Living Water: a resilient landscape

LIVING WATER A RESILIENT LANDSCAPE

School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of Science in Landscape Architecture.

Land Landscape Heritage

Supervisor Prof. Secchi Marialessandra

Academic Year 2023-2024

Co Supervisor Prof. Voltini Marco

Student Wang Yilin 10770299

0.0 ABSTRACT EN

The devastating floods in Emilia-Romag-

of a loosely planned development, relying

and the road system still retain the capac-

the communities situated along its course.

As a result, housing and employment

transition.

na in May 2023 starkly highlighted the vulnerabilities of the Santerno River and

Heavy rainfall frequently overwhelms the capacity of the surrounding plains, leading to localized flooding. When the river

breaches its banks, it inundates nearby land and towns.

Urbanization patterns exhibit a characteristic urban form: a collection of small

towns is located amidst a network of in-

dependent houses. They are the product

1

upon a dense infrastructural network

dating back to the Roman “Centuriazione”.

are dispersed, reliant on car-dependent mobility, and social life primarily unfolds within private spaces.

The surrounding agricultural landscape is dominated by monoculture agriculture,

as in recent decades the landscape has

undergone a process of simplification and specialization, contributing to biodiversity loss. However, the landscape pattern

ity to support a change, and to address the challenges of climatic and ecological Starting from a careful reading of the wa-

ter system and the context landscape fea-

tures, this project aims to develop a resilient landscape that mitigates the growing

flood risk while simultaneously creating

a network of public open spaces with

eco-friendly features. The project fosters

the transformation through a three-layer strategy.

First, it addresses the river space design, improving its flow capacity. Secondly, it

focuses on urban spaces by changing priorities in mobility and in public space de-

sign. Finally, it deals with the urban and agricultural pattern, improving biodiversity, reinforcing the structure of the “Centuriazione”, and enhancing walkability.

With these three strategies, the project

creates a new landscape that not only helps in mitigating the impact of climate

change but also enhances the quality of everyday spaces.

Figure 1 Population exposed to floodable areas (Data from Italian National Institute of StatisticsISTAT) 2

1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 BASIC INFORMATION OF FLOODING EVENTS ON MAY 2023 A series of severe flooding events impact-

Apennines, leading to significant rainfall.

tors and human-induced vulnerabilities.

sure system formed over the central Med-

ed Emilia-Romagna in May 2023, driven by a combination of meteorological facMeteorological Conditions:

Late April: A weakening high-pressure system allowed moist and cold air from the Atlantic to enter, leading to deterio-

rating weather conditions in northwest Italy.

Early May (May 1-2): A low-pressure

trough deepened over the Gulf of Lion, transporting unstable and moisture-laden

air masses to the upper Tyrrhenian Sea. Simultaneously, a strong easterly flow

intensified over the Adriatic Sea, particularly on the eastern slopes of the Emilian 5

Mid-May (May 15-16): A large low-pres-

iterranean, directing moist air masses towards the Italian peninsula. A second-

tributed to coastal storm surges, partially

impeding the natural drainage of rivers into the sea.

Pre-existing Conditions:

ary low-pressure area developed over

Drought: A prolonged dry period prior to

rainfall in Emilia-Romagna. The interac-

pacity to absorb rainfall, increasing runoff

the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, generating strong southeasterly winds and heavy tion of sirocco and bora winds over the northern Adriatic further intensified the rainfall.

“Stau” Effect: Strong easterly winds

encountering the Apennines resulted in significant orographic rainfall, with persistent precipitation over specific areas.

Coastal Storm Surge: Strong winds con-

the flooding events resulted in significant soil dryness. This reduced the soil’s caand exacerbating the impact of the floods.

Snowpack Deficit: A nationwide snowpack deficit of -64% in April 2023 com-

pared to the previous 12 years further contributed to the dry conditions.

Human Factors: Land Consumption: Extensive agricultural reclamation in the

20th century resulted in the development

increasing their vulnerability to flooding.

