) 3.

It will affect and disturb the aesthetics of the sea front area.

4.

It cannot stand the traffic density that comes from the bridge to all the parts of Kuwait.

The positives that were seen in the path 4B- the 1st ring road- are: 1.

It will take the shortest time journey from all the areas in Kuwait.

2.

It will attract more people to live and invest there.

3.

It has the less harm on the environment.

4.

It will be connected to the touristic places located next to the 1st ring road.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

The negatives that were seen in the path 1B- Al Ghazali road- are: 1.

The Free Trade Zone has a great impact on the environment; its activities are already polluting the sea, so it's enough to have one source of pollution rather than increasing the loads on it.

2.

Al Ghazali Road is very crowded most of the time and its users suffer from the delays, so that will cause so many problems for the new city inhabitants.

3.

Possible Oil reserves are close to the path, so, drilling process may affect the bridge in a dangerous way.

4.

The path will get in the way and affect the movement of the oil excavation equipments.

5.

It'll destroy all the environmental systems and the living ecological systems in that specific area of the bay.

6.

Kuwait bay is a very shallow area that contains dense coral reefs, soft waves, weak sea currents, etc and they will all be affected.

7.

Fish resources in that location of the bay have special conditions that need a special care, thus creating the bridge on top will destroy them.

The positives that were seen in the path 1B- Al Ghazali road- are: 1.

It is the closest point to the City Center, Shuwaikh port, and the airport.

2.

It is a radial road that is linked to all ring roads.

3.

Linking the bridge with Al Ghazali Road will reduce the traffic jams that occur in it.

4.

It will correspond to the developmental investment plans of Kuwait Bay and the Silk city.

2.6

My Own Observation

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait I noticed from the pros and cons which are related to Path 4B and Path 1B that some of them somehow contradict with others and some of the positives in one path are considered as negatives in the other path. The reason is that each of the pros and cons was given from a different academic or governmental source. Each sector was seeing the situation from its own view, so, that explains all the contradictions I noticed before.

2.7

After All!

The path from Al Ghazali Road was chosen despite all the objections from Kuwait University, the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, and the Environment Public Authority. But instead, these sectors put strict requirements and conditions to bring the chosen path to the safest state and to protect the Bay from any possible environmental damage. The Environment Public Authority had listed many strict conditions to protect the Kuwait Bay from any environmental effect. Also, the Ministry of Public Works changed the features of the main sailing bridge from 120 meters long and 23 meters high into 700 meters long and 60 meters high to allow the passage of the large Bannmax ships loaded with sand and rocks. Also the Ministry obliged the designers to change the height of the bridge next to Shuwaikh Port in order to allow the high-altitude trucks to pass under the bridge as well as to accommodate the new height of the main bridge. All these requirements delayed the bridge's construction process. But at least experts announced that all problems were resolved, obstacles were removed, and the bridge will be done in 2011 (although the constructions haven't begun yet!!!!). And they concluded that the environmental impact is no more than 1% (then why all the studies?????).

2.8

Still There Are Some Objections!

Dr. Lamyaa‘ Hayat (a Chemistry Professor from Kuwait University) objected on the situation of building a bridge on top of Kuwait Bay. She‘s completely against the idea of building any bridge on top of the bay. She said that its water is shallow (from all directions and cannot stand the pressure of the bridge structure. The bay's maximum depth is up to 20 m only. Its area is already polluted and the water in that location will be extremely affected by car gases. The pollution will transfer to the bay entrance where valuable fish resources are located.

Figure 6: Dr. Lamyaa' Hayat. (Source: Al Qabas, 2006) 2.9

Alternative solution

Dr. Hayat Proposed a cheaper, faster, and safer alternative. Her Alternative of the bridge is to have a fast Electric train that works by electricity and takes its electric power from Sabbiya Power Station. The train won‘t create any environmental pollution and it will shorten the distance more than a bridge does. Dr. Lamyaa' announced that the train‘s ability to carry construction materials is double the ability of the bridge with the vehicles, which can reduce the construction time to start working with the new Silk City.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Source: (internet)

Figure 7: Dr. Hayat's Environmental Solution 1.10 An International Example Hangzhou Bay Bridge is considered one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. It was opened to the public since May 2008 after a considerable period of testing and evaluation. It is an S-shaped stayed-cable bridge with six lanes in both directions. It's linking Ningbo in the south to Jiaxing in the north. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is one of the longest sea-crossing bridges in the world - 36 km long-. It is expected to have a 100-year lifespan. The bridge shortened the highway travel distance between Ningbo and Shanghai by 120 km from 400 km and reduced travel time from 4 to 2.5 hours. The bridge has a traveling speed of 100 kilometers per hour.

It is expected to greatly lighten traffic flow in the booming Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo triangle. It will also help increasing economic integration and development in the Yangtze River Delta, which covers almost 100,000 square kilometers of land and is home to 72.4 million people. The special platform that is connected to the bridge was the first invention of its kind in China. It has an area of 10,000 square meters. It can be accessed directly by a small bridge connected to the big bridge. This platform was used as a field during the implementation of the project, and a base to work within the sea. After the completion of the bridge construction, it is now a platform for assistance and ambulance transport services in the sea, alongside with tourism services.

Figure 8: A Map Showing Hangzhou Bay Bridge Connecting Ningbo with Jiaxing. (Source: internet)

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Source: (internet)

Figure 9: The S-shaped Stayed-Cable Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Source: (internet)

Figure 10: The Construction Process of Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Source: (internet)

Figure 11: The Platform Connected to the Hangzhou Bay Bridge 3.

CONLUDING THOGHTS

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Jaber Al Ahmad Bridge will open new horizons for Kuwait. It will connect and merge the Northern parts with the other parts of Kuwait. The bridge will encourage and develop the social and economical interaction between Kuwait City and the City of Silk in Sabbiya. It will also shorten the original distance between both cities which is 104 km into 37.5 km. Jabber Al Ahmad Bridge will speed up the opportunities for investors to put their monies in mega projects in Kuwait. Also it is going to attract hundreds of thousands of Kuwaitis and nonKuwaitis to settle in the New National Project of Sabbiya.

But !!!!

Is the chosen path 1B that starts from Al-Ghazali Road the most suitable path to have the bridge on it? Will it have the less environmental impact after removing the obstacles and following the strict conditions that the environmental sectors set? Are all the problems and obstacles of Jaber Bridge really resolved? And will Jaber Al Ahmad Bridge have a life span of 100 years like the amazing Hangzhou Bay Bridge?

We hope that all the answers are YES! REFERENCES Al-Watan Newspaper. (2003-2009) local news articles. Kuwait: Dar Al-Watan ّ ‫حسم انخالف حول اننواحي انبيئية ع‬. Kuwait Zakariya Mohammad, Al-Qabas Newspaper. (2009) ‫طم جسر جببر األحمد‬ Lamyaa' Hayat., Al-Qabas Newspaper. (2006) ‫جسر انصبية يدمر انتوازن انبيئي في جون انكويت‬. Kuwait Green Line Group, http://www.greenline.com.kw/news/150404.asp http://arabic.china.org.cn/arabic/276510.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay_Bridge http://www.hangzhoubaybridge.com/bridge.asp http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385488.html

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Kuwait Metro Ahmad Nasser Al-Ghadban Architecture Department Student, Kuwait University, KUWAIT

ABSTRACT

Since the discovery of oil in Kuwait a rapid change happened to its urban fabric. The new planning considered to divide the country using ‗‘ring road‘‘. This ‗‘road ‗‘ grid dividing system created separated districts, where cars use was increased to transport from place to place. At that time it was not an issue to consider but in present time the rapid increase in cars numbers broke the limit of the streets capacity which resulted in traffic crisis.

Figure 1 : traffic jams

Figure 2 : Kuwait map The impact of this issue caused many problems almost in all levels not only traffic jams and closing of roads. For example, wastage of time , car accidents and pollution of the city. The negative effect goes also beyond that, it reaches to peoples personal lives, their career leading them to have unstable life and their health condition got worse due to the anger.

Kuwait Government of was forced to step up and make a move solving this crisis . It started to reinforce KPTC " Kuwait Public Transportation Company " by providing more buses and enhancing the quality of the system . This effort did not work as good as planned for because the scar while Kuwaiti's still preferred using their own cars to transfer from one place to another.

These plans reduced the problem is a small amount. That‘s when the government started to search for better solutions to help solving the problem, not only that but also to help the city to grow more as it was suggested in the planning of the 3rd master plan.

A lot of attention were put to study the situation many studies and effort was focused on defining the problem and putting key solutions to it. With the help of the new technology systems in transportation. A new vision arose to the government of Kuwait of having a rail system that offers better transpiration in a much higher quality.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Kuwait Metro / Category | Infrastructure

As what was said previously, bus's were the primary transport elements holding the public transportation system in the city and that was not enough to solve the problem. So due to the developments in the world new metro systems, which offer more comfort than the old style trains. Kuwait government was encouraged to adapt the idea of having a rail system that work along with the bus's to provide more options and give a higher quality for the public transport system.

Figure 3 : New rails systems This solution was common because the rail systems from history were used to provide a better transport for the users and loosen the dependency of cars. Many successful examples in the world can be mentioned here, for example Cairo rail system that had a great impact on the development that happened in Egypt.

Almost all the developed cities has its own rail system which basically shows the importance of this system to have in the country.

The attention of having the system created new form of architecture which is called '' subway architecture '' which also enhanced the image of the system for government to adapt and apply in their countered.

Kuwait government aim to satisfy many Goals through the introductionOf the metro, in the following some of the goals : Developing kuwait state Globally and regionally To ease the idea of having different cities which can be linked easily Reduction of traffic in streets Offering new jobs and help in governmental business Improving the trading and industrial systems Shortage the distance ( moving fast ) Supporting the investing sector The metro planning The plan was highly focused and related to the density and disruption of the people in the old cities and the NEW proposed cities, with major attentions to provide a system that supports the old buss's system to they can benefit from each other, and its suppose to go under the B.O.T umbrella so it doest overload the government budget.

The system will be using electricity to work which will makes it friendly to the environment and lower the pollution level in the city.

The plan calls for 171km inner-city metro project will result in four lines being built across Kuwait City, linked to the new rail network on the outskirts of the capital.

It consist of 4-lines the following diagram will show each line and the districts it passes through weather its above ground or underground :

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 4 : Planning scheme Each line of the 4-lines is responsible to connect major districts together as following : Line One : from Fahaheel – Kuwait City – Jahra Line Two : from Salmiya – Hawalli – Kuwait City Line three : from Farwaniya – Hawalli Line four : From Airport – Kuwait City

In the following chart it shows every line length and cost, along with the overall budget The national inner railway cost around ~ $ 13.5 billion K.D. this high cost is the main reason that led the government to delay the project and make more study about it. Since the metro consider to be a low cost transpiration system the tickets value will be small and the income of the project will not be as much as the cost so basically it has risks on the countries budget along with the success of the system .

Line types : The designed is divided into two part above ground and underground. This offers control in cost as above ground is cheaper than underground plus the better control in term of land uses.

The project offers a good number metro stations in a walk able distance all over the area to encourage the use of it.

In the following diagram a list of the stations number along with a '' ground/underground '' divisions :

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 5 : Ground/underground division – metro stations

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Time Vs cost : Since the metro aims to save time and lower the cost a major study of the system lines was studied to show time vs cost relation ship, as following :

Figure 6 : Metro Plan Line 1 : 8.33 minutes average time savings in the use of metro users between the metro and buses.1.70 minutes average time savings in the use of metro users between the subway and car Average savings of material thirty years is 450.37 million dinars Line 2 : 7.66 minutes average time savings in the use of metro users between the metro and buses.1.28 minutes average time savings in the use of metro users between the subway and car Average savings of material thirty years is 326.54 million dinars Line 3 : 9.25 minutes average time savings in the use of metro users between the metro and buses1.70 minutes average time savings in the use of metro users between the subway and car Average savings of thirty years is 584.41 million dinars Gulf region countries and the Metro plan : Kuwait plan of having the metro is a smaller scale for a bigger dream which all the gulf region countries are trying to make which is a rail system that connect all the countries to ease the transportation between the countries and unite them together .

Case study : Dubai Metro

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 8 : Dubai metro plan Dubai recently started the first metro system in the gulf. The project had significant impact on dubai as it aim to help the city to lower the pressure of cars traffic and lead the city to have a better environment .

This project of metro Dubai offer quality and performance which made encourages the people to use it in daily bases which is exactly the goal of it to lower the traffic jams in the city.

This ability to attract people into using the system will provide the city a better way to invest and expand into new cities .

This is exactly the goal of Kuwait or any country that tries to expand more and create new cities to provide a better life for the citizens.

Conclusions : 1This type of project helps the country to grow, and supports the economic plans.

2It Gives an important role for the private sector and investors to develop the country

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 3It will cure a big deal of the country problems by allowing th city to expand more to create new urban cities 4It will change the urban fabric in creating tree-shaded walkable passage ways and path ways

Review : Client

|

Ministry of Communications Kuwait Overland Transport Union

Consultants

|

Main Consultant: Kuwait United Development group (Feasibility tudy) Main Consultant: Ingenieria & Consultoria de Transporte (Ineco) Main Consultant: Al Dashti International Group Gen. Trdg. & Contg. Co.

Country Category

| |

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Kuwait Infrastructure

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Project Type Cost Project Duration

|

|

Metro around 13 bln

From: Q3 2011 Estimated To: Q1 2016 Estimated

References : http://rekuwait.wordpress.com/ www.mpw-kw.com

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The City Of Silk Ahmed Mohammed Al Darweesh Faculty of Engineering, Architecture Department, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, Kuwait

a.aldarweesh87@hotmail.com

Source: Al Qabas Newspaper, 2006

Figure 1: Ariel Shot of City of Silk from Newspaper Clipping The City of Silk is a mega-project that was announced in late 2005 and 2006 to the public. Located in Subiya, close to Bubyan Island, the City of Silk has a strategic location, alongside the bay, opposite what is Kuwait City. The City of Silk is an answer to its sister cities development, as Kuwait watched all the other cities develop from mere trading ports to internationally recognized cities. In the past 20 years, cities accelerated with development at an incredible rate, now it is Kuwait‘s turn. The city of silk, also known as Madinat Al Hareer, will be providing a number of facilities, not only economic and leisure, but also a solution to Kuwait‘s current distressed situations, moreover an updated master plan.

Kuwait is going through crisis after crisis in energy consumption, traffic congestion, housing facilities, etc… Most of Kuwait cities resources now are in the danger zone and therefore need a solution to decrease this problem. Housing has also been a problem, therefore mini mega projects are produced and quick housing has been built within the past few years using the governmental land and load operate. The City of Silk is also a solution to the housing situations that are arousing in Kuwait, as it will be able to with-hold a massive number of people and create a major shift to the city.

The City of Silk provides numerous facilities from economic and financial districts to leisure cities. Not only will it be just a city for locals, but will be inviting international firms and companies for investments within the business district, a sports city will be constructed for future sports programs.

1.

Introduction What is the City of Silk?

As Kuwait watched its sister cities within the past 2 decades emerge into centers of invention and innovation, growing from trading ports and crossroads into cities that are internationally recognized as centers of attention, as touristic attractions, financial and economic investment centers, hospitality and an entrepreneurial splendor that is the envy of the world. This started well over 20 years ago and until now we see our neighbors accelerate in development at very fast rate, now it is Kuwait‘s turn, and the City of Silk is the Solution.

The City of Silk is mega urban project located in Subiya, northern Kuwait, having an estimated size of app. 250 sq.km. The total investment of the city of silk is 25 Billion Kuwaiti dinars, and will need an estimate of 25 years for full completion, when the first phase only takes within 5-7 years. The development team of the City is an international team, from Kuwait, USA, UK and UAE where the main

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait architects and master planners who are Eric Kuhne and David Beale, the Eric Kuhne & Associates firm from the United Kingdom.

The city of silk is an answer to the 3rd Kuwait master plan, and the future of Kuwait, as the city will shift the dependency on oil and explore other notions of national income as Kuwait‘s main international exported product is oil and its main dependency is the oil sector. It will provide facilities that will shift the dependency on oil to economic and financial incomes, touristic and entertainment incomes, residential income and the programs that Kuwait may hold within the future, from Olympic programs to educational programs. The City is a great opportunity for Kuwait‘s future development and has the ability of increasing choice and chance to a Kuwaiti citizen, as it will create job opportunities for both people who are willing to work in the city and the people who will be constructing it. There will be 4 main districts within the city of silk which are the finance city, Leisure City, culture city and the ecological city, each with its own unique function that match the demands of the society and create new opportunities for the people. The City of silk, also known as Madinat Al Hareer in Arabic, is a solution to most of Kuwait‘s recent and present problems, which some are energy consumption, traffic congestion, population increase, employment opportunities and housing problems.

Basically the development of the City of Silk will give Kuwait the opportunity of being internationally recognized as it used to be back then when it was called the pearl of the gulf. This will help Kuwait bloom in the way that it should, making a clear statement that Kuwait not only depends on the production of oil and has the ability of catering back to world of production and development.

2.

Research Method The research method was mainly through documents of the City of Silk that was done by its developers which provided most of the information that was needed. As the city of silk has a lot of developers, the research expanded to the developers, which were because each developer had their own perception of how the City of silk will be like. The main firms of development are Tamdeen Real Estate Company, Atkins Middle East, Shearman & Sterling, Civicarts (Eric Kuhne & Associates), KPMG-International, OHA Engineering Consultant, SQ.FT Consulting, Al Khebra and Shopping Centre Solutions. There were also a lot of newspaper clippings that helped the research, as a lot of the general information was introduced within the newspaper clippings, most of them available at the main internet website of the City of Silk.

3.

Research Data

3.1 Kuwait‘s Daily situations: a) Kuwait‘s population has evolved from a mere 6‘500 civilians in the year 1765 to a gigantic population of 2‘200‘000 in the year 2005, but a major bloom occurred from the last 50 years, where the population doubled. Kuwait‘s 1st master plan was back in 1952 when the population 160‘000, where the master plan was able to cope with the population.

In the 1970s, when the population started to increase in a drastic way, a 2 nd master plan was produced to keep up to date with the demands of the Kuwaiti society back then. The 2 nd master plan was updated in 1977 and 1983 when the population increased to a ravishing population of 1‘700‘000. The 2nd master plan met the demands for the population of Kuwait back when it was produced.

The most recent master plan was produced in 1997 and still being updated, Kuwait‘s 3rd master plan.

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Source: Al Watan Newspaper, March 2009

Figure 2: Kuwaiti Population from 1765 to 2007 b) Kuwait‘s energy consumption and resources are now mostly in the danger zone as the usage of resources is now exceeding the limit and the supply is becoming limited. A few of Kuwait‘s recent trials in lowering down power usage and water supply is when the government launched the Tarsheed program for the electricity usage and the 447 L for the water supply usage. Both of which the government was trying to decrease the usage of each individual. c) Traffic and road congestion is an issue, as noticeable as it seems traffic is a major issue in Kuwait, from high ways to ring roads. The roads in Kuwait are now unable to cope with the sudden influx of cars and traffic. d) Shortage of housing units for families. A rise in the real estate industry is causing an increase in prices of land values and housing making it difficult for families to purchase new living areas. Some projects are being constructed but the population is also rising, therefore even when mini projects are complete, there can‘t be more development in the outskirts of the area due to its bounding areas.

Source: K3MP Statistics

Figure 3: Consumption in Kuwait e) Kuwait has clearly only been depending on the oil sector. The main product being exported from Kuwait to the world is oil; there are no other financial incomes that may help the development of Kuwait.

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Source: K3MP Statistics

Figure 4: Kuwait Dependency on Resources other than oil f) Kuwait city is only built on 8% Kuwait, some of the lands in Kuwait are oil fields but in the northern peninsula there is an availability of land which is the opposite of Kuwait city.

3.2 The Solution The City of Silk, a project that has been in the making since 2005, construction date will be 2012 for phase 1, with a main objective of establishing a multipurpose, economic, commercial and residential city in the area of Subiya in the state of Kuwait.

The legal objectives of the project are to set up an essential and adequate legal framework for the establishment, development and administration of the project. To ensure the central role of the government as master planner and enabler, however the whole project design was created as a voluntary initiative by TAMDEEN REAL ESTATE Company in collaboration with Ajiyal Real Estate & Entertainment Co. Maximizing participation of the Kuwaiti private sector, attracting and utilizing international resources both financial and experiential. An ability to create employment opportunities for the private sectors in Kuwait to help the process of development within the long term of the project.

Encouraging international companies and firms to invest within the cities CBD to increase the recognition of Kuwait in the international markets.

Within the City of Silk, there are 4 main districts, which are: The finance city, Leisure City, Culture City and the Ecological City that will supply the demands of our present society The Finance city is the centre of business, international trade, finance and commerce, this district lies on a coastal area facing Kuwait city. Leisure City will be located on the rich waters and beaches of the estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, containing resorts, villages, holiday retreats and a long waterfront walk line. Leisure City also contains a sports area with new stadiums that will be used with Kuwait‘s high hopes of accommodating international sports festivals. Culture city is where restoration of our grandeur of our culture, culture city is placed at the tip of the peninsula enfronting the Arabian Gulf, to create a place for a new House of Wisdom (Bait al Hikma). Culture city is split into 3 precincts, which will be academic, diplomatic and policy studies.

Source: Civicarts; Eric Kuhne and David Beal, 2006

Figure 5: City of Silk Master Plan of the Areas situated within the city (note A & B are parts of the bridge therefore not within the diagram) Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait A) Bay Bridge: stretching 23.5 km bridge linking Kuwait city with the city of silk. Also known as the Jaber Al Ahmed Bridge.

B) North and south islands (artificially made): twin luxury resort islands in the middle of the bay bridge. Each island is accessible from the bridge, containing public marinas, mixed-use communities and centerpiece resort and hospitality.

C) Business City: center of commerce, finance, stock exchange, international businesses. Location of health, education, service amenities and home of the tallest conceptual tower yet, the Burj of Mubarak Al Kabir.

D) Culture City: Center of diplomacy, academia, scholarly research, archives, library and international relations. Performing arts facilities, sports, visual arts and center for Arabic culture.

E) Park City: ecological science resort for the study of desert ecology, reclamation, wildlife refuge, habitat and eco-tourism.

F) Leisure City: Center of athletics, sport, recreation, leisure and resort facilities. Includes games complexes, sports academies, training and nutrition institutions, and centers for sports medicine, health and recreational health care. Museums for sports excellence and family entertaining facilities.

G) Inter-coastal Waterway: protectorate for the fisheries of the Kuwaiti bay, the water way will restrict all pleasure boating to a new channel between the developed zone of the Bay City.

H) National and Wildlife Refuge: 200 acre reserve set aside as a national park and wildlife refuge for the study of desert habitats, desert reclamation, scientific study and eco-tourism. Located along the tablelands of the high escarpment of Subiya, this will be protected land and will provide a grand central park to the City of Silk. (Al Badeia Resort and Preservation) I) Industrial City: Light industrial park as a centre of invention and entrepreneurial enterprises as part of the new economy.

J) Media City: Expanding Kuwait‘s television production within the media city. It will be the centre of content creation and provision including film schools, communication academies and support training for the entire media industry.

K) Sustainable communities: the entire development of the city of silk was to create a series of sustainable communities averaging 40‘000 people each. Services like mosques, parks, recreation retail will be provided within this areas, this is similar to our present areas that we have no.

L) Ribbon parks and lakes: this is part of the environmental strategy of no-run-off, this ribbon network of parks and lakes provide detention and retention basins, grass waterways, filter beds, leaching ponds and interceptors so that all water entering the bay and river is clean.

Source: Civicarts; Eric Kuhne and Associates, 2006

Figure 6: Bay Bridge Arial View One of City of Silk‘s main attractions are the Burj of Mubarak Al Kabir, which is the largest conceptual building, towering at over 200 Stories high, reaching 1001m. The twisting, tapering tower will create a vertical community made up of 7 neighborhoods stacked on top of one another.

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Source: Civicarts: Eric Kuhne and associates, 2006

Fig 7: Burj of Mubarak Al Kabir Ariel Shot

3.3 What will the City of Silk solve?

The city of silk will be able to solve some of the economic issues, while being built an investment of 25 billion will be made and an income of 45 Billion to Kuwait‘s national income over the life of the project. The city has an expectation of a contribution of 4 billion to annual GDP by 2030. The oil dependence will be reduced, as more opportunities in other sectors will be introduced in the creation of the new city.

As the youth of Kuwait grows, there are statistics that show that 60% of the Kuwaiti population is below the age of 25; therefore job opportunities need to be increased, as there may not be enough job opportunities in Kuwait city due to the rapid increase of the population. The city of silk will be able to provide well over 430‘000 jobs, and there will be a large focus on the private sector, this is because the public sector is the main employer in the country and the prime objective is to create more opportunities for the private sector. Investment opportunities will increase, as now there are limited opportunities for private and foreign investment. The city of silk will create attractive investment opportunities for national, regional and international investors. It will encourage and enable entrepreneurial culture in Kuwait.

By the rate of population, Kuwait is expected to reach a massive population of 5‘000‘000 by the year 2030, and Kuwait City may not be able to maintain all of the civilians, as it is already under the danger zone and has the ability of not supplying the demanded resources. The city of silk will be able to house well over 700‘000 and has room for future developments and projects that can house more people.

What also helps the city of silk is the strategic location it is on, as it was a route that connected Iraq, Iran and central Asia, which was called the silk road, hence the City of silk. The location will give the city of silk the ability to create new ports for exporting and importing products by ship (proposed Bubyan Sea port), and an airport as well.

3.4 Challenges of construction The city of silk is a development on the large scale, unmatched in the gulf-region, and some impacts on the environment will be predictable. The Kuwaiti bay is an environment that is sensitive as well as important for fisheries and water birds, but it still suffers from environment problems. Kuwait Constitution Article 21. Natural resources and all revenues there from are the property of the state, due regard being given to the requirements of state security and national economy. Kuwait is currently ranked 138 from 146 countries with respect to the international index of environmental sustainability.

3.5 Investing for the long-term There are a few complexities along the coastal zone, the physical environment and the biological environment and the people‘s use of the environment. Kuwait will be adapting new targets due to the fact that exceed benchmarks of distinction and aim to more than best practice, as new technologies will be introduces and an environmental and sustainable method will be planned and used within the design by using best scientific and engineering skills available. Examining other methods that support the master plan, the construction methods, cleaning technologies to ease city management and make the Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait city life pleasurable. Learning from older mistakes, learn from the mistakes that are now seen in present day Kuwait city, and not repeat it in the city of silk. Kuwaiti participation in the development of the city will be maximized; a course of training will be introduced to Kuwaitis to help them with management, planning, design and construction. The creation of an organization (Kuwait Bay Environmental Management Committee, KBEMC), this organization will have the authority and responsibility to regulate all activities that may impact on the environment of the bay of Kuwait.

3.6 City of Silk Development team Local advisor OHA Bader Al Salman Kuwai t Architects & Master planner Eric Kuhne & Eric Kuhne UK Associates David Beale Economic Analysis KPMG Sharat Seth Dubai Strategic Advisors Sq. Ft. Consulting Shavak Srivastava Dubai Legal Analysis Al Khebra Moh‘d Dallal Kuwai Osama t Abduljaleel Ghina Malik Shearman & Sterling Lee Kuntz USA John Opar Environmental, Fisheries & Atkins Robert UK Engineering Whitecombe Terry Bradbury 4 Advantages/Disadvantages of the City of Silk The advantages of the city of silk are that there will be more investment opportunities for both private and public, national regional and international, this will help the financial income of the country bloom instead of plummeting or just achieving financial income from the oil sector in Kuwait. A major shift of traffic congestion will occur, as it is one of the main issues in Kuwait, with the shifting of the population, a noticeable shift of traffic will be seen. Energy consumption and water consumption will be back to the normal level instead of it being in the danger zone like it is now. Real estate industries can benefit from areas which will be available and has the opportunity to invest them, international real estate companies have that ability to, giving foreign people a chance in living with the new world class city. Kuwait will not only be financially dependent on oil anymore, instead, the facilities which will be available within the city of silk will help the financial income of Kuwait bloom. Environmental programs that will be available within the city of silk that may help our lifestyle, as the whole purpose of designing of the city of silk is that it becomes a sustainable city, and being sustainable it can have a huge impact on our daily lives. Organizations that will be created will help maintain the environmental issues in Kuwait too.

The disadvantages of the city of silk are that if the people don‘t use the bridge, it will average them 2 hours of driving to the city, which will be a problem if they had to work there. It is in an unstable area, between Iraq and Iran, with Iran and its latest bombing threats and nuclear threats, one may doubt moving to a closer area to Iran, and with the Iraqi past conflicts, one may fear moving to a closer place.

The BOT laws of the Kuwaiti Government, it is hard for an investor to get a permit of BOT, no matter what happens it‘s a lose-lose situation, the governmental sectors have no fixed code to obey and there is a time delay of a year minimum, this makes investors reluctant to go into projects, and there has been no BOT approved contracts since 2007.

5 Comparison to other cities KAEC (King Abdullah Economic City) Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait ―To become the single greatest enabler of social and economical growth for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia‖. This is the vision that drives the development of KAEC as the destination of choice for all who want to invest, work and live, in and around the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The sustainability of the city is based on a concrete plan of actions with the required proof points to aid and maintain credibility.

The king Abdullah city is dedicated for economic purposes, this is different compared to the silk city as silk city provides more than just an economic district. King Abdullah city provides economic investments and residential housing for people that work within that area, when the City of silk provides much more than just an economic city.

Source: KAEC Developers

Figure 8: Ariel View of the city Gurgaon, India Mega City has been designed as a futuristic mixed use development, which includes shopping mall, multiplex, hotel, offices, IT Park & housing. Based on the usage, similar building types have been clustered together around open spaces to create distinct zones.

This city is somehow similar to the city of silk as it is trying to provide every facility possible, the only difference is the sheer size of the city. This city still remains conceptual and no updates are available yet.

Source: Bose International, India

Figure 9: Conceptual drawing of the city 6 Conclusions The city of silk is the key element in broadening up the Kuwaiti future of development, production, exportation of products, contributing back to the world instead of just being receivers, not being fully dependent on oil. The city will provide more facilities than what is available in present day Kuwait and can give more option and opportunity for the Kuwaiti society in visiting new places, and trying new Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait methods of leisure for example. Kuwait will be internationally recognized as it used to be back when it used to be called the pearl of Kuwait, Kuwait is now known as the country that‘s near Iraq or the country that has a sea of oil which is a stereotype that is un-necessary. Kuwait should be recognized in the way it‘s sister cities are recognized, it should be the reason why people would travel miles to see and experience the experience that they always wanted to experience. The whole concept of the city is to help the Kuwaiti society create organizations, to help maintain the environmental problems and issues that Kuwait has been facing since a very long time, as Kuwait is one of the lowest ranked environmental places in the world, be trained with courses that enable the society to help develop later on projects. Broaden the bay of Kuwait as it is now lost with the Arabian gulf street and not properly used like it should be used, the creation of a better coastal region. The city of silk is a solution to the residential crisis that is now happening in Kuwait, a solution to the energy consumption problems, a solution to the resource scarcity that it now happening, with the creation of a new city, new energy sources will be created, hence, the creation of new jobs, the city of silk will provide a massive number 430‘000 seats for employment, as in present day Kuwait the main population is under the age of 25 (60%) and Kuwait city will not be able to provide an occupation for every person that is there.

