Architecture portfolio

Report On

Old City New Streets

Revitalization of Musi River Banks.

An Architectural Thesis

Report On

Old City New Streets

Revitalization of Musi River Banks.

An Architectural Thesis

“ Its not what you put in, it’s what you leave out, in relation to the use of white space, is a true for graphic design as it is for painting and drawing.”

- Steven Heller

Old City New Streets REVITALIZATION OF MUSI RIVER BANKS

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS REPORT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH)

Submitted By MORA PAVAN KALYAN 1 6 2 7 1 A A 0 2 4

THESIS GUIDE : AR. HARISH VANGARA

ASHOKA SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE 2020

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank my parents for their support and care and all that they given me and made me what i am today.

I deeply thank Ar. Harish Vangara for being my thesis guide and supporting me throughout and also to the faculty at Ashoka school of planning and architecture without whom this thesis would never have been possible. I also wish to acknowledge Ar. Kartheek.G, Ar. Prathima, and Ar. Shoba. I would like to thank Ashok Reddy Managing Director at Musi Riverfront Development Corporation ltd. for their valuable inputs and guidance in understanding the features of Musi River.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my friends Komakula Srinath, vineeth, yashaswini, poorna, and Abdul Muqeem for their support and to my seniors Ravi and vinod for encouraging me.

- Mora Pavan Kalyan

Table of Contents

Old City New Streets

Revitalization of Musi River Banks.

1

Introduction 3 Aim

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Objective

5

Scope and Limitations

5

Literature Study About Hyderabad

7 9

Economy 11 Demographics 11 Geography & Growth Patterns

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History of Musi River

13

Riverbed Activites

15

Research and Earlier Studies

18

Sir Visvesvaraya report (1930)

23

Nandanvanam (2000)

25

Ar. Hafeez contractor proposal (2018)

25

Project Program Assi River Cleaning process (2016)

27 29

Chicago Riverwalk

31

Sabarmathi River Front

47

The Navy Pier

53

Coming Back to Hyderabad

57

Design Process

67

Concept

67

Basic Module

68

Frame work of Modules

70

Placement of Modules

72

The Street

74

Play Area

76

Market Area

80

Site Plan

82

Case Study - Chicago

Case Study - Gujarat

Case Study - Chicago,USA

Site Study

“Eventually, all things merge into one, and a river runs through it. The river was cut by the world’s great flood and runs over rocks from the basement of time. On some of the rocks are timeless raindrops. Under the rocks are the words, and some of the words are theirs. I am haunted by waters.”

- Norman Maclean

1: Image of musi river Image credit The news minute

Old City New Streets Revitalization of Musi River Banks.

It all started in Hyderabad, which is a major center for the technology industry, it’s home to many upscale restaurants and shops. Its historic sites include Golconda Fort, a former diamond-trading center that was once the Qutab Shahi dynastic capital. The Charminar, a 16th-century mosque whose 4 arches support towering minarets, is an old city landmark near the long-standing Laad Bazaar.

By a simple thought and series of questions that followed.

Millions of public funds are invested in beautification of Musi river, where we can see only green spaces and pedestrian paths. Why can not we have functional spaces on river banks without neglecting green spaces?

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2: The great musi flood was devastating flood that occurred on 28 September 1908.

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Introduction This thesis deals with the Musi River, which originates in the Anantagiri hills and flows into the Osmansagar and Himayatsagar reservoirs, it consists of 2 rivulets Esi (8 kms) and Musa (13 kms) which then converge into Musi River thus being the water sources for Hyderabad for over a century.

The reservoirs were constructed in the Nizam’s reign after devastating floods in 1908. Land around the reservoirs is a Government protected conservation area. The Musi then flows eastward through Hyderabad, bifurcating the urban agglomeration. The old city lies to the south of the river; while post-1960s urban development expanded to the north.

Within Hyderabad, the Musi runs nearly dry. The loss of water is likely to be caused due to the impounding of river water in reservoirs and the degradation of catchment areas.

Unchecked urban development and construction over natural rainwater channels and water tanks have disrupted the drainage patterns of the region. Untreated sewage as well as industrial effluents now flow into the river, which is severely polluted. Hyderabad’s major interstate bus terminus is located on a River island (see ‘Landmark Transformation’ site), on environmentally sensitive land.