Urbanization: Increased urbanization

has led to higher rates of impervious

surfaces, reducing groundwater recharge and increasing

mm

Precipitation/mm

80

76.97

Cumulative rainfall duration/hour

hour

10 9

70 60

52.665

8

55.663

7

50

6

40

5

28.813

30

4 3

20

2

10

1

0

0

22/4/2023 23/4/2023 24/4/2023 25/4/2023 26/4/2023 27/4/2023 28/4/2023 29/4/2023 30/4/2023 1/5/2023 2/5/2023 3/5/2023 4/5/2023 5/5/2023 6/5/2023 7/5/2023 8/5/2023 9/5/2023 10/5/2023 11/5/2023 12/5/2023 13/5/2023 14/5/2023 15/5/2023 16/5/2023 17/5/2023 18/5/2023 19/5/2023 20/5/2023 21/5/2023 22/5/2023 23/5/2023

of agricultural areas below the riverbed,

Soil structure damage in arid conditions

1st The soil is rain- oversaturated, storm leading to ponding on the surface

Intermittent 2nd heavy and light rainrainfall storm

Flooding

Figure 2 Rainfall data in Emilia-Romagna from 22 April to 23 May 2023 (Data from Geoportale Regione Emilia-Romagna accessed September 2024) Author: Yilin Wang 6

0-0.5 meter

0.5-1.0 meter

1.0-1.5 meter

1.5-2.5 meter

2.5-3.5 meter

Depth of Flood (5m-0.5m)

1:500 000

Figure 3 Water Level Data for Emilia-Romagna (May 16-23, 2023) (Data from Copernicus: https:// emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN154 accessed September 2024) 7

17 May 2023

18 May 2023

19 May 2023

20 May 2023

21 May 2023

Duration of flood (7-1 days)

1:500 000

Figure 4 Floodwater Persistence for Emilia-Romagna (May 16-23, 2023) (Data from Copernicus: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN154) 8

1.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND FLOODING The inundation duration maps clearly illustrate how infrastructure can exacerbate flooding. In certain areas, infrastruc-

ture acts as a barrier to water flow, prolonging inundation times and increasing the extent of flood damage.

For instance, in Russi, the railway acts as a bottleneck, restricting water flow and causing water to accumulate, leading to

prolonged flooding in the surrounding area.

Figure 5 Transect of relationship between infrastructure and flooding 1:250 000 (Data from Copernicus: https://emergency. copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/ EMSN154) Author: Yilin Wang 9

Alfonsine

Fusignano

Ravenna Lugo

Mordano Bagnara di Romagna

Imola

San Prospero

Cotignola

Bagnavavallo

Russi

Solarolo

Castel Bolognese Faenza

Forlì

San Mauro Pascoli

Forlimpopoli

Cesena

10 Rimini

1.3 BASIC INFORMATION OF SANTERNO The Santerno River originates in the Imo-

The initial breaches occurred in the

surges hindering natural outflow at the

Sea. It is the largest tributary of the Reno

quently, the floodwaters inundated Mor-

River.

la Apennines and flows into the Reno River, ultimately discharging into the Adriatic

River in terms of both length and water volume. After passing through Casalfiumanese, the valley widens as the Santerno enters the plain, reaching the city of

Imola. Downstream, the river flows between Mordano and Bagnara di Romagna,

then borders Sant’Agata sul Santerno and Cà di Lugo before joining the Reno River.

These cities were all severely impacted by the recent floods.

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downstream sections, affecting Sant’Agata

sul Santerno and Cà di Lugo first. Subsedano and Bagnara di Romagna.

Beyond the river itself, numerous canals crisscross the plain, primarily for agricul-

tural irrigation. Notably, the Emiliano-Romagna Canal, one of Italy’s longest artifi-

cial waterways, extends from the Po River to the Adriatic Sea. During the floods, the canal played a crucial role by artificially diverting excess water. Due to storm

estuary, the canal facilitated the diversion

of floodwaters from the plain into the Po This project focuses on the section of the Santerno River between Imola and the

Emilia Romagna Canal, specifically within

the flood-affected area. The objective is to mitigate downstream flooding by increasing river capacity

Collapsed Levees Damaged Levees Blocked Riverbed Figure 6 Damage situation of the river embankment 1:500 000 [Data from Emilia-Romagna Environment Energy Prevention Agency (arpae): https://www.arpae.it/it/notizie/alluvione-19-settembre-un2019analisipreliminare (Original data from Programma UE Copernicus Emergency Management Service)] Author: Yilin Wang 12

1.4 URBANIZATION PATTERN: A DISPERSED CITY The area under discussion in this project

of fields. The legacy of “centuriazione”

engagement. The reliance on private ve-

Emilia-Romagna Canal. This area encom-

urban sprawl. This historical context,

are crucial for building community.

is the southeastern region at the con-

fluence of the Santerno River and the passes the town of Bagnara di Romagna, a sprawling landscape of diffuse settlements, extensive farmlands, and interspersed industrial structures. The settle-

ments are so sparsely distributed across the territory that a large proportion of

the population would be affected in the

event of any risks. This urban structure is known as a Dispersed City.