Kuwait‘s population is increasing and by the year 2030, an expectancy of 5‘000‘000 people will be living in Kuwait, and housing issues need to be solved so that people will not have to live in the streets, as also one of the problems that is happening in Kuwait is the sudden rise of land values and housing prices.

The city of silk is a solution to nearly all of present day Kuwait city, it basically took all the negative aspects of what is now seen in Kuwait city and implemented in the correct way, seen what is not available in Kuwait city and made it available in the city of silk. Created a more recognizable city, a city that will be known internationally like Dubai and Doha and not be known as the city of oil. The city of silk is the perception of the future of Kuwait, as also the best engineers and environmentalists will be hired to create a more environmental friendly place, which is now not available in Kuwait city.

Therefore, the City of Silk will be the new definition of the term ―city‖, it will create a new language and send a new message to the world, and will be one of Kuwait‘s best contributions to the world of technology and architecture.

7 Bibliography City Of Silk Official Website http://www.madinat-al-hareer.com/ Tamdeen Real Estate Company http://www.tamdeen.com/ KAEC http://www.kingabdullahcity.com/en/Home/index.html Bose International http://www.boseinternational.com/

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Hybridity in Architecture Integration of local culture with foreign influence Ahmed Hany Rashed Architecture in the Middle East, Department of architecture, Collage of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University Bubble_boy1988@hotmail.com Abstract The issue discussed is about the affects of certain phenomenon on the identity of societies, and how this makes a huge change in many of the aspects of the city. In The Middle East major shifts have been happening in many fields that changed many aspects of the cities, and all that because of the continues change that led to affecting the cultural identity that by itself made a major shift on the built environment of its domain.

The link that has been increasing between our cultural identity and the built environment made any change on ideologies or any shift of conceptions easily affecting any features or forms of built environment and any perspectives of planning, and this transforms our traditional cities into a new "Hybrid" ones. The new hybrid cities have many forms of hybridity that present the change happening in our identity, and these forms are related to the need of change and going forward.

Introduction The Middle East has been affected by a transforming phenomenon which is called hybridity; it has been affecting our culture, lifestyle, architecture, and the formation of our cities in many ways that lead to a change in the identity of cities. In Architecture, hybridity and the Integration of local culture with foreign influence are clearly represented in our countries, where the shift in our culture led to major changes in our perceptions toward architecture and planning. Kuwait is a clear example and strong influence that works as a case study; the strong relationship between the culture identity and the built environment is clearly presented.

Defining Hybridity Hybridity is a definition of mixture and a term refers to a combination of different elements that evolved around foreign media, cultural exchange, and mind openness. It deals with finding new and assumingly better ways for improvement and development. It relates to the cultural exchange and the increase of linkage between the countries' of the world.

It is also a strong effect on the relationship between the cultural identity and the built environment, while it deforms one it changes the other.

Forms of Hybridity in Architecture Hybridity in architecture has many forms and it is presented in many ways, it could be as an integration of landscape treatment and building construction. It could be the various uses of different materials where a project combine various materials to emphasize its presence, and materials like concrete, steel, and glass are combined to construct and form the building. It also could be the combination of different design elements from different ideologies and cultures where the design combines elements from both traditional and contemporary architecture. Many forms of hybridity could be included in one design and presented in one project, for example, metal and glass are used in cladding and constructing the building and the conventional traditional house concept is applied along with the abstracting strategies of contemporary design.

Integration of landscape treatment with building construction Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

The use of different materials

The combination of different design elements

Mixture of two forms of hybridity.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Table 1: Forms of hybridity in architecture Hybridity and the Identity Many different ideologies are related to hybridity with their sense of deformation and their changing habits. The need of westernizing for the sake of development and modernity is creating the hybrid atmosphere within the domain, so hybridity could be presented as the process of the search for new modern identity. Globalization is also a term related to Hybridity where elements are replaced and ideologies are shifted.

Ideologies and conceptions affect and connect with architecture somehow, so they have to be considered in creating any built environment. The identity is important for the physical function of society, so cultural identity is needed for the society to represent itself.

The hesitation of defining what a cultural identity is, whether it is an inherited matter or an adaptable one that transforms over time is affecting forms and concepts, and creating conflicts in our designing.

Some people believe in preserving the cultural identity as an idolized essence and other believe in the cultural identities' changing nature that adapts to new accepted and desired ideas.

Hybridity and the Kuwaiti architecture The change in perceptions and costumes cause an impact on the traditional perspective of architecture, so any cultural transformations or rapid changes could be reflected on the architecture of the domain and that is well presented in our case of Kuwait architecture.

Kuwait's architecture until the second half of the twentieth century is been embracing the traditional environment, combining the Islamic elements and preserving the traditional essence within its features, emphasized with Many distinguished design elements like Mashrabiya, Dewaniya, Courtyard, and the location of doors, windows, and alleys.

The main focus was around maintaining the traditional aspects and the religious concept within any architectural presentation.

The elements of change in Kuwait The Second Half of the Twentieth Century Since the second half of the twentieth century Kuwait started to be affected from the global issues and changes, so people started to move from the center and they started to break from the link that connected them in the middle to spread around different developed areas influenced by foreign ideas of master planning. Population has increased with the discovery of oil, attracted by wealth and many available working opportunities.

War and the loss of identity At the nineties in the time of the Iraqi invasion and the liberation of Kuwait, with all the destruction and renovation attempts that caused so much confusion and consumed so much energy and recourses,

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Kuwait was struggling with its identity, it was facing what is called the loss of identity, so it felt like searching a new one or reclaiming and reviving the old traditional identity that it once had.

The Twenty First Century The twenty first century came with many major happenings affected and enhanced those hybrid actions in Kuwait.

Globalization came to its peak where economic and political aspects and connections were increasing, and the city was expanded with the master plan that demolished most of the traditional houses and neighborhoods.

Emigration rates were developing with huge numbers of people coming to the city with the hope for a better chance in life.

The new Hybrid Identity Kuwait's architectural style has shifted towards another dimension where new trends have been considered. The previous care of maintaining tradition and the Islamic essence combined with the new need of improving and reaching the level of the others have reflected on the Kuwaiti architecture creating new architecture combines modern design with traditional features, the new developed design carries criteria that combines traditional elements with modern methods of construction and formation.

This focus on the rapid development evolved, especially when Kuwait has many of the fast developing neighbors like Dubai.

Examples of Hybridity from Kuwaiti architecture The Grand Mosque is the largest and most modern of Mosques that give a rich representation of the Islamic identity, with its Islamic elements and the clear expression of its religious function decorated with Islamic designs and calligraphy both on the inside and outside.

The municipality Building was constructed according to the methods and materials of the modern architecture time, it was simply designed by abstracting three glass boxes joined together, and it was constructed using reinforced concrete with cladding system using glass, and it was a clear representation of moving forward and aiming towards a better future. Nowadays, there is an addition to the building which is a tower combining Islamic elements, the faรงade has a huge Islamic pointed arch with a twist in its figure implying the hybridity of the mixture.

The National Assembly Building is an example of having a traditional essence within a new and contemporary form; the cement structure is based on the form of a Tent. The idea is to assemble the concept of the tent where people gather to relate, communicate, and interact. It is a strong traditional and cultural representation within a concrete structure.

Al- kout shopping center is exactly the opposite, where modern activities like shopping and dining and new program are held within a traditional building form. So the modern essence is embraced by the traditional building. It is located on the water front, and designed in the Arabic style with many traditional Arabic elements like arches, gates, and domes.

Modern design with traditional features

A traditional essence within a new and contemporary form

A Modern essence within a traditional building

The Grand Mosque

The National Assembly Building (Kuwait Parliament)

Al- kout

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

The municipality Building

Table 2: Forms of hybridity in Kuwaiti architecture Conclusion There is a two sided weapon for each case, such collaboration of ideas and themes that enriches the past tradition and culture and merges with the on going developments of the architectural field could provide a strong line of adaptable designs and concepts.

On the other hand, The over obsession of mixing elements and principles for the sake of improvement could cause chaos and disorder, that leads to discomfort culturally, physically, and visually. Many visions could result architecture irrelevant to the context and to the surroundings.

In conclusion, it is the architect's role to set the style and determine the methods for constructing the architecture that is more suitable in his or her opinion to the location, to the surroundings, and to the culture.

References http://www.indiatvforums.in/showthread http://www.sphereinfo.com/kuwait-history-culture-religion.htm http://www.scribd.com/doc/1035244/Islam http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/taqiyadecept http://dornob.com Shafe'y, Fared Mahmud, (1982), The Arabic Islamic Architecture, Al-Riyadh: emadat sho'on almaktabat

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Informal Urbanization Typologies & comparisons Ali Malek Zaid Alkazemi Architecture student, Kuwait University College of engineering and petroleum, Khaldiya, KUWAIT alkazemi@gmail.com ABSTRACT The research focuses on the typologies of informal urbanization specifically in Kuwait, and it starts off with the definition of keywords and the definition of different typologies. It also states Kuwait law concerning violations and the measurements taken. The report shows statics and surveys either done by the researcher or taken from resources. One of the polls shows the amount of violation in Kuwait but in different districts. Other than the typologies stated by the law, the report categorize the violations and restrictions according to their relevance to different aspects such as cultural, educational, recreational and commercial uses and proceeds. It also focuses on different opinions against or with the remove of violations and each side justifications and also it approaches possible solutions for different restrictions.

It continues to showcase the political struggle that occurred and still floating to the surface from time to another between the government and the public and the excuses for the government officials to remove the violations but also the public excuses for re-violating the law and going rebellious in a way. The research is concluded with a survey the included forty individuals made into a pie chart of summed up choices of opinions linked to the restrictions and the remove of the violations or even the way officials are getting the job done.

Keywords: Urbanization, Typologies, informal, violations, political 1.

INTRODUCTION Each and every country has its own regulations for urban fabrication and certain rules and guidelines to for the contract holders or citizens to follow. As there are building codes there are ethical aspects to buildings affecting the urban plan and there are regulations and laws restricting the informal urbanization. To know the different types of those violations and the laws restricting each type its suitable to first mention some main definitions.

1. Informal (in⋅for⋅mal): not according to the prescribed, official, or customary way or manner; irregular; unofficial.

2. Formal (for⋅mal): being in accordance with the usual requirements, customs.

3. Typology (ty⋅pol⋅o⋅gy): a systematic classification or study of types.

So does the law state concerning violations and building on the state property and what are the fines and actions that should be taken if any violation of any kind happened.

2.

THE LAW As quoted from the municipality there is a general ethical role stated for the building and building codes: ― Given that urban development is continuously increasing in Kuwait, this requires continuous work on the development and improvement of building regulations, therefore the municipality is working on regular basis to submit proposals that would develop the building regulations and in accordance with the actual needs of citizens within the framework of the structural plan of the State ― And according to the constitution law (Law No. 105 of 1980 for the system of state property): 1.The ministry of finance is responsible of reserving and managing the state properties and private real estates.

2.Punishable by imprisonment for not more than three months and a fine not exceeding one thousand dinars, or both for anyone who intentionally destroy the properties of the state.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 3.The penalty is doubled in case of recommitting the crime.

4.The state is to remove any display located on its property by administrative means at the expense of the offender, and without compensation.

3.

INFORMAL URBANIZATION TYPOLOGY The following typology is of the official law and its set by the municipality of Kuwait with the guidelines.

External Rooms: including all types of rooms outside the border of the real estate.

External Fences: Including all types of fences (iron, chain link‌ etc.) and even plant fences that are outside the real estate.

Encroachment Of Walkways: Any obstacle at a distance of 2 meters from the edge of the pavement preventing people from walking on it.

Encroachment Of Service Passages: Any obstacle in the middle of service corridors preventing people from walking across the corridor or preventing emergency vehicles to use the corridor to reach the other side.

Obscuring Traffic Vision: includes all agricultural or other facilities located at the road curves and can cause accidents. (e.g. Pic. 1)

(e.g. Pic. 1) A plant on a road curve Obscuring vision.

Encroachment Of Government Installations: Includes everything that is built in a distance of less than 4 meters from power transformers and 7 meters from the rest of government installations.

Courtyard & Basement Extension: The use of state land outside the property as an extension of the courtyard or basement or any other part of the real estate Exterior Stairway: Any staircase that has its base on the government property and the upper part in the real estate. (e.g. Pic. 2)

(e.g. Pic. 2) Exterior stairway Poultry & Animal Farms: such as the residential interior farms and unauthorized pet shops.

Commercial Use: Any unauthorized commercial exploitation that is built on the state property in any way.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Of course there are more specific rules for some of the above stated categories such as the agricultural obstacles which has more than five sheets of rules for citizens to follow and some of the rules for example are: 1- Citizens are allowed to plant in any part of there real estate after taking a temporary permission from the municipality.

2- The maximum-planted area permitted is equal to 100% of the net area of the real estate.

The question is are these rules being followed? And are the fines going through?. There are hard working people in the municipality and no one can deny that but the general environment is corrupted to an extent that the law is not forced into all citizens and some are being excepted from it either due to there political power or there wealth and some even for there relations with some high officers of the law.

4.

RELEVANCE TYPOLOGY Informal urbanization types could be classified according to the uses attached to it, which could be summed to the following: 1.Housing uses: (informal housing, informal changes …etc.)

2.Recreational uses: (walkways, soccer fields, camping …etc.)

3.Social/cultural uses: (diwaniya , mosques , playgrounds …etc.)

4.Commercial uses: (moving shops, grocery sellers …etc.)

5.Environmental uses: (shaded parking, parks, farms …etc.)

Type

Pros

Cons

Solutions

Housing

•Complies with expanding families needs.

•Enriching the social life.

•An environmentally disturbing look.

•Mostly not according to safety regulations

Educating citizens about the cons and punishing any company or individual that don‘t follow the rules

Recreational

•Providing people with ways to spend there spare time.

•Its done on state property •Not safe

Providing alternative methods or places.

Social/cultur al

•Satisfying the religious and social needs

•Most of the time not having the civilized look.

Providing and/or permitting the contribution to build such places

Commercial

•Easy to get products •Cheap products

•No safety whatsoever •Emerging of black markets •Affecting the economy

Allowing them at certain times in certain locations + regulating and registering.

•Unpleasant look •Some are a threat to health

Building the necessary and setting guidelines to allow such types

Environment al

•Contributing health •Decreasing pollution

to

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait A lot of the violations are concerned with the needs and the cultural/social life of the people and some also have a religious aspect to them and that creates conflicts between the public and the government, which creates a disturbed political life.

Each side has its own view of the problem and each side hide behind certain advantages, or lists the disadvantages of the other side views.

So what are those views and what do people/officials say are going to be shown starting with the governmental view so…The main excuses for the previously mentioned types of informal urbanization to be illegal is given by the municipality and they are: •We are following the constitutional law of the country.

•The violations destroy the civilized look of the country.

•Many of the violations pollute the environment and affect the surroundings, therefore affecting the general health of the citizens.

•It affects the easiness of movement in emergencies.

•You are using a property that is owned by the government.

On the other hand people who don‘t see the need to remove the violations argue that: •It‘s a need and the government should allow the needs.

•Socially, it brings the people together (e.g. diwaniya + camping) .

•It gives beauty to the surrounding.

•A lot of the areas is not used and won‘t be used by the government.

•It gives a psychological comfort and a sense of ownership.

A survey included forty individuals that were asked about there opinion concluded that most of them are either not happy about the ways of removing the violations or not happy about removing them at all or setting the restrictions in first place.(chart. 1)

(chart. 1) 5. CONCLUSIONS There is a problem, but there are hundreds of solutions to work out the struggle and there is a vision of the future of Kuwait urbanization. Although some obstacles exist but the government is serious to end the problem and the high alerting numbers of violations is one of the biggest reasons why they should act fast but with an understanding to the needs of the public and an open mind for solutions serving all parts for a greater good.

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(chart. 2) These numbers (chart. 2) show that the awareness level of citizens should be raised to lower them and a strategy must be set to reduce the violations or limit the spread plus raise the awareness.

The problem whether we like it or not is there and it will persist and continue to disturb the citizens lives and the political life if a stance is not taken to set a grey zone of comfort to each and every reasonable argument. Keeping in mind that no matter what, you cant make the entire world happy or force them to agree with your reasons but you can make most of the loyal citizens agree that there is a great goal and a greater motive behind the reasons and there is a common ground that holds all parts and a general field that we all belong to and work for that is ‌ Kuwait.

REFERENCES Gideon S. Golany (1995) Ethics and urban design: culture, form, and environment. 1st Ed. New York: Wiley Saba, G.S (1964) The Kuwait urbanization: documentation, analysis, critique. Kuwait: Govt. Print.

Press.

Stephen, M.W Timothy, B., (2008) Sustainable Urban Development Reader. 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge. http://www.baladia.gov.kw/ http://www.taadeyat.com/

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Housing of Expatriates in Kuwait Alin Bablanian Architecture Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait a_bablanian@hotmail.com ABSTRACT In some cases, expatriates have a great deal of importance for the advancement and development of a particular country or city, where they run most of the important businesses and works. This paper talks about the particular case of Kuwait, an Arabian Gulf country. Expatriates have been in Kuwait since the first discoveries of oil in late 1930-s, and they have played a great role in the development and rising of this country since then. The expatriates in Kuwait make up about 70 percent of the total population, and they are considered to be the workforce and backbone of the city, as most of them run the businesses in different fields under the sponsorship of Kuwaitis. For this reason it is important to provide them with their necessities and offer them a pleasant environment to live in. Therefore this study is carried out to investigate the housing, living conditions and environments, and life experience of expatriates belonging to different categories in Kuwait, and introduce it to the public, in order to raise awareness regarding this topic. To carry this study, a survey has been done along with some interviews, to collect personal views and opinions of different people living in the country. Some books and newspaper articles were helpful too, in addition to the World Wide Web, in gathering information regarding this topic.

Keywords: Housing, expatriates, Kuwait

1.

INTRODUCTION

An expatriate is a person who is residing in a country other than his native residence country, either permanently or temporarily. Expatriates in Kuwait constitute almost two thirds of the total population. They are considered to be the backbone and work force of this country and its businesses. In a recent study made by a local journalist, it appeared that Kuwait is the best place for expatriates in the region, although some inadequacies have to be solved in order to truly become the best. Having a better relationship between the employee and employer is one of the most important points that should meet the standards of the World Labor Organization, its rules and regulations about ‗decent work‘. Likewise, there should be an improvement in the life quality of the expatriates, specially the low class laborers and domestic workers, and provide them with all the necessary services and accommodations. When these issues are solved, the life experience in Kuwait would improve and it would attract more and more people to the country, which in turn will bring its contribution in the development and progression of Kuwait, and will help it rise to the standards of the world wide cities of the today.

This paper aims to study the living conditions of the expatriates in Kuwait and their housing conditions. It doesn‘t concentrate on one particular class of them, but it covers a number of them from different countries belonging to various classes, working in different fields and businesses. The results of the study were to help me analyze and study the needs and requirements of the expatriates, regarding their housing and their life here in Kuwait. Doing so, introduce their concerns to the pubic, specially the locals, to raise awareness regarding this matter and help improve living in Kuwait.

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

History of Expatriates in Kuwait

What is and expatriate? When and why did they come to Kuwait? Questions that should be answered in order to have a clear view of the topic to be discussed. An expatriate is a person who has permanently or temporarily left his country, for any …reason and came to reside in a country other than his native or original motherland. It is also worth mentioning about the first expatriates coming to Kuwait. It was as early as 1910, because that is when the Arabian Medical Mission of the Reform Church of America came

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait to Kuwait, when they started the first Christian works and established the first men‘s hospital, which was called the American Mission Hospital. Later, starting from 1934, a larger number of foreigners came to Kuwait, because of the discovery of oil, which granted Kuwait its economic boom.

2.2

Kuwait’s Population

In order to get to know who are the expatriates in Kuwait and what are their percentages in accordance to that of the local, let us have a look at the following statistics. Late studies about Kuwait‘s population carried on by the Statistics Department of Kuwait, showed that at the end of 2008, the overall population number was 3,441,813, 1,087,000 of which are local citizens, and the remaining 2,354,261 are expatriates from different countries. From the whole population, 57% of them are Arabs, 39% Asians and 4% are classified as Bidoons, having the Indian Nationals as the single largest expatriate community with a number of 580,000 in 2009.

Kuwait‘s population has increased throughout the years, with the expatriates forming the majority of the whole. The sudden drop in the number of population was in 1990 (Fig. 1), during the Iraqi war, when a large number of people (locals and expatriates) left the country.

Figure 1: Midyear estimates of the resident population of Kuwait Source: (2008)

Figure 2: total number of non-Kuwaitis Source: (Kuwait Municipality,2008)

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 2 shows the distribution of the total number of expatriates in Kuwait, distinguishing the total number of females and males according to their ages. It is noticeable that males between the ages of 25-29 constitute the highest rate of expatriates.

The following maps (fig. 3-4-5) - taken from the Kuwait Municipality- are showing the different districts and governorates where the population is distributed, showing the number of people in each area. For example, in Figure 3 the total number of the population is shown, together with the approximate number of people living in each area. The different color tones are used to be able to differentiate between the different areas around the country according to the density and concentration of people in them, as the lighter tones indicate low numbers, and darker tones indicate a high concentration. Figures 4 and 5 show the distribution of non-Kuwaiti males and females separately. Whereas Figure 5 illustrates the distribution of the total number of non-Kuwaitis across the country. These maps were provided to illustrate where expatriates usually tend to settle which in turn will be very beneficial for the study.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Source: (Kuwait Municipality,2008)

Figure 3: distribution of Kuwait‘s population in the governorates

Figure 4: Distribution of non-Kuwaiti females in different areas Source: (Kuwait Municipality,2008)

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Figure 5: Distribution of non-Kuwaiti males in different areas Source: (Kuwait Municipality,2008)

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Figure 6: Distribution of total non-Kuwaitis in different areas Source: (Kuwait Municipality,2008) According to the previous maps and some statistical studies done lately in the field, in respect to the total population in Kuwait -locals and expatriates- Salmiya is the first most densely populated area in Kuwait, with 168,884 people. Whereas, al-Farwaniya was ranked the first most populated area in Kuwait in terms of expatriates with 706,870 people. Al-Ahmadi came in first in terms of Kuwaiti nationals, with 227,303 people.

2.3

The Interviews

After giving and introduction about the expatriates in Kuwait, we should talk about their point of view, their own personal experience in a foreign country in general, and concentrate on their housing in particular.

The purpose of the interview was to get personal views and experiences of the expatriates themselves about their life in Kuwait, by having a direct, face-to-face conversation with them, in order to get a better understanding from both sides, and get to the point in a clear way. An interview gives the person being

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait interviewed, the freedom to express himself in a free way using his own words, unlike a survey questionnaire in which the person is obliged to choose one of the stated answers. Five people of different nationalities were interviewed for this purpose and kindly replied and stated their opinions and views according to the questions asked.

The following is a sample of the interviewing questions: Housing of Expatriates in Kuwait 1.

How long have you lived in Kuwait?

2.

Which area do you live in, and why did you choose it?

3.

Who do you live with?

4.

Have you ever changed houses in Kuwait? Provide reason.

5.

What are the conditions of the area you live in?

6.

How’s your relationship with your neighbors?

7.

Does your neighborhood provide all the necessary services?

8.

How do you rate your life, living condition and housing in Kuwait?

9.

As an expatriate what are your views about Kuwait?

Although the interviewed people were each from a different country, or lived in a different area, nevertheless their answers were relatively similar. They each had the freedom to choose the area they live in, therefore they were quite happy with the conditions and environment. Although they mentioned that their neighborhoods provide them with the basic necessary services, but they felt there‘s a lack of sanitary services around the neighborhoods, and a shortage of good parking spaces. They were suggesting having more parks or public places so people would actually take a walk, or ride a bike to get to somewhere instead of driving a car- which would in turn create a whole new living experience and lifestyle. Another common complaint between all five of them was about the low and poor quality of building materials or construction methods, as they mentioned some of the problems they were facing regarding the maintenance of the building they live in. in the end they were all satisfied with their lives as expatriates in Kuwait.

2.4 The Survey Questionnaire The large part of information for the purpose of this study was derived from the survey questionnaire. It is a survey of 11 short and straight forward questions, tackling the issue concerning the housing experience of expatriates on Kuwait. The aim was to gather a large amount of information in a short time, in an easy and quick way. People were very kind in accepting to answer the survey honestly. Some were even very excited about the fact that a study was being done about their lives and their housing conditions, as they were hoping that it would solve their problems.

The following is a sample of the survey questionnaire, containing all the questions and choices: Dear Sir/Madam Greetings.

Expatriates constitute 2/3 of the population in Kuwait. Their housing experience is very important for the success of their overall living experience and quality of life. This academic study investigates the housing of expatriates in Kuwait. Please kindly answer the following short questions and help us raise awareness regarding this topic. This questionnaire will take only 5 minutes to fill focusing on your experience of living as an expatriate in Kuwait. All information will be used for the scientific research purpose only and will not reveal any identity information.

Thank you in advance for helping me with this study.

1.

Gender:

2.

18-25 3.

Age range: 25-35 Social Status:

Female

Single

Married

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35-45

Divorced/separated

Male 45-55

Widow/er

55-older Married couple

Married with family

Single with family

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 4.

Governorate of residence: Kuwait Hawalli Farwaniya Mubarak Ahmadi Jahraa Neighborhood: (ex. Jabryia, Hawalli, Kuwait City… etc.) …………………………………

5.

Nature /type of housing unit: Apartment In a Complex Villa Flat Separate Villa Other 6.

Housing provider: Provided by Government Rented by Company Rented by you 7.

Reason for choosing the particular area (1-least important – 4 most important): 1 2 3 4 Close to Work Close to School Low Rent Large Area (m2) Close to Family Close to Entertainment Other: ---------8.

Availability of services near you (tick the ones available) CO-OP Car park Medical School Religious Police Station Public Park Health Club Shopping Mall Beach Other ………………………………………………………………………………….

9.

Have you ever changed the house while living in Kuwait?

Yes No (go to 10) If yes, how many times?

1 2 3 4 5 or more If yes, please pick one of the following reasons (1-least important – 4 most important): 1 2 3 4 High Rent Small Area (m2) Number of rooms Bad Maintenance Far from Work Far from Family Far from School Far Entertainment Other: ------------------10.

What improvements do you think is required to make your housing experience in Kuwait more satisfactory? (1-least important – 4 most important): 1 2 3 4 Less Rent More Area (m2) Number of rooms Better Maintenance More Schools More Entertainment Other:---------------Please add your own reasons:

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

11.

What is your overall satisfaction level with your housing condition as an expatriate in Kuwait?

Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied

30 25 20

K.C.

15

H.

10

AL-A.

5 0

F. M. S. S.wF. M. M.wF.D. Ap. Co. V./F. O Gov. R.Co.R.Y W. Sch. L.R. L.A. F. C.E. CO.OPC.P. P.S. M. Sch. R. P.P. H.C. Sh.M.B. Y N H.R. F.R. S.A. F.W. F.Sch.F.E. B.M. L.R. M.A. M.R. M.Sch.M.E. B.M. S V.S. D.S. V.D.S. g

s.s.

H.T.

H.P.

R.A.

P.S.

H.Ch.

R.

S.I.

S.R.

K.C.

5 1 1.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 5.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 1.0 0.0 0.0

H.

1 18 5.0 8.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 15.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 17.0 16.0 14.0 17.0 14.0 14.0 11.0 12.0 8.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 3.0 8.0 7.0 1.0 14.0 0.0 9.0 10.0 13.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 15.0 12.0 15.0 11.0 15.0 17.0 16.0 0.0 2.0 0.0

AL-A. 0 1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0

Figure 7 shows the total results of the survey, and the pie charts following it illustrate the percentages of each of the categories and questions asked Figure 7: The results of the survey Source: (Alin‘s survey, 2009) Gender

Social status

4% 23%

16%

24%

S. S.wF. F. M.

M.

12%

M.wF. D.

77% 44%

Figure 8-9: Gender and Social Status

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Housing Type

Housing providor 0%

4%

4%

4% 19% Ap.

Gov.

Co.

R.Co.

V./F. O

R.Y 73%

96%

Figure 10-11: Housing type and Housing provider Reasons for chosen area

Available services

5%

0%

15%

18%

CO.OP

11%

22%

C.P.

11% 12%

P.S.

W.

M.

Sch.

Sch.

L.R. L.A.

R. 22%

P.P.

5%

12%

16%

F. C.E.

H.C. Sh.M.

6%

B. 9%

14%

22%

Figure 12-13: Available services and Reasons for chosen area Changed house?

Reasons for house change

10%

12%

14%

H.R.

11%

F.R. 16%

Y

S.A. F.W.

N

F.Sch.

12%

F.E. B.M. 14%

21%

90%

Figure 14-15: Changed house and Reasons for the change

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Suggested im provem ents

20%

Rate of Satisfaction

12%

19%

0%

4%

L.R.

16% 16%

M.A.

S

M.R.

V.S.

M.Sch.

D.S.

M.E.

V.D.S.

B.M.

12%

17%

84%

Figure 16-17:Suggested improvements and Rate of satisfaction 2.6

Pictures

The following are images taken by me, going around the country, capturing different housing types in different areas.

Figure 17-18: Maidan Hawalli

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 19-20: Bneid al-Gar

Figure 21-22: Hawalli

Figure 8-9: Salmiya 3.

METHODOLOGY

As mentioned above, the way I gathered the information, was through a survey questionnaire and some interviews. The survey was distributed to 27 people, from different nationalities, living in different areas.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait It contained 11 easy, clear, multiple choice questions, about the housing experience of expatriates in Kuwait. When all the questionnaires were collected, the answers were distributed to different categories, in order to help organize the results together. The results were put down in a table, from which everything was calculated, and observations were made. Whereas the interview was held with 5 people, living in various places as well. The 9 questions asked during the interview were about the expatriates‘ living conditions in general, their housing in particular. The answers of the interview were used in the study, to clarify the problems expatriates face regarding their housing, their views about it and their suggestions to make this experience better. In addition to the previous two methods, I also used the internet, to get further information, get maps and graphic representations, especially regarding statistics and scientific facts as well as history about Kuwait and its people. Most of the photographs were taken by me, going around the country, and few were taken from sites online.

4. RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS and CONCLUSION This paper was done to study the living conditions and life experience of expatriates living in Kuwait, and their views and opinions about it. Expatriates living in Kuwait are pretty satisfied with their life and living conditions. But like any other country in the world, Kuwait too has its bad sides. Complains were mainly about lack of parking space, maintenance and high rents in comparison to the small houses. Their main suggestions were to build houses with larger spaces, less rent, provide parking spaces and sanitary services. In addition to creating more public spaces and make good use of the empty spaces left as abandoned grounds that are misused.

This was just a pirate study to help me in my future studies about the subject. My main goal was to introduce the views of expatriates to the public, and especially to the locals, to raise awareness regarding this topic, and try to help them to improve the living experience.