There are several slum settlements along the Musi Riverbanks. The riverbed is used in places by local communities for bathing, washing clothes, cultivation and grazing.

Downstream from Hyderabad city, the Musi River has 24 diversion weirs for irrigation, locally known as kathwas.

Irrigation and drinking water for villages downstream is heavily polluted with waste from the city.

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3: Along the River During the Qingming Festival is a painting attributed to song Dynasty artist Zhang Zeduan (1805-1145)

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Aim The project aim is to revitalize the musi banks. And designing public spaces like markets, food courts, cultural and recreational spots according to the context of the study area and making the musi river as a public asset.

Objective • To make the space active round the clock.

• To understand the possibilities of impact that a waterfront can make in the city’s development.

• To provide an informal and recreational facilities in the study area while not harming the river quality.

• To segregate various typologies based on function yet integrate them into one inclusive development.

• To study the existing condition and ill-effects of the pollution on the river.

• Comprehensive listing and analyses of earlier projects successes and failures.

• Comparative study of similar case studies from across India.

Scope and Limitations

There is vast scope of study of musi area being located in the core area with merely a matter of irregular growth, un-hygienic activities and pollution due to un-controlled, un-authorized sewerage lines.

The main study is to develop the metropolitan precinct, between nayapul bridge to Salar Jung bridge.

Because of time constrain and design scope. This thesis mainly focuses on the beautification of river banks on selected stretch

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4: Artical on musi river pollution (2017)Credit THE TIMES OF INDIA

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Literature Study Cities are rediscovering their urban rivers after centuries of hard use and neglect many communities have realized that riverfront are valuable economic and community assets.

Cities are working towards the conservation and restoration of riverfronts. Historic waterfronts are integral and as such are usually tied to a cities early prospering and economic development.

Water is the primary source of life Adequate amount of clean water is necessary for sustenance of humans as well as other living beings. Water has the ability to enhance life as well as it has destructive potential. In both states: scarcity and flood, the damage caused is plentiful. With climate change, the change in environmental patterns have cause heavy downpours leading to floods. This has caused the drainage systems to fail and it has become a home of disease-causing bacteria and virus. Hence, water systems need to be managed continuously. The attitude of people has changed and water bodies are acknowledged as important elements of the city. There is an effort to work on ill effects of industrialisation. After long years of negligence, we have now realised that they are valuable economic and community assets.

Rivers are powerful forces of nature which have shaped and moulded the pattern of human civilisation for ages. The mood and character of river has set the pattern of developments along its course. Rivers, being a continuous open corridor, provides an ideal space for architectural expressions. The riverfront thus develops as an outcome of interaction between river, city, built forms and the people.

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5: Musi foulness spreads not only in Hyderabad but also villages up to Valigonda in suryapet.(2019) Credit - THE TIMES OF INDIA

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Rivers have defined identity of various cities. It is difficult to imagine London without Thames, Egypt without Nile and Varanasi without Ganga. In river-based cities, the riverfront becomes the most important urban space. It’s a representation of the city’s culture and architecture and reflects the nature of the city and also its inhabitants. No riverfront city can sustain if the condition of the river is continuously deteriorating. Many countries are struggling in economic and social development as these are very much related to water. Issues related to water shortage and quality deterioration are increasing. Rivers, being major fresh water source, needs to be taken care of and its development to meet various demands related to domestic, agriculture, industrial and environment has become important.

The purpose of this dissertation is to study what identity means in respect to cities. Thereafter to study how rivers contribute to it. It will also develop an understanding of riverfronts as a public space Case studies would help in identifying the characteristics of existing successful riverfronts and coming up with a framework for thesis projects.

About Hyderabad Hyderabad was founded at the end of the 16th Century as the capital of the Golconda Kingdom. Under the Golconda rulers, it grew from a small fortification on the southern banks of the Musi to a planned city with iconic “Charminar” at its center. Subsumed for a period under the Mughal Empire, Hyderabad emerged as an independent princely state in 1724. It remained semi-independent under Colonial rule, governed indirectly by the British. The wealthy and powerful Nizams of Hyderabad, modernized the city, adopting new methods of town planning and building public works, including lakes, reservoirs and railroads. In 1948, the newly independent Indian state took control of the city.

