bcon-ii

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II ( BLD 60703/ARC 2513 ) PROJECT 1: SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION (Temporary bus station) Yew Wing Kee Chong Yi Hui Vun Tze Lin

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Wong Cho Mun Tutor : Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed Tung Siew Hui

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INDEX I.

Abstract

II.

Design Process

III. Design Consideration IV. Skeletal Structure V.

Material Selection

VI. Axonometric VII. Construction Detail VIII. Joints IX. Structural Strength X. Orthographic drawings

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CHONG YI HUI TUNG SIEW HUI VUN TZE LIN WONG CHO MUN YEW WING KEE

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ABSTRACT : SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION Skeletal Construction is one of the widely used structures for building support, thus it is important for us to experience and gain knowledge to understand it. A skeletal structure is in which weight is conveyed by a framework, rather than being upheld by walls. A frame is a structure used to resists vertical forces such as gravity, rain, dead and live load and also resists lateral forces such as wind.

For this assignment, we were assigned into groups to construct a temporary bus stop in a scale 1:5 to demonstrate our insight into skeletal structure in and applying the use of recyclable materials relating with its function.

After exploring on different types of materials for our shelter, we decided to use timber and steel joints for our skeletal structure. Timber is an easily renewed material which can be recycled after usage.

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DESIGN PROCESS MOCK UP 1 Scale: 1:50 A small model is made to show the joints connection and for better understanding of the structure.

MOCK UP 2 Scale: 1 : 1 An improvised to scale digital model is made for clearer understanding of the skeletal structure and materials used.

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DESIGN PROCESS MOCK UP 3 ： INTERIM MOCK UP Scale: 1: 1 This model is used for interim showing the structure of the bus stop. We used modeling board to try out different joints and connections to test it’s workability.

This is used as our finalised design with improvised joints and structure.

PERSPECTIVE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION Weather Resistant The design of our bus stop is to accommodate with our tropical climate, where the users would be protected from direct sunlight and also rain.

Ventilation Openings throughout the bus stop to ensure the users receive sufficient ventilation.

Assesibility The bus stop can only be accessed through the front to enable a ‘one-way’ circulation.

Function The function of the bus stop varies, depending on the users themselves. It works as a shed and resting area for users while waiting for their bus.

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SKELETAL STRUCTURE PRIMARY STRUCTURE

FLOOR JOIST

ROOF BEAM

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

COLUMN

PURLIN

BRACING

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MATERIAL SELECTION The materials used for our shelter is one of the important factor to ensure our building structural strength. We used wood for our temporary shelter, as wood is a readily available material which can be renewed.

Our group sourced our recycled wood from the leftovers of the carpentry workshop, and our joint connectors from hardware shop.

Plastic corrugated roof decking is used as an alternative material metal roof decking because it is easily combined, the decking panels are mechanically fastened

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MATERIAL SELECTION Timber (Recycled Wood) Advantages ➔

Excellent insulator: Bricks also known to have outstanding insulating properties, but timber managed to surpass them.

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Easy and fast to build: A timber construction can be built very easy and fast in contrast to a common brick or concrete construction.

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Reusable: Timber is a renewable resource. Timber can be used more than once. It is easy to recycle

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Price: Timber construction is cheaper than any other common procedure.

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Strength: Timber is very light but Timber framings are strong in real structural terms.

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Aesthetic appeal: Timber is a beautiful material for both internal and external appearance.

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MATERIAL SELECTION Timber (Recycled Wood) Disadvantages ➔

Shrinking and swelling: Timber has a natural ability to absorb water.

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Fire resistance: If timber has not passed a special treatment which ensure a special fire rating, timber is highly combustable.

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Discolouration: With the time untreated timber which is exposed to the different weather influences it discolours turns to a dark and dirty optic.

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Mouldiness: If timber is treated wrong or the installation is not regulated accordingly, timber has the ability to mould.

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MATERIAL SELECTION Transparent polycarbonate corrugated roofing Advantages ➔

Better optical properties: It is only corrugated plastic roofing sheets which will guarantee a more sustainable property. Semi-translucent semi corrugated plastics to create skylights so that no need to turn on electricity during the day since this material will allow sufficient amount of light during the day.