REFERENCES

http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/kuwait/kuwait-overview/kuwait-population.html http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotos-g488160-Salmiyah.html http://www.answers.com/topic/expatriate Pictures:

http://www.amideast.org/offices/kuwait/saud/brief_history.htm

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Kuwait Islands Planning: Failaka Island Dalal Abdullah boukhamseen Kuwait University, Architecture Department Bounty_q8@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Kuwait has 9 islands (om almradem , om elnamil , kubar , bobyan , mskan , failaka , ooha ,garoh and wrba) in this research I will focus on Failaka island by talking about the geography and the weather , then history of the island by discussing the Greek civilization and the island inhabitants before the invasion it was mostly those Failakawans and their families and after the invasion some of the failakawans go their in weekend and some tourist and others for having their holydays and the buildings and the landmarks before and after the Iraqi invasion .after that I will discus transport methods to failaka and the tourism places such as Failaka Heritage Village it has a small traditional kuwaite houses and the entertainment places like alwanasa beach it‘s a small project by a young kuwaity guy on the beach he provides jet ski and a small bar on the beach and some digital games and billiards .then I will talk in details about the future mega project that the AL-Arabeya Real Estate Company and Eastern Developments company are united to develop this vision with the government of Kuwait with a leader ship from universal consulters to develop this vision to attract the tourists on global level and this project contains an area of Ikaros hotels , sea are that is specially for entertainment , culture and heritage also the adventure area and Alzour heritage village Keywords: Kuwait island, history, present, future

1.

INTRODUCTION

The nine islands pertaining to State of Kuwait are: Bubiyan Island is the largest one , Failaka Island which is the second biggest island, Miskan Island is an unpopulated, low and sandy island, Warbah Island is the last island pertaining to Kuwait from the north and it is characterized its sandy soil and low clay coasts , Auhah Island which located 4 kilometers away from Failaka Island in the eastern south , Umm al Maradim Island is the last Kuwaiti island from the south and it gained its name from the "Maradim" birds that are found in great numbers on this island , Umm al Namil Island it gained its name from the large number of ants found in it during Summer (Ants are known as "Namil" in Arabic) also the island is rich in archaeological sites that are dated back to the Bronze Age, the Dilmun Era and the Islamic Age., Kubbar Island is a sandy unpopulated island, with low coasts and Qaruh Island is the smallest southern Kuwaiti island. It is also the furthest island from the Kuwaiti mainland .

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Island of Failaka is one of the most beautiful and most famous islands of Kuwait. pronounced "Failacha" in the local dialect, Failaka Island is an island that belongs to Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf. It is strategically located ,the land area of the island is approximately 43 square km with a minimum length of 14 km and maximum width of 6 km . Failaka Island lies 20 kilometers east of Kuwait City, opposite the bay of that name, and 50 kilometers from the southernmost tip of Iraq. It is one of the most important islands of Kuwait. It is triangular with its base in the west and head in the south. The island is flat, apart from a small hill 8 meters high in the extreme western part. It is linked to Kuwait City through a submarine pipeline that provides sweet water to the island. Parallel to this are three submarine cables that provide electricy.

2.1

History of Failaka

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Failaka's history goes back to the Bronze Age Dilmun civilization, which was centered in Bahrain. It may be assumed that there was at least inter-Gulf trade between 2200 and 1800 BC. The Greeks arrived in the 4th century BC in the form of a garrison sent by Nearchus, one of Alexander the Great's admirals. A small settlement existed on the island prior to this, but it was as the Greek town of Ikaros that the settlement became a real city. The greeks lived on Failaka for two centuries. Failaka had a small Greek colony from 325 to 1500 BC and was part of a maritime trade route in the Ptolomeic era. The remains of a temple can be found on Failaka Island today. Coins and seals found on the island point to Failaka remaining am important trading post with links to Iraq, Persia, the Mediterranean, the Levant, India and Africa. Its fresh water and strategic position favouring the islands development.

Figure 1: Alexander the Great

Figure 2: This coin was found in Failaka from the bronze age 2.2

Failaka Before, During and after the Iraqi Invasion

Before the Iraqi invasion it was a beautiful place for the Kuwaitis to live on and to spend their vacations. On the island there are many places which were visited by many tourists in the past before the invasion such as (Mzaer al kather -Al qaraneya site (the basin for the construction of travel ) - sa`ad and saed Central ) .

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Iraqi expelled the civilian population and mined the beach so during the invasion Failaka got almost completely destroyed since it was a strategically important base for war operations.

After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait in 1991, the Kuwaiti government resettled the island's population on on the mainland and compensated islanders for their property . The island has been cleared of mines, and it has been used for military exercises. Many Kuwaitis fish there and some former residents visit occasionally, but special permits are required.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 3: Failaka house after the invasion

Figure 4: Failaka after the invasion 2.2

Failaka Nowadays

If you love old ruins and spooky places this is a must go destination during your time in Kuwait. You can drive along the deserted complexes, see buildings and mosques with bullet holes. Also you can go and visit Ikaros Hotel , the Heritage village and reserve a traditional house for spending a holiday their and Alwanasa beach which has established in 2008 and offers jet ski , water ski , banana boat rides and fishing trips and Also an air conditioned games hall for billiards and tennis table .

Figure 5: Wanassa beach

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 2.2.1 Transportation methods To get to Failaka, take a ferry, one leaves from Marina Mall( Om –Alkhair _ Bint ALkhair _ weld AL-khair ) , costs around 12 KD and includes a good Lunch at the Hotel in the Heritage village and you cannot take your car on this one, but it‘s a Speedboat and gets there in 45 minutes. The cheaper one leaves from the Scientific Center and costs around 3 KD. It leaves twice a day, takes about an hour longer, but for 17 KD more you can take your car.

2.2.2 Heritage Village The Mission Statement is printed on ceramic tiles and placed on the outer wall of the Village Reception building. It is shown below translated from the Arabic.

"Our heritage was the greatest achievement of our ancestors, and our fathers kept it for us, we implant this heritage in the minds of our children, our heritage is a river full of light which we take continuously to guide us to the good, to the prosperity in the future".

"We owe a lot to our great heritage, which was the reason for what we have accomplished and achieved. Since 2001, 'Masharee Al Khair Charity' has restored and renovated the Palace of the late Emir 'Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah' which symbolized a great meaning. His Highness 'Sheikh Jaber's' noble guidance and support mobilized us and reinforced our will to restore and renovate this great building. His financial and moral support was a magnificent motive to keep the heritage area with all its contents and its environmental surroundings, so we restored and renovated the whole area, just to keep the heritage of our ancestors and fathers, to reflect His Highnesses' wish to give the new generation an idea of this great heritage, and from its revenue, the charity is funding projects, for example; free scholarships to students, financial support to schools, purchasing medical equipment for hospitals, paying medical expenses of patients, constructing and renovating mosques".

Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah (1895 - 1965) ruled Kuwait for 15 years (1950 - 1965) a period of spectacular development and change. His crowning achievement came when Kuwait attained independence from Great Britain in 1961. Sheikh 'Abdullah succeeded his cousin Sheikh Ahmed Al Jabir Al Sabah as the Emir of Kuwait on 25th February, 1950. Sheikh 'Abdullah is remembered as the wise, prudent and benevolent father figure who introduced democracy and development to Kuwait.

In December 2004 the village had been completed and open to guests and day visitors.  49 Traditional Houses (with diwaniya, courtyard, kitchenette, between 2 and 6 bedrooms, air conditioning, bathrooms and satellite TV).  Sheesha Corner  Ward Wa Haila Restaurant  Salha Lbnaya Motel.  Main Reception  Palace of Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah  Sweet Shop  Pickle Shop  Mini Market  Multi-Purpose Sports Court.  Jeep Rentals  Island Tours  Pizza house  Landscaped Areas  Umm Al Khair for carrying guests and visitors from Marina Crescent in Kuwait to Failaka.  The zoo  Failaka istable

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait    

Ikaros hotel The Main Village Square.

Glass Blowing and Pottery Center Small shopping for souvenirs made on the island

Figure 6: Plan of the Heritage Village 2.2.2 Ikaros Hotel With the support of Masharee Al Khair the charity owners of the village and their projects supervisor, Mr. Nabil Al Ayyaf work started on converting the old police station and mortuary into the Ikaros Hotel and building an artificial lake which we stocked with fish and also rented pedal boats and kayaks.The old police station had originally been built in the 1950's out of coral stone and a further floor added in the 1960's built of cement block.

The hotel has 23 rooms and suites all en-suite with satellite TV. The hotel which was fully self contained with its own pool became very popular with groups of around 45-55 guests, The courtyard was also exceptional and unique, this is used during the day for relaxation and the evening for dinner functions. The mortuary became the laundry for the village.

Figure 7: The main entrance of Ikaros hotel

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 2.3

Failaka in the Future

Development plans for the island are underway, with nine local consortiums qualifying to compete for the right to invest in the build operate and transfer (BOT) development deal. Back in September 2004, the government-owned Touristic Enterprise Company (TEC) signed a BOT contract with a consortium led by Al Mal Real Estate Company for the construction of the island's Ikarus Entertainment Project. The investors should follow the condition , commitment in time and response to their demands .

Akram Ogaily projects director of Hill International the firm responsible for construction and project

management, explains the project , "We will see an adventure and science centre, a traditional village, a fishery village, camping facilities, not to mention chalets, hotels and spas. This list is not exhaustive either, with the excavation of an artificial river stretching 8km from east to west of the island on the cards, though subject to an environmental impact assessment."

Development plans currently revolve more around contemporary sources of entertainment, as part of an effort to claw back a greater number of Kuwaiti holidaymakers from abroad. The next step will be to harness fellow Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) citizens from across the region.

Transportation to and from the island is another issue that must be addressed, with 20km of open water separating Failaka from Kuwait City. The two boat services that presently operate between the mainland and the island will prove insufficient for the swarms of visitors the Kuwait Tourism Affairs Sector (KTAS) hopes to attract. Although Hill International has indicated a new marina will be developed with 300 berths, ultimate responsibility for transport will be left to the investors themselves, and the shipment of construction materials and labourers is unlikely to come cheap. [

Figure 8: Failaka proposal project 2.3.1 AL-Arabeya Real Estate Company Vision

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait

Figure 9: Al-Arabeya Real Estate Company proposal 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS This project and other major projects will have a significant impact in the development of the economic development of countries and the increase in the growth and strengthening the infrastructure of the state and also will have a clear and significant in the promotion of domestic tourism and attract foreign tourism, but unfortunately that such projects are on hold regarding the lack of government guarantees and financial support for the project, with responsibility being handed over largely to the private sector through the build, operate, transfer process .

Analysts say this is because the government wants the development to take place as quickly as possible--the assumption being that the private sector would be able to develop Kuwait's tourism infrastructure more rapidly than the public counterpart, thereby narrowing the gap on other GCC tourist destinations. Yet the government has in fact turned an ear to private sector concerns. Pressure from the consortiums, which refused to submit their bids for Failaka until the government agreed to provide greater support along with an extension of concessions.

Some observers suggest that one factor that figures heavily in determining the success of such a tourism megaproject is the lack of alcohol. Of course forbidding alcohol does not imply that the project is doomed to fail, with families the targeted market here. The emirate of Sharjah provides the Kuwaitis with cause for optimism as despite being alcohol-free, the emirate drew as much as 33% of total tourists for the United Arab Emirates according to official statistics in 2004. This marks something of an achievement considering that booze flows freely next door in Dubai. So the prospects of success for an alcohol-free tourist destination in Kuwait cannot be dismissed.

5. CONCLUSIONS State support for such projects and develop strategic plans to facilitate the investment process for investors, making it easier and encourages the development of the State of Kuwait.

REFERENCES     

www.e.gov.kw/.../KuwaitAtaGlane_Topography.aspx http://findarticles.com/articles/mi_m2742/is_358/ai /?tag=content;col1 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/failaka.htm http://nicoleb.org/Countries/Kuwait/Failaka.html www.failakaheritagevillage.co.uk/index.php?f=...

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait    

http://www.failakaheritagevillage.com/index.php?f=data_pressand_media_stories&a=0 http://obd.com.kw/ http://www.arec-kwt.com/prg.html AL-Arabeya Real Estate Company

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ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY & USE OF TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS Dawoud M. Al Bader Architectural Department, Kuwait University Collage of Engineering & Petroleum, Khaldiya, KUWAIT Email address of corresponding author: Dawoud.albader@gmail.com ABSTRACT This paper focuses on weather we need local architectural identity in kuwait or not ?. It will go around kuwaiti traditional architecture elements and discuss the positive & negative use of those elements in our modern day buildings. This paper will also compare some examples of Contemporary architecture in kuwait to examine the effect of western architecture on their designs. Examples of current architectural identities and how they emerged will be presented and weather we should have our own unique identity ?

Keywords: Architecture, Kuwait, traditional, elements, identity.

1. INTRODUCTION During the second half of the 20th century the arab cities went through diverse changes. Changes in the political, economical and cultural arenas especially in architecture. These changes contributed to the alteration of a number of factors such as political independence, rapid population increases and most importantly the discovery of oil.

Since the oil bloom that started in the late forties in kuwait, the economy started to boost, this boom started attracting diverse foreign laborers as to the good pay. Exporting of petroleum produced massive inflows of foreign funds and a most favorable balance of payments. This period of economical growth enabled kuwait to embark rapidly in developing all its aspects of life, including housing.

Architecture, form this point on started to change dramatically and stray away from the local tradition. The architects that came from abroad did not take the time to study the cultural needs of the people ‗Kuwaitis‘, thereby resulting in stray of local architectural identity. This dilemma triggered the diversity of identities we see today.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1

DEFINING THE LOST IDENTITY

Identity defined by Charles Correa is not a found object, however it a process. It could give us a much greater sensitivity not only to our environment, but to ourselves and to the society in which we live. For Correa, ―the search for identity is a by- product of looking at our real problems, rather than self-consciously trying to find identity as an end in itself, without worrying about the issues we face.‖ For Hall (1996), ―cultural identity is a matter of ‗becoming‘ as well as of ‗being‘ and it belongs to the future as much as to the past.‖Hall (1996) claims cultural identity can be thought of in two different ways: The first position defines cultural identity in terms of one shared culture reflecting cultural heritage and cultural codes shared in common. Cultural identity is viewed as stable over time since as an inheritance it has been selected and reinforced by many generations. The second position thinks of cultural identity as framed by two axes or vectors, simultaneously operative: the vector of similarity and continuity, and the vector of difference and rupture (Hall, 1996).

Kuwait During the 2nd half of the 20th century was greatly affected with the discovery of its oil. Since then this phenomena contributed in the economical, international and global changes. Being used to traditional living standards there was a shift in neighborhood planning from the traditional/cultural way of living identity. This shift was towards adapting neighborhoods from other cultures and then applying them in the first master-plan. This process of cultural synthesis meltdown has continued through the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. When this integration of cultures was getting affected with the forces of globalization. The result was, as Stross (1999) called it, a ―hybrid culture derived from the mixing of cultural elements from unlike sources‖ and a cultural space that reflects a hyper identity.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait ‖ According to Vale, the attempt by Utzon to define and promote a national identity for Kuwait has two aspects:First, there was a perceived need to assert a Kuwaiti identity that went beyond relatively recent matters of petroleum and riches.

More precisely, this yearning was for an identity that precedes these and encompasses these in a culture with deep historical roots. And, second, closely tied to this wish to emphasize historical depth was the recognized urgency to stress and maintain the privileged claims of Kuwaiti citizens within the plural society in which they remained a minority. The initial decision to commission a prominent building to house the National Assembly and the particular forms with which this building was carried out are each manifestations of this dual search for identity (Vale, 1992).

3.

RESEARCH METHOD

Back in the early fifties, during the urban transformation, kuwait didn‘t blend tradition with the modernity in city planning as there was no clear understanding of the outcomes we have observed today. The idea was to forget the past and move on with the modern trends of the west. What we are observing today is the reintroduction of traditional styles, and as stated by Dr.Yasser Mahgoub they are ‗defense mechanism against the domination of the sweeping identity of globalization.‘ Several research studies were conducted by on my behalf to understand the extent and the meaning of the phenomenon of expressing cultural identity in contemporary Kuwaiti architecture by utilizing elements from traditional Kuwaiti architecture. A Sample of 5 architects where interviewed and given questionnaires.

The study revealed that there were a number of strategies utilized by Kuwaiti architects to express a Kuwaiti cultural identity in their designs. Some architects express cultural identity by borrowing from traditional architecture acknowledging that the sources of cultural identity was derived from the our traditional designs, however some architects express a cultural identity that is connected in some way to today‘s future ambitions. The architects agreed that there were certain elements, materials & styles that made traditional kuwaiti architecture unique. However the majority of the architects didn‘t agree on reusing those elements within our modern day designs, but all agreed on having a common theme or essence for the designs so that they relate to kuwaiti traditional elements and don‘t go out of context. All the architects also agreed that the designs should respond to the current climate conditions and sole dependance on electricity should be reduced and replaced with methods of passive cooling.

The architects also recognized that it was almost impossible to have one unified architecture identity, however kuwait should have a theme to be recognized for. An example of a city with a theme is Doha or Abu Dhabi who are progressing and are well known to be both cultural and educational cities.

Another Study was conducted between two categories, architects (25) and non-architects (25). The main question asked here was wether we need to express cultural identity or not?. The results varied between the two categories, however their was a clear difference between the two. What was noticed was that architects believed cultural identity can and should be expressed through Individual buildings, and the client had a very important role in expressing this identity ‗ wether they give the freedom to the architect or have him under certain constraints‘. The non-architects on the other-hand had a different point of view, they believed that cultural identity is only expresses through traditional buildings ‗ thereby for them to see a copy and paste technique from the past is a satisfying expression of traditional cultural identity.

4.

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

4.1 TRADITIONAL HOUSING SECTORS ―An interaction between the built environment and social behavior‖ The housing sectors were chiefly the main elements that composed that traditional urban fabric. The houses were not only occupied by a single family of parents and children, instead it was engaged by several generations of a certain family; indeed the household contained grandparents to grandchildren.

Segregation was a main aspect of traditional and cultural behavior that also fell upon those dwellings and was clearly shown in their architecture. The house‘s held an inner courtyard of which residents experienced the existence of a private open-air space. There were specific quarters erected for women occupancy in order to screen them from the steady looks of public. Those buildings were frequently of one floor height but in some cases there was a room on the first floor. That room was reached through an external staircase from the courtyard, being a desired sitting-room for women to oversee what was going on in the street. This led to what is called the harim, for women, while men had their own reception area, the diwan. It was where men met and gathered with their friends and business associates.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait The most exposed and easily approachable part of the house was the diwaniyah. The harim was usually behind the diwaniyah that usually faced the main street. It stood very welcoming to the public as its double doors were commonly left opened. The diwaniyah was the only part of the house that had window openings directly on the street. The diwaniyah was where those masculine celebrations of festivals or special family occasions were dignified and restrained.

On the other hand, the harim had an access point from the diwaniyah but on its adjacent side. There was also another doorway of the harim leading onto the alley; however on the inner side it always had a wall set away from it so that whenever the door is opened there would not be an apparent sight to the harim. The harim was never considered a compact dense space in fact the courtyard had enough space for movement and gave no gist of congestion. It was where the women of the house were to gather together replacing the space of a reception room that did not exist in the harim. The rooms within the harim courtyard, gained its illumination from the obtainable doorways (in some cases, from on court openings if found), since there were no openings in this house division.

4.2

TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS ―The house within itself - Bait Al Khaled‖

Bait Al Khaled was a complex located on the sea-front. The complex was composed of al-‗amara, a building used for commercial purposes especially settling trade promises (almost functioning as a diwaniyah) and several courtyard divisions to mount all family members [fig.3]. Having privacy as a primary matter, the ‗amara was sited on the shore close to the seaports where the dhows were used to dock, having the living sectors behind to ensure that privacy matter.

Just like other households in the traditional Kuwaiti architecture, bait Al Khaled was planned and designed as a successful environmental and social example. The house held several design elements that took advantage from the severe climatic conditions and offered comfort satisfaction to its dwellers. Such elements were wind catchers, ventilation screens, courtyards, liwans (indoor isles) and so forth which attracted the air movements to the indoor spaces and provided the necessary protection from the sun. Other elements that were not necessarily climatically related certainly offered comfort satisfaction to users of the household. Such elements were the mirzam (water spout), barcha (water well) and decha (bench).

Those mentioned elements were designed to work either individually or together with the courtyard to develop the process of ventilating the building and at the same time protect it from the outdoor climatic hazards, such as the sun and dusty wind.

The courtyard or the hoosh by itself acted as an extensive ventilation structure. It is due to the void within the mass that results with a lower surface temperature which is further reduced by wind cooling effects. The courtyard being low in level with reference to its surrounding walls, results in lower internal pressure, which in turn causes an air flow to equalize the interior and exterior pressure, thus developing the ventilation process inside that building [fig.4].

What separates the courtyard from the rooms is the liwan, another element that covered that circulative space between the rooms and the hoosh. This is where the cool air caught by the courtyard is stored and trapped to then be distributed among the rooms around. The liwan was an arcade from which it gained its spanning length and its aesthetic appearance through some Mughal influences in its decorative wave motifs [fig.5].

The wind catcher, another required ventilation element was invented to cool the buildings. It was seen as large horizontal niches positioned in the middle of the facade wall height or found on the upper walls of roof rooms [fig.6]. Those wind catchers, or bagdeers in the native language, repel the air movement down into a shaft and inside the rooms. The caught wind passes through an inventive cooling system; as it comes into contact with the insulated mud interior walls of the shaft [fig.7]. Wind screens are found covering some wind catcher recesses to prevent dusty winds from entering the rooms along with having its aesthetic appearance. In winter, when the air movements are unwanted, small shutters at the bottom of the shafts are closed to bar wintry breezes.

Although Kuwait is known for its dry climate, winter rains can be sudden and destructive in intensity. It was important to make the roof slope slightly usually towards the street‘s side, so that rain water would flow off rapidly through a number of wooden or metal water spouts, called the mirzam [fig.8]. Those spouts projected far enough to ensure that the water did not land close to the house where it would undermine the mud of the fabric, and even had a wooden lip to help regulate the flow. Edges of the roof between spouts were built up slightly to prevent an uncontrolled overflow.

People of old Kuwait faced hardships in order to obtain fresh water for drinking and cooking. As mentioned earlier, water supply was one of the main factors that determined the location and orientation of settlements; hence its people determined on water wells, the barcha [fig.9]. Therefore the barcha stood as a main element found in Bait Al Khaled as a source of living from which its residents relied on for living. To emphasize its importance, the barcha was usually found in the center of the courtyard where it could be reachable for all residents.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 4.3

BUILDING MATERIAL ―A Sustainable Architecture‖

Traditional Kuwaiti buildings have always made use of building materials available locally to meet the needs of residents.

Coral rocks were brought from the shore and were used as foundations. Mud brick construction has been the most convenient and most extensively used method of constructing walls in the building; it was made of a mixture of mud and straw. After drying the mixture of mud and straw, plastering took as protection and to present an appealing look [fig.10].

Mangrove poles or the chandal, were imported from India and used to construct roofings [fig.10]. The chandal was covered with basjeel (split bamboo) to create a surface that could be walked on. Clay and Ashes then were placed in a sloping manner towards the water-spout to insulate the roof and to prevent any water leakage.

5.0

CONCLUSION

To have one unified architectural style/identity in kuwait is merly impossible and to be honest it would be very boring.

Everyone should be able to express his style but what we need in kuwait is a theme, reassessed infrastructure and from that people‘s styles would refer to. There where i diversity of different identities in kuwait, however they where categorized into those three main types:

5.1

IMITATIVE IDENTITY ‗Traditionalist Approach‘

Attempts to translate cultural identity into building images are evident in selected examples in Kuwait, where they had a conservative approach toward the use of traditional imaging is employed. Suq Sharq-Kuwait, as an example of this approach, along with Saleh Al Mutawa‘s buildings. These designs are somewhat resisting change, however are being criticized by architects and critics as having a ―simplistic‖ approach that degrades cultural identity to a mere copy-andpaste exercises. ―A country is recognized by its architects and its history is built on it... else the new would have nothing to do and nowhere to go‖ (Goodwin, 1997). In addition to the previous examples influenced by the international modern image, there were a few attempts by some local and foreign architects to recognize and acknowledge the kuwaiti architectural heritage.

Among these is Saleh AL-Mutawa, a Kuwaiti architect whose dream as to receive the traditional architectural vocabulary in Building, Figure 11: AlMutawa Apartment a contemporary language of three dimensional forms. ―His architectural language makes an immediateIdentities impact onofall who resistance see it, but it is disconcerting to fellow architects. The proof of this is that trivial bits of pastiche have appeared on a few other works by architects who have in on way absorbed the ocean of experience, both intellectual and emotional, behind AlMutawa‘s creativity and merely borrow his ideas as if adding sugar to a glass of tea‖

Figure 11: AlKout Mall, New identities

Figure 11: Individual identities 5.2

EMERGING IDENTITY ‗New Vernacular‘

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait This approach argues that architecture should focus on new building functions, materials, methods of construction, technology however should not be a copy and paste exercise of traditional building facade. This is where the ―new identity‖ are introduced, and what they do is utilize the new functions that did not exist in the past and integrate it with the traditional design principles and elements, thereby satisfying the contemporary kuwaiti cultural needs in a unique new way.

Alkout Mall is a great example of a Emerging new identities by the Jordanian architect Rasem Badran. It has utilized the use of modern materials and technology and using a completely different approach with no literal reference to the past however it has that essence of traditional architecture, the building actually fits perfectly within it‘s context.

5.3 INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY ‗Alienated‘ Individual identities are usually found in residential designs. This approach is generated by the clients themselves, and thats when they hire architects and limit them with a certain design theme that does not fit within our context ‗Kuwait‘.

However you find some architects that refuse to do so, but what do the clients do ?, they find low budget architects from foreign countries that don't take any consideration what so ever to the cultural identity of the place and then start producing a mixture of architectural styles.

6.0

FURTHER WORKS

Further works could start by researching what would the future theme or vision for kuwait. Based on that future perception this will assist upcoming designs or decision making regarding Kuwait‘s architectural identity.

Tokyo, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha, and a number of other cities are currently progressing in emerging their themes and are referred to as a theme not the its original name. an example is Doha which is referred to as being a Cultural/Educational Centre, Hong Kong on the other hand is know for its high-tech economical status where your day to day life is dependent on one single card.

The Question to be asked as a stimulus for further works to be pursued is ―what‘s kuwait‘s future identity in the upcoming decades & how should it pursue it‖

7.0

REFERENCES

Goodwin, G. (1997). Saleh Abulghani Al-Mutawa: New Vision in Kuwait, Alrabea Publishers, London, United Kingdom.

Hall, S. and Du Gay, P. (Eds.) (1996). ―Questions of Cultural Identity‖, Sage Publications Inc, USA. p. 113.

Mahgoub, Y. (2006) Architecture and the Expression of Cultural Identity in Kuwait, Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Environment, Behavior and Society, People in Place in People, February 9-11, 2006, Sydney, Australia.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Vale, L. (1992). Architecture, Power, and National Identity, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, p. 211.

Zavalloni, M. (1993). ―Identity and Hyperidentities: The Representational Foundation of Self and Culture.‖ Papers on Social Representations, 2, p. 218- 235. [http://www.psr.jku.at/].

Michel Lautrette, Kuwait Early Architecture Yasser Mahgoub, Hyper Identity: The Case of Kuwaiti Architecture by Osama Al Duaig, Kuwait Contemporary Architecture [Yacoub Al Hijji, Old Kuwait P.145] Saleh Abulghani Al-Mutawa : History of Architecture in Old Kuwait City Saod Al-Khalid, Saad Al Obaid, Mohammed Al Roumi & Yousif Al Saleem, A Reflect of Nature through Architecture Omar Khattab, Local Image in Kuwait Architecture.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 3: Bait Al Khaled plan & perspective

Figure 4: Courtyard Wind Circulation

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 6: Wind Catchers ‗Roof Room‘

Figure 9: The Barcha

Figure 7: Wind Catchers ‗Cross Section‘

Figure 10: Building materials

Mud bricks

Dr.(Group Yasser Mahgoub presentation, A Reflect of Nature through Architecture)

82 (Group presentation, A Reflect of Nature through Architecture)

Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Planning of Underdeveloped Areas and the Obstacles to Kuwait's Urban Expansion By: Doha Al Salman 205111533 ABSTRACT Urban development in Kuwait is concentrated around the coastal region while the rest of the country is sparsely populated. Urbanization is most dense in the central region of the coast while the northern and southern regions are the least dense in development. The study discusses the stages of Kuwait's urban expansion, then focuses on urbanization to the south and the obstacles to urban expansion.

What are the stages of urban expansion from the 1st master plan to date? What is the current urban structure of Kuwait? Why is less attention given to the south than the developments on the central and northern coast? What are the current and future projects of the Southern area? How are these projects linked to other developments located outside the southern region? What is the impact of the new developments on the countries' urban fabric, infrastructure, traffic, population and tourism?

The aim of the study is to investigate current, future developments, and urban planning schemes in the Southern region of Kuwait and their impact on the countries economy, infrastructure, traffic, and global status. Projects vary from residential cities to commercial landmarks. The study focuses on the shift away from dense areas, to plan the underdeveloped areas in the country, specifically the south. The south comprises of most of the Ahmadi district; including Wafra, al Zour, Khiran, Subahiya, Mangaf, Mahboula, Fintas, Fahaheel and Ahmadi. The study claims that the southern region has been underdeveloped in comparison to the central coastal region and the urban expansion of the country has been limited to a confined area along the coast. Kuwait's urban form grew as a result of resource allocation, the sea and oil fields played a major role in shaping the cities urban structure. The study concludes that the obstacles to urban expansion are both governmental and geographical.

INTRODUCTION What is the current urban form of Kuwait? The built environment of Kuwait is clustered along the coastal bay while the inland in the North, South, and West of the country is sparsely populated and underdeveloped. This paper will focus on the Southern region, which is one of the underdeveloped areas in the country. The paper investigates the current urban form of the south and its suggested urban form in the future with a brief on certain mega-projects that will shape Kuwait's future.

What is the reason behind the slow urban expansion of the country? At the present time, the developed land in Kuwait is approximately eight percent of its total land area; the remaining land area is either not developed or underdeveloped. Some geographical and governmental obstacles and laws are a major cause of this slow urbanization. The geographical obstacles include oil fields and refineries, other obstacles include governmental bureaucracy and B.O.T laws.

By studying the master plans of Kuwait from the First Master-Plan to the Third Master-Plan a pattern of urban development is evident and the current urban form is shown. Developed and underdeveloped areas will be highlighted. The south of Kuwait, being one of the underdeveloped areas is further investigated. Different forms of urbanization in the south currently exist; Wafra area and Fahaheel area will be taken as case studies. The existing urbanization is contrasted to future urbanization. A couple of recent and future mega-projects in the South will be discussed. The projects vary from governmental to private sector developments, including Al Khiran Pearl city, Saad Al Abdullah residential city, Mall of kuwait, and Khabary future city. Recommendations and possible solutions to the obstacles that both limit and slow down the urban expansion in Kuwait are laid out at the end.