The emergence of this urban model can be traced back to a convergence of factors. In this particular area, a significant

historical precedent is “Roma centuriazione” (Chapter 1.5), which was character-

ized by the creation of a grid-like pattern 13

was fragmented dispersed settlement

patterns laid the groundwork for later

combined with the rise of the automobile,

which offered unprecedented mobility, and post-World War II suburbanization trends, has fueled the expansion of dispersed urbanization patterns.

The dispersed city presents a complex

array of advantages and disadvantages.

However, the problems posed by this pat-

hicles reduces opportunities for chance encounters and informal interactions that 2. Unsustainable Lifestyles:

The dispersal of activities inevitably leads

to a heavy dependence on automobiles, which in turn causes increased air and

soil pollution as well as higher carbon emissions.

tern today cannot be ignored: 1. Decline of Public Life:

The spatial fragmentation of the dis-

persed city can lead to a weakening of

social connections and a decline in civic

Isolated residents Other residents

Figure 7 The pattern of settlement 1:50 000 Author: Yilin Wang 14

1.5 THE EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN “CENTURIAZIONE” AND THE LEGACY OF “MACERI” The distinctive pattern of this landscape

intertwined with the agricultural land-

Romans. Characterized by a grid of roads

Of particular historical and archaeologi-

is the evidence of “Roman Centuriazione”,

a land surveying system employed by the

and canals with squares approximately 710 meters in length, this system has left

scape of arable land and orchards.

cal significance are the “Maceri”, former hemp (Cannabis sativa.) soaking pools

a lasting imprint on the region. Human

prevalent before the mid-20th century.

The Lugo “Centuriazione”, with its

submerged to separate the fibers. These

activities still rely on this support.

well-preserved grid of roads, carriageways, and drainage/irrigation canals, provides a notable example. This area also features Votive aedicules, small shrines

located at the intersections of the “Centuriazione” axes, offering valuable archaeological and historical insights.

1:250 000

These pools were essential for the process of retting, where hemp stalks were

remnants, now serving as unique biologi-

cal habitats, offer tangible evidence of the

region's agricultural past and the histori-

1:50 000

cal importance of hemp cultivation in this area.

The landscape is further enriched by

hedgerows of native species, intimately 15

1:50 000

1841-1843

River

Mobility

Source from: Papal States and Tuscany (1841-1843) 1:12500

1943-1944

River

Mobility

Agriculture

Settlement

Mobility

Agriculture

Settlement

Source from: Royal Air Forcein Emilia-Romagna (1943-1944) 1:12500

2024-2025

River

Source from: Google Satellite, accessed March 2025, 1:12500

Maceri

Figure 8 Comparison of historical maps Author: Yilin Wang

1.6 AGRICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY: RUN OFF AND WATER USAGE In the context of the climate crisis, rainfall

use of pesticides, fertilizers, and other ag-

reserves in the Apennines exhibit erratic

natives, they are still relatively limited in

increasingly unpredictable, while snow

behavior. We can anticipate more frequent droughts and intensified cyclonic

activity. Water, a crucial resource for this predominantly agricultural region, presents both opportunities and challenges.

Beyond the issue of water availability,

environmental pollution poses a significant threat. Widespread urbanization and

intensive agriculture, including livestock

farming, contribute to high levels of pollution. Vehicle traffic, heating systems,

and industrial processes generate signifi-

cant air pollution. (Aria) Furthermore, the

agricultural sector itself contributes to

air, soil, and water pollution through the

17

rochemicals. While organic and ecological

farming practices offer sustainable alterscope.

The presence of pollinators, particularly bees, is vital for both agricultural and

natural ecosystems. In 2017 bee deaths and hive contamination incident in Bagnara di Romagna, attributed to pesticide

Periodically herbaceous (Farmland)

Despite this event, the use of pesticides

Woody broadleaved deciduous trees (Orchard)

exposure, serve as a stark reminder of the vulnerability of these crucial pollinators.

and insecticides in the region remains high. Finding ways to reconcile the needs of industrial agriculture with the preservation of bee populations is an urgent and critical challenge.

Low-growing woody plants (Vineyard) Degree of ecological diversity

events in Emilia Romagna have become

Woody needle leaved trees Permanent herbaceous Woody Broadleaved evergreen trees Lichens and mosses

Figure 9 Agriculture and biodiversity 1:50 000 Author: Yilin Wang 18

1.7 SUMMARY Two major flood events in May 2023 re-

dispersed along infrastructure, creating

hanced?

the surrounding communities. These

cycling connections. The landscape is pre-

ty be fostered among residents, increas-

sulted in multiple breaches and overflows of the Santerno River, severely impacting

events were exacerbated not only by climate change but also by human factors,

such as excessive construction that increases surface runoff.