Hyderabad remained as the capital of the linguistic state of Andhra Pradesh until 2014, when the state of Telangana was created.

Hyderabad is the capital of southern India’s Telangana state. A major center for the technology industry, it’s home to many upscale restaurants and shops. Its historic sites include Golconda Fort, a former diamond-trading center that was once the Qutab Shahi dynastic capital. The Charminar, a 16th-century mosque whose 4 arches support towering minarets, is an old city landmark near the long-standing Laad Bazaar.

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Hussian sagar Osman sagar

1510-1687

Himayat sagar

1687-1865

1865-1991

1991-2020

6: Growth pattern of Hyderabad around the musi river

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Economy Hyderabad has a dynamic economy centered on services. It is a major hub for bio-tech and IT in India, along with pharmaceuticals, chemicals, gems & jewelry, textiles and trade.

The thriving Telugu language film industry is centered in Hyderabad.

While hi-tech industries dominate policy and media coverage, Hyderabad has a large informal sector, which provides jobs and services for large numbers of the city’s residents.

The city’s informal workers include street vendors, waste pickers & recyclers, small-scale manufacturers & traders and informal transport providers.

Demographics Hyderabad is amongst the fastest growing metropolitan regions in India, with a population of 9.5 million. Threefourth of the metro population lives within the city/ municipal area, although population growth is faster in the outer region of Greater Hyderabad.

Hyderabad’s population is linguistically & culturally diverse and the city’s growing service economy attracts highskill migrants from all over India.

About 30 percent of the city’s population lives in slum settlements, which are distributed through the city. Residents in slums have insufficient access to basic infrastructure, services and amenities, from clean water and sanitation to parks and open spaces.

Geography & Growth Patterns Hyderabad has grown along the banks of the River Musi, spreading northward across the river in the post-independence period. The city is surrounded by an extended metropolitan region known as Greater Hyderabad. The metro region is encircled by a high-speed expressway, the Outer Ring Road (ORR).

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“ The Great Musi Flood was a devastating flood that occurred on 28 September 1908 in Hyderabad on the banks of Musi river. The city of Hyderabad was the capital of the Hyderabad State, ruled by the Nizam, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan.�

7: Musi River Floods in 1908 on sep 28

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History of Musi River

When Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah (fifth king of the Quli Qutab Shahi dynasty) decided to shift his capital outside the Golconda Fort and founded Hyderabad in 1591, the location was strategically chosen - to build a new city on the banks of the Musi river.

But in 1908, a heavy downpour resulted in Hyderabad witnessing devastating floods, killing thousands. The incident prompted Osman Ali Khan (1911-1948)), the seventh and last Nizam of the erstwhile state of Hyderabad, to construct the Osmansagar and Himayathsagar lakes in the first half of the 20th century, about 30 km away from the city, to check water from flowing into the river.

While that solved the flooding problem, it killed the river.

Today Musi has become a cesspool that flows 57km across Hyderabad today, something that Osman Ali Khan probably would have never envisaged.

Today, anyone visiting the old city and other areas like Golconda cannot miss the stench, with the city’s sewerage being pumped into the Musi, which is a tributary of the Krishna river, the fourth biggest in India.

The Musi river gets its names from two streams namely Moosa and Esi which converge at the Tipu Khan bridge in the Golconda area. The 57-km stretch begins from the Osmansagar and Himayathsagar lakes, cuts across Hyderabad at various places and ends near Gowrelli village in the adjoining Ranga Reddy district.

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8: Musi Riverbed Activites

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Riverbed Activites The river survey reveals varied socio-cultural and economic activities in the riverbed and also along the river, there are as follow: Graveyards, mosques and temples : The riverbed and areas immediately adjacent to the river are interspersed with many small mosques and temples, graveyards and burning Ghats in the riverbed and along the banks especially between the stretch from puranapul to nayapul and around chaderghat bridge.

Dhobi Ghats: Dhobi Ghats are one of the economic activities utilizing the riverbed. This activity is spread all along the stretch from bapughat to chaderghat bridge, due to easy accessibility to relatively clean water.