RESEARCH Urban expansion in Kuwait from the First Master-Plan to date Prior to the oil discovery, Kuwait was a small traditional settlement that relied on sea trade as the main source of income. Its urban form was compact, characterized by narrow meandering alleyways Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait that were defined by one to two-floor mud brick dwellings along each side. Most of the alleyways lead to the coast of Kuwait, where most of the activities took place. As the population grew, the city also grew gradually. The urban development went in a semi-circular fashion, the expansion took the shape of an arc or semi-circle and each arc was offset from the coast. The coast was the focal point to which layers of urban expansion were added around throughout the years prior to the discovery of oil in the 1930s. A wall of defense surrounded each stage of the city's expansion; the first wall built in 1760 enclosed a coastal area of approximately 11.3 hectares. The second wall built in 1811 enclosed the earlier development with an additional area of 61.1 hectares, hence the city's area more than doubled in a period of less than 100 years. 110 years later, in 1921 the third wall was built enclosing a total city area of approximately 750 hectares. This gradual urban expansion of the city was limited to an area close to the coast.

Following the discovery of oil and prosperity, the First Master Plan of Kuwait was developed in 1952 by the British firm Monprio, Spencly and Macfarlen. A master plan to guide the expansion of the city, it proposed the demolition of the old town to build a new city in its place for the 'modern' needs, a central business district for Kuwait. The city once again expanded in a concentric manner from the coast, new developments in the shape of an arc were added after the Third wall. New towns also developed southwest of the old town along the coast. Instead of walls, Ring roads guided the development.

In 1968, Kuwait's Second Master Plan was developed by Colin Buchanan and Partners. The plan guided the expansion of new towns to the South of the central business district along the coast and inland to accommodate the growing population. The expansion stretched southwards to what is known today as Salmiya down to Mina Abdullah. Another expansion taking the shape of an arc developed away from the coast.

Reviews of the Master plans in 1977 and 1983 were developed by Shakland and Cox, and Colin Buchanan and Partners respectively. These plans expanded the city further along the coast to the South, West, and North, with a few more inland developments south of the CBD. The two major new cities proposed for development were Subiya to the North and Al Khiran South of the CBD, both of which are coastal areas.

The Third Master Plan developed after the liberation of Kuwait in 1992 by SSH International Engineering Consultants, further guided the urban expansion westwards along the coast and monitored the development of Al Khiran city and Subiya city. The Third Kuwait Master Plan is being monitored and implemented till the present time. In conclusion, from the first master plan to date, most of the expansion happened along the gulf coast. The city evolved around the coast, thereby leaving the rest of the country sparsely populated and underdeveloped.

Urban expansion to the south of Kuwait The South of Kuwait consists of the Ahmadi governorate, one of the six governorates in kuwait. Al Ahmadi governorate makes up 29.5 percent of Kuwait's total land area with a total population of 500,000. The Ahmadi governorate includes the following districts; Abu Hleifa, Al Ahmadi, Daher, Fahaheel, Fintas, Hadyia, Jaber Al Ali, Mahboula, Mangaf, Reqqa, Al Subahiya, Mina Abdullah, Shuaba, Al Khiran, and Wafra. The developed areas in the South make up approximately 3 percent of the total 9 percent of the countries developed land area. Most of the developed land in the south is around the coastal region while the inland is desert, and undeveloped land. Wafra is the largest inland development in the south.

Different forms of urbanization exist in the South. Wafra area and Al Fahaheel district are taken as case studies to describe these different forms. Wafra is an inland agricultural area, where the land is used for farming crops due to its high soil fertility. Farms being the only type of settlement in Wafra, are randomly placed and the negative remaining places between the farms are turned into roads. The result is a strategy of "Unplanned Planning".

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait In contrast, Fahaheel is a coastal urban area with mix-use developments, comprised mostly of residential zones. The most notable development in Fahaheel is Madinat al Fahaheel created by Tamdeen Group to become 'the city centre of the local community'. The development includes Al Kout-Fahaheel Waterfront and Al Manshar Towers and Complex. Fahaheel implies the conventional type of planning in Kuwait which is the "Road/Automobile Planning". This type of planning was introduced in the First Kuwait Master Plan to 'modernize' the country and is still in use.

From Fintas down to Mina Abdullah Southwards the majority of developed land is residential. Abu Hleifa, Mangaf, and Reqqa are the main residential areas. From Mina Abdullah area down to the Az Zawr area a strip of about 200m of developed land mainly consisting of chalets clings to the Persian Gulf. Therefore the current urban form of the South can be described as a narrow strip of development along the coast and dispersed small residential and agricultural settlements in the remaining inland areas.

Mega-projects in the south The most notable recent and future urban developments in the south include Al Khiran Pearl city, Saad Al Abdullah residential city, Mall of kuwait, and Khabary future city.

Al Khiran Pearl city Al Khiran Pearl city, recently named as Sabah Al Ahmad Sea city is a mix-use development of a coastal area of 6,400 hectares in Al Khiran which 85 km South of Kuwait city. Created by La'ala Al Kuwait Real Estate Company, with Buro Happold as the Master Plan Consultant, the development is expected to house a population of 100,000. The development is built in five phases; phases 1 and 2 are already sold to private investors and phase 3 is under construction to be completed in 2012. The project is a self-sufficient city including about 10,000 plots, a commercial complex, a ministerial complex, universities, schools, mosques, hospitals, entertainment areas, and amenities.

It is built on a natural inlet in the shoreline, as stated by Tery Ealy, Buro Happold's partner, "The very organic shape of the canals and landforms has been generated in response to the natural environment at site, all the shapes have been developed on the basis of existing topography". By carving out a network of channels, each around 100m wide, from the salt marshland and desert, an artificial coast of more than 300 km is created which more than doubles Kuwait's existing coastline of 499 km. According to Ealy the project will enhance the marine life and natural environment, "We expect to get all the principal marine life of the Gulf, which is really quite rich, only we expect it to be more concentrated."

Semi-annual monitoring is performed by KISR to document water quality and marine life during and after the construction to retain and improve the natural environment.

The city is one of the largest projects in the Middle East to be developed by the government with private sector partnership. ―When Al Khiran is completed we are confident that it will set the standard for similar developments in the Middle East‖ stated Buro Happold.

Saad Al Abdullah Residential city This city is a residential development located in Al Wafra, South of Kuwait city. Developed by the Public Authority for Housing Welfare (PAHW), a governmental sector, it follows the usual neighborhood planning of individual plots and houses laid on the basis of a grid and road planning. It is composed of a total 3576 residential units, 1320 of which are villas and 2257 governmental houses.

The project is currently under construction, expected to be completed by the end of 2010. Saad Al Abdullah Residential city is one of the five residential cities planned to be developed by the PAHW in Kuwait.

Mall of Kuwait Mall of Kuwait is a commercial development of an area of 150,000 m2 that located in Subahiya area South of Kuwait city. The project is developed by Tamdeen Real Estate Company, with Eric Kuhne Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait and Associates as the designing architectural firm. It consists of retail, gardens, a leisure complex, a ten screen cinema, and a performance hall. ―Mall of Kuwait is a destination for an entire day, with a rich range of activities for the social groups of the region" stated Eric Kuhne.

According to Ahmad Al Sarawy, managing director of Tamdeen Entertainment and Shopping Centers Company, construction was supposed to start in 2008 but the whole project came to halt because of problems with the Ministry of Finance and BOT laws. The development is a Build Operate and Transfer project (B.O.T) meaning a shared responsibility between the government and Tamdeen, a private sector company.

Khabary Future City Khabary Future city is a mix-use development of an area of 232,000 m2 that is located in Fahaheel district next to Shuaiba industrial area. The project is developed by Khabary Holding Company, a Subsidiary of Investment Dar Company. It consists of a hotel, serviced apartments, 2 residential towers, offices, medical facilities, a hospital, recreational areas, sport areas, retail areas, and a monorail system for transport. The city is seen as an oasis with extensive landscaping and water facilities. Khabary also uses green strategies like solar panels, water saving technology, and a waste management system to conserve and reduce energy consumption. The developers state that this new city will offer a 'well planned, well serviced community in one of the country's more underdeveloped areas', creating new employment opportunities and increasing the economy of Kuwait. As the developers put it 'The mix of homes, shops, offices and medical facilities will add to the sense of community....When complete, Khabary will set a new standard for quality living in the region....Khabary Future City will become a landmark not just in Kuwait, but throughout the region.'

Obstacles to urban expansion After analyzing the urban expansion of Kuwait and the resulting subdivision of space into developed, undeveloped, or underdeveloped land, a general outline to what causes this slow or uneven development can be drawn. The obstacles to urban expansion are divided into two categories; the geographical land restrictions and the governmental restrictions.

Geographical restrictions Oil fields and reservoirs in Kuwait limit the expansion of development in certain areas. Oil fields, oil reservoirs, and oil refineries is land owned by the government of Kuwait and cannot be leased for developments other than oil-related activities, Kuwait's oil companies obtain exclusive possession of the land. The South holds most of Kuwait's oil reserves, consisting of Kuwait's largest and the world's second largest oilfield, the Greater Burgan area, which includes the Burgan, Magwa, and Ahmadi fields. In addition to the Greater Burgan area, Umm Gudair, Minagish, and Abdaliyah oil fields also reside in the Southern region. The North contains the majority of Kuwait's larger fields after Greater Burgan, including Raudhatain, Sabriya, Bahra, Abdali, Ratqa, and Medina oil fields. Refer to the attached map for the locations of the oil fields.

The location of oil refineries in industrial areas are another limitation to urban expansion. There are three oil refineries in Kuwait, including Mina Al Ahmadi, Shuaiba, and Mina Abdullah refineries, all of which are situated in the South. Therefore urban expansion is most limited to the South of Kuwait more than any other part of the country due to the geography of South, which largely contributes to the large percentage of undeveloped and underdeveloped land in that region.

Governmental restrictions The governmental obstacles are divided into Bureaucracy of governmental sectors and Kuwait's B.O.T laws. Any new project or development in Kuwait goes through several governmental sectors for both approval and post-approval issues including construction and evaluation. These governmental sectors include, The Kuwait municipality, the Municipal council, Ministry of Oil, Ministry of Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Electricity and Water, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Communications, and Ministry of Public Work. Each sector looks at and evaluates a particular angle of the proposed project before approving it.

This process of approval takes a long period of time, a minimum of 1 year to approve a contract. One of the issues causing this time delay is the government sectors not providing a set fixed code that is publicly available for any project developer to obey. Some of the above mentioned sectors have electronic websites which provide some, but not all codes for building regulations. The time delay is one of the main causes of the slow and uneven urban expansion of Kuwait.

The process of a B.O.T project in Kuwait is described as follows. A private investor or company approaches the government with an idea, project, or development and proposes it, the B.0.T law committee studies the project from all angles before deciding if it is acceptable for Kuwait or not.

Acceptable meaning that it complies with Kuwait's laws and regulations and is beneficial for the economy and environment of the country. If the project is acceptable the government puts it out for private competition to give other private firms opportunity to develop the project. The winning firm builds, owns and operates the project. The downside of this is that the initial contributor of the idea, the investor that originally proposed the project may not win and get the permit to their own ideas in addition to losing large amounts of money since the investor is only given back 10 percent of the cost invested in the project's early phases, pre-design and design stages.

The B.O.T law in Kuwait does not offer negotiation at the end of the B.O.T period. The winning investor gets to build, own, and operate the project for a period of about 20 to 25 years, as of the current law, and after this period the land and project is transferred back to the government where it is put out once again for private competition. The investor takes about 10 years to cover their expenses and 20 years to make profit and build relations, if the government takes the land away at the end of the B.O.T period without giving the chance for the investor to continue operating the project, it will greatly harm the investor. A better law would offer the investor the chance to negotiate at the end of the B.O.T period, as to continue operating and managing the project when it is transferred back to the government and becomes owned by the state.

A new B.O.T law was passed by the parliament in 2008 which further discouraged investors. The new law does not offer collateral for investors. This means that the private investor is not offered financial aid from the central bank of Kuwait to invest in a B.O.T project. Paying from their own pockets may be risky and this restricts and discourages investors to take on B.O.T projects. According to Mustafa Jassem Al Shamali, the Minister of Finance, no new projects have been signed in BOT since the new law. As a result of the Kuwaiti governmental bureaucracy and B.O.T laws, Kuwaiti investors are discouraged and would rather invest in neighboring countries, where the investment environment is rather 'friendly'.

CONCLUSION Kuwait has experienced a rapid stage of urbanization from the 1930s to the 1990s and has been experiencing slow and uneven urbanization since the 1990s up to date. About 91 percent of Kuwait's land remains undeveloped or underdeveloped, with the 9 percent of developed land concentrated in coastal areas in the lower part of Kuwait. Factors that lead to this slow and uneven urbanization include both geographical land restrictions and governmental restrictions including governmental bureaucracy and BOT laws.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Al Sara'awy, Ahmad. Personal INTERVIEW. 7 Jan 2010.

"Khabary Future City" Khabary Holding Co. 10 Jan 2010. <http://www.khabary.com/kuwaits_new_icon/index.html> Kuwait Municipality, Planning and Urban Development in Kuwait, 1980. P. 20.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait "Kuwait Oil Fact and Figures" Ministry of Oil, State of Kuwait. 10 Jan 2010. <http://www.moo.gov.kw/facts/en/> "Kuwait Oil" U.S Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics and Analysis. 10 Jan 2010. <http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html> "Kuwait 3rd Masterplan" sshic.com. 10 Jan 2010 <http://www.sshic.com/planning_thirdkuwaitmp.htm> "Madinat Al Fahaheel" Tamdeen Group. 12 Jan 2010 <http://www.tamdeen.com/tamdeen/index.php?/projects/madinat-al-fahaheel.AM> Mahgoub, Yasser. "SocioCultural Sustainability and Urban Development in Kuwait." Academia.edu.

Kuwait University. 12 Jan. 2010 <http://kuniv.academia.edu/YasserMahgoub/attachment/146508/full/Socio-Cultural-Sustainabilityand-Urban-Development-in-Kuwait> Mathew, Tomas. Personal INTERVIEW. 9 Jan 2010.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait APPENDIX

Kuwait's Master Plans; KMP1, KMP2, 1st Review of KMP2, 2nd Review of KMP2

Kuwait's 3rd Master Plan, KMP3

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Urbanization to the South

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Sabah al Ahmad Sea City

Mall of Kuwait master plan

Khabary Future city

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Map showing Kuwait's oil fields

Map showing Kuwait's oil refineries

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Shopping Malls in Kuwait Abdullah Adel Al-Eisa

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ABSTRACT In this report "Shopping malls" in Kuwait specifically will be discussed as of their location , names , urban effect and also lots of previous studies will be shown explaining this tremendous growth of shopping malls and the huge amount of investments and money that is spent in the retail sector , also comparison between Kuwait and GCC countries will be discussed , then moving to the psychology of people and reasons why the go to malls and the philosophy of malls as it is common here in Kuwait , at the end setback and positives will be shown as a study which concludes my report with the main points of what should we have in the future.

Keywords: Shopping, Mall, Center, Urban, attraction, Retail

1.

INTRODUCTION

Shopping mall or shopping Center "‫ "انمجمع انتجبري‬are all names of the same thing which is one building or more forming a compound of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit connected to the parking areas .

Kuwait is in the middle of a retail explosion with a collection of new shopping malls and brands entering the market, and Kuwait is seems to be ready for further growth with more foreign brands now appearing to serve a massive flood of expatriates workers as well as increasingly wealthy local Kuwaitis, so due the increasing incomes and the development of new malls this sector is expanding fast.

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

With the population increasing by approximately 7% every year and the expatriates population growing more than 10% a year , consumers spending in Kuwait is expected to increase noticeably in the few coming years , especially with the oil prices rising and cash flow s well , and to take as an example between the years of 2005 and 2006 the retail sector grew from 384 million KD to 394 million KD and that is 10 million KD in one year and the studies at oxford business group shows that this growth will continue to rise in Kuwait as well as in the gulf area GCC and the new shopping centers development like the significant "The Avenues" here in Kuwait will be helping factor for this growth.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 1: The Avenues Mall, Kuwait The home furnishing life style products have shown the fastest growth and this is due the demographic changes beside the evolving life style , the government also have a hand in this operation and that is by giving low interest loans to the first time house buyers add the number of approximately 160,000 foreigners entering the country every year.

The market here in Kuwait is expected to become increasingly competitive with the introduction of the giant international companies such as IKEA or Carrefour and when asked why Kuwait is attractive to those international chains the answer would be the high per-capital income levels so even the local brands try to change things around to compete with those large companies, for example IKEA ( Furnishing Products ) has been in Kuwait since 1984 and it is believed that they opened their 5000 square meter store in the avenues mall as a result for the previously discussed issue and in that store which is more like a center its own customers can do more than ordinary furniture shopping , they can go to huge back storage to choose their own un-assembled pieces to put together at home for less price .

Figure 2: IKEA, the Avenues, Kuwait Customers have traditionally travelled to specific areas of downtown Kuwait city to do their shopping, the strategy is to build retail centers close to residential areas and that is being realized with the new malls that are close to residential areas such as The Avenues (rabiya â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rihab) and the 360 mall (Zahra).

The amount of retail space in Kuwait has expanded rapidly in recent years, to 2009 retail floor space reached 9.4 million square meters compared with 2004, 3.8 million square meters this vast change indicates that Kuwait is approaching an explosion in malls in the next few years.

Retail area 20 15 10

Retail area

5 0 2004 2009 2012 Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 3: Retail area (in million sq meter) study, Kuwait Even though Kuwait is small it is still attractive to foreigners because of its high per-capital income levels which second in the world rank after Qatar , but we don't see the foreign investor that much here in Kuwait and that is due the visa restrictions that will be hopefully eased for different kinds of investors , A main issue that hold Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti developers to invest in different kinds of centers , malls or even shops is the massive rising of land price, from 2003 till today land prices increased over 4 times and building materials increased about 50% which makes people afraid to spend that kind of money on projects that may or may not retrieve their money back .

The Kuwaitis have been long known as good traders, and its perhaps not surprising to find that Kuwaiti retailers or retail franchise groups are some of the biggest in the region, the star of Kuwait retail market is M H alShaye'a company which operates more than 40 international franchises across the region and employs over 6000 personal in 800 different store e.g. Starbucks, H&M, Debenhams..etc , and they are planning to double their store number by the end of 2011 to reach a number of 3000 store across the middle east, another champion of Kuwait retail is Sultan Centers Chain which has 11 store in Kuwait and another 35 in the region ( Jordan , Omanâ&#x20AC;Śetc ).

Figure 4: MH alshay'a & Sultan Center So this large numbers of stores indicates that Kuwait has lots of alShayae stores all around which in a way shows that where ever you go you will find their trace e.g. The Avenues is developed by alShayea company so nearly all the stores in there are owned by the same company and Starbucks there has over 7 cafes in same mall , also in marina mall you will find lots of alShayea stores over there , when you go to every other mall you will find the same thing which will make anyone who visits this mall feel bored , except in 360 mall you won't find any store that you saw in every other mall which makes you feel different in that specific mall which attracts new brands and franchises to attract different types of costumers and when the current malls were planned an assumption was made that convinced developers that demand would be high , in the first few years of the century Kuwait appeared to be headed in a clear direction in terms of market liberalization with membership of the WTO ( world trade organization , which deal with the rules of trade between nations ) , the first assumption has proved be largely correct especially with the rolling oil prices , but with the chaos happening in Iraq Kuwait is not going to become the kind of gateway to that country for the moment .

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Figure 5: Marina mall, Salmiya, Kuwait Nowadays retail growth is dependent on the local population which is made up two thirds of expatriates, with the amount of retail space set to double in next few years some analyst remain concerned that unless visa restrictions are lifted for many foreigners they will be only too happy to travel to Dubai and spend their money there instead.

The current franchising laws which are largely based on the deal between BP and Kuwaiti government over development of the country's oil recourses in the 1960's are now viewed as outdated , foreign ownership laws require Kuwaiti ownership of any company to be over 50% with a majority shareholding of at least 1%, retailers are calling for the process of getting goods into the country to be made easier with Kuwaiti customers preferring brand names , the vast majority of which are important , the bureaucracy is cumbersome with no standardized system for quality assurance , such as seal of approval.

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Figure 6: Map of Kuwait Malls As listed and researched the following are names of the malls found in Kuwait:  Al-Kout : located in Fahahel area and designed to look traditional  Al-Bairag : located in Funtas area where a center of attractions is meant to be  Souk sharq : located on the sea front with a design that faces sea and city at the same time  Marina mall: located in Salmiya with two parts one facing the sea , connected by a bridge  The avenues : located in al ray area , known to be the largest mall in the middle east  360 mall : located in Zahra area, the newest mall in Kuwait designed to be known globally  Al-Mohalab : located in Hawali area designed as a ship named after an old Kuwaiti ship  Al-Raya : located in Kuwait city , it is a complex of offices and shops  City plaza : located in Salmiya , it is a mix use building ( commercial – residential )  Plaza Hawali : located in Hawali and combines commercial and residential  Al-Khaima mall : located in Jahra city and made to accommodate people over there  Souk Salmiya : The red famous center which have city center and is in a strategic place  Sana‘a : a center for old stocks and it is an outlet located in salmiya  Wara center: located in Hawali and it specializes in cd's and computer programs  Slaiel aljahra : located in Jahra city as a resort with a hotel and a mall  Dana center : an old mall located in Salmiya  Awqaf center : a famous Center in Kuwait city for woman accessories  Awtad mall : located in Farwaniya relatively new with a simple design  Discovery : a mall designed especially for kids very new located in Kuwait city  Sultan Center : the famous TSC has over 11 store in Kuwait , supermarket like  AL-Fanar : In Salmiya , the first mall that has cinema in it  Zahra : one of the earliest mall used to be a special place for Kuwaiti women  Al-Bostan : located in Salmiya near lots of malls on salem al Mubarak st  Shaha :also on salem al mubarek st in Salmiya where lots of malls are there  Ajyal : located in Fahahel city has a cinema in it as an attraction  Al-Bahar : located on the 4th ring road on Hawali , recognized by the famous blue name  Al-Mahamied : has 3 centers in Kuwait specialized in low-cost clothes , appliances  Al-Romaih center : located in Hawali , the place to go if house maids are needed  Al-Mothana : located in Kuwait city , connected to a hotel , has an amazing library  Al-Rihab :number one mall for all kids for it to be specialized in video gaming, in Hawali

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Al-Wataniya : located in Kuwait city and it is categorized as foreign mall for foreigner Galleria2000: Salmiya , salem al Mubarak st along with all the malls , has youth shops Lila Gallery: located in Salmiya , salem al mubarek st , has a cinema few restaurants Metro : located in Farwaniya mainly for foreigners who wants to watch a movie Kuwait Majic : located in abo holifa area on the sea front with a large kids playground Aouda Al-Mohana : in Salmiya specializes in electronics and home appliances Al-Negra S,N : the place for textile and tailors stuff , located in Hawali Al-Salhiya : located in Kuwait city known for its high quality shops and boutiques Centerpoint : or as known previously landmark is the place for all family needs in Rai Marks Spencer : near marina mall has a toy store and consists of 3 floors Al-Manshar : a mall connected to a hotel for the same owner w a mid-quality shops Al-Othman center : a relatively old center in Hawali that has different shops for a woman Magateer Mall : located in Farwaniya along with other malls around it .

Dabous center located in Farwaniya with a various shops and stores for clothes .

Safat alGanem : in Rai area has an electronic department , furniture and cars showroom Qorain Mall : a compound of series of different styles shops and stores Wafi center: located in Farwaniya city specified for expatriates living over there Zamzam Mall : located in Farwaniya city specified for expatriates living over there Qirawan center : located in Hawali and has all kinds of stores that deals with computers Mubarakia : an old heritage place that has traditional food, clothes and goods Joma'a souk : a complex that only operates on the weekend and sells only used stuff Animals souk : in al Rai area near to the joma'a souk , kind of a large pet store Weapons souk : near mubarakia souk in Kuwait city that sells special ordered bags Sfafer souk : the souk of tin in English , sells and make anything that is made out of tin Mastora : has over 3 branches in different cities , sells low-quality clothes and goods

Figure 7: al Bairag Mall, Funtas, Kuwait

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Figure 8: Ben Dua'aij Souk (Mubarakeya, weapons souk), Kuwait city

Figure 9: Marina Mall Bridge (connects the seaside mall with the city side one)

Figure 10: 360 mall (the most recent mall in Kuwait), Zahra, Kuwait The first mall in Kuwait was the street ibn Dua'aij which was a group of shops near each other, gathered all under a roof in 1857 this souk used to be near the residential areas where people reach the place in a 10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 15 minutes' walk that time when women went to the souk everybody looks at them suspiciously, the souk offers fresh drinking water free of charge for all the customers (it was a major attraction point) besides the various kinds of shops like: ď&#x201A;ˇ Fruit and vegetables

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait  Fabrics  Traditional clothes  Sewing equipments  Bathrooms supplies  wooden crafts  Daily racks  Spice dealers  Perfumes and incense  Mesbah sellers The souk was demolished in the 70's and free water fountains were put there as a memorial and the street still holds the same name as in Figure 8.

Figure 11: Mubarakiya, weapons souk, sekat bin doa‘aij, exchange market, gold market, fish and meat market, Kuwait city Since that time until today a lot of malls were built in different years every single mall deal with issues and specializes in specific goods or services so to list the activities done in malls a study came up with these following activities as the most known ones:  Hanging out  Shopping  Social interacting  Cinema  Gaming  Jogging  Dinning  Events And hanging out seems to be the Number one activity of all the above especially for Kuwaitis and the reason behind that is the physiological needs of human beings to interact with others and socialize with them, after that positives and setback were listed as the were obvious and noticed: Positives:  After introducing hypermarkets to malls the audience increased by 40% (the idea of a supermarket in malls is a strange thing for Kuwaiti society )  Introducing cinemas to the malls ( Al-Fanar was the first to put a cinema in a mall )  The entertainment centers became an important part of malls ( magic planet , freeze )

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait     Setbacks:      

The use of natural lighting , domes , wide corridors and the use of plants Hosting events All day non-closing stores Views ( seafronts , city view )

The repeated brands and stores in different malls Lack of parking Lack of children's recreational areas Difficulty to find the services areas Design problems Shortage of Seating areas

So as long as we go we will face technical problems and diverse setbacks but the successful developers are the one who learns from others mistakes and try to avoid them in new project and for an example 360 mall was the latest mall that was built in Kuwait and a small study is provided for this mall which was opened in Jul,2009 and has a space of 82,000 square meters and has Kuwait largest collection of international designers brands along with the Guinness world record for the largest chandeliers ( figure 12) and the biggest vertical interior plantation walls , and from that we know that the developer ( TAMDEEN ) is aiming for global echo, and they didn't forget to solve the previously shown problems with the following solutions :  1800+ car lots  5000m2 interior family entertainment center  1500m2 interior teenage entertainment center  15 cinemas

Figure 12: world largest chandelier in 360 malls, Kuwait GCC facts Here are some facts that are useful in this report which supports the previous information and those facts relate the Gulf countries and their retail sector in a specific way:  GCC countries spent over 18B $ just on malls and shopping centers.  Annual sales volume is estimated at 30 billion$, representing about 5.5% of the GDP of the six countries combined.  The rise of shopping centers in the Gulf has been remarkable; in 2000 the area of business centers in the GCC countries combined is about 2, 5 million square meters, rising to 5, 3 million square meters at present.  It is expected to reach 17 million square meters in 2012 which counts as 550% growth.  The rise of the population in the GCC to 50M in 2015

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 5. CONCLUSIONS All of that progress that occurred in Kuwait city from the 17th century were people used to go dive for pearls and trade spices with India and the community which had approximately 5% expatriates and the work was done by the people themselves moving to the first mall that was built in 1857 in the street of Ben Dua'aij and people start to face new exports from nearby countries to the early 18th century were cars fist came to the royal families and trades started to widen exposing Kuwaitis to larger number of expatriates and also various kinds of goods , taste started to change in the 50's were globalization took its first steps into Kuwait and people started to get rid of the traditional clothes and wear something "western" all of that was due the discovery of oil which moved Kuwaitis to another level , diving for pearls began to vanish and industrial jobs began to take some space , the 70's witnessed the brightest Kuwait that years where people called Kuwait the pearl of the gulf and that was due the evolution Kuwait had in architecture and economy taking us to the 90's were Kuwait had the shocking neighbor attack and the desert storm war started and the Iraqi invasion destroyed Kuwait and all of its magnificent buildings, after a year or so the war ended and that triggered Kuwaitis to build even newer and more evolved building and the economy raised back up so the malls such as nigra , zhra and so on were built and a new trend started in Kuwait and it was malls which leads us to today were the economy fell again stopping lots of project due the lack of funds , Kuwait is still trying to get back on the throne as it used to be by aiming to be the gulf center of commerce and economy .

REFERENCES Oxford business group (2008) The report: Kuwait, UK. Nicholas Jewell (2001) The journal of architecture , Volume 6 www.wikipedia.com http://victorian.fortunecity.com/dali/428/urbanizationkuwait.html http://www.tamdeen.com http://www.mabanee.com/ http://www.kuwait-history.net http://www.alnwady.com/stock/showthread.php?t=18594 http://www.q8castle.com/vb/showthread.php?t=213670 http://www.hadath.net/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=274

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GLOBALIZATION AND GATED COMMUNITIES PHENOMENON A CONSTRUCTION TOOL OR A DESTRUCTION TOOL? Esra’ Fadel Dashti Email address: arch.e.d@hotmail.com ABSTRACT The proliferation of gated communities worldwide has generated great interest and critical attention from urban scholars and planners. The rise of gated communities, however, is by no means a universal urban phenomenon that displays uniform characteristics and genesis. Using Middle Eastern Cities as a case study especially Kuwait city, this paper examines the development of gated communities (in the form of enclosed condominium estates) within the context of the city-state‘s housing policies and urban governance. While Kuwait is widely known for its successful public housing program, a small but substantial segment of the population lives in private housing estates, many of which are extensively gated condominium estates. The paper will trace how these enclosed private residential estates first emerged in different places around the world then narrow the research to smaller spot which is Kuwait city. It will particularly talk about the differences and commonalities between gated communities in Kuwait and other Gulf countries and other parts of the world. In order to do so many resources were used like books and web sites that helped in joining the thoughts and clarify the research point.

Keywords: gated communities, gulf's gated communities, housing and community development, Kuwait.

1.

INTRODUCTION

It has been remarked that many urban development has captured the attention of urban scholars and planners in recent days but not as much as privately organized and secured housing developments or what are often known as the ‗gated communities‘. It has been estimated that the number of people living in gated communities has been increasing. Worldwide, the trend towards the gating up of private residences has intensified with gated communities now being found in virtually every major urban center. Gated communities, however, are not the same everywhere. The objectives of this paper are to highlight: 1- The exact meaning of the term 'gated communities‘.

2- The reasons involved behind choosing this term.

3- The advantages and the disadvantages.

4- Kuwait‘s gated communities.

2.

RESEARCH ANALYSIS

2.1

What Does Exactly The Term 'Gated Communities' Mean?