While the Emilia Romagna Canal was successfully diverted to alleviate floodwa-

ters into the Po River, significant flooding still occurred in areas north of the canal.

Consequently, this project focuses on the flood-affected areas south of the Emilia Romagna Canal.

This region exhibits a distinctive land-

scape characterized by the heritage of Roman Centuriazione, with settlements 19

a fragmented urban pattern with limited

public spaces and a lack of pedestrian and

dominantly agricultural, yet faces significant environmental challenges, including

air, soil, and water pollution. Agriculture

itself is grappling with water scarcity, soil degradation, and declining pollinator populations due to climate change and human activities.

Based on these observations, the following key questions emerge:

1. How can flood risk be mitigated and the impact of future flood events reduced?

2. How can the unique character and landscape heritage be preserved and en-

3. How can a stronger sense of communiing their identification with the region and its distinctive character?

4. How can infrastructure be adapted

to support low-carbon transportation modes, such as cycling and walking?

5. How can agricultural practices be made more sustainable, addressing challenges

such as water scarcity, soil degradation, and declining pollinator populations?

6. How can industry, residents, and the broader ecosystem adapt to the challeng-

es of global warming and mitigate its impacts?

Photograph 1 Flooded Farmland. Source from: Cab Te.ra.

Photograph 4 A senior citizen strolling in the city center. Photo by Yilin Wang on Oct. 2024

Photograph 7 Vacant green space outside the old city walls. Photo by Yilin Wang on Oct. 2024

Photograph 2 Floods destroyed infrastructure.

Source from: SNPA

Photograph 5 A square functioning as a parking lot. Photo by Yilin Wang on Oct. 2024

Photograph 8 No slow-mobility road. Photo by Yilin Wang on Oct. 2024

Photograph 3 Breached Barrier. Source from: Corpo nazionale dei vigili del fuoco

Photograph 6 Parking lot in front of the church.

Photo by Yilin Wang on Oct. 2024

Photograph 9 Busy SP21 with only one mixeduse sidewalk. Photo by Yilin Wang on Oct. 2024

2.0 A RESILIENCE LANDSCAPE: LIVING WATER 2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT The increasing challenges of climate

particularly vulnerable to both droughts

enhancing the capacity for recovery of

particularly concerning water. Resilient

periods to protect soil and crops and

grating water into residents’ daily lives.

change demand a fundamental shift in

how we interact with our environment, landscapes offer a crucial framework for

navigating this new reality. These land-

scapes possess the inherent ability not only to withstand and recover from ex-

treme events, but also to absorb, respond,

adapt, and ultimately transform in the face of shocks. This transformation might

involve adding more space for water and ecology in the river, the town, and the ru-

ral area by restoring natural floodplains and creating interconnected green corridors.

In this context, water is a key element.

The area’s reliance on agriculture, coupled with its proximity to rivers, makes it 21

and levee breaches. Managing water effectively - both storing it during dry

controlling excessive runoff during heavy

rainfall to minimize the risk of flooding is crucial for building resilience.

To address these challenges, the “Living Water” project envisions a future where people no longer fear and worry about

water, but coexist harmoniously with it.

On the one hand, “Living Water” refers

to the project’s use of diverse water bodies—constructed wetlands, bioswales,

and retention ponds—providing essential

storage space and drainage capacity for flood events. These diverse water features also contribute to the overall health

and biodiversity of the ecosystem, further

the landscape. On the other hand, “Living Water” refers to “living with water,” inte-

For example, the project creates public parks centered around restored quarry ponds, incorporates rainwater harvesting systems into new buildings, or develops community-based water management

initiatives, making water a visible and val-

ued part of the community. By fostering a closer relationship with water, “Living Water” aims to build a more sustainable

future, one better equipped to handle the challenges of a changing climate.

River

Town

Rural Area

Increasing water capacity

Changing priorities in mobility and public space

Keeping value

Before

After

Figure 11 Concept of A Resilience Landscape: living water Author: Yilin Wang 22

2.2 MASTER PLAN This master plan develops strategies for a

The town zone centers on changing pri-

the river of Santerno, the town of Bagnara

stream, the town’s primary vulnerability

resilient landscape. Structured geographi-

cally, it encompasses three distinct zones:

di Romagna, and the rural area. Each zone contributes to the overarching goal of cli-

mate resilience and enhanced public life, they do so through targeted approaches and specific interventions.