Plantations: Portions of the riverbed and flood plains are also used for plantations. These plantations are mostly seen around nayapul and chaderghat bridge and the stretch from amberpet to nagole. The plantations mainly consist of coconuts, and bananas.

Soil characteristics: The soil of river musi has been developed from alluvial materials deposited on the flood plains of the rivers.

Physical properties: The soil is ranging from sandy loam to sandy clay loam.

Clay loam in patches does exits. Due to presence of sufficient quantities of organic matter the soil structure is granular to sub-granular rocky. The riverbed does not contain sand beds.

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“The Concept of empty or negative space was anathema to publishers, who refused to waste even a pica of editorial real estate on nothingness�

- Steven Heller

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Chemical properties: Analysis carried out by the office of the joint director of agriculture. Hyderabad on 40 soil samples revealed the presence of soluble salts in the range of 0.15 to 1.5 milli Mhos/ cm in about 92.5% of the samples. It was further analyses from the soil tests that these soluble salts could be leached down by flooding. The PH in 26 soil samples was recorded as neutral and in the remaining 14 it was recorded as weakly alkaline.

Pit profile observation revealed that the sub- surface soil was mostly alkaline. The nitrogen and potassium content of soil was found to be high. Nonetheless, the phosphorous content was low. In general, the fertility status of the soil could be rated as medium to high. The deficiencies could be rectified by use if fertilizers. Presence of toxic elements, such as boron, lithium, cadmium, lead, fluorine, etc. is also suspected downstream of the Hussain sagar overflow nala.

Environmental issues: The main environmental concerns are river water pollution and ground water pollution. Organic waste, pathogenic microorganisms, radioactivity, industrial activates, and organic and inorganic chemicals pollute the river.

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Research and Earlier Studies

Hyderabad was established along the southern banks of the Musi River and the city grew along the banks over time.

The river originates in Anantagiri hills, 70 km west of Hyderabad. The river travels through valleys and plateaus to Hyderabad city, where it acts as a natural drain for the intricate network of natural and man-made lakes and tanks. The Musi has two tributaries, namely Isa and Musa. The river travels another 130 km from the city to join Krishna River.

The Musi and the bridges along the river, an important link in the city fabric, had been compared to Pont Neuf in Paris by Jean-Baptise Tavernier, a visitor to the city (Cohen, 2011). The river has served as a recreational entity to the Nizams, British and French forces and the people.

The river, in the city, mostly runs dry and is a shallow slow trickle, unfit for transportation purposes. Though the river appears to be a small and gentle stream, it has a dark history imprinted in the collective memory of the city. Over the history, several flash floods claimed many lives, and caused a lot of damage to property and livestock. The most tragic one was the Great Musi Flood on Tuesday, 28 September, 1908.

To control similar situations in the future, the colonial government made use of new concepts and ‘modern concepts.

Various technicians and experts were invited to analyze the situation and suggest strategies to prevent the flooding of river in the future. It was during the year 1920 that Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were built to prevent the river from flooding in the future and contain the water for the city.

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The Musi River revitalization project has been launched twice over the years, under different nomenclatures, and has been either unsuccessful or scrapped. The history of Musi River dates back to centuries when the city was established on the southern bank of the river. In the year 1908, the city experienced the worst floods, known as The Great Musi Floods. About a fourth of the city’s population was left homeless, and the city suffered through huge loss to property and life.

To prevent the occurrence of such floods and subsequent damage, two reservoirs were built in the year 1920, on the tributaries Isa and Musa. The reservoirs: Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar, act as a dam to prevent the occurrence of flood, and as a reservoir of drinking water for the city. The government of Andhra Pradesh launched the Nandavanam Project, where the government aimed to beautify the Musi River and relocate the people living along it to a housing complex built in a nearby area. The people were forced to rehabilitate and about 97 households were forcefully evicted at 3 AM in the night.

The people living along the river and some downstream villages launched the Musi Bachao Andolan after the occurrence of the 1999 floods. Various civil societies, environmentalist and CHATRI participated in the campaign, giving the people a voice. The project aimed at resisting the environmental impact of the commercial and industrial activities around the river and to resist the implementation of Nandavanam project. The Nandavanam housing project led to the rehabilitation and relocation of various settlements along the river, leading to high quotients of stress being incurred by the people.