Many researchers have tried to define this term in a precise way according to their perspectives. But many of them mentioned that it is not easy to pinpoint a single definition. Many definitions can be engaged and be branched from a very big tree. the 'gated communities'... are often called ―master-planned communities‖, ―proprietary developments‖, ―enclosed guarded condominium‖, ―defensive housing complexes‖, ―residential club commonalities‖, ―community association institutes‖ (CAI), ―common-interest housing‖ (CIH), ―neighborhood level private governance‖, ... etc.. Where here I stop to be specific now and give a general term. it is an urban settlements or residential community surrounded by walls or fenced with several entrances, these entrances are controlled by gates and they are guarded by security agents, and some times these housing estates contains a full and strictly controlled gates characterized by a closed perimeter of walls. Sometimes these gates are under video surveillance. The access to these settlements is strictly reserved, generally, to the residents and their visitors. in some places these gated communities a person who wants to inter the place must register as a

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait resident who have an ID that defines hem or this person must have a friend in the place who gives specific permission through phone or internet to the security guards at the gates to this guy so he can take the permission to inter this community and reach his friend. It usually consists of small residential villas with residential streets that include various amenities that defers from place to another. These settlements are usually equipped by big shopping centers and malls, cinemas, recreational facilities, parks, swimming pools, beaches, artificial lakes...etc.

2.2

What are the Reasons Involved Behind Choosing this Term?

There are many reasons behind the emergence of this phenomenon; this is why many definitions have been given to this form. It all depends on the creation circumstances of each Gated Community; or the motive to have the desire to be enclosed in a private collective territory represented by The Gated Community. The majority of the Gated Communities‘ definitions and classifications are based on this kind of reasons. While others claim that they use this type of housing as a refuge from the polluted environment of big towns. Another main reason that called for the gated communities is the increasing crime rate in some of the spots in the world. Some residents decide to run away from this ―risky‖ environment and live in a closed safely Community. For example we can take The Kingdom Compound in the country side of the capital Riyadh, reserved to expatriates as an example of this type (figure 1). This life style prohibited outside this fenced compound because it is contrary to the local traditions or simply against the laws. For example, in these Gated Communities women are not obligated to put on scarves. They can even wear swimming suits to swim in the pools. They can drive; they can lead a normal life style as if they were in their homeland. Beyond the gates they have to respect the country laws and traditions, which is very difficult for most of them or even impossible. While in some other places these gated communities were used to provide their inhabitants with the same life style of their homelands so they can freely practice their daily activities. while other communities offers the contrary of what is in the country so people take the advantage to freely do what ever they want to do and live their lives outside the boundaries of the countries lawssome times as in Saudi Arabia.

So the residence in this Gated Community is a part of the work contract. So we cannot consider this kind of Gated Communities as a solution of any urban problem like the over populated places neither the crowded areas in some places. Because it is a temporary residence, the inhabitants leave it by the expiration of their contracts.

We can imagine here the bad psychological effects on the inhabitants who cannot continue establishing their social relationships: friendships, neighborhood because of the instability of there situation and the relatively short life in the gated community. This social context generates a weak social structure. It may as well, cause a sort of psychological instability for children who lose their friends leaving in their turn with their parents at the end of their contracts. But there is no doubt that these Gated Communities affect the country‘s urban tissue.

Figure 1: The Kingdom Compound Gated community in the country side of the capital Riyadh reserved for foreign professionals (source: Georg Glasze & Abdallah Alkhayyal, 2002)

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Advantages x Disadvantage...

Gated communities have advantages and disadvantage. Starting with the advantages; gated communities have a very dangerous social effect, because this urbane form maybe considered as a legal social partisanship. So now we have the physical form of this discrimination which is the walls of the gated communities. Paradoxically this separation maybe one of the main reasons for the success of these communities; because most of the people living there preferred the place to avoid any contact with the lower class people.

In the creation of Gated Communities there is a difficulty concerning the privatization of public spaces. Streets and beaches of some Gated communities were public before. But after the construction of walls and gates, they became private and reserved only to the residents and their visitors. Maybe these streets were installed and maintained using public budget, beaches as well. From these facts the following question emerges: Do we have the right to privatize a public space? Gated Communities may represent an obstacle in front of the continuity of the urban fabric.

Some types of Gated communities maybe accused being a major blockage in front of sustainable developmentespecially the ones in Kuwait. As Gated Communities are sometimes considered as a refuge from the polluted environment in crowded cities, people go out of these cities looking for fresh air. Paradoxically these refugees participate in the pollution of their refuges and in the destruction of their natural reserve of fresh and pure air, by their cars and other installations of their luxury live- al.khairan resort is the best example for this situation.

But we have to recognize that Gated Communities have remarkably succeeded to attract the inhabitants. Some of them are full and even overpopulated during the holidays. Others are fully occupied throughout year.

Security feeling created by walls and controlled gates encourages lots of people to live in Gated Communities.

The social coherence established in Gated Communities encourages people to live there. Because having a neighbor from the same profession or the same social level is required nowadays. Parents are less worried when they know that their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s friends belong to the same social standard, same education level and same studies level and even sometimes they are happier to know that kids are members in the same social club. But out of Gated Communities children may hear and learn bad words and go out with impolite children and learn inappropriate conduct.

2.4

Deferent Typologies of Gated Communities around the Arab World.

Gated Communities classification will be divided in to two different criteria.

2.4.1

Geographic classification:

Geographically classified: Type 1: The Gated Communities situated in the town For security reasons mostly not in the Arab region (e.g. high crime rates). Their inhabitants claim the construction of walls and controlled access.

Type 2: The Gated Communities situated out of the town.

This type is considered as a refuge from the polluted environment of big towns. For example, the Gated Communities situated on the north coast in Egypt: Marina, Mina, Sidi Abdelrahman, etc. Gated Communities situated on the Red Seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s shore can also be one of the examples.

2.4.2 Chronological classification: Another classification can go under this category: Type 1: Gated Communities where houses are considered as permanent residences.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Usually they are located within town limits or in the near country side, like the Gated Communities settled all around the Greater Cairo. ( see figure 2,3 ) starting with the largest, privately-owned urban development project, that is consider as a permanent residence project that contain not less than 3000 luxurious villas provided for the elites of the society to live in. its location was chosen with grate care in order to ease the accessibility from any where in Egypt. The builded percentage is 20% only of the total area so that all the residences can enjoy the magnificent views of the pyramids, lush green landscapes, swimming pools and other artificial lakes just sitting in their residential units. But, for the time being, they are facing a major problem: The number of these luxurious residences exceeds the need. So these units are vacant and are suffering a remarkable depreciation (Günter Meyer, 1999). This may lead to a double problem: For the investors, this price drop stops their desire to continue such projects because of the fear of loss. It stops the construction of this kind of urban settlements. The other side of the problem is that ―the lower social class‖, usually not welcome in these communities, can afford the new low price. They start to buy villas there which destroy the homogeneous social tissue boasted by the previous owners. This destruction may lead these owners to leave these Gated Communities.

Figure 2: Dreamland Emeralds Residence towers (source: AL MARASEM INTERN. FOR DEVELOPMENT)

Figure 3: Thousands of villas in AL-Rehab Gated Communities (source: AL MARASEM INTERN. FOR DEVELOPMENT)

Type 2: Gated Communities where houses are considered as secondary residences.

Two categories will divide this type of gated communities:

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait A-Weekly occupied Gated Communities, which is -mostly- Kuwait‘s gated communities, mean every weekend occupied. This type must not be located beyond a 100 Kilometers radius around big towns. In Albed'a, Bnaider, Kuwait, these locations contain most of Kuwait‘s gated communities which we mostly call them chalets. As will as the most populated resort which is Alkhairan Resort. (See figure 4)

Figure 4: Alkhairan resort The Long beaches form each chalet limits with the Gulf Sea. This kind of limits creates a private beaches strictly reserved to the owners of the chalets situated on the borders of these Gated communities. This kind of sociospatial segregation is one of the major reasons of social conflicts and feelings of envy. This social jealousy is leading to social destruction. Paradoxically this segregation is the reason for the Gated Communities success to attract residents, to cure the thirst of being with the high class people and not merge with low class people.

Generally, these chalets have a view on the beach. Every ownership gives the right to a limited number to enter in the sub-Gated Community. This number represents the number of the family members and a limited number of visitors. The area is not open for the public. Taking Al-Bandar resort, Bahrain as an example, it is simply a small beach in front of which a small number of chalets are constructed. This settlement is equipped with a parking area and a little promenade, nothing more! But people go there to be isolated from ―the lower social class‖. It is an ideal place for showing-off and relaxing. The entry is double controlled: First membership verification is done before entering the parking area. Then, the second control is done before entering the beach.

(See figure 5)

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Figure 5: the resort view from the sea b- Gated Communities occupied during long vacation seasons. This type is usually situated farther than the previous type, of the town. This type is represented, by a long chain of Gated Communities on the Sea. Actually we don‘t have this kind of communities in Kuwait, since people avoid being far away from the city.

All human beings hope to live in homogeneous groups ―Tribes‖. Most people look for living with others from the same intellectual level, same habits, same social and financial standard, etc. This kind of social segregation is always sought by ―poor‖ people before rich ones. The two social classes are looking for it, albeit subconsciously.

Finally we can make a hypothesis: Gated Communities exist, even if we don‘t want to, in our mentalities and spirits. Even if there is no physical separation by walls, we can easily notice the social regrouping and isolation in our countries. One of the reasons maybe the remarkable diversity in the social classes living on the same territory. As well as the big difference between poor and rich people: A very large gap between the two classes.

4. Kuwait's Gated Communities.  As mentioned in the last part of the paper, the types of the gated communities; Kuwait's gated communities are not considered as a real gated community that inhabitants go buy and live there for along time but more like small chalets that can be rented for some time. Or not more than private beaches strictly reserved to owners of the chalets. Every owner gives the right to a limited number to enter in the sub-Gated Community. And what I mean by sub-gated community is these chalets, the dwellings that can be rented or already owned. This number represents the number of the family members and a limited number of visitors.

The area is not open for the public.  The type of gated communities we have in Kuwait can't be compared to the ones been constructed abroad. And do not have that much facilities or unique architectural treatment that attracts people. But people go there to be isolated from ―the lower social class‖. It is an ideal place for showing-off and relaxing.

This clarifies that humans hope to live in groups which is some thing normal. So most people look for living with others from the same level, same habits, and same social and financial level.

3.

METHODOLOGY  In this research many papers were engaged that helped in combining ideas from deferent point of views.

These papers were taken from people who were searching in the social affect of the gated communities and the urban fabric changing according to this trend -the gated housing-. All these papers were been view via the Internet and all the websites are included in the references section. Starting with (Günter Meyer) paper he mentioned many names how talked about many fields related to this trend the gated isolated communities.

First mentioned were Klaus Frantz and his research about the gated communities in the United States of America. Then he talked about Jan Wehrheim who brought the Segregation as separation—gated communities as a new part of the "Quartered City"? Topic and he criticized it in his way widen the reading I went through what was written by Georg Glasze (Mainz): Gated settlements in Lebanon and his research

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait about it. Further more Günter Meyer’s: Gated communities in Egypt were the most topics that I benefited from. And many other names. This is how my research was done. Reading from deferent researchers, trying to see the similarities between what we have in our region and their region.

4. CONCLUSIONS  In conclusion what we can finalize with is to say that: gated communications exist even if we don‘t want to. It exists in our minds, our mentalities, and our countries. Even if there were no walls that define this spot as a gated community, our private houses gradually turned to be a gated communications. And remarkably this gating attitude led to a social regrouping. Regrouping and isolation in our countries. One of the reasons behind this separation is the socials classes living on the same territory or what so called the gated communities affect.

5. REFERENCES -Khalaf S. (1985) ―Social structure and urban planning in Lebanon”, in Property, Social Structure and Law in the Modern Middle East Ed. E Mauer ( State University of New York Press, New York) pp 213 – 235 -Günter Meyer: "Gated communities in Egypt”, paper of “The Geography Institute conference, University of Mainz », the German Research Fund (DFG), Germany. (www.sokoliuk.de/ag-glasze/gated-communities/abstr_ham.html) -Georg Glasze (2001): “Geschlossene Wohnkomplexe (gated communities) als Enklaven des Wohlbefindens in der wirtschaftsliberalen Stadt” [Guarded residential complexes (gated communities) as enclaves of well – being in the deregulated city] in Stadt – der Lebensraum der Zukunft? Gegenwärtige raumbezogene Prozesse in Verdichtungsräumen der Erde Ed. H Roggenthin, Geographisches Institut der Universität Mainz, Mainz, pp 41 - 57 (www.envplan.com/epb/editorials/b12926.pdf) -Georg Glasze et Abdallah Alkhayyal (2002): Gated housing estates in the Arab world: case studies in Lebanon and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, article published in “Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2002” (www.informaworld.com/index/908706921.pdf) 6. WEBSITES All the websites used is mentioned in the references part.

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Heritage village Fatima Almousailikh Al-m9ali5i@hotmail.com ABSTRACT My main subject is about the project of the heritage village. First, the project of the heritage village in brief is about indigence architecture of Kuwait's old houses, layouts and designs and materials, streets, roadways and, the contents of kitchens and the variety of food in the past. Second, is a comparison between old and present (houses, streets, and food) and how they developed and evolved to soothe the modern life style of today. Third, a demonstration of some details, facts and information's of the heritage village: a) the main idea behind the project . b) what it contains of buildings and activities.

C ) the benefits of the project of the heritage village. . d) pros and cons ( positives and negatives of the project ) . e) the effects of the project of the heritage village on the Kuwaiti society in the future.

Fourth , how old and present integrate and mix together Fifth , resources : internet , The center of culture art and literature , international investor company .

Keywords: Architecture, Kuwait, Village, Heritage

1.

INTRODUCTION

Kuwait is an Islamic country with a conservative culture. It has a hot and dry climate; people in the past basically lived in a desert. A unique feature of the Architecture in Kuwait is that building materials were limited and need to be imported. They used mud because it was the only material available in Kuwait's region that could be used for construction, it was effective as well because its a high thermal mass material. Hardwoods were imported from East Africa and usually came in restricted lengths which influenced the width of the roofs. The restricted length of the roof poles and height of building may have influenced the choice of a courtyard dwelling.

In terms of socio-cultural factors, privacy is highly required specially for women. There were no external windows, and if there was a window it would be high so that no one can look in. Neighbors are also important to the Islamic culture, the fact that the traditional Kuwaiti house (Figure 1) is usually a single story building prevented overlooking into the neighborâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s house.

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Figure1: kuwait old houses 2.1 Main idea [Times NR 11] The idea of the heritage village of Kuwait was started under the wish of diseased Amir of Kuwait Sheikh Jaber AlAhmed Alsabah when he suggested building the project. And this idea started formulate to be one of Kuwait's main touristic project which will link the past and old heritage of Kuwaitis with their present and their future 2.2 Site location and surrounding The site location and the surrounding is the only space available in the heart of the capital and over looks view the beach of the Arabian gulf which is surrounded by important buildings and places , such as Soug Sharg – Alseif old part – Alseif place – with old neighborhoods like Sharg – maidan – matabah – sewaber and so on .

Figure2 The site and location was chosen because it was recommended by the Amir Shaikh Jaber and because of historical reason .

This location of the city contains many ruins which is still exist like some old building, old mosques and dewaween.

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Figure2: site plane 2.3

Launching the project

At the beginning the project was launched as a contest to design the village. then was launched again as real estate companies won the tender and two of them were excluded because their design was not practical nor ideal to reflect the idea of the project . At the end the company of the heritage village won the tender the project 2.4

The concept

At the beginning the project was launched as a contest to design the village. then was launched again as real estate companies won the tender and two of them were excluded because their design was not practical nor ideal to reflect the idea of the project . At the end the company of the heritage village won the tender the project.

Figure3.

Figure3: old village plan

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 2.6 The sites of the village

First Phase: The site of the village consists of two locations. The first, which is considered as the first phase of the project, contain many of private owning lands and some buildings belong to the government. This location is designed to be used and constructed as a public facility area that includes multi story parking lots and many landscapes with scattered open parks and ways of blocks of grass. And the idea of planning and redesigning the phase of project is to contain the old historical building that already exist and mix them with the new constructions of the village. Therefore, Kuwait municipality which is the authorized organization for planning the capital, decided to use the first phase as the facility area to service the second phase on the other site location which is going to be the main site of the project.

Second Phase which is the main site of the project consist of many buildings which are going to be built as the same design of the traditional Kuwaiti houses.

The constructions of the site of the second phase will also contain old fashion houses with narrow wining alleys with vast open space. Surrounded by many restaurants to serve old Kuwaiti cooking foods and many shops for old Kuwaiti crafts and antiques with some museums of Kuwaiti ruins.

Figure4.

Figure4: phases 2.5 Zones of the village The village is divided to 5 zones -the main body of the hotel which overlooks the gulf road and the hotel is two story buildings designed to host the formal visitors of Kuwait like diplomats and VIPs. -some resort villas as part of the hotel resort villas Figure6, 7: designed as the same shape of old Kuwaiti houses from outside and inside.

These villas will be surrounded by narrow roads, provided with small shops Figure8 of all kinds of goods merchandizes. Also the villas and the hotel are also surrounded by huge gates like the gates of sour al Kuwait to present the trespassing of unauthorized people to go inside.

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Figure5: zones

Figure6: hotel

Figure7: hotel

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Figure8: shops Zone 3 Also the village will consist of some two story old fashion houses where the ground floor to be rented for investors and the first floor to be routed for hosts of tourist and other local people.

All three zone that are connected by small brides called " mussagaf" or" gassariya " also there will be big parking lot to lift for 1200 cars of the customers gusts who want to stay Over in the village in the old houses or villas.

Zone 4 Several other separate commercial buildings to sell antiques also museums.

Zone 5 Is old crafting area which is building consists of two story, where the second floor is to be used as a living place for employees to serve the village. And the first floor contains commercial shops. And there will be a huge area called al boom to represent the old sea tradition and to use it as performance stage .also there will be many scattered mosques beside the already existing ones and many dewaniyas and cafes.

The site will be provided many loud speakers to play old traditional Kuwaiti music to create effects to make the visitor feel and live the past.

Figure9: perspective

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Figure10: perspective

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Figure11: perspective

Figure12: perspective

4. RESULT S AND DISCUSSIONS Kuwait isn't the only country with a heritage village. Another village is found in Doha, Qatar and in Dubai, UAE. Although they are all based on the same concept, they slightly differ from each other. Doha's Heritage Village is similar to the one in Kuwait but more traditional. They used old materials more than Kuwait did. For example the roads were left unpaved unlike Kuwait which provided fountains and other modern landscaping features. Also in Qatar, all workers wear old traditional clothes and the shops sell traditional food using tools from the past. On the other hand, the heritage village in Dubai is more modern than both. It represents the traditional Bedouin and coastal village life however the buildings are higher than how they would have been in the past. In general, the architecture isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t as old as the villages in Kuwait and Qatar.

5. CONCLUSIONS Positives A- First project to maintain old heritage village.

B- Attracting local and foreign tourism.

C- Mix old new buildings in the city.

D- One of the projects to design and reconstruct the capital.

Negatives A- Traffic conjugation.

B- The area of the project is small.

REFERENCES ALABD ALHADEENGINEERING CONSULTANTS COMPANY HERITAGE VILLAGE COMPANY KUWAIT MINICEBALITY WIKIBEDIA

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Title: New Kuwait University Campus at Subah Al Salem Educational City Author: Ghalia Bader Al Othman ghalia.alothman@gmail.com

Figure 1: Plan of the Campus (Master Plan, Volume 1, 2005)

ABSTRACT A new university city is being established at a fast growing region by the Canadian Consortium Architects in association with SSH, New Kuwait University Campus at Subah Al Salem Educational City. As the country was committed to provide the most modern educational facilities to its citizens, a concept was derived to serve the social and cultural environment, where it performed the segregation of student sexes (SOSS) by creating two campuses separated by the design of water element and landscaping. This will retain a sustainable educational environment, where the impact of the past and the future are formed. Thus, the new campus will provide a new experience for a student supporting with excellence in learning, as well as a reflection of a unique identity of the history and location of the state of Kuwait. Therefore, a suitable location was chosen to initiate this university, where it is strategic for the future generations to be able to reach and attend this campus.

Also, it allows visitors to have tours within breaks.Yet; the inhabitants are increasing as well as the population, where the relative amount is being doubled for the upcoming years. For that reason, this project necessitates advancements and future developments in creating several University Cities. Moreover, the segregation of student sexes required a duplication of the educational campuses, which resulted in increasing the space and budget. A comprehensive cost estimate has been prepared for the final Master plan. The cost estimate has been broken down on a phase by phase basis, to provide the university with a valuable tool to set and monitor the sequential phasing and corresponding cash flow.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Education is a continuous and creative process that aims at developing the abilities of human nature, and the direction for the enrichment and progress of society by providing material knowledge. An innovative educational experience is really important for encouraging and supporting the present generation, particularly when it is a past experience that is renovated into a future plan. Today, education needs an expanded definition that frees it from the large economic context and acknowledge, toward the focus and realization of schooling and beyond. The role is to transform both individual lives and the entire society to an enhanced level. At the present time, the university campus holds up unique educational groupings for each campus, where the university colleges are distributed over a system of campuses spread across the city on conditional basis.

A new university campus is in fact a new way of an academic life, where modernization and cultural change occurs. In reality, the promotion of positive attitudes towards learning is becoming as a certain requirement for the achievement of most social and cultural goals and objectives in the region.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Nevertheless, believing is the build up confidence on a professional level, where the pursuing of education can be achieved by succeeding a university degree. This is the ideal method of attaining a new project in a gradually growing region at certain stages. As college education level collaborates in the growth and development of the individual and the community, a well-educated community member is determined to be a modest member, who helps and overcome disagreement and separation thereby contributing to a spirit of unity and collaboration. Therefore, a change can be made by understanding the positions as members of the local community and how difference can be successfully done. The revived university campus will become an iconic key landmark in the region, in order to have a better experience in learning and development. Thus, the approach of generating this new experience of having a fresh university campus is planed and diagrammed according to a certain procedure, where laws and strategies are taken in consideration. As the law applies, the planning will commence in order to initiate the project. As results, the aimed goals will be accomplished. The first reason that should be considered is the sustainable increase in the earning potential of the population, hence, an increasing in the growth of the developing level in both the intellectual and the communal progress.

As a personal point of view, the under constructing project of the university city will enhance the academic life of the region. However, some negative aspects might be faced during the enlargement of this project.

Figure 2: Panoramic view from the site (My Picture ―Ghalia‖, 2009)

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Describing the documents and records regarding a research, research strategies must be done in order to organize the accounts of people‘s work. The first approach of this procedure was a having a visit to the class instructor, Dr. Yasser Mahgoub, where a starting point has been initiated by his recommendation. Thus, the Dr. directed me to contact some of the working team staff of the project at the Vice President for Planning Office, located in Kuwait University, Khaldiyah Campus. The first visit was at Architect Usama Dardeer‘s office, he gave out the new university brochures, so that the report abstract is prepared as a first phase submission. However, more information was required to complete the rest of the study. Therefore, the second data collection for the power point presentation involved a second visit to the Vice President for Planning Office, where I met Architect Rami Judah. This visit included more pictures and Auto-CAD study drawings for the project. Also, he offered a video of the new Shadadiyah campus that shows the advancement of Kuwait University since the beginning.

Afterward, I had a visit to the site at Shadadiyah to have an overview and general study for the site analysis, also to have visual pictures that shows the existing site was under construction and just bounded by a fence. For the final report paper, detailed information necessitated deeper search. Thus, a small meeting was held with the head of Vice President for Planning Office himself, Dr. Omar AlSaleh. This last visit provided numerous documents that assisted the completion of the search, and it covered the data for the report. He offered a digital copy of the full Six Master Plan Volumes of the new university.

In addition, he gave documents of computer based works for the final rendering of the whole project, which shows each part and college of the campus. During those visits, I surfed the net trying to find blogs and papers written by some critics and viewers regarding the project situation. As a result, some papers had important judgments and honest attitudes concerning some issues about it. Moreover, the Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait campus library is an important information centre. So, I went down there seeking references on the subject. Yet, the project is a recent plan that is under construction; therefore, book collections werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t loaded regarding the topic.

Figure 3: Campus Gallery (Master Plan, Volume 1, 2005)

Figure 4: Palm Forest (Master Plan, Volume 1, 2005)

3.

METHODOLOGY

Basing all the information and data onto certain methods stands on the written materials that requires reading and analysing. The first step set was the small questions, what, how, where, when, and who in relation to the project: What is the project? A new university campus, how did it start? Where is it located? When did it begin? And whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s working on it? As the data was collected after having, those questions were able to be answered. Starting by reading and understanding the gathered information, the first written data to be read was the given brochures, by Architect Usama Dareerâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s. It described briefly a general concept about the project. Thus, it illustrated a historical introduction about the region, the location, the design concept, the site plan and the site analysis, including some important aspects of it. Then, the dense reading material came along, which included the Six Master Plan Volumes of the new university. The Six Volumes contain detailed description demonstrating all the information, from A to Z. Volume 1 is an Executive Summary, outlines the main contents of the master plan, including planning, landscape, infrastructure, transportation, security, food service, waste management, signage, geographical information systems and educational planning. A brief summary of the cost estimate is also included. Volume 2, this volume identifies the design strategy and features of the Master Plan of each aspect of the campus. Volume 3, explains design guidelines. Volume 4, includes Technical Studies. Volume 5, Educational Planning, includes a discussion on proposed academic enhancements Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait and the planning methodology used for determining both academic and non-academic space requirements. Volume 6, Cost Estimate, includes estimates for all buildings, infrastructure and site development.

The main focus of this research is the impact on the region‘s environment. Therefore, skimming and scanning the whole date, and then rereading it generally helped in pointing out what is major and what is minor of the research. Although reading is an important key, listening is a more valuable answer to questions that were never asked yet. During the visit to the head of Vice President for Planning Office, Dr. Omar Al-Saleh, he indicated out some points about the project concerning the present time, especially what is happening with the political state of the country, as well as the impact of it on the society. Consequently, focusing on those visits positively helped in building up the data collection and information.

4.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Kuwait University (KU) is a public university supported by the State of Kuwait. It was established in October 1966, five years after Kuwait became as a monarch state. As the country was committed to provide the most modern educational facilities to its citizens, on the 20th April 2004 the National Assembly approved the establishment of the new University City .The new university city started by a Canadian association for the state of Kuwait, Al-Shadadiyah campus ―Sabah Al-Salem educational city‖. The development plan began on the 29th of November, 2004. It begins by forming two campuses that have distinct separation of both genders of students, consisting of three associated sectors. The campus will provide a new environment and experience for a student supporting with excellence in learning, also will reflects a unique identity of the history and location of the state of Kuwait. The completion date for the construction of the campus is 2014.

History Before discovering oil in Kuwait, the education focused on teaching the Holy Qur‘an and basic literacy and numeracy skills, as was appropriate for the economic and social conditions at the time.

Then the Government-sponsored school system has undergone dramatic growth. In the year of 1966 Kuwait University was established by Amiri Decree. It had a humble start with only 4 colleges and 418 students. Then, the University has expanded dramatically in keeping with the growth of the Kuwaiti population and its economic development. Currently, 13 colleges offer a wide range of undergraduate, professional and graduate programs. At the present time another University is ready to be established.

Other influences on historic urban forms may include direction of traditional cities; compact planning and the symbolic character. This will reveal strong messages to the establishment of religious identity and a few memorable historic buildings. However, very few historic buildings have been preserved in Kuwait. As a result, elements of traditional cities are applied as design components. Such as: city walls shaded narrow streets, courtyards, canopies, and arcades.

Yet, a different architectural style was introduced during the reconstruction of Kuwait after the Iraqi invasion. Modern buildings that incorporated traditional design elements have spread over the region by launching important landmarks such as: Kuwait Towers, Liberation Tower, Kuwait National Assembly, and Arab Organization Headquarters.

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Figure 5: Segregation of Student Sexes (SOSS) (Master Plan, Volume 1, 2005)

Figure 6: Perspective View of the Campus (Master Plan, Volume 2, 2005)

Concept The new campus will enact the segregation of student‘s genders by creating two campuses that have distinct separation which stands for the separation of student sexes (SOSS), where the campus master plan is conceived as a main water element and landscape separating men campus from women campus. Each college will create student-centered learning environments of lounges and study areas.

The campus master plan is conceived as a city with two linked campuses, one for men and other for women, separated by a wide oasis- a ―Palm Forest‖ that will become an icon for the university. The linear organization of the master plan allows for future expansions.

The campus main elements are partitioned according to sections. The university‘s cultural center, main library, convocation hall, and central administration are located in the center of this composition.

In addition, parking lots are available to the north and south. The heart of the campus will be formed by a student centre as a focal point.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 7: Site Analysis (Master Plan, Volume 2, 2005)

Location and Site Analysis The 490 hectares Shadadiyah site is located in the south-westerns suburbs of Kuwait City, surrounded by existing residential areas and main roads, 7km to the airport and 20km from central Kuwait. The flow of traffic is maintained by certain roads guiding directly toward the campus. The highway network surrounding the university site has been assessed to identify the most efficient access strategy, thus the effects of traffic in terms of the university would be minimized. The proposed network is designed to divert students and staff away from the use of surrounding residential roads. In addition, public transport has been considered through integration of existing bus services which run to the edges of the proposed site, as well as an internal University transit system that can circulate around the campus for students and staff.

Figure 8: Existing Highways Network (Master Plan, Volume 2, 2005)

Access to and from Existing Highways Network There are five principal junctions providing accesses to the new campus from the surrounding highways network.

Junction 1 connects the Sixth Ring Road to the north of University Avenue.

Junction 2 connects directly to the University Ring Road in the southwest.

Junction 3 takes traffic to/from the east and north east locality of the campus on Road 602. It also provides access directly from the public highways network.

Junction 4 provides great capacity on Ghazali Street to offer an alternative route to 6th Ring Road.

Junction 5 provides an entry only for southbound traffic from Road 602.

However, restricted access is provided for authorized vehicles only, directly to the KU facilities management buildings and CUP connector road located to the south of the campus. It is predicted that these would be directly off the three existing roundabouts on the residential road to the southern boundary of the Shadadiyah site. These routes will not be accessible for general traffic. Access will be managed via raising barriers or gates. Thus, it will be illustrated via maps.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Figure 9: Size Plot (Master Plan, Volume 2, 2005)

Land Size The total site area is 4.8 square kilometres. Assuming, under normal conditions, a walking speed of 60 meters per minute, walking from the north end of the site to the south end will take approximately 30 minutes as for pedestrian circulation. Moreover, given the site area and the projected enrolment target of 30,000 students will leave room for the extensive parking required, and for expansion and other uses of the campus lands.

Climatic Conditions Taking a close look at the Kuwaiti climatic conditions, the natural condition of it is the dry desert characterized with intensely hot summers and short, cool winters. The prevailing winds and summer sun angles will pose considerable constraints to the development of the new campus. However, clues from traditional regional architecture can help to provide practical insights. As a result, different kinds of landscape elements developed the campus to do the work of defining streets and creating open spaces and public pathways, enhancing pedestrian ways with the emphasis of placing on the use of shaded sidewalks.

Figure 10: Student Common (Master Plan, Volume 2, 2005)

Figure 11: (SOSS)

Campus zoning The campus plan is divided into zones, where it defines the location of major components and types of uses. It also prescribes the link ages of the major spaces within the campus, Including classrooms, laboratories, student social spaces, faculty offices, college administration, graduate studies and other specialized functions.

Footprints shown demonstrate the impact of applying the space program, appropriately grossed up, to the overall master plan.