The river zone focuses on increasing water capacity. This upstream retention is

essential for mitigating flood risks and ensuring water security, particularly for

downstream communities. Three key strategies are proposed: creating a backwater and storage area, developing wetlands, and revitalizing abandoned quarries.

23

orities in mobility and public space. With

increased water capacity managed upshifts to managing runoff from intense

canals, and replicating “Maceri”.

rain events. This challenge is addressed

Bicycle path

tems (SuDS), creating pedestrian-friendly

New "Maceri"

through three strategic interventions: implementing Sustainable Drainage Sysconnections between open spaces, and water-storing and filtering pathways.

The rural area aims to keep value. Rec-

Public open space

Periodically herbaceous (Farmland) Low-growing woody plants (Vineyard)

ognizing the impact of industrialized

Woody broadleaved deciduous trees (Orchard)

strategies to revitalize community life

Permanent herbaceous

of the “Centuriazione”, enhancing existing

Lichens and mosses

agriculture and prioritized mobility on

Woody needle leaved trees

by focusing on biodiversity: improving

Woody Broadleaved evergreen trees

social cohesion, this zone proposes three walkability by reinforcing the structure

Emiliano-Romagna Canal

5.0

3.0 Santerno River

4.0

3.1 Backwater and storage area 3.2 Wetland

4.1

3.3 Abandoned quarries 4.0 Bagnara di Romagna

4.3

4.1 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) 4.2 Pedestrian-friendly connections 4.3 Water-storing and filtering pathway 5.0 Rural area 5.1 Walkable “Centuriazione”

4.2

5.1

5.2

5.3

3.0 3.1

5.2 Biodiverse canal 5.3 New “Maceri” Figure 12 Master Plan of Living Water Author: Yilin Wang 24

3.2

3.0 THE SANTERNO RIVER: INCREASING WATER CAPACITY

The Santerno River struggles with lim-

but also reduces biodiversity, as the river

events. During heavy rainfall, the river’s

diverse range of plant and animal species.

ited water capacity, making it partic-

ularly vulnerable to extreme weather discharge can increase dramatically, ex-

ceeding its natural containment limits.

Historical data show that its peak flow

can reach 1,000–1,200 cubic meters per second, while its normal flow remains significantly lower, often below 10 cubic

meters per second in dry periods. This drastic fluctuation puts immense pres-

sure on the levees, which have repeatedly failed, leading to severe flooding.

Compounding the issue, the land adjacent

lacks the natural wetlands and riparian

habitats that would typically support a Without intervention, these challenges will continue to threaten both agricultur-

al land and the ecological balance of the region.

Bicycle path Periodically herbaceous (Farmland) Low-growing woody plants (Vineyard) Woody broadleaved deciduous trees (Orchard) Woody needle leaved trees

to the river is almost entirely occupied

Permanent herbaceous

water. This not only increases flood risks

Lichens and mosses

by farmland, leaving little room for natu-

ral floodplains that could absorb excess 25

Woody Broadleaved evergreen trees

3.1

3.2 3.1 Backwater and storage area 3.2 Wetland

3.3 Abandoned quarries

Figure 13 Plan of Santerno River Design 1:50 000

Author: Yilin Wang

3.3

26

3.1 CREATING A BACKWATER AND STORAGE AREA A new backwater zone has been constructed on the former bed of the Santer-

no River. Upon the establishment of the backwater zone, river water will be redi-

rected to this area, and the central region can serve as a flood retention area. Similar to the project undertaken on the Ser-

nella River in Canelli. During dry periods, it will provide a crucial biological habitat, supporting diverse flora and fauna.

During periods of high water, the backwa-

ter will effectively distribute the river’s flow, mitigating downstream flooding.

Critically, during major flood events, the area will be allowed to inundate, acting as a natural overflow.

This restored connection to the river’s historic floodplain will enhance both ecological health and flood resilience.

27

Figure 14 Plan of backwater and storage area 1:4000 Author: Yilin Wang

Fraxinus Ornus.

Figure 15 Floodplain channels, bridges, and inundation areas Author: Yilin Wang 28

3.2 DEVELOPING WETLANDS The Santerno River bend naturally di-

vides into erosion and deposition zones.

