Structures and Architecture - العمارة والنظم الانشائية

Architectural Design Lectures

Structures By: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

Natural Structures

Natural Structures

Introduction

LOADS

LOADS

LOADS

LOADS

LOADS

LOADS

LOADS

Forces Acting in Structures • Forces induced by gravity – Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments – Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles)

• • • • •

Forces induced by wind Forces induced by earthquakes Forces induced by rain/snow Fluid pressures Others

Forces Acting in Structures

Vertical: Gravity

Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

Global Stability

Sliding

Overturning

Forces in Structural Elements 100 lb

100 lb

Tension

Compression

Forces in Structural Elements 100 lb

Bending

Torsion

Structural Systems

Arch

Structural Systems

Truss C

C

T

T Forces in Truss Members

C

Structural Systems

Frame

Structural Systems

Flat Plate

Structural Systems

Folded Plate

Structural Systems

Shells

Structural Systems

Shells

Basic Structural Elements Slabs

Basic Structural Elements Columns

Basic Structural Elements Columns

Basic Structural Elements Beams

Basic Structural Elements Beams

Basic Structural Elements Beams

Basic Structural Elements Beams

Basic Structural Elements Beams

Basic Structural Elements Beams

Basic Structural Elements Beam

Vierendeel Beams

Vierendeel Trusses

Structural Elements • The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: • Linear – Columns – Beams

Structural Elements • The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: • Surface – Walls – Slabs

Structural Elements • The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: • Spatial – Facade Envelope – Core – Building as System

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

Structural Expression

General Structure and Lateral Forces Division

Revision

General Structure and Lateral Forces Division

Revision

General Structure and Lateral Forces Division

Revision

General Structure and Lateral Forces Division

Revision

STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

• DURABILITY The durability of the structure depends entirely in the physical/chemical conditions of the structural material, and our willingness to continue using the building ( at the end of the lifecycle of a building, it may be demolished)

• STABILITY AND EQUILLIBRIUM When the structure is stable and in equilibrium it resists any load without suffering a major change of shape or collapsing.

• STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY Strength and rigidity are reached by the adequate specification of geometry, size, and the material of the structural elements. In example, for resisting the same structural load, a steel structural element needs a smaller cross section than a reinforced concrete element, and this is due to the difference between the strength of the kind of materials.

STRUCTURE TYPES ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION:

ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTS OF TENSION:

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: - LOAD BEARING WALLS - SKELETON FRAME

MASTED STRUCTURES

ROOF STRUCTURES

- ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES - PORTAL FRAMES - TRUSSES - SPACE FRAMES - FOLDED ROOFS - SHELLS - MEMBRANES AND TENTS

Types of Structures

Types of Structures

Types of Structures

STRUCTURE TYPES: MATERIALIZATION OF A CUBE

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES

Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam type.

Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their structural components (and the weight of objects and people in them) by bearing on one another.

The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the foundation and then into the ground. Horizontal beams are subject to bending loads, therefore the structural materials should be able of resisting both tension and compression.

We can further subdivide the post and beam structures into:

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: SKELETON FRAME

ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES

ARCHES AND VAULTED ROOFS

DOMES

PORTAL FRAMES

PORTAL FRAMES

TRUSSES

TRUSSES

SPACE FRAMES

SPACE FRAMES

SPACE FRAMES

FOLDED ROOFS

FOLDED ROOFS

Examples of Structures

SHELLS

SHELLS

SHELLS

TENSILE STRUCTURES

TENSILE STRUCTURES

TENSILE STRUCTURES

TENSILE STRUCTURES

DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURAL FORM

DESIGN STRATEGIES

GENERIC TYPE OF STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Materials • Stone and Masonry • Metals – Cast Iron – Steel – Aluminum

• Concrete • Wood • Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

Materials • Steel – Maximum stress: 40,000 – 120,000 lb/in2 – Maximum strain: 0.2 – 0.4 – Modulus of elasticity: 29,000,000 lb/in2

• Concrete – Maximum stress: 4,000 – 12,000 lb/in2 – Maximum strain: 0.004 – Modulus of elasticity: 3,600,000 – 6,200,000 lb/in2

• Wood Values depend on wood grade. Below are some samples – Tension stress: 1300 lb/in2 – Compression stress: 1500 lb/in2 – Modulus of elasticity: 1,600,000 lb/in2

Concrete Components • • • • •

Sand (Fine Aggregate) Gravel (Coarse Aggregate) Cement (Binder) Water Air

Examples of Typical Structures

Examples of Typical Structures

Thank you Dr. Yasser Mahgoub http://ymahgou.fortunecity.com/