Students Commons The Student Commons is the â&#x20AC;&#x2022;heartâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; of the campus where it serves as the place for student gathering and socializing. In addition, it is the place where major events take place, as well as it is the forecourt for student centre.

Gateways and Landmarks Key landmarks are used as an icon to identify Kuwait culture overall. Such key landmarks include the gates as entrances for each college as well as the Convocation Hall, the Central Library, the Conference Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait and Cultural Centers, and the indoor Sports Centers. In addition, the central administration building will be constructed in the centre of the campus where it will be visible to all students throughout the campus itself. Thus, it will represent the ―heart‖ of the campus. In recognition of the importance of doorways in old Kuwait, individual college identities will be defined through the use of gateway elements that will face onto adjacent College Squares and act as ―front doors‖ to the colleges.

Figure 12: Colleges Clusters (Master Plan, Volume 2, 2005)

Campus components A linear organization composes the campus master plan with key functions located at its centre or core. The plan is comprised of two linked but separated sides, one for men and one for women. The main student social, fitness, recreational, dining and retail facilities crucial to student life are centered in the campus. They form the heart of the campus, associated with primary entry courts and meeting spaces on both the men‘s and women‘s sides.

Colleges are grouped into 3 clusters. The first cluster includes Arts, Education, Law, Shari‘a and Islamic Studies, and Social Sciences; Secondly, including the Science, Engineering, Business Administration, and the College for Women. The third one includes Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, Allied Health, Health Sciences Centre, Research, and the University Hospital.

Figure 13: Car Parking (Master Plan, Volume 4, 2005)

Parking Accessible vehicular parking is a main attribute of an important icon, such as the university campus.

Hence, a university commuter experiences an everyday routine of travelling the same distance over the year, finding a place to park in order to get to work or study for the daily ritual. Consequently, a well studied parking system was designed in order to resolve all types of vehicular parking issues. This Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait concept applies an impression of having the capability of carrying a large capacity of commuters that carries around a total of 33,423. Student parking for each campus is provided through a combination of surface and decked car parks, plus underground car parks in the main university campus.

The parking conception is based on a reduction of listed issues. Reducing the walking distance between parking and destination buildings is an important matter of time consideration, estimating the limited timings when arriving late will facilitate the problem. As a result, the land-take will be reduced in association with surface parking. Also, pedestrians are the most active circulators in a university campus, so inherent protection elements are provided for them. So, this will minimize the conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles movements. Accordingly, a maximized flow capacity on the parking areas will be reduced potentially on the distribution road network.

Figure 14: (COW)

Figure 17: (FC)

Figure 15: (COB) Figure 16: (COEP) (KU, the Vice President for Planning Office, 2009)

Figure 18: (COL) Figure 19: (COSH) (KU, the Vice President for Planning Office, 2009)

Figure 21: (COE)

Figure 20: (COSS)

Figure 22: (COA) Figure 23: (COS) (KU, the Vice President for Planning Office, 2009)

The New University City Colleges -

Faculty Centre (FC), Designed By: PSP – Page Southern Page College of Law (COL), Designed By: PSP – Page Southern Page College of Shari‘a (COSH), Designed By: PSP – Page Southern Page College of Social Sciences (COSS), Designed By: PSP – Page Southern Page College of Education (COE), Designed By: Dar/ P+W – Perkins+Wills College of Art (COA), Designed By: Dar/ P+W – Perkins+Wills College for Women (CFW), Designed By: C7 – Camprage 7 College of Business (COB), Designed By: C7 – Camprage 7 College of Engineering and Petroleum (COEP), Designed By: C7 – Camprage 7

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College of Science (COS), Designed By: NBBJ Medicine school and Hospital (HOK)

Positive and Negative The new campus provides a new environment and experience for a student supporting with excellence in learning, as well as a reflection of a unique identity of the history and location of the state of Kuwait. The location of the site is strategic as most of our future generations will attend this university, where proximity to the campus allows visits and tours within breaks. However, it took a long time schedule to finish the planned project which is due for completion at the end of 2015. As a result, Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s population is increasing in a ratio of doubling the number in the upcoming years. Therefore, the project necessitates advancement in creating more than one University City.

Cost A comprehensive cost estimate has been prepared for the final Master plan. The cost estimate has been broken down on a phase by phase basis, to provide the university with a valuable tool to set and monitor the sequential phasing and corresponding cash flow. The final total of the project cost of 1,100,335,588 KD. 5.

CONCLUTION

In the end, the University City will become a historic document that will create a new identity in the region. Yet, education is the most essential direct in a developing nation where the need of generating a new school is the key to success. As mentioned in the introduction, a new educational skill is really important for encouraging and supporting the present generation, particularly when it is a past experience that is renovated into a future plan; therefore, benefiting the valuable modernism of the time in the importance of learning in an educational level. Schooling and education demands an extended classification that liberates it from the cost-effective situation and acknowledge, toward the focus of it and beyond. Transformation must be applied by the community and the individual both toward the better. As the university campus holds up educational groupings for each campus currently, where the university colleges are distributed over a system of campuses spread across the city on conditional basis, the new university campus will combine the disconnected parts to be adjoined at a university city. In fact, a new university campus is a fresh academic life, where modernization and cultural change occurs. The truth is that the encouragement optimistically became as a need for the accomplishment of most social and cultural goals and objectives in the region. So, the ultimate means was accomplished by a gradual, regional growth at certain stages, hence, a new project is completed. As the change was accomplished, the revived university campus would become an iconic key landmark in the region, as mentioned previously, there where laws and strategies are taken in consideration to be applied.

Eventually, the sustainable increase is then developed for the whole community level in advance.

Finally, the working team, the Canadian association is honoured to participate in the completion of the Master Plan. It is a â&#x20AC;&#x2022;living documentâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; that should be re-validated every five years. The master plan has shown a leadership in environmental sustainability strategies and became a model for the future development in Kuwait. At the end of 2015, the campus will be opened for student and faculty to attend with a different academic life.

FURTHER WORK Advancement in effort is always remarkable to continue on doing any kind of research. This research paper covered the main topics regarding the major title, which talked about the experience of having a new project of a university campus in a gradually developing region. Yet, further exploration Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait is notable for carrying on in the process of researching in detailed subjects of this report. There are numerous issues that can be discussed on general basis. For example, the design concept of the new university campus was based on the separation of student sexes (SOSS), and this topic might affect on the communal development positively or negatively. Therefore, it is an important point to have a full research that talks about this topic and how does it affect the cultural society. Another topic that can be well studied is the impact of the new campus on traffic circulations in the region. By studying roads, streets, junctions, entrances, and exits in order to analyze the issue according to certain strategies. An additional, yet vital concern to discus, which is the parking capacity that carries an additional number of car parks, exceeds the capacity of students. As a matter of fact, this is a critical point to study and explore. Thus, the problem caused here is the amount of vehicles entering and existing through limiting accesses. Up till now, the topics are still frequent to choose from, in order to have progression in searching and solving a variety of different issues.

REFERENCES Canadian Consortium Architects CCA in association with SSH. (2005, December). Master Plan for the New University city for Kuwait University Al-Shadadiyah. (Volume 1) Canadian Consortium Architects CCA in association with SSH. (2005, December). Master Plan for the New University city for Kuwait University Al-Shadadiyah. (Volume 2) Canadian Consortium Architects CCA in association with SSH. (2005, December). Master Plan for the New University city for Kuwait University Al-Shadadiyah. (Volume 3) Canadian Consortium Architects CCA in association with SSH. (2005, December). Master Plan for the New University city for Kuwait University Al-Shadadiyah. (Volume 4) Canadian Consortium Architects CCA in association with SSH. (2005, December). Master Plan for the New University city for Kuwait University Al-Shadadiyah. (Volume 5) Canadian Consortium Architects CCA in association with SSH. (2005, December). Master Plan for the New University city for Kuwait University Al-Shadadiyah. (Volume 6) SOCIO-CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY OF FUTURE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: The Case of the New Kuwait University Campus, Open House International Vol 34, No.1, March 2009 pp.

68-74 SkyscraperCity. (2000-2010). www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=340147 Planning SSHI. www.sshi.com/pdf/discipline_brochures/SSHic-MasterPlanning.pdf Interview with Dr. Yasser Mahgoub (Architecture Department) Interview with Dr. Omar Al-Saleh (The office of the Vice President for Planning) Interview with Architect Usama Dardeer (The office of the Vice President for Planning) Interview with Architect Rami Judah (The office of the Vice President for Planning)

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Impact of 1990 Invasion on Kuwait's Architecture Khalid AlAwadhi bioinfernal@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Civilizations have long been affected by what takes place around them. It is because of this the world moves on and develops, going through new eras and adopting new ideas. In the year 1990, Kuwait was invaded overnight by its neighbor, Iraq, unleashing long nurtured hate and envy and destroying everything in its path. This atrocious event, along with factors leading up to it, has changed the people of Kuwait forever.

The shock created a difference in attitudes and views toward all aspects of life, architecture being one of them. This paper will revolve around the meanings of war and architecture, how they relate to each other, and how architecture has become a tool to help unravel Kuwait's identity, lost over time. The report will be broken down into three main segments; pre-invasion, the 1990 attack on Kuwait, and post-invasion. The impact of political, economic, and cultural aspects of globalization which have been portrayed in Kuwait's built environment will also be presented in an assorted set of opinions. The factors mentioned previously, along with a general outline of the invasion itself, will thoroughly be analyzed in this report, showing how they lead to the change in Kuwait's architectural development in particular.

Keywords: Kuwait Architecture, Iraqi Invasion, Impact of War.

1.

INTRODUCTION

The relationship between architecture and war is long withstanding. Not only is architecture an aspect of the local identity that an invader would want to obliterate, but the way in which a living space is divided is reflective of the way people go about their daily lives, and this cultural aspect is yet another thing that would come under attack.

Kuwait was invaded by the forces of the former Iraqi regime on August 2 nd, 1990, and this catastrophic event would change the mindset of Kuwaitis and the landscape of their country forever. This paper will discuss elements of architecture in Kuwait in three phases; pre-invasion, the 1990 invasion, and post-invasion. It will also explore the political polarization and how that influenced the built environment in this Gulf state, as well as how this painful event set people out in search of their lost identity.

2.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAR AND ARCHITECTURE

The relationship between war and architecture, in history, has always been a mystifying one. While some cities built their dwellings within fortresses to fend off their enemies and to protect the people, the object of war has always made the destruction of these defensive structures a goal. Building of symbolic significance – often those of historic or cultural relevance, and symbols of rulers – are more often than not targeted, in an attempt to cut off the local people‘s links to their past, their identity and culture. Bevan states, ‗There has always been another war against architecture going on – the destruction of the cultural artifacts of an enemy people or nation as means of dominating, terrorizing, dividing and eradicating it altogether‘ (Bevan, 2006).

However, wars also pave the way for new construction (Charlesworth, 2006), and Castells (2004) asserts that the construction of identities is fundamental to the dynamics of societies and that cultural identity is the process by which social actors build their own meaning according to cultural attributes.

3.

POLITICAL HISTORY

Oil was discovered in Kuwait in the 1930s, but the British colonists did not announce these findings until the end of World War II, to keep foreign interests away from the region. Kuwait sits on approximately 100 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, which accounts for approximately 8% of the world‘s total oil resources.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait With the oil money coming in, Kuwait commissioned its First Master Plan in 1952, involving the demolition of the oil city walls, making way for laying a road network that provided access to the new public buildings, residential areas, and other facilities that were constructed. The hike in oil prices as a consequence of the 1973 Middle East War (Yom Kippur) meant that the Kuwaiti government had more money to invest in its development plans.

However, regional political influences continued to plague Kuwait, with the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, followed by the eight-year Iraq-Iran war in 1980. But it was the invasion of Kuwait by the Baathist regime in Baghdad in 1990 that was to have a fundamental impact on the country (Fig. 1).

Source: www.cia.gov

Figure 1: Map of Kuwait 4.

KUWAIT’S ARCHITECTURE

Architecture was not unaffected by the political circumstances that Kuwait was surrounded by. Regional political tensions, economic circumstances, and the invasion of the Gulf state in 1990 have all taken their toll on the country‘s built environment and its landscape.

4.1

Pre-invasion

With oil revenues coming in, the Kuwaiti government commissioned the First Master Plan in 1952. It was an experiment for town planning theories of the early 20th century, which aimed at providing the optimum conditions for modern societies. ‗It was a difficult commission. We didn‘t know anything much about the Muslim world and the Kuwaitis wanted a city – they wanted a new city, hospitals, schools, housing and good communication‘ (Gardiner, 1983).

Making room for the new buildings required taking down the old city wall, which had been built for protection, thus allowing expansion beyond its limits. Today, only the four gates of the old wall remain. ‗Only a few historic monuments have been preserved in Kuwait as modernization continues to rake its toll on the old urban environment and historic buildings. A few mosques have been saved from demolition, and many have been replaced with new structures, reflecting the rapid changes in the recent history of the state‘ (Kultermann, 1999).

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Later, the 1973 Middle East War caused a sharp hike in oil prices, which translated to a surplus in revenues for Kuwait, initiating a second phase of development and modernization. In the 1980s, Kuwait became known as the ‗Pearl of the Gulf‘ and it was a sought out by Arab professionals in search for job opportunities.

Later in the mid-1980s, the stock market crash in Kuwait led to the decline of oil prices, which in turn slowed down the development of the country. The eight-year Iraq-Iran threatened the sanctuary of the whole region and diverted attention towards the security and financial burdens of supporting Iraq in the war.

4.2

Iraqi invasion

On August 2nd, 1990, the Baathist regime of Saddam Hussein took the world by surprise by invading Kuwait and declaring its annexation as the 17th province of Iraq. Hussein claimed that Kuwait was extracting oil from an area disputed by the two countries, using slant drilling technology.

As the Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, the ruling family fled to neighboring Saudi Arabia, and Hussein instated a new governor in what he referred to as the Iraqi Province of Kuwait. As a result, the UN Security Council convened an emergency session that led to the unanimous authorization of the formation of an International Coalition Force comprising 34 nations. It also passed a resolution authorizing the use of military force to liberate Kuwait and reinstate the ruling family of Al-Sabah. The aerial ‗Desert Storm‘ operation was launched on January 17th, 1991, followed by ‗Desert Shield‘, a land assault, and Kuwait was liberated on February 26th, 1991.

During their retreat, in a retaliatory move, the Iraqi troops torched the Kuwaiti oil wells (Fig. 2). The fires took over nine months to put out, and by the time the fires were completely extinguished, oil infrastructure repair costs had exceeded $5 billion. Damage was also inflicted on public and private buildings, including houses, schools, hotels, hospitals and offices (Fig. 3). Although many of the buildings were determined to be ‗structurally sound‘ (Al-Bahar, 1991), many of the historical and traditional buildings were targeted and destroyed (Fig. 4).

Source: Anon

Figure 2: Kuwait‘s burning oil wells While Kuwait was still under Iraqi occupation, the government in exile set up a task force in Washington DC to plan for the reconstruction of the country following its liberation (Al-Bahar, 1991). Key personnel representing all of the service ministries in Kuwait worked together to plan a three phase relief and recovery program to restore the critical services in Kuwait upon its liberation. The first ‗emergency relief phase‘ of the program was to last for three to six months, focused primarily on the control of oil well fires, cleaning demolition debris, and the restoration of essential services. Meanwhile, the second ‗recovery phase‘, lasting three to 12 months, focused on assessing the damage, evaluating the needs and priorities, and planning the longterm reconstruction effort. The third and final ‗reconstruction phase‘, planned for three to five years, was the

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait actual reconstruction phase, where serious contracting efforts could begin. Repairing the damage caused by the occupation was estimated at $25-30 billion.

Source: Anon

Figure 3: Kuwait International Airport destroyed by the invading troops

Source: Anon

Figure 4: Seif Palace, a symbol of Kuwait‘s political history, destroyed by the Iraqi troops Much of these plans incorporated the rehabilitation of existing buildings, and the floor was open to contractors, leaving architects a very limited role to play in reconstruction efforts. ‗No new design projects are expected to be commissioned during this period as emphasis will be directed primarily towards the reparation of the damage included on existing buildings. Although architects could participate in some capacity in the buildings efforts, Kuwait‘s post-war construction market will mainly require the professional services of structural surveyors, civil engineers, construction managers, and interior as opposed to architectural design‘ (AlBahar, 1991).

4.3

Post-invasion

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait ‗The impact of wars on architecture and the urban environment is evident in the case of Kuwait‘ (Mahgoub, 2008). After the liberation of Kuwait, recovery and reconstruction plans were executed, but there was hardly any new architectural design and planning. ‗The post-invasion reconstruction requirements resulted in a downgraded architectural service and lack of appreciation of the importance of the architectural design discipline. It resulted in environment lacking high quality architecture and expertise‘ (Mahgoub, 2008).

The time needed for Kuwait to recuperate from the impact of the invasion and the massive destruction that the war left behind marked the end its leadership role in the region. Before the invasion, Kuwait had been the leading country in the Arabian Gulf in providing health care services, offering job opportunities, education, and infrastructure development.

Continued Iraqi hostilities in the 1990s and the regional instability this brought about made it impossible to create a safe environment that could sustain development. It was only after the regime of Saddam Hussein was toppled in 2003 that optimism of a more secure investment and development climate emerged.

In 2002, Kuwait Municipality commissioned a new Master Plan up to 2030, involving mega-projects – many of which are being executed today, while others awaited the completion of bureaucratic procedures. Ambitious projects include the construction of Silk City in the north, and the development of the northern oil fields, dubbed Project Kuwait.

5.

GLOBALIZATION AND POLARIZATION

The invasion of Kuwait created a division within Kuwait‘s cultural identity. To those who had believed in the ‗Arabization‘, promoted by Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt in the 1960s, the ideology and all it stood for was not questionable after Kuwait was invaded by its Iraqi ‗Arab brothers‘. Many of these same people turned to the western countries, which had led the allied forces that liberated Kuwait, and ‗created a trust in western culture and values‘ (Mahgoub, 2008).

The other group viewed the ordeal that Kuwait endured as a warning from God and that they had to hold on faster to their traditions and faith.

This polarization of views reflected on the architecture in Kuwait, and there emerged a need to bring together modernity and tradition, in a way that reflected the origins and roots of the Kuwaiti people. ‗Today architects are split into two groups, one which attempts to integrate local architecture into global trends in a modern fashion, while the other clearly follows traditional architecture in order to preserve the local culture and heritage‘ (Al-Awadhi, 2009).

The atrocities and destruction sparked an interest among Kuwaitis to search for their cultural roots, and they discovered later that pulling down traditional buildings, to make way for modernization in the 1950s was a huge loss of national heritage. Architects joined in this search for Kuwait‘s lost identity, and an interest developed in ‗creating authentic Kuwaiti architecture that stems from architecture found in Kuwait before the discovery of oil‘ (Mahgoub, 2008). One example is the designs of Kuwaiti Architect Saleh Al-Mutawa, who uses elements of traditional Kuwaiti architecture in a direct manner (Fig. 5, 6).

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Source: Anon

Figures 5, 6: One of the designs of Kuwaiti Architect Saleh Al-Mutawa, using elements of traditional Kuwaiti architecture directly These efforts gave way to a new architectural style ‗which is considered a continuation of the postmodern architecture that is widely used in these days emphasizing principles of regionalism, the traditional architecture and local identity‘ (Al-Duaij, 2004).

5. CONCLUSION This paper discussed the impact that the 1990 invasion of Kuwait on the Gulf state‘s architecture. Kuwaiti architecture, a symbol of the country‘s modernization, was a target for destruction, and the reconstruction efforts following the liberation focused on rehabilitation of damaged buildings rather than new ones. This, subsequently, left little – if any – role for architects during that time.

However, the polarization of political views that developed after this difficult time in the country‘s history that sparked the introduction of new trends in architecture, as well as the search for cultural roots. Kuwaiti architects are now trying in their designs to bring together modernity with tradition, weaving elements of Kuwait‘s culture in their plans for innovative buildings and skyscrapers.

But the government‘s new 2030 Master Plan still seems to be proceeding cautiously; the growing tension between the US government and Iran is threatening to push the region into yet another instable era. Furthermore, the enduring instability in Iraq is hindering Kuwait‘s plans for the northern region of the country, namely the mega-projects for the construction of Silk City and Project Kuwait.

REFERENCES Al-Awadhi, H. (2009). Kuwait: Global Politics and Hybrid Architecture. MA thesis, University of Westminster, School of Architecture, London, United Kingdom.

Al-Bahar, H. (1991). Kuwait‘s Post-War Reconstruction, MIMAR: Architecture in Development.

London: Concept Media Ltd. Al-Duaij, O. (2004). Kuwait Contemporary Architecture. In J. Abed (Ed.), Architecture Re-introduced: New Projects in Societies in Change, the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland.

Bevan, R. (2006). The Destruction of Memory: Architecture of War. Reaktion Books Ltd, London, United Kingdom.

Castells, M. (2004). The Relationship between Globalization and Cultural Identity in the Early 21st Century. Forum Barcelona, Spain.

Charlesworth, E. (2006). Architects without Frontiers: War, Reconstruction and Design Responsibility.

Architectural Press, London, United Kingdom.

Gardiner, S. (1983). Kuwait: The Making of a City. Longman, London, United Kingdom.

Kultermann, U. (1999). Contemporary Architecture in the Arab States: Renaissance of a Region.

McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Mahgoub, Y. (2008). The Impact of War on the Meaning of Architecture in Kuwait. Archnet-IJAR, (Vol. 2, Issue 1), USA.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Nasser Khalifa Al-Dubaibi ID204215832

[kuwait Downtwon Towers] Kuwait city After the discovery of oil, the government decided to move the residential area to the suburbs next to the city and build the new modernized city over the old traditional one and turning it into a world-class business hub.

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Downtown: A term used to refer to a city's core or central business district, usually in a geographical, commercial, and community sense. Its characterized by the domination of high-rise buildings.

Downtown towers There are three periods for the development of towers in downtown Kuwait city starting from the first tall buildings, then the current tall buildings and later on the future tall buildings in which I will discuss the topped out ones and the under construction buildings.

First tall buildings:

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Which started after the oil discovery and continued until the late nineties, this period resulted with many significant buildings like the muthanna complex which was the first mixed use building in Kuwait.

Kuwait towers were also build at this period and it was the tallest building in the region at the time and its considered to be Kuwait's logo.

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Another example that was build during this phase is the liberation tower which is the tallest building in Kuwait till now and considered to be one of the tallest in the world up until lately.

Current tall buildings:

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Started from the 2000 and went on up until the 2009, in this period the focus was on the office buildings and also the mixed use complexes.

Arraya tower/ complex which was built in 2003 with 34 floors in a 130 m height.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Future tall buildings projects: In this period we have two types of situations first one is topped out which means the building is in it final stages and will be soon ready to be occupied.

An example is arraya office center tower also arraya 2, owned by alsalhia real estate co. itâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s a tower with 56 floors in a 300m height, 2005 up until now.

known as commercial constructed at

Second example is Kuwait trade center known as altejaria tower, owned by the commercial real estate co. considered to be a commercial tower with 45 floors in a 218 m height, construction began at 2005.

Future tall buildings projects: The second situation of this period is the under construction buildings. There are many under construction projects happening around the downtown kuwait city, but I only wanted to focs on two special projects.

First al hamra tower which concidered to be the tallest sculpted building in the world, owned by al-jal real estate serveces co., it has 77 floors in a 412meter heigh.construction began at 2005 and expected to be done in 2010.

Al Hamra Project is an integrated mix use development of shopping center and office tower situated in the

heart of Kuwait City, Consisting of a Lifestyle Shopping Center with retail shops, cafes, restaurants, cinemas and Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait entertainment areas, also a Premiere Class A Office Tower In which The offices will be â&#x20AC;&#x2022;Smart & Hi Tech officesâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; in multinational standards,then the Plaza Area for people gathering, and last the Multistory Car Park. The tower will be the tallest in kuwait when completed.

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The second example is the central bank of kuwait, which has 42 floors in a 240 meters heigh, started construction in 2006 and still under construction.

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In design The main podium, lower-front of the building is rectangular in plan. The upper part is triangular tower. The northern-front facing the Arabian Gulf will be built as a pyramidal steel structure with a curtain wall made of aluminum and glass. The south western and south eastern fronts will be built of concrete covered by marble or granite. On top of the tower, there will be a viewing lantern with glazed walls and ceilings .

Regulations: There is no doubt that having tall buildings is what represent a downtown or a modern city but each city needs rules and guidelines in order to have a successful city, and this is where the Kuwait municipality or baldyat alkuwait comes with its regulations and guidelines.

Requirements and specifications for the areas of housing investment within Kuwait City.

• For the area of 1000m2 and less the Maximum Height of Building is 120m (30F) from the ground floor.

• For the area of more than 1000m2 the Maximum Height of building is 160m/(40F) from the ground floor.

Regulations and standards for commercial areas within Kuwait City.

• properties of less than 1000 m 2 are permitted for a number of (30) floors.

• Properties of about 1000 m 2 are permitted for a number of (40) floors.

• the ground floor and attic are considered in the calculation as one floor and the Liwan must meet there height.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait • For the market within the city the maximum Height allowed is (3) floors except the basement, and rises as follows: - 3.5 m basement, ground 3.7 m, the first and the second 3.4 m, the roof surface1.2 m, 2.8 m staircase. " Are we going in the right direction?"

Kuwait City skyline and urban form are going through major developments. Tall buildings are taking over the city. But are we going in the right direction? To determine that Lets examine the issues of tall buildings in Kuwait.

1. Materiality: most of the tall buildings in kuwait uses Glass. As there are obvious advantages with the use of glass curtain walls; (Availability of glass, low cost and aesthetic value to name a few also view and ventilation are the main reasons). But Sadly in Kuwait, the weather is dusty therefore the glass looks dirty most of the time. the temperature in Kuwait varies from 35-50 degrees for most of the year, so Ventilation by opening the window is not a choice in those towers.

2. Orientation: The building‘s orientation is very important anywhere, but especially in hot countries like Kuwait. In the northern hemisphere the sun rises from the East, moves South and sets in the West.

Western walls of buildings should be insulated as much as possible. Most of the architects design the building as a stand-alone element in the middle of nowhere, then they stick it on site. There is no regard whatsoever to the amount of heat transferred through the glass to the interiors.

3. Identity: At a glance, the tall glass buildings in Kuwait look pretty much the same. One can argue that most of the tall buildings here don‘t have an identity. But Identity in a building doesn‘t necessarily mean to make it look Kuwaiti. but It is completely wrong to take buildings designed for the States and force them in desert environment like Kuwait. A simple consideration to the heat, dust and other regional aspects will eventually result in much better buildings.

4. Context: In every design project, the architects ask the question of whether they want the building to stand out or to blend in with it‘s surrounding. but what would happen if every architect decides that their building should stand out? What would happen to the overall urbanism of Kuwait city?

Conclusion These simple yet profoundly important issues are critical to the success of any building. But Looking around at kuwait city skyline, it seems obvious that they are being taken for granted. Many buildings use wildly incorrect materials, are blind to orientation, lack in identity and are oblivious to their context. These are not complicated issues, yet their effect on space is enormous.

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Historical Buildings and their Contemporary Conditions in Kuwait Noor Ahmad Boushehri Kuwait University, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Department of Architecture Nanoor_89@hotmail.com ABSTRACT The main goals of this report are, first of all, to provide awareness and understanding about the contemporary conditions of historical Kuwaiti architecture, to understand the reasons behind the condition of Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s historical architecture, to see if there are any efforts being made to protect these buildings (governmental or private), to provide examples and case studies in Kuwait, to provide a comparison between these examples and what we can learn from them, and finally to try to motivate the Kuwaiti people to protect these historical buildings as they are of great value to the countyâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s history.

The report includes definitions of key terminology used in this project, a brief about traditional Kuwaiti architecture, a look into the possible reasons for the current conditions of these buildings, examples of successful preserved and protected buildings, examples of degraded buildings, comparison between the two examples above, possible reasoning behind these contemporary conditions and if there are any plausible excuses for these conditions, and finally, figuring out what the future looks like for these extremely valuable pieces of Kuwaiti architectural history.

Key Words and their Definitions: 1. Preservation: -To keep alive or in existence; make lasting -To keep safe from harm or injury; protect or spare.

-To keep up; maintain: to preserve historical monuments.

2. Restoration: -The act of restoring; renewal, revival, or reestablishment.

- A return of something to a former, original, normal, or unimpaired condition.

- A reconstruction or reproduction of an ancient building, extinct animal, or the like, showing it in its original state.

-A putting back into a former position, dignity, etc.

3. Degradation: -The act or process of degrading.

-The state of being degraded; degeneration.

-A decline to a lower condition, quality, or level.

4. Awareness: -Having knowledge; conscious; cognizant: aware of danger.

-Informed; alert; knowledgeable; sophisticated 5. Neglect: -To pay no attention or too little attention to; disregard or slight.

-To be remiss in the care or treatment of: to neglect one's family.

- To omit, through indifference or carelessness: to neglect to reply to an invitation.

1. INTRODUCTION As explained in the abstract, the main purpose of this report is to raise awareness on the contemporary conditions of historical buildings in Kuwait. In order to be able to fully comprehend some of the reasons behind these current conditions, at least a brief understanding of the historical architecture mentioned is required in terms of materials used and basic architectural principles and concepts used for this type of architecture.

Kuwait started out as a country with limited income, before the discovery of oil, almost all income came from trading and the pearl diving industry. Therefore early Kuwaiti architecture was relatively simple and is often described as being based on common sense. The traditional architecture of this region dating up to the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s reflects these humble beginning. Houses had a simple and basic exterior designs, and most artistic touches were found on main wooden doors and windows. The traditional materials used in this type of architecture included mud brick, rubble stone and sometimes Cora stone, Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait covered with thick mud plaster. Wood was rare, mangrove poles were imported from East Africa to be used for roofs, some other types of wood were also imported from India to be used for doors and window frames. These houses needed regular maintenance to protect them from the environment.

Figures 1 and 2 showing traditional Kuwaiti architecture Source: Google Images Search Old Kuwaiti Houses

2. REASONS FOR CONTEMPORARY CONDITIONS OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS A lot of historical buildings in Kuwait have been degraded to the point where they look like ruins rather than historical buildings. There are many reasons behind this degradation including political, environmental, economical, and even social.

The political reasons behind these current conditions mainly include the Iraqi Invasion. The invasion sadly resulted in the destroying of a large number of Kuwaiti buildings, erasing some of its history. Environmental reasons behind these conditions include the natural day-to-day weather conditions, but also include the date December 7th, 1934, the year of Alhadama. On that date heavy rains hit the Kuwait for a long period of time. This event was called Alhadama (the destroyer) because of its affects on destroying many Kuwaiti mud houses, leaving a lot of families struggling. The main economical factor is defiantly the discovery of oil. This discovery gave the Kuwait new found wealth which allowed the country to develop and catch-up with other developed countries, so the people neglected their old mud houses in search for new, bigger and better houses. This reason interconnects with the social reasons, the Kuwaiti people wanted to leave their humble beginning behind and start a new more lavish beginning. Sadly, the importance of keeping this history alive was not realized until long after a lot of the damage had been done.