The outer bank, shaped by strong currents, undergoes continuous erosion,

while the inner bank accumulates sedi-

ments, forming deposition areas. These zones provide an ideal setting for wetland

development, offering both flood control and environmental benefits. Wetlands act

as natural buffers, absorbing excess water

during floods and reducing downstream risks. They also improve water quality by filtering sediments and pollutants while

enhancing biodiversity through diverse habitats. Integrating wetlands into the

river’s natural dynamics promotes hydro-

logical stability and ecological resilience, creating a landscape that balances natu-

ral processes and human intervention for long-term sustainability.

29

Figure 16 Plan of the wetland 1:4000 Author: Yilin Wang

Alnus glutinosa.

Figure 17 Wetland buffer between rivers and farmland Author: Yilin Wang 30

3.3 REVITALIZING ABANDONED QUARRIES The riverbanks are lined with a plethora

In addition to their hydrological function,

a quarry is around two decades, a con-

doned quarry buildings will be adapted

of abandoned and active quarries. Given that the average operational lifespan of

tinuous cycle of quarry abandonment is expected.

This project proposes a strategic transformation of abandoned quarries into a flood

management system that integrates with

the river and irrigation networks while

reimagining them as community parks.

By establishing hydrological connections

between quarry pools, these sites can function as retention basins, providing additional space for floodwaters during

peak river flows. This not only mitigates flood risks but also enhances water availability for agricultural irrigation, creating a more resilient landscape.

31

these repurposed quarries will be developed into accessible public spaces. Aban-

into community hubs hosting commercial, cultural, and shared activities. A network

of walking and cycling paths will connect these spaces, improving accessibility and fostering community interaction.

By combining flood control, sustainable

water management, and public space revitalization, this strategy offers a holistic approach to quarry regeneration. It not

only addresses environmental challenges

but also enhances agricultural productivity and strengthens community life, transforming these forgotten landscapes into valuable assets.

Figure 18 The community hub Author: Yilin Wang 32

Figure 19 Plan of revitalizing abandoned quarry 1:5000 Author: Yilin Wang 33

Salix alba.

Figure 20 Revitalizing abandoned quarries Author: Yilin Wang 34

4.0 BAGNARA DI ROMAGNA: CHANGING PRIORITIES IN MOBILITY AND PUBLIC SPACE

Bagnara di Romagna boasts a medie-

port. The town’s sole chain supermarket,

park, a football field, and tennis courts,

Bagnara di Romagna surprisingly peace-

ans and cyclists, even with the provision

from poor pedestrian connectivity. This

val-style city center, streets lined with de-

tached and semi-detached houses. I found ful during my visit on Halloween (Thurs-

day), 2024. The rhythm of life here seems dictated by the leisurely pace of its inhabitants, predominantly elderly residents

who enjoy gentle strolls through the

historic heart of Bagnara. This serene at-

mosphere, however, is abruptly disrupted by the presence of the bustling provincial road (SP21), which bisects the town and

acts as a stark reminder of modern life.

With a 50-70 km/h speed limit, the SP21 serves as a constant thoroughfare, choked

with a relentless flow of trucks and cars.

This heavy traffic creates a significant barrier for local residents, particularly

those relying on non-motorized trans35

inconveniently situated along this busy

artery, presents a challenge for pedestri-

of a parallel bike lane. The journey to this

essential amenity becomes a potentially

hazardous undertaking, undermining the town’s otherwise peaceful character.

The true heart of Bagnara di Romagna

lies within its old town. Here, the town’s

unique character and historical charm are most evident. However, this pictur-

esque landscape is frequently marred by

the ubiquitous presence of parked cars, which detract from the beauty and accessibility of the area.

While Bagnara di Romagna does offer

some public open spaces, including a

these amenities are unfortunately scattered throughout the town and suffer

lack of integration diminishes their value

as community spaces and hinders the creation of a truly pedestrian-friendly environment.

The town seems to struggle with balancing the needs of modern transportation

with the desire to preserve its historic charm and create a livable space for its residents.

Museum Public services Pedasrian path

Education

Motor path

Daily needs

4.2

4.1

4.3

Figure 21 Plan of Bagnara di Romagna 1:4000 Author: Yilin Wang

4.1 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) 4.2 Pedestrian-friendly connections

4.3 Water-storing and filtering pathway

36

4.1 IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS) Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are

and mitigate runoff. This involves strate-

traditional drainage systems which quick-

and direct stormwater flow. By slowing

innovative approaches to urban drainage

that mimic natural water cycles. Unlike ly channel rainwater into sewers, SuDS

manage rainwater at its source, reducing

flood risks, improving water quality, and creating more sustainable urban environ-

ments. (The SuDS Manual) For instance, Copenhagen’s Strategic Flood Masterplan

employs a variety of SuDS, including green roofs, rain gardens, and permeable

pavements. These features not only mitigate flood risks but also provide ecologi-

cal benefits such as improved air quality and enhanced biodiversity.