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Low maintenance costs: Corrugated plastics are extremely easy to clean thus.

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They are durable: Most corrugated plastic roofing sheets are coated with antiscratch coating and ultraviolet protection.

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Cost effectiveness: Economically, it is perfect choice for both short-term and long-term investment. The installation process is pretty simple and not labor intensive.

Disadvantages ➔

Initial Expenses: It is quite expensive due to the advantages above.

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Visual Appeal: When it comes to style though, corrugated roofing is behind

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MATERIAL SELECTION Concrete pad footing Advantages ➔

High Compressive strength if compared to other materials

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Withstand tensile stress

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Fire and water and water resistant

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Ability to cast into shape

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Concrete ingredients are easily and readily available

Disadvantages ➔

Without reinforcement, it cracks easily

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Sustained loads forms creep in structures

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Expands and contracts which form cracks

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AXONOMETRIC CORRUGATED ROOF

PURLINS RAFTERS

BRACING

TIMBER BEAM TIMBER FLOORING

TIMBER COLUMN TRUSSES

TIMBER FLOOR JOIST PAD FOOTING CONCRETE

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CONSTRUCTION DETAIL: Joints

Dado joint will be used to hold the beam and column together and then secured with brackets

Clip angles for superimposed beams; provide for lateral stability

The flooring is nailed to the floor joist.

The flooring of the bus stop is secured with lap joints.

Rabbet joints is used to connect the floor to the column

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JOINTS MORTISE AND TENON Mortise and tenon joints were used for the bracings structure to ensure the stability of the structure. Mortise and tenon is a basic form which is simple yet strong. The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole exactly and usually has shoulders that seat when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. It is used mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle 90Ëš.

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LAP JOINTS Lap joints is used for the X bracing and also the floor joist. A lap joint is a joint which used on wood, plastic or metal.

The floor joist is overlapped then secured with L brackets.

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ROOF JOINTS To maximise watertightness, always place roof screws through the crests.

For walling. Crest fixing is used to instal roof sheeting. A more detailed view is shown in the diagram.

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STRUCTURAL STRENGTH Skeletal load transfer - Two way system ● Uniform load distributed in two direction ● Force is channeled from beams to column External Forces - Loads ● Static load - The weight of the roof structure is distributed to the column ● Dynamic load - When users get on and off the structure The main load is carried by the the beams and columns. Load is distributed evenly throughout the structure, with suitable joints and connections the structure can be strengthened. Bracings are added to increase lateral and vertical rigidity.

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ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS PLANS

Plan View

Left elevation

Right elevation

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PLANS

Front elevation

Rear elevation

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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE STEEL COMPONENT

NAILS

SCREWS

BRACKETS

BASE PLATE

WOOD CUTTING & SANDING IN THE WORKSHOP

WOOD CUTTING

WOOD SANDING

CHISELING AND HAMMER

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FORMWORK AND CONCRETE SETTING FOR PAD FOOTING

CONCRETE IS MIXED WITH SAND GRAVEL

MODEL ASSEMBLING

MIXED CONCRETE CASTED INTO THE FORMWORK

THE WOOD WAS THEN BEING ASSEMBLED BY SCREWING AND DRILLING THEM

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MODEL ASSEMBLING

LOAD AND FORCE TESTING

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FINAL MODEL

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REFERENCE Ching, F. (2014). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/520939881887632147/ McKay, W. B., & McKay, J. K. (1975). Building construction. London: Longman.

Lecture slides

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CONCLUSION In this assignment, we were given the task to construct a temporary bus shelter in order to present our knowledge of the skeletal structure in and applying the usage of recyclable materials relating to its function. The building process should demonstrate the understanding of skeletal frames and its joints. Besides that, it should clearly express all building elements such as column, roof, walls, and floor. The joints which we apply should reflect actual joints. Lastly, the model is to be built in the scale 1:5.

Throughout this project, we manage to get the grasp of the skeletal construction to analyse the subject of strength and stability of structures including the modes of structural system, forces, stress and strain of skeletal structures. We also learnt how to overcome the force and stress applied to a structure with suitable construction methods.

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