3. EXAMPLES OF PRESERVED HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND WHO IS RESPONSIBLE There are currently mainly two areas from which preservation efforts are being made, the governmental sector and the private sector. The private sector includes some individual efforts such as a group of student raising awareness. In Kuwait the governmental sector that is responsible for the protection, preservation, and restoration of the historical buildings is called the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. This council has done a good job so far in preserving and restoring some the historical buildings however more efforts need to be made as there are still many buildings in need of help. So far the council has been responsible for Dickson House, Beit Al-Bader, Open Studio, Sadu House, Red Palace, and the Tribal School. These are all important examples of traditional Kuwaiti architecture that carries great historical value.

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Figures 3 and 4 show Dickson House before any restoration efforts

Figure 5 show Dickson House after the restoration efforts Source for figures 3, 4, and 5: Google images search Dickson House

4. EXAMPLES OF POOR BUILDING CONDITIONS Although there are some excellent preservation and restoration efforts being made, there are still a lot of neglected buildings in extremely poor conditions.

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Figures 6 and 7 show the old part of Al-Ameeri hospital completely neglected.

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Figure 8 show the interior part of the abondoned part of Al-Ameeri hospital.

Figure 9 shows an old abandoned building near the British Embassy and Dasman Palace.

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Figure 10 shows old villa adjacent to Marina Mall in Kuwait. Notice the tall apartment building in the background.

Figure 11 shows A traditional old Kuwaiti house juxtaposed against a thoroughly modern construction. Sadly, the little building will no doubt give way to the developments around it.

Source for figures 6 to 11: http://www.flickr.com/photos/siinq8/sets/1790290/

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Sadly, these poor building conditions have become a regular sight in Kuwait. The Kuwaiti people have gotten so used to seeing such images so much so that they have almost become numb to the effects of these images on society. One of the main problems is that a lot of the old abandoned villas Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait such as the in figure 10 are privately owned and since they are located on such valuable real estate lands, the owners often neglect these buildings while waiting for a tempting money offer to be made by someone to buy this land and make way for new projects such as the tall buildings that have taken over the city. The concept, understanding, and reasoning behind why it is important to keep such buildings are not yet grasped by many historical building owners.

The reasons why saving The Kuwaiti history is important are that any country and its people need to understand where they came from and how they started out to be able to compare and study their development and progress. This will fuel and result in further progress in the future, as I am a firm believer in the concept that if you do not know where you came from, you canâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t possibly know where your going in the future as you will not be able to learn from past experiences and even mistakes.

Possible solutions to this problem might be to create more awareness campaigns to motivate the people to take matters into their own hands, and possibly instead of buying these houses from land ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s t be demolished, having the government buys them to be restored and preserved.

6. CONCLUSIONS It is obvious from the examples shown in this report (such as the Dickson House) that it is possible to preserve and restore some historical buildings. What I have come to conclude from my research is that while awareness is part of the problem, it is certainly not the main problem behind the neglect of these buildings. It is obvious that a lot of people are aware of this problem; the images of these neglected buildings have been seen by many. The main problem, I believe, is the lack of understanding of the importance of preserving these historically valuable pieces of Kuwaiti architecture. This lack of understanding results in a lack of motivation. Kuwait is an oil rich country with million of Kuwaiti Dinars to spare from the daily budget so obviously money is not the issue here, the issue is understanding why some money should be spent to preserve the original history of the country instead of demolishing it and building a fake historical city (Alqarya Alturathiya). Why must people view their history through fake places when they can view and experience the real thing?

7. REFERENCES http://www.flickr.com/photos/siinq8/sets/1790290/ http://www.alriyadh.com/2005/07/25/article83542.html http://www.dahsha.com/viewarticle.php?id=28812 http://www.tartouslawyers.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=546 http://www.aljarida.com/AlJarida/Article.aspx?id=92655 http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/71200/Documents/Papers/14%20Design%20Thinking%20Features%20for%20Traditional%20Architecture.pdf http://www.qassimy.com/nu/news-action-show-id-832.htm http://www.kuwait-history.net/vb/showthread.php?t=2893 http://www.kuwait-info.com/search_site.asp http://www.awan.com/pages/arch/223457 http://www.kuwait-info.com/a_culture/culture_architecture.asp http://www.kuwaitpast.com/arabicera.html http://www.kuna.net.kw/newsagenciespublicsite/ArticleDetails.aspx?Language=ar&id=1388496 http://www.kuwait-history.net/vb/archive/index.php/t-72.html

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Kuwait University Collage of Engineering and Petroleum Architecture Department Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Kuwait Timeline of urban and architectural development Done by :

Saad Al-Saadoun 206115455

Introduction: In this report we will review the timeline of Kuwait urban development and architecture before and after finding the oil that evolved most of the Arab countries. Some of these countries felt the impact of oil directly such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar, while other countries felt the impact indirectly such as Lebanon.

The case of Kuwait evolving is unique because it achieved what took Europe and America over a century and a half under the impact of industrial revolution in only a few decades under the impact of oil. The city of Kuwait has changed from a small village or a vernacular settlement to metropolis and expanded to be an urban planed country. So the city of Kuwait passed through and still under a rapid process of modernization.

Saba George shiber said ‗‘ yesterday there was old Kuwait; today new Kuwait. Yesterday and today are, literally, a stones thrown away from each other in a space, and only ten years apart in time.

Yesterday and today are intertwined, one time-quantum mixing with the other at every turn of the corner. The story of yesterday and today, of pre-oil and post-oil Kuwait, is extraordinary and unique.

Old Kuwait, past 1950 ‘’ pre-oil era’’ During the sixteenth century Kuwait was part of the Ottomans Empire. There wasn‘t a real presence of the empire. Later on it became part of the British Empire. Despite this Kuwait was never fully colonized, because of the harsh climate and lack of natural resources.

Kuwait was a vernacular settlement in a strategic area surrounded by sea in north and east. Basically the city was a trading place for nomadic tribes and sea traders. In 1920 they built a defensive wall ‗‘sour‘‘ from sea to sea with to be protected from tribal attacks. As the city grows and population increase they pull down the wall and build new one to increase the city area. Huge gates were built in these walls to control the city access and organize the trading process.

The city consisted of houses, souqe and sea port. It was light brown in color and the features of simplicity are obvious in the city architecture and people.

Arial view of the old city showing the sea port and the third wall Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait The city was expanded three times to increase the area and match the population growth. In each time the old wall pulled down and a new wall built.

Year 1760 1811 1921

Wall length 750 M 2300 M 6400 M

City area 11.275 hectares 72 hectares 750 hectares

Urban fabric characteristics:

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait The old city was cellular ‗‘patio-city‘‘ featuring the characteristics of the typical Islamic, desert, Arab city , this could be experienced either by looking at the city from a distance or walking in its streets. The urban fabric was organic as well as simple. A string of human scaled buildings over looked the narrow streets from both sides and provided shading for the pedestrian. Urban aesthetics derived from spatial tension and release, from souq , midan and mosques. The city was linked with the outside world by a sea port that covered the old seif and gave it a colorful atmosphere characterized by ‗‘busyness‘‘.

Architecture: Kuwaiti houses had no pretention of design. It was very organic and responded to a hard situation.

Architecture answered a social mores, harsh climate condition and the availability of building material and construction methods. Generally the architecture was simple as dignified. Buildings were built close to each other for protection from sand storms and heat. Courtyard was the main element in houses, where the social life of the family evolved around. Wall thicknesses , the use of wood logs on roofing and the window size and location expressed the simplicity of design as well as the sensitive eye as it‘s avoids the temptation of modernity. Segregation, treatment of guests, courtyards and responsibility to neighbors were the main element in designing a house.

Mosques played a major role in the Islamic and Kuwaiti architecture. A place were architectural beauty were exceeded and expressed. The enclosure and release of spaces the use of arabesque and the decoration of minarets and domes showed a high level of art. Such elements used as vertical landmarks and raised over the horizontal city features.

Kuwait from a small village to an urban regional country What is meant by urban planning?

Master plan of the State is the general framework that sets the goals and future of urban policy which reflect the vision and the objectives and plans of the country‘s political, economic, social and environmental land use different during a specified period of 25 to 30 years.

Urban planning can include urban renewal, by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities.

Since the 1930s Kuwait went through a rapid process of modernization. It became a multi-colored of socio-physical group of entities under process of rapid transformation. Developing a large scale of desert in nearly a decade is by itself a stunning and an enterprising step, whether this development is good, scientific or organic. At this time Kuwait showed a great intention of being modernized and capability as well. This was inspiring and raised the bar for the rest of the gulf countries.

Kuwait first master plan In 1951 Kuwait invited the British firm minoprio to develop Kuwait first master plan. The plan was to set down the improvements. The master plan was expressed on the objectives assigned to it, it covered Kuwait City (inside the walls, 755 ha) and extended to outside to cover the areas adjacent to the Ring Road (around 1450 hectares) to include all uses, from residential, industrial, commercial and administrative services, public facilities and recreational. Using, for the first time, standards of professional planning.

The master plan developed a scheme of structural foundations for roads and ring roads that we see today. Also it introduced the suburbs and residential centers. And the separation between the suburbs and the development of the old city green belt, creating a kind of balance in the traffic as confined to sites of new work in the opposite direction of the city such as the industrial zone in shwaikh and the hospitals and the new airport.

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The main objectives of the scheme are: -- To provide a network of modern roads appropriate with the requirements and traffic system in Kuwait City and the new neighbors - The allocation of areas for the government buildings, industries and commercial centers, schools and other purposes -Identifying areas for new housing and essential services inside and outside the old wall -Identify the zones to use, for parks, sporting fields, playgrounds, schools and other open spaces.

-Development of the central business district and improve Safat taking into account the consistency in the distribution of sites of government buildings to give a distinctive character the the city.

-The identification of green areas in the main roads and other important locations -The provision of main ways to connect Kuwait City and neighboring towns and villages The impact of Kuwait first master plan The municipality demolished the old city to build new one. Small courtyard houses made of mud replaced by modern villas. The new town is 20 times bigger in scale. The city proportion changed from human scale to car scale. Streets are wider and the car is the main transportation way. Everything is exaggerated endless wide streets, extra-wide and paved sidewalks. Buildings are apart from each other showing the wealth. Neighbors had everything there is no need to go for the city except for working.

Although the living standards were raised, the environment changed very quickly to be hustle, unfriendly, and lacking the sense of belonging.

The city has many antitheses in the physical formation. It is great as a collection of parts but not as an ensemble. For example the planning is grandiose but not the composition. The engineering is great Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait but not the design. The city is strong in the physical aspect but not the social. Some refer that to the lack of understanding the Arab Islamic and Kuwaiti culture by the foreign firms who designed the master plan and gave many of the western ideas of living to Kuwait.

The architecture during that period was described as an alien. It introduced the deferent use of new material and styles. It also introduced many of the architectural elements. Architecture appearance didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t reflect the slowly changing of cultural and social needs. Therefore a development of landmarks was needed to relate the architecture to the region.

Kuwait second master plan In 1967 a second master plan was developed by Colin Buchanan and partners to Commensurate with the increased population and traffic. The plan stretched the city along the coastal strip limited by the sea and the oil fields.

Year Kuwaiti Non-Kuwaiti Total population 1957 109.3 84.1 193.6 1961 153.7 155 308.7 1965 225.3 250.6 475.9 1970 356.7 397.7 754.4 1975 475.8 534.3 1000.1 1980 572.3 794.6 1366.9 The master plan included the basic elements of planning major changes, followed by a description of the national physical plan, then the structural plan for urban areas, and the master plan for the city center. And then dealt with how to implement the plan with the priorities identified revealed that immediate steps should be taken. This sequence differs from those in the first re-development, as it examines the plan by the National physical plan before handling the master plan of urban areas and the master plan for the city center. This situation reflects the importance of urban growth that is expected reach the outside of urban areas during the time period of the plan, in addition to the need to look at the overall urban growth across the whole country, rather than being limited in urban areas alone. It also included re-development of technical studies to support. Covered the demographic and forecasts the economy and the needs of facilities, employments and public services, and studies of land use planning and alternatives.

The studies in the second master plan included three main subjects - National physical plan.

- The development of urban areas.

- The development of city center.

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National physical plan: In addition of the underground wealth the master plan was developed to match the needs of using the natural resources. These include oil fields, water and minerals.

Oil fields: the major oil field is al Burgan, Wafra ,Um Ghdair, Minaguish , Roudhatin, Sabriyah.

There are some other fields that were reserved to back up the economy as the country develop.

Water: developing brackish water field in Sulaibiya and shigaya. They provide water supplies for public and private garden. Also brackish water has been developed at Alabdely and wafra to supply private farm in these areas.

Minerals: many areas have been excavated for sand and gravel. Others like have been identified for future plan like west Alabdely.

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The development of urban areas: Objectives of the plan: -Provide the necessary housing technical standards and social skills -Provide the lands, in appropriate locations, and provide services in order to meet the needs of employments.

-The provision of an efficient transportation which makes it easier to transfer all the population to areas of different activities.

-Appropriate and easily accessible areas of services and administrative and commercial centers.

-Provide land for entertainment activities and hiking areas to be accessible to everyone.

-improving the built environment and the desert environment and the sea.

-The maximum utilization of public services -A realistic program for implementation.

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City center development: this is the master planning of the city center. New houses, commercial areas, new roads and infrastructure were built. The most important issue in master planning the city centre is the continuing growth of employments.

City center employment by economic sector 1970-1980 Sector 1970 1975 Government 28,800 32,000 Retail\wholesale 18,200 19,900 Financial services 3,000 5,500 Transport 4,400 3,200 Manufacturing 4,000 3,200 Construction 1,000 10,300 Other 16,400 8,900 Total 75,800 83,300 Rate of increase 10%

1980 32,500 22,000 11,500 4,000 2,500 12,500 13,100 98,100 18%

Population: In the city center the population was decreasing to reach 60,000 in 1980 this is due to clearance for redevelopment. The decreasing of the Kuwaiti portion of population made a concern that Kuwaitis would abandon the city.

Open spaces : the land used as an open space was limited by a small section of what was planned to be an open space the first master plan. A small section of the green built and the municipality garden are used. Most of the open spaces are open but not landscaped because of the responsibilities of the implementation and maintenance as well as the changing in development.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Pedestrian safety: The conditions are generally poor for the pedestrians. Pedestrianâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s movement is limited at the shopping streets and environmental area. Outside the souq pedestrian movement is disregarded.

Traffics moves fast in the main streets, at some point traffic junctions and signals allow the pedestrian to cross. The plan gave the priority to the cars while it should be the opposite at these areas.

Car parking: Car parking is a major problem in the city center created by the lack of parking spaces and the dependency on cars as the major if not the only way of transportation while Public transportation has many insufficiencies and it is mostly used by non-Kuwaitis. As a result cars park on pavements and open spaces.

Architecture in 1970s and 1980s: After the first master plan the architecture was odd and there was a need to produce landmarks that relates the architecture to the region. Most of these buildings was design by internationally recognized architects. In 1979 Kuwait international airport was designed by kenzo tan at the same year lindstorm design Kuwait towers. In 1983 kuwait established the ministry of foreign affairs by raili and reima pietila , two years after it established the The parliament by jorn utzon.

The Iraqi invasion in 1990: In 1990 the Kuwait municipality commissioned Saleh abi hanah and Salem Al-Marzuk consulting office to develop the third master plan which stopped because the invasion. During the invasion of Iraq many remarkable buildings were damaged such as, Kuwait towers, the national assembly buildings, the sief palace and the international air port As well as houses. The security level did not allow for a rapid process of development. The investors found new countries to build new project such as Dubai and Qatar. After liberation Kuwait took a long period reconstruct the damage buildings, as the rest gulf countries were developing Kuwait lost the leading role. This resulted a downgraded architectural service.

In 2003 after the fall of Saddam the atmosphere became more optimistic for the investment yet it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t happened because of the long bureaucratic procedures.

Being invaded by an Arab country, a neighbor and liberated by international forces polarized the opinion of Kuwaitis. The first attributed that to the illusionist concept of Arabism and it donâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t exist anymore. The second opinion attributed the invasion to being apart from the values of the Islamic religion. Both opinions were polarized one supported westernization and globalization the other was more interested in reviving the Islamic architecture and customs.

So the architecture in twenty first century was a mixture of Islamic and modern architecture.

The third master plan: The Kuwait municipality commissioned saleh almarzouk and sabah abi hannh consulting office to develop a third master plan which projected that the population will reach 3.8 million by 2015 while the capacity of the urban area is just 2.3 million. The project stopped during the invasion and completed in 1997. In 2005 the plan was redeveloped to match the recent changes. This plan proposed creating a financial centre and moving Kuwait toward globalization.

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Objectives of Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s third master plan: -In the short term (1995-2005), establishing new cities under the guidance of "the development of new cities" in order to accommodate 558,000 people.

-Identifying strategic national plan for natural sites of employment, administrative and commercial centers, transport and services directly to plan the urban area.

-Identifying the future of urban policy which reflect the vision and the objectives of the country's political, economic, social and environmental land use during the period from 2007 until 2030.

-Activating the role of the state as a financial center and a regional commercial and international.

-To balance between the elements of urban development and improving the infrastruvture.

-Accommodate the expected population increase and distribute them inside and outside the urban area.

-Create an attractive investment climate based on the diversity of sources of national income and not rely on oil as a major source.

-Conservation of natural resources, balanced with urban development for the future.

-The establishment of an integrated system of mass transit linked with the railway network.

Conclusion: In 1952 Kuwait wrote another story for itself, the explosion of oil, the will of people compressed hundred years of history in development in several decades. The simple isolated village has changed to be an important part of the Arab and Islamic world. The economy and politics, locally and regionally plays a major role in Kuwait development as it is located in cross-roads of countries that has unstable political situation. The Conflict with the identity remains in the temptations of modernization and globalization, while the absence of the local architects especially in the early stages of master planning.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Although there is a serious intention to build the country and take the leading role again the long bureaucratic procedures are depressing. Until this moment the future of Kuwait is mysterious.

References: Saba George Shiber – Recent Arab city growth – 1969 Collin Buchanan & partners – Master plan for Kuwait - 1983 Yasser Mahgoub – The evolving Arab city – 2008 Kuwait municipality

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Title: Rise of Kuwait: Kuwait Third Master Plan Sara Hussain Al-Sayegh Kuwait University, Department of Architecture, Architecture in the Middle East, Dr. Yasser Mahgoub January 2010 ABSTRACT The amazing transformation of Kuwait from a minute mud brick town surrounded by five gates of 750 hectares of land and barely 75,000 inhabitants to the present day metropolis of 2 million residents, started with the First Master Plan in 1952 after the discovery of oil. Post liberation, Kuwait is facing many challenges, predominantly with the reduced economic crises, a rapid rise in population and work force.

As a result of the severe commotion and significant economic and social changes following the invasion, Kuwait Municipality commissioned Salem Al-Marzouk and Sabah Abi Hannah Consulting Office in 1992 to develop a Third Master Plan (known as 3KMP) for the State of Kuwait to create a new system of National Metropolitan, Town center, and Local Plans focusing on Kuwait‘s practical need for the future. The third master plan was a series of phased policies and proposals to be frequently monitored and evaluated as a continuous process. The term master plan is conveniently used to describe a sequence of plans at three principal levels, each covering up a different area with diverse objectives in Kuwait‘s Third Master Plans case including, a National Physical Plan Strategy covering the State of Kuwait, A Metropolitan Area Structure Plan covering the urban area between Jahra and Mina Abdullah, and A Kuwait City Structure Plan covering the city‘s hub within the First Ring Road.

The master plan projected that Kuwait‘s total population will reach 3.8 million inhabitants by 2015 while the capacity of possible inhabitants in the area today is only 2.3 million people where 99% of its population resides in the urban area covering only 8% of the total area of the country. Therefore, the plan suggested the distribution of the additional 1.5 million inhabitants to the new towns of to the west in addition to the new towns of Khairan and Subbiyah. The work was aided by the inauguration of an inclusive Geographical Information System (GIS) and the request of a sophisticated traffic modeling system that aims to develop a new, more efficient and more functional automated system for mapping, records management, planning and other functions which will help improve Kuwait Municipality‘s ability to accomplish the goals of the new Third Master Plan making it a ―Living Plan‖ which will dynamically keep pace with reality.

In order to evaluate and revise all data and information to have capacity for new plans and projects and develop a new master plan to the year 2030, Kuwait Municipality commissioned Kuwait Engineering Group in association with Colin Buchanan and Partners to redevelop the Third Master plan, five years after its initiation and is expected to fulfill aims, goals and objectives for the future of Kuwait‘s development during the plan period 2005-2030. The Third Master Plan review (KMP3R1) concluded that Kuwaits population is increasing rapidly with an annual increase of 4.8% in 2004 only and that Kuwaiti‘s make up only 4.8, with that the new Third Master Plan will help Kuwait become what it should be.

Keywords: Master Plan, Development, Kuwait 1.

INTRODUCTION Typically, the development of a Master Plan takes 20 years. Kuwait is one of the first countries in the Middle East to prepare a master plan. This interest began 50 years ago in 1952 resulting in the Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait first master plan of Kuwait, the second master plan was made in 1970 with its first review in 1977, and its second revision in 1982. In 1997, the Third Mastrer plan was prepared with its first revision in 2005.

Following 2 previous master plans, and the liberation of Kuwait in 1991, Kuwait Municipality commissioned Salem Al-Marzouk and Sabah Abi Hannah Consulting Office to develop a The First Third Master Plan for Kuwait focusing on Kuwait's practical need for the future. As a result of the severe disruption and significant economic and social changes stemming from the invasion therefore preparing a new system of National, Metropolitan Town Center and Local Plans directing on Kuwait‘s requirements for future development. In 2003, more than 5years passed since the last time the third master plan was updated Kuwait Municipality entrusted this task to Kuwait Engineering Office in affiliation with Colin Buchanen and Partners to create the Second review for the Third Master Plan of Kuwait focusing on extending Kuwait‘s boundaries to more than just the 8% of the land currently occupied and dealing with population growth, the labor force, traffic and transportation, public services and all planning development features. (Figure 3)

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The State of Kuwait has an extended history of physical development planning, beginning with the first Kuwait Master Plan in 1952, which laid down essential principles that have been followed ever since. Those principles and a succession of master plans and their reviews have assisted in the transformation of Kuwait from a minute mud brick town surrounded by five gates of 750 hectares of land and barely 75000 inhabitants to the present day metropolis of 2 million residents. A succession of Master Plans and Reviews were undertaken and today, after liberation, Kuwait is facing many challenges and it was only ordinary to redevelop the Master Plan since it was o longer sensible to carry out a further review of the existing master Plan. As an alternative, a new comprehensive development planning project in view of the transformation of Kuwait was developed in 2005 and is expected to carry up until 2030 aiming to modify, redefine, and cope with the ongoing political, social, and economic changes at international and national levels. (Figure 2)

The Third Master Plan includes a sequence of plans at three principal levels, each covering up a different area with diverse objectives which include the National Physical Plan Strategy covering the State of Kuwait, A Metropolitan Area Structure Plan covering the urban area between Jahra and Mina Abdullah, and Kuwait City Structure Plan covering the city‘s hub within the First Ring Road, the city.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait The plan as a whole contains plans and guiding principles but also taking account of the dedicated future plans of all ministries and authorities.

The National Physical Plan Strategy covers the State of Kuwait as a whole; it will promote a development strategy that integrates the socio-economic, physical and environmental contexts n order to provide prosperity within a good environment for the Kuwaiti community. The formulation of the plan builds on the potential Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s strategic location between the G.CC Iran, Iraq and the southwest Asian Countries. The strategy is to enable the state of Kuwait to fulfill its identified role as a schematic representation of the national/international development axis linking the north to the south as well as a new corridor linking the east to the west. (Figure 4 and Figure 5) The Metropolitan Area Structure Plan covers the urban area between Jahra and Mina Abdullah, it is based on the concept that the projected population of Kuwait in 2030 will spatially be distributed between the existing metropolitan area that is expecting to accommodate 2.8 million inhabitants while the proposed new towns and settlements outside the area will accommodate 2.5 million inhabitants. In order to exploit, preserve and protect the environment, the urban development strategy must be taken into consideration. (Figure 33) The Kuwait City Structure Plan covers the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s hub within the first Ring Road, since its liberation Kuwait has focused on articulating a vision of its future regional and international roles, not only because it defines aims for the future role of the city but also because these aims recognize the qualitative attributes and potentials of the present urban structure of the city. Kuwait Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s strategic locations at the northern tip of the country as well as its role as the link between the G.C.C countries and Iraq make Kuwait a strategic location. (Figure 47)

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait The Master Plan commends to preserve the environment, threats to which risk the continuity of civilization between the past, present and future. The Plan is concerned mostly in the Terrestrial Environment where it establishes the importance of preserving the natural environment of Kuwait and the commitments regarding the protected natural area. Second, Afforestation Areas, they will be restricted to identified areas on the strategy diagram and will make use of brackish water and treated sewage effluent. Third, the Coastal and Maritime Environment, where protection areas are to be developed in specific zones along the coastal areas and small islands and coral reefs. Finally, The Preservation of Heritage Areas, Historic Building and Archeological Sites, where all historic buildings and sites together with archeological sites throughout Kuwait will continually be listed and identified and will be strictly protected from destruction and shift.

The Third Master Plan is to cover various dilemmasâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; the country is currently facing, Occupied. The major problem Kuwait is facing, which brings up all the other troubles is the population. Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s population is expected to rise from 2.644 million people in 2004 to 5.368 million inhabitants in 2030 (Figure 6 and Table 2.2). Kuwaitiâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s currently represent only 36% of the population while studies showed that they represented 40% of the population in 2004. (Figure 7 and Figure 8).

Another chief dilemma is employment, because population is rising rapidly employment is rising also therefore it is expected that the private sector will contribute to the diversification of the national economy since Kuwait is solely depending on the oil economy as the countries income which as studies show, will only last for another 134 years. As a result labor force should increase from 1.196 in 2004 million people to 2.837 million people in 2030. (Figure 9) Thus the new employment opportunities in total required any 2030 will be 1.285 million people.

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Studies have been made of Natural Resources to identify the diverse spatial constraints and potentials they create for future urban development including Oil, Minerals, Ground water, Agriculture, Grazing and Fish Taps. (Figure 10) The Master Plan introduces the criteria that preserve the natural resources where development will not be authorize d within the operational areas of oil reserves unless agreed by concerned authorities. The Extraction of minerals such as sand and gravel will be permitted only in defined areas and according with a site license issued by the Municipality identifying working conditions, access control of pollution and restoration of land after the extraction of those minerals.

Areas with potential of ground water however will be subject to precise measures and controls to prevent aquifer pollution. The master plan also recommends the support of appropriate, sustainable agriculture within the limits imposed by climate, soils water availability and national economy, and the danger of ground water and soil contamination will be solved by the application of various agrochemicals. Razing will be maintained and controlled to ensure the quality of Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s rangeland of traditional grazing of goats, sheep and camels. The need to protect maritime resource is recommended in the Master Plan; however, meticulous emphasis will be placed on improving the management of national resources and protecting and developing fishing crafts as renewable resources.

Another result of population growth is housing, the total demand in housing has been estimated in accordance with population growth taking account of the number of Kuwaiti households and nonKuwaiti families as well as single workers. The estimated demand includes the steady reduction of overcrowding for all types of homes and the projected household sizes for both the Kuwaiti and nonKuwaiti expatriate families. There are two housing types, the private housing, and the investment type housing; investment type housing also has two types; the collective housing, for bachelors and nonKuwaiti private housing, for families. The total estimated demand for housing is 314,992 new housing units for Kuwaiti private type housing, and 60% of it is expected to be built by the Public Authority for Housing Care while the private sector will build only 40%. (Figure 11) The demand for both types of investment type housing, on the other hand, is expected to rise to 249,702 up until 2030. (figure 12) .

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait the waiting list for the public authority for housing is currently 66000 people on the list, what does 2030 have in store?

One of the biggest issues Kuwait is currently facing are the Health facilities available, therefore the Master Plan defined the number or beds required to cover the demand up until 2030 in both the public and private hospitals, based on the international standard for the number of beds per person which is also based on the population projection . the number of beds needed as estimated by the plan by 2030 will be around 17,448 while the number available in 2004 was only 4,691 beds. In the private hospitals however, an apparent fluctuation is shown in the number of beds in private hospitals. Where the number available in 2004 was 509 beds and 2,221 beds will be needed by 2030. Another study showed that the number of beds available per person in general governmental hospitals is 2.2beds/1000 people while the number of beds per person in the private hospitals is .6 bed/1000persons. In conclusion, the total number of beds required until 2030 is 10,220.

For Educational facilities, the master plan aims to provide a total of 1288 in the proposed new towns outside of the metropolitan area in 2030 in addition to the 580 schools available as of 2001. It also recommends the continuation of the [policy of encouraging private education since the numbers of classrooms each year in private schools are increasing by an average of 100 each year alone. aer m(ed su s

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In terms of higher education, the plan recommends the role of the private sector to help in absorbing the number of students since Kuwait Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s capacity during 2001-2002 reached 17,211 students and the number is expected to rise to reach over 40000 in 2025. Kuwait University is currently distributed in several sites causing travel between sites, traffic and parking problems therefore the new, future extension planed at Shadadiya is expected to solve this problem giving off that the master plan recommends that future universities should be implemented outside the Metropolitan Area to develop strength of the university as an attracting pole that could eventually be the nucleus for a new town.

The Master Plan also concluded that the average power consumption per capita for the last six years is about 3.00 kilowatt per person. It recommends the preparation to build new power stations covering the present and future demand and should take into consideration that some stations will eventually Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait reach the termination of their productive lives. The plan also recommends no delay in beginning the project of expanding station of AlZour with additional power supply to the main Kuwait Network.

The land allocated for industrial areas in Kuwait is 10354 hectares of land which actual areas of land occupied in 2004 is 5,400 hectares. The demand for industrial areas on the other hand up to 2030 is around 7500 hectares. (Figure 13) the Master Plan has proposed a number of new sites for dry ports along the north and south regional road to improve economic growth, commercial exchange and transit commerce in the region. Regions such as Abdali and Al-Salmi Areas were designated as new locations for industrial related activities.

Studies concluded that the average daily consumption of water is 293.2 gallons per year as of today as a result, the maximum demand for fresh water will be around 617.5 million imperial gallons daily.

(Figure 16) The master plan recommends the preparation to build new distillation units for fresh water covering the existing and future demands for fresh water but also taking into consideration that some existing distillation units will soon reach the end of their useful lives. (Figure 17) Subiya water distribution complex on the other hand is currently under construction and finalization of AlZour power station is currently under development.

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In regards to Sewerage, the master plan supports all conclusions of Sanitary Master plan made in 2003 by the Ministry of Public Works up until 2035. The Sanitary Master Plan advises the maintenance and renovation of the present network in order to get rid of the main sources and discharge into the sea. The plan also shows that the present capacity for each of the present stations will soon reach a point that they wont be able to deal with the volume necessary at stations in service thus requiring new stations. (Figure 19)

Statistics show that the number of cars that were in use for the end of 2000 were 664,707 cars in Kuwait (Figure 21) where the problem indicates the necessity of limiting both the driving licenses issued to Kuwaitiâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s and private car ownership which is almost impossible therefore the master plan recommended the development of public transportation services such as Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Metro which should attract all categories of the society. (Figure 21)

3. CONCLUSIONS If implemented, the Third Master Plan will guide Kuwait to observant significant changes and will make the nationals living a better place. Execution of it is also intended to address both future and present planning and is vital that Master Plan is monitored and properly followed up so that resolution of development issues and the issuing of permits are consistent with strategic objectives and policies.