Following SuDS guidelines, swales can be

extensively employed along roadways and within green areas to capture stormwater 37

gically incorporating shallow, vegetated channels into the landscape to intercept

down the velocity of runoff, swales allow

for increased infiltration into the soil, reducing the volume of water entering

storm drains and minimizing the risk of flooding. Furthermore, the vegetation within swales provides a natural filtration

system and enhances biodiversity by cre-

ating valuable habitat for various plant and animal species.

The raised boardwalk offers varied land-

scape experiences with changing water levels. It curves in the north for diverse

views, and simplifies in the south for open spaces.

Figure 22 Plan of the swale beside the old wall 1:1400

Author: Yilin Wang

Platanus x hispanica.

Figure 23 A swale and a raised boardwalk Author: Yilin Wang 38

4.2 CREATING PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CONNECTIONS BETWEEN OPEN SPACES A new strategy aims to revitalize the town

ple and vehicles. In front of the church, a

A key element is traffic calming, achieved

innovative design serves a dual purpose,

by prioritizing slow mobility and creating a more pedestrian-friendly environment. by implementing a speed limit starting

at the Santerno bridge on the west side,

gradually reducing to 30 km/h beyond the supermarket. To further enhance pe-

destrian and green spaces, roads around the old town will become one-way. Unin-

terrupted sidewalks will be constructed throughout the area, significantly improving walkability.

The heart of the old town, encompassing the main square and the road leading to

the church, has been thoughtfully rede-

signed. The square itself is now primarily pedestrianized, with a water spring pond acting as a natural divider between peo39

former parking lot will be reimagined as

a sunken garden with tiered seating. This providing a welcoming public space for

residents and visitors while also acting as a rainwater retention basin during heavy rainfall.

The distinct paving materials define separate zones for vehicles and pedestrians, guaranteeing ample and undisturbed

space for those on foot. This redesign

highlights the core public area, uniting the square, two churches, a museum, and

a green park. Finally, the pavement has been upgraded from concrete to perme-

able paving, reducing rainwater runoff and contributing to a more sustainable environment.

Figure 24 Plan of the heart of the old town 1:1400

Author: Yilin Wang

Direction of one-way street Green space Sidewalk Drainage pavers for sidewalks Drainage pavers for vehicles Figure 25 Traffic map of Bagnara di Romagna 1:4000

Author: Yilin Wang 40

Figure 26 A pedestrian-friendly central plaza featuring a landscape fountain with water filtration Author: Yilin Wang 41

Malus domestica.

Figure 27 Sunken plaza in front of the church with permeable pavement Author: Yilin Wang 42

4.3 WATER-STORING AND FILTERING PATHWAY The road intervention in the farmland

employs a combination of materials to achieve both functionality and sustainability. A metal mesh surface, resistant to

corrosion and capable of allowing rain-

water to infiltrate, serves as the primary surface. To address the metal mesh’s lim-

itations in terms of elasticity and environmental impact, wooden walkways, mir-

roring those found in the adjacent green space, have been incorporated to provide a more comfortable and natural walking surface.

The trees planted along this water retention and filtering pathway not only

improve air quality by filtering out unpleasant odors from the farmland but also enhance the landscape, providing a welcoming habitat for various species.

43

Figure 28 Plan of a storing and filtering pathway 1:1600

Author: Yilin Wang

Fraxinus ornus.

Figure 29 A filter strip between farmland and residential areas, featuring water-retentive metal paving, natural wood pathways, and linear tree rows Author: Yilin Wang 44

5.0 RURAL AREA: KEEPING VALUE

The Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, once

over centuries by the delicate balance of

its historical patrimony, preserving both

- a legacy etched into the very fabric of

This transformation stems largely from

tion for a sustainable and resilient future.

defined by the striking geometric precision of the Roman “Centuriazione” system

the land - now bears the marks of agri-

cultural modernization. While vestiges of

this ancient land division still linger, and

traces of the Maceri, the former hemp soaking pools that dotted the landscape before the mid-20th century, remain,

much of this rich heritage has been ir-

revocably lost. The intricate network of canals that once irrigated the fields has been drastically reduced, the shel-

tering rows of trees that punctuated the landscape have thinned, and the natural contours of the land have been flattened and homogenized. Perhaps the most poignant loss is the erosion of the farmland’s unique identity, a character cultivated 45

human interaction and natural processes.

the industrialization of agriculture. The

relentless pursuit of efficiency in mech-

anized farming has prioritized yield and scale, leading to the leveling of terrain to accommodate massive machinery and

the widespread adoption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Consequently, the landscape has been stripped of its in-

herent diversity, creating a monoculture

reminiscent of the ecological devastation depicted in Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

.(Carson).