According to the new vision in the Master Plan, Kuwait is to become a national and international cosmopolitan city center for finance and business, a commercial center, as well as the center of Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait government and symbol of the Kuwaiti nation. The Third Master Plan can beyond doubt turn into a â&#x20AC;&#x2022;living planâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; if enhancement of the overall land development process is achieved through the incorporation of decision making in the situation of present and future planning issues.

4.

REFERENCES

Kuwait Engineering Group in Association with Colin Buchanan and Partners. (2005) Kuwait Third Master Plan Review Executive Summary.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Kuwait University College of engineering & petroleum Department of architecture FINAL REPORT 21st CENTURY GLOBALIZATION IMPACT Student name: sultan yousef al-enzi I.D.: 206111048 Dr.: Yasser mahjoub Abstract This paper discusses the impact of 21 century globalization on architecture. We will be mainly concerned with the first decade of the 21 century and how it affects the development of architecture and cities. We will also review how globalization has affected the structure of Kuwait city architecture.

We will throw light upon the most important projects that have been implemented during the 21 century. After that, the positive and negative impacts of globalization will be illustrated. It claims that the effect of globalization on many cities especially Kuwait city is of paramount importance. During the last two decades of the twentieth century and into the new millennium, there was a rise in the field of architecture including specializations by project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect. Moving the issues of environmental sustainability into the mainstream is a significant development in the architecture profession. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand.

There has been an increase in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. It is now expected that architects will integrate sustainable principles into their projects. An example of an architecturally innovative green building is the Dynamic Tower which will be powered by wind turbines and solar panels. The term localization is concerned as long as architecture is mentioned. In fact, they integrate with each other. They are not separated from each other. Global architecture should not contradict with local architecture. It should rather respect some important issues such as space, people, and their vision of buildings. This should be applied professionally and taught effectively for those who are interested in the field of architecture. It is worth mentioning that the conflict that may exist between globalization and localization may lead to an evident tension in the shaping of built environment.

1- Introduction If Bernini was alive today, he would argue that design is the value that the architect adds to a building. If we give 10 different architects the same budget and time to build a building and there will be a winner, a loser and eight in between. This is the argument for globalization. If architecture is an idea and if ideas have values, it is a worthwhile investment to look at the global marketplace before selecting a designer. Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and constructing space that reflects functional, social, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light, and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing designed spaces, such as project planning, cost estimating and construction administration. A wider definition may comprise all design activity from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). In fact, architecture today may refer to the activity of designing any kind of system and is often used in the IT world. Architecture has witnessed today much progress than before thanks to the emergence of globalization. The 21 century has definitely marked a big revolution in this sector.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait This paper discusses the impact of globalization on architecture of the whole world. We will be much concerned with the architecture of Kuwait city and how it has developed especially in the first decade of the 21 century. Globalization as a new phenomenon has definitely its own impacts on all fields of life including architecture. This influence is apparent all over the world and we will be much concerned with the case of Kuwait as a live example of globalization and its own impacts on architecture.

1.1. Globalization Much has been said about globalization and its definition. Scholars themselves are divided in their vision of globalization. The first group considers it as an evil. The second group considers it as a blessing. According to the first group, it is a kind of occupation especially intellectual occupation. They assume that it is a trial to impose certain beliefs and thoughts upon the whole world. This has caused a big crisis for the third world countries. Globalization should pay attention to the local circumstances and appreciate the differences that exist among countries. Arabs and Muslims were the first ones who receive globalization and its effects. They don't participate in the making of globalization, but they were merely receivers.

The other group on the other hand praises globalization. They believe that globalization will never be a source of threat. They assume that America, the producer and sponsor of globalization has more committed people than any other country.

Anyway, globalization has brought about many cultural changes. This phenomenon whether good or bad is worth studying. Many international business scholars have been occupied with globalization.

They have made many assumptions regarding globalization.

Many scholars have been trying to define globalization. We cannot agree upon on single definition.

According to ( Held et al ., 1999 ) globalization is an increase in the connections and relations between individuals , organizations and states. (Liebes , 2003 ) defines globalization as a trial to impose Western beliefs and thoughts upon the whole world .

Globalization can refer to the end of tradition and the beginning of new era: an era that will be full of many challenges. Globalization describes a continuous process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and execution. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation.

2-The impact of globalization on cities and architecture A global city (also called world city or sometimes alpha city) is a city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait The most complex of these entities is the "global city," whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means. This term was first referred to by the sociologist Saskia Sassen in reference to London, New York and Tokyo in her 1991 work The Global City, though the term "world city" to describe cities which control a big amount of global business dates to at least Patrick Geddes' use of the term in 1915. Cities can fall from being appropriate to such categorization, such as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan, and less internationally renowned in the current era, e.g., Kaliningrad, Russia, Thessaloniki, Greece and Alexandria, Egypt..

Globalization has led to many changes in the architecture and infrastructure of world cities . Some of these changes include: An advanced transportation system that includes several highways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry, or bus).  Extensive and popular mass transit systems, prominent rail usage, road vehicle usage, major seaports  A major international airport that serves as an established hub for several international airlines, for example, London. Airports with significant passenger traffic and international passengers traffic. or cargo movements  An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-national corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other highspeed lines of communications. For example, Seoul and Tokyo are known as the digital and technology capitals of the world.  Health facilities; e.g. hospitals, medical laboratories  Prominent skylines/skyscrapers As a result of the increase in the complexity of buildings including structural systems, services, energy and technologies, architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary. Architecture today usually requires a team of specialist professionals, with the architect being one of many, although usually the team leader. During the first decade of the new millennium, the field of architecture saw the rise of specializations by project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect. It is clear that under strong globalization trends, regional and local identities did not disappear. On the contrary, they have continued to express themselves urbanisitically, architecturally, and behaviorally. Many attempts have been done to explore and examine the various discourses regarding regionalism, globalization and their impact on the built environment. Questions to be asked and issues to be considered include: regional architecture and how it is being (re)defined, interaction(s) between the regional and the global, the intersection between colonial past and contemporary architectural productions, the regional dynamics of architectural/cultural flows, the trends of regionalism and how they coexist, compete or contradict with the process of globalization, the role of architecture in connecting people and cultures across geographical and chronological boundaries, the role of the state in promoting/ constructing various types of cultural identities, bridging the gab between Regionalism and Modernization, how regional architecture can surmount the limitations of constant forms of the past, to what level features of contemporary urban developments respond more to global (economic) conditions than to local or national ones, to what extent regionalism accept other regions traditions and incorporate and integrate new technological, and environmental inventions. The 21st Century Practitioner will be Transformed

by Process not Software. As the boundaries of architecture change there is a feeling that we are going to fall off the edge. The future of architecture and quality design will matter only if we can make a process change and realize that the horizon has no edge. Technological change will support the process change and allow architecture to be tightly integrated with all aspects of the life cycle of projects and to improve the value provided to clients. Architects often point to BIM (Building Information Modeling) as the difference between 20th and 21st Century practice. In reality, it is the change in design processes Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait demanded by an evolving society that will truly define the architect of this century. Singapore is an example of the places that have been affected by globalization. Thanks to globalization, the architecture and buildings of this country have undergone many great changes and transformations.

3-Development of Kuwait City architecture

Kuwaiti Architecture is a style of architecture unique to Kuwait, a country founded in the early eighteenth century. Kuwait was a relatively poor country with an economy that depended mainly on trade and pearl diving. The economy was transformed by the discovery of oil, enabling unprecedented economic growth. Little has survived of old Kuwaiti architecture due to the high speed of development. Kuwait was surrounded by a wall with five gates in the eighteenth century, but this has now disappeared. Apart from the city wall, Kuwait was protected by two forts: one in the and the other one at Jahra known as Fort. Kuwait's traditional building materials were rubble stone covered with thick mud plaster, mud brick and sometimes Cora stone. Wood was rare, though mangrove poles imported from East Africa were used for roofs, as were some other few select woods from India. Early Kuwaiti architecture was relatively simple and describes as being based on common sense. Houses had a simple and basic exterior designs, and most artistic touches were found on main doors and windows (more on this very soon). These houses having to accommodate the communal and tight nit nature of Kuwaiti society were divided into separate quarters to satisfy different members of one family. It is common to find central courts, as is the case in other Arab countries that served as a gathering place for the families. Later, during the eighteenth century typical Kuwait merchant house was built in the Ottoman style that reached the city from Basra. Ottoman features included projecting wooden balconies enclosed with wooden screens or mashrabiya and covered wooden doorways which sometimes included European motifs. The extreme heat of the city made wind catchers and ventilation a necessity for most houses. Pelly, a "Political Resident", described Kuwait in the 1860s as: A clean, active town, with a broad and open main bazaar, and numerous solid stone dwelling houses stretching along this strand and containing some 20,000 inhabitants, attracArab and Persian merchants from all quarters by the equity of its rule and by the freedom of its trade.

Within the city, there were a number of mosques most of which have been rebuilt several times. The oldest mosques in Kuwait are the Alkhamis Mosque, built between 1772â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1773 and the Abd AlRazzag Mosque built in 1797. Before the 9th century, minarets were rare, consisting of small square towers covered with small roof canopy.

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Modern architecture in Kuwait is mostly in the international style, although there are several buildings that demonstrate relationship with Islamic themes. The best known example of Kuwaiti modern architecture is the water towers, consisting of tall pointed conical spires above a spherical water tank. Kuwait Towers is also considered Kuwaitâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s most prominent architectural achievement. The National Assembly of Kuwait is also a landmark building, designed by the famous Danish architect Jørn Utzon and completed in 1972.

Fifty years ago Kuwait was only a small fishing village, but it has developed as one of the richest and most culturally significant cities in the area. Kuwait went through too-rapid modern transformation and development stage that took place with enormous speed. Beginning in the nineties, globalization had a strong impact on many cities of Third World countries. Central Business Districts, air-conditioned office towers, and fast-food franchises developed at larger rates, influenced heavily by familiar Western models. To date, the city of Kuwait has seen the effects of globalization in the city, from the level of urban and suburban sprawl to the development of western influenced shopping centers. The proposal for the site in Kuwait city is to combine a mall, market, theatre, health center, convention center, hotel, mosque, office buildings, residential space, and a small industrial area. While the development is a departure from the surrounding built elements, the area around the site is already evolving in anticipation of the project. The area to the north of the site especially has a strong potential for redevelopment. This redevelopment can serve to strengthen the site and the number of visitors to the site. The fourth ring road is currently a commercial corridor. The completion of the Mabanee development will anchor the other side of this district along the fifth ring road. The region between these areas should be considered with the design of the northern perimeter such that future development could integrate and bring more people onto the site and create a larger destination than the Mabanee development alone, as has happened in the Salmiya area of Kuwait, which only strengthens the development. As Kuwait has developed, the pedestrian aspect of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s urbanism has dwindled.

4-Projects in the 21st century

A-

Burj Dubai

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait is a super tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 824.55 m (2,705 ft). The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, which also designed the Willis Tower in Chicago, Illinois and 1 World Trade Center in New York City, among numerous other famous high-rises . The tower was constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.

Samsung Engineering & Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.

B- Floating Ecopolis for Climate Refugees According to the less alarming forecasts of the GIEC (Intergovernmental group on the evolution of the climate), the ocean level should rise from 20 to 90 cm during the 21st Century with a status quo by 50 cm (versus 10 cm in the 20th Century). As a solution to this alarming problem architect Vincent Callebaut came up with this ecotectural marvel that could serve as a luxurious future retreat for 50,000 inhabitants seeking refuge from rising waters due to global warming. He believes the world will be desperately seeking shelter from the devastations of climate change, and hopes the auto-sufficient amphibious city will serve as a luxurious solution. Vincent Callebaut called this project ―Lilypad―, but this ecotectural marvel is also called as ―Floating Ecopolis for Climate Refugees‖. The whole structure is covered in green walls and roofs, the top portion covered in grasses with the inner portion featuring a palm oasis, and the under portion serving as a bed for natural sea planktons and oceanic plants. Finally if you were already planning to reserve a place to this luxurious future retreat stay calm, because Vincent Callebaut hopes that ―Floating Ecopolis for Climate Refugees‖ will make the transition from design to reality around the year 2100.

C- The Rose Center For Earth and Space is a notable part of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The Center's complete name is The Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space. The main entrance is located on the northern side of the museum on 81st Street near Central Park West.

The Rose Center was designed by James Stewart Polshek and Todd H. Schliemann, Polshek Partnership Architects, and the exhibition design is by Ralph Appelbaum Associates. The center is an extensive reworking of the old Hayden Paaalanetarium, which dated back to 1935. An entirely new building opened to the public on February 19, 2000, featuring a seven-storytall glass cube that encloses the 87-foot-diameter Hayden Sphere 5-The positive and negative impact of globalization Globalization has a big impact on the built environment and the tension between the forces of globalization and localization as exemplified in the case of Kuwait. Globalization has been active in the countries of the Gulf area since the middle of the 20th century when they witnessed rapid development and change that permitted globalization and localization processes to be more evident and magnified than in other parts of the world. Globalization also improves the lifestyle of indigenous peoples in the form of urbanization. In the past, indigenous people live in small villages, but they live in cities now. It Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait was supported by Some 300 million Chinese farmers are forecast to more to urban areas (2007) which reported in Beijing that, a forecast of over 300 million farmers in China will move to urban areas in the next 20 years. This is because globalization of the world trading has discovered the potential market of China which has huge population. This had provided more job opportunities. With higher income, they can obtain better living. This situation claims that, globalization has helped to develop the world economy and increase the production of indigenous peoples. Therefore, globalization has greatly affected the indigenous cultures. The negative impact of globalization may emerge when a conflict may arise between globalization and localization. Local identities should maintain their own privacy. In conclusion, people from different parts of the world have been affected by globalization in economics, social behavior, religion, language, art and creativity. These impacts may be helpful or harmful to human beings. Although some may claim that globalization is good for the world as the interaction between countries is better, some may still suggest that globalization is harmful to indigenous in certain views. So, it is unarguable that either globalization is a good or bad develop of the world to indigenous cultures. However, globalization will continuously affect the indigenous in the future, as it was unstoppable when the technology provides such an environment for human beings.

6- Conclusion In brief, we have talked about the impact of 21 century globalization on architecture. We have begun with the definition of globalization and what it means. Many scholars tried hard to define it, but no specific definition was agreed upon. People themselves and scholars are much divided concerning the positive and negative effects of the term. Those who are for globalization have their own reasons, whereas those who are against globalization have also their specific reasons. Anyway, globalization is a new phenomenon that is worthy study. Globalization has surely affected all aspects of our life including economy, culture, policy, art. As long as we are concerned with architecture and buildings, the impact of globalization on the development of cities has been mainly elaborates. We can conclude that global cities have emerges as a result of globalization. Globalization has left many effective changes in the structure and infrastructure of many cities all over the world. The case of Kuwait has been discussed in detail. We have traced the development of Kuwait architecture from the early time until reaching the 21 century. Many of buildings in Kuwait follow now the international trends in architecture. After that we have mentioned three of the most important projects in architecture in the 21 century. We end with discussing the positive and negative impacts of globalization.

References o

1- www.answers.com/topic/architecture

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2- www.chicagolife.net/articles/show/390

3- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city 4- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_architecture 5 freshome.com/.../future-architecture-floating-ecopolis-for-climate6- W.Husted , Bryan. Globalization and cultural change n international business Research .Mexico: Elsevier , 2003 . p.9.

7- Matei , Sorini . Globalization and heterogenization. Culture and civilizational Clustering in telecommunicative space ( 1989 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1999 ) . New York : Elsevier , 2005 . p.23 8- Mahgoub , Yasser .Globalization and the built environment in Kuwait . Kuwait : Elsevier , 2004 .p.28.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait 9- Tropical Architecture. Critical Regionalism in the age globalization . Edited by Alexander Tzonis , Liane Le Faivre and Bruno Stagno 10- Beyond Description . Singapore space Historicity . Edited by Ryan Bishop , John Phillips and Wei- Wei Yeo 11- The End of Tradition. Edited by Nezar AL Sayyad

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Glocalization Globalization-Localization Architecture In The Middle East Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Yousef Al Qaoud 207111084 Glocalization Globalization - Localization Yousef Al Qaoud Student, Department of Architecture, Kuwait University ABSTRACT The affects of globalization in our modern day seem impossible to reject or be ignored. Although there are some cities that seem to be untouched when it comes to globalization and are extremely locally oriented, the majority of the globe is affected greatly by globalization. Kuwait is one of those countries exceedingly affected by and is welcoming to some large degree of globalization, thus, I will be researching the relationship of globalization vs. Kuwaiti localization and the results this ―glocal‖ relationship has on the countries architecture and other aspects of Kuwaiti life.

Globalization, briefly, is the spread of certain ideologies, ethics, life style patterns, and customs originated in one part of the globe that are exceedingly dominant thus they are widely spread through out the rest of the globe. In reality globalization is more of westernization since these dominantly spreading customs are western in origin and feel. As of Localization, it is the exact opposite of globalization In a sense that a society instead of accepting foreign western customs, it rejects them and is mainly focused on locally generated values and ideas that are predominating the societies life aspects and architecture leaving no room for global impact changes.

When these two types of customs clash, the global and local customs, a society might form what has been recently called ―Glocalization‖. Glocalization simply refers to items that are marketed globally but they are still accommodating the locals of the nation. In terms of urbanism and architecture, an example of glocalization may be a city that is designed to accommodate and cater to its locals first and foremost yet it possesses internationally desired requirements or elements and thus the city is also marketed internationally. Glocalization is a combination of the strongest most needed local aspects and global customs that are accepted by that nation that do not hurt or affect the locality negatively.

Glocalization along with globalization and localization will be researched and explained in further detail in the report; these three elements will be studied on a global international level and on a local Kuwaiti level. Comparisons will be made between the Kuwaiti aspects of these three elements and how they are portrayed in Kuwait and expressed and or perceived by the city and people will be compared and contrasted with the expression and perception in other parts of the globe. Also, one of the goals of my report is finding glocal solutions to the problems faces in Kuwait through learning about Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait glocalization in other countries and how to create the urgently needed changes infused with local and global aspects to better raise the standards of the Kuwaiti city.

Keywords: Globalization, Localization, Glocalization, Kuwait.

Glocalization is a very dominant theme that is asserting itself in the minds and plans of many city planners and countries in our modern day but many individuals seem to be in oblivion about that topic.

Although the term glocalization and glocal actions have been in force for some years now, it is still a greatly untouched and over sighted movement that needs to be spread widely due to its effectiveness and commonality whether it is noticed or not. In order to better understand glocalization, one must first comprehend the origins of the term and the components that come into play to create it. Glocalization merely consists of joint efforts in both global and local aspects. The affects of globalization in our modern day seem impossible to reject or to be ignored. Although there are some cities that seem to be untouched when it comes to globalization and are extremely locally oriented, the majority of the modern world is affected greatly by globalization. Kuwait is one of those countries exceedingly affected by and is welcoming to some large degree of globalization. Thus, I will be explaining the global elements that are present in Kuwait and the Kuwaiti locality, and the relationship of globalization vs. Kuwaiti localization and the glocal result that is generated in comparison to examples in other Middle Eastern countries and not solely Kuwait.

Globalization Globalization is a striking powerful force that is taking over many parts and aspects of the modern world in a very rapid manner. Therefore, it is no wonder that globalization is the first major element in the glocal term and movement. Globalization is the spread of certain ideas, customs, and elements that originated in one part of the world to the rest of the world. Simply, globalization is the worldwide spread of certain elements. This movement is also known as Westernization since most of the spreading customs are originated in the west and have western features and elements imbedded in them. Another way to view globalization is to think of it as modernization, coming into the new century and moving forward while letting go or overlooking the past and traditional elements of a city. It is important for cities in present times to be as modern and advanced as possible and usually if not always the modernity aspect makes a city look westernized and thus greatly strengthens the global image. These elements of modernity can be found on large-scale items such as architectural buildings and city images and also on a more micro scale like our regular every day life routines and destinations.

There is an evident widespread of western elements in our daily lives that seem normal and generic yet they are the strongest example as to how much globalization is becoming us. Fr example, The McDonalds sign is soon going to replace the American flag that asserts itself into worldwide nations.

McDonalds franchises can be seen in the most advanced western countries and cities, and relatively less modern Arab cities to show just how easy it is for a simple element like a restaurant to completely change a cities tone and strengthen the idea of the great widespread of western elements. Another example of unnoticeable globalization aspects being very common in our lives on a technological level is the gadgets we use. It is very interesting to find old men in old traditional souks using cellular phones and younger men using their portable laptops in the desserts, which shows an extreme cultural clash that is unnoticeable by many because of how much we depend on these western productions and how much we have accepted them and embraced them into our daily lives and rituals.

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McDonalds sign replacing American flag, Global symbol

Cultural clash image, Global

Just like globalization is seeping its way into the way we carry out our lives and the things we use, it is also strongly effecting where we live our lives and the buildings and cities we function in. On an architectural level, the examples of globalization seem countless with several Arab contries, and especially Kuwait going towards futuristic plans and following in the steps of competitor cities like Dubai, and the whole idea of ―Dubaization‖. One major example of globalization in Kuwait is Al Hamra Tower. The tower promises to be a destination in Kuwait and an architectural strong point for the city that will help it to get closer to the cosmopolitan high-tech ―it‖ city. The tower is very futuristic in design, in fact, it is being marketed as the ―Silhouette of the future‖. This futuristic design does not seem to resemble traditional Kuwaiti architecture, or even posses some of the visible elements of the traditional architecture used in the region. Even though the building does take some regional environmental aspects in mind which may have affected the final over all form or orientation, it does not however seem to portray or resemble the surrounding environment of the region.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Al Hamra Tower, Kuwait city Many Kuwaiti inhabitants might view this globally designed building as a fresh component added to the somewhat traditional culture. In this case, the global design did not seem to affect of hurt the city so far, but this is not always the case in globally inspired designs. Sometimes, globalization over powers traditional beliefs and traditional elements of a society. The Bank of China building for example created a lot of controversy because of a Chinese belief that evil spirits travel in linear geometry and sharp angles. Thus, the traditional Chinese architecture usually has curves at the ends of straight lines so that evil spirits will lose their way and not harm the occupants; apposed to the very linear and geometric bank tower. Many people in fact avoid going near the building and view it as a heavy burden in the face of Hong Kong.

Localization Localization, unlike globalization, focuses on a single country or nation‘s customs, ideologies, and traditions without adopting foreign or western elements. For that manner, most globalized countries or westernized cultures view localized countries as 3rd world countries that are stuck in a rut or are refusing modernization and thus threat them as such. Because localization helps in making each country self consumed and entirely focused on its locality and its individuality unaffected by others, localization treats the world as a divided globe. This movement, or rather lack of movement called localization has its pros but it may harm a country dreadfully specifically in our fast pace world.

Because a lot of a countries economy or a substantial part of it may depend on external businesses or outsourcing, localization makes that aspect difficult since localized cultures usually lack the needed or desired amenities that foreign businesses may need to flourish in the city.

With our world moving the way it is, a national country is only a temporary place of living, people‘s travels are increasing and countries around the world must cater to the millions of people criss-crossing around the globe. In that context, an extremely localized country in the Arab world for example may not be suitable for western/international travelers and business holders that may be potential money carriers that would be directed into it‘s economy. However, a very constructive and desired outcome of locality is the strengthening of a country‘s cultural beliefs and awareness. With globalization being the fast storm it is, many cultures are loosing their essence and the characteristics of their past. Localization on the other hand keeps the traditions and customs alive and people learn to live and love these traditional elements that are free of western influences and do not see the need for change.

Like globalization, signs of localization may be present on a mainstream level in a country or as simple signs of the past that is still dragged to the present. For example, having traditional souks as the main or substantially important commercial sites rather than modern western shopping malls is a sign of locality practiced in many Arab countries like Morocco and Syria. In addition, wearing traditional clothes rather that western attire is a very evident sign of locality that is very visible in every day life and in most of the Arabian Gulf countries, but is being lost in the rest of the Arab world. More examples of general localization are present in the culinary aspect of life and the latching on to traditional cuisine in this time of McDonalds and Starbux coffee. An example of that in Kuwait would be the startup of Kuwaiti national restaurants that were not present at this scale some years ago. In fact, what is interesting is the positive attraction to these restaurants and the large amount of people who frequent these establishments even though they may eat traditional food on a daily basis at home.

Having different styles of culinary cuisine in Kuwait is a sign of globalization without a doubt, but seeing such restaurants now is a sign that locality still exists and is important in Kuwait even though it is represented in something like food.

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait Traditional Souk

Kuwaiti cuisine

Treading away from life examples of localization, architectural localization is very difficult to find in the Kuwaiti culture. Although various examples of locality in architecture exist in other Arab countries, Kuwait is loosing its traditional architecture very fast. An example of local architecture in Kuwait is Salwa Housing 1 by local architect Saleh Al Mutawa. The Salwa housing project uses a large number of traditional Kuwaiti or regional architectural elements, some exactly like they were built in the past, and other with more present time accommodating alterations. The houses have the square/rectangle general form of traditional architecture with sand tone paint on the walls and a mix of earthy materials like wood for embellishments rather than sleek modern metals and steels. The courtyard is a very important element of the old traditional houses and the Salwa Housing altered the courtyard to a small garden/pool area, but never the less creating the same old feeling of bringing in the outdoors into an open space for ventilated and breathy feeling. Although the houses were built using up to date materials and techniques, the over all shape design of the houses are very true to the traditional houses of the past and are extremely local in a professionally designed way rather than a cartoonish cheesy production.

An additional example of locality in architecture is the housing flats in Sanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a, Yemen. The housing facilities are extremely local in design to the region, and seem untouched or polluted with modernized global ideas on how they should look or function. They are local in design, function, and feel. Not only are the housing flats built traditionally, but the functioning stores on the ground level have local characteristics and serve the people of Sanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a in the way they are used to and apparently like, since the buildings are still standing and thriving. The presented examples show that sometimes locality in architecture is acceptable and can in fact function positively amongst very global surrounding buildings and structures.

Salwa Housing Units, Kuwait

Housing Flats, Sanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a

Glocalization Glocalization, as previously mentioned, merely consists of joint efforts in both global and local aspects, it is the creation of products or services intended for the global market, but customized to suit the local culture in that order. Also, it may be mainly designed to cater to the locality of a city or a region, but also possesses elements that make it globally acceptable and desired. By having a product or service created to suit the local consumers, it is designed to agree with local laws, traditions, and consumer preferences of that local country and is yet versatile enough of containing what makes them internationally flexible. Thus, services that are labeled glocal, by definition, greatly interest and benefit the end user. This glocal movement is also a process where localities are able to generate links on an economical and cultural level to the outside global world. This link between the local and global is Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait achieved through information technologies, and possibly bypassing local powers like national governments and markets and changing some rules that do not harm the locals, but make a wider reception for the non locals and businesses. Architecturally, glocalization can be represented in buildings that have a western or modern external look while their purposes are solely local catering to local and traditional needs.

The term glocalization originated from within Japanese business practices, originally referring to a way of adapting farming international and western farming techniques into local conditions. The term was also used to describe people who work on a global international and local level simultaneously. It was popularized into the English language by sociologist Ronald Robertson in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s. Very often, glocalization is a neglected is a neglected process because globalization presents a stronger hand. Yet, in many cases, local forces work to calm the impact of global processes on the locality of a nation. This is done to avoid a negative and rude awakening or avoid a huge problem like the crash in Dubai, where the city was focusing completely on the global issues and overlooked local needs and capabilities first and foremost. If done right, the glocal movement and path could be the right path that will lead Kuwait into the future strong and firm internationally and on a national level.

General examples of glocalization are getter more present in our life every day. Some very general examples are international embassies and businessmen who work for local companies yet are positioned abroad. The business men are sent by mother businesses in their Kuwait for example to franchises in other countries where they work and observe and eventually benefit their locality rather that the country they are positioned in. They are an extension of knowledge and capital to the local country. Embassies are also positioned abroad but they count as Kuwaiti land politically and protect Kuwaitis that are in that foreign country. In total, they serve the mother country. Both these examples be it the businessmen or the embassies gather data and internationally aware of what happens in the external world. Thus, they are a bridge of information to Kuwait and they use that information to better the over all image, economy, political status, and social status of Kuwait.

Kuwait Embassy, London UK

Businessman in Airport

Some existing and proposed buildings in Kuwait portray the perfect example of glocalization in architecture. An existing building example is the Kuwait National Assembly by Jorn Utzon. One way to view glocalization in architecture is by creating buildings which posses to some degree traditionally inspired elements and house very local requirements. These buildings are designed by â&#x20AC;&#x2022;Starchitectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; to get international acclaim and the national assembly building is evidence to that. The design of the assembly is not at all traditional, however, it is inspired by traditional elements of our nature.

Nevertheless, that still does not make the building local, and it is not entirely global, thus it is a glocal Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Researching Past, Present and Future Architecture and Urbanization in Kuwait building which combines within it localism and globalism. A proposed building example of glocalization in architecture would be the Avenues Mall Mosque design proposal by Zaha Hadid. A mosque has a very traditional and set historical Islamic purpose, but this design has nothing to do with traditional existing mosques. The design has futuristic elements and those of modern architecture. This is an example of a building that serves the local needs yet is designed for glocal recognition and acclaim. The reason this building would not be labeled global is because unlike other buildings in Dubai, it is not a building made with western exterior elements and hopes to hold tourists or foreign businesses or facilities such as nightclubs and elements foreign to our nature. Because the building houses a mosque, is a mosque, it qualifies as glocal.

Avenues Mosque Design Concept, Arch. Zaha Hadid,

Kuwait National Assembly, Jorn Utzon

In a fast pace world, where everyone is flying towards the future, it seems that the majority of cities and nations large are choosing to take the path of globalism. At the same time, other countries are rejecting the global movement in fear of identity loss or loss of their traditions and customs. These countries are focusing on their locality and are completely rejecting globalism or slightly, but they are refusing it nevertheless. When it comes time for a country to take a direction on whether to be global or local, the option of being glocal must not be overlooked. Glocalization is a middle point, a peaceful combination that allows a country to have proud and thriving traditions, yet be flexible enough to cater to and accommodate international global needs. Kuwait needs to find that middle point of glocalization where it does not completely follow in the steps of global cities like Dubai and bring havoc among it‘s economy and culture, and not be a limp nation that is behind others. Kuwait has the means and facilities and cultural acceptability to become a glocal role model to countries all over the world and it is not far out of reach. Glocalization is the solution that will help bring Kuwait into a brighter future without loosing or risking its true traditional characteristics.

References: (2009) Al Hamra, http://www.alhamra.com.kw/ (2010), Glocalisation, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glocalisation Craig Stroupe, Glocalization, University of Minnesota, http://www.d.umn.edu/~cstroupe/ideas/glocalization.html Gabardi, Wayne. Negotiating Postmodernism. Minneapolis: U Minnesota P, 2000 Robert Lamb, (1998-2010) What is Glocalization? HowStuffWorks, Inc. http://money.howstuffworks.com/glocalization1.htm Roland Robertson, (1997, 2001), Comments on the “Global Triad” and Glocalization, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/15robertson.html Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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