A truly valuable agricultural landscape

should function as an integrated and ho-

listic system. It should not only safeguard

the tangible and intangible connections to the past, but also serve as the foundaCrucially, it must prioritize the resto-

ration of ecological diversity, fostering a balanced environment that can support future generations.

5.2

5.1

Figure 30 Plan of the rural area 1:2500 Author: Yilin Wang

5.3

5.1 Walkable “Centuriazione” 5.2 Biodiverse canal 5.3 New “Maceri”

46

5.1 IMPROVING WALKABILITY BY REINFORCING THE STRUCTURE OF THE “CENTURIAZIONE” The Centuriazione system left behind a grid-like road network, and making pedestrian-friendly adjustments to this network is the focal point of this strategy.

20-meter-wide green strips planted with

herbs, shrubs, and trees run along the road, serving as both an ecological filter and a pollinator pathway. These 1-me-

ter-deep green strips, introduced into the

flat plain, contribute to increased habitat diversity.

These green strips not only serve as ecological steppingstones but also add a new

layer to the Centuriazione system, creating a unique rural landscape.

Figure 31 A farm road lined with trees and a water channel Author: Yilin Wang 47

5.2 ENHANCING THE BIODIVERSITY WITHIN EXISTING CANALS This strategy enhances the site’s water

channels, ensuring both people accessibility and ecological diversity. Existing

channels store and drain water during

floods but lack ecological benefits. The

proposed multifunctional design adapts to varying hydrological conditions.

During dry periods, gabion embankments

serve as crossing paths, allowing people to walk through the channel and enjoy

the central green space. During rainfall, both the channel and green space are designed to be inundated, functioning as

temporary water storage and drainage

zones. As a nature-based solution (NbS), the gabion embankment enhances acces-

sibility, stabilizes the banks, and supports biodiversity by creating a more dynamic aquatic habitat.

Figure 32 Resilient channel structures provide for biodiversity Author: Yilin Wang 48

5.3 REPLICATING “MACERI” TO INCREASE BIODIVERSITY Traditional hemp retting ponds (Maceri)

play a crucial role in enhancing biodiversity in modern agricultural landscapes.

By retaining water, these ponds provide habitats for a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic species, and acting as ecological stepping stones across the agricultural matrix.

The new plan proposes placing Maceri in

the lower-level areas, ensuring that each square of “Centuriazione” will contain

one Maceri. Such a distribution enhanc-

es both the hydrological and ecological

functions of the landscape, promoting a balanced coexistence between agriculture and natural habitats.

Figure 32 New Maceri as ecological stepping stones Author: Yilin Wang 49

6.0 CONCLUSION

The project, born from the Emilia-Ro-

Moving downstream to the town of Bag-

solution (NbS), stabilize riverbanks while

daily life and extreme climate events. By

design, such as bioswales and permeable

and seamlessly integrating with the sur-

magna floods of May 2023, aims to create

a resilient landscape that supports both reorganizing infrastructure, biodiversity, water systems, and public space, the de-

sign adapts these elements across three key environments: river, town, and rural area.

At the core of this project is water man-

agement. In the Santerno river, the upstream’s retention capacity directly influences downstream flooding. Howev-

er, beyond increasing water storage, the project seeks to enhance riverbank ecology, addressing the dominance of farmland

that limits biodiversity and ecological resilience.

nara di Romagna, the project integrates Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)

pavements, with public space improvements. Roads, while essential for circulation, also function as social spaces, yet the

existing network prioritizes vehicles over

slow mobility. Additionally, extensive hard surfaces accelerate runoff. To address this, the design converts certain two-way streets into one-way streets, introduces

swales to define functional zones, and

incorporates permeable paving in the his-

toric center to improve pedestrian space and drainage.

In the rural area, the focus shifts toward walkability and biodiversity restoration.

Gabion embankments, a nature-based

creating habitat and promoting ecological

diversity, strengthening flood resilience rounding landscape.

By restructuring these elements, the

project creates a landscape that not only mitigates the impacts of climate change but also enhances everyday spatial quality. Moving beyond reactive disaster response, the project demonstrates how

landscape design can proactively build long-term resilience. It achieves this by

integrating ecological restoration, water management, and public space strategies

to create a more adaptive and sustainable territory.

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