Under the Nandavanam Project, the government agencies built a 20-wide channel into the river basin, to control the flood waters. In the year 1999, the river faced another flash flood, and the water channel has not been used since. Also, two 20 m wide roads were built along the river on the North and South Banks.

In the year 2000, the then Chief Minister declared, in the Legislative Assembly, the Nandavanam Project to be invalid. In the year 2005, under the National River Conservation Plan, by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) and the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) launched the Abatement of Pollution of Musi River project.

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“During the nineteenth century, magazine and newspaper compositors filled up every inch of avaliable space with text and sometimes, images.�

- Steven Heller

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The Save Musi Project was launched in the year 2006, to restore the heavily polluted river to its former glory. One of the major aims of the project was to regularize traffic flows to improve the east-west corridor through the city, an objective integrated into the master plan. The entire stretch is to be transformed with gardens, rock formations, new bridges and pedestrian zones. New sewers and new sewer treatment plants were to intercept the sewage flow into the river.

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) constructed rubber dams in the year 2009, to create a stretch for boating and water entertainment, which was not a plan of the initial plan of Musi River Revitalization Project. The dams could not be used since the brief trial run in 2010, owing to the non-functioning of Attapur STP. In the year 2010, the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) published a new Master Plan for the Hyderabad’s Core Area. The plan designated the land use and infrastructure requirements covering an area of 172 sq. km. The master plan recognizes the potential of the riverbanks to create a new major east-towest connection through the city. The master plan proposes two 80’ wide roads to be constructed parallel to the river.

Musi Riverfront Development Corporation (MRDC)(2017) is formed - conceived to act as a nodal agency to monitor and coordinate the activities of various departments and agencies like the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA), Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) and Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB), to prepare and execute a comprehensive plan for abatement of pollution in the river and develop the riverfront.

Telangana draws up plan to revitalize Musi river (2018) Telangana government has drawn up a plan to revitalize Musi river and also create an east-west corridor alongside to connect different parts of Hyderabad.

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9: M Visvesvaraya Made Hyderabad Flood Free (1908)

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Sir Visvesvaraya report (1930) Bharat Ratna Sir is known for designing one of the best flood management systems of his time. As an engineer, he was instrumental in the construction of dams, reservoirs and hydro-power projects across the Deccan.

In Hyderabad, following a catastrophic flood in 1908, Sir Visvesvaraya’s services were requested by the Nizam’s government in the construction of a flood protection system and a drainage system for the city. Sir Visvesvaraya proposed the construction of storage reservoirs of adequate capacity above the city, which proved effective in controlling future floods. In order to keep sewage from flowing into the river and prevent mosquito breeding, he built a sewage farm and laid pipes to carry the city’s sewage there.

Our smart city planners need to take lessons from the work of this genius town-planner. Below are edited excerpts from his autobiography: “Memoirs of my Working-Life”.

The river Musi passes through the city of Hyderabad (Deccan) and divides it into two parts. On 28 September 1908, a cyclonic flood of unusual intensity passed through the middle of this city. The rainfall recorded at Shamshabad, one of the principal rain-gauge stations in the catchment area, was 12.8 inches in 24 hours and 18.90 inches in 48 hours.

This fall resulted in the most destructive flood that had been witnessed in Hyderabad City for over three-quarters of a century.

The northern bank of the river was on a lower level than the southern one. The river basin above the city abounded in small tanks, there being 788 tanks in a basin of 860 square miles, roughly at the rate of one tank for every square mile of catchment. The valley of the Musi River which caused this flood consisted of two rainfall basins — the Musi proper with a catchment of 285 square miles and the Easi (Electronic Access to Securities Information) with one of 525 square miles. From the levels marked by the flood it was calculated that the discharge began with 1,10,000 cu. secs and rose to a maximum of 4,25,000 cu. secs. In the valleys of these rivers every tank of any consequence gave way. In all 221 tanks are reported to have breached, of which 182 were in the Easi (Electronic Access to Securities Information) catchment and 39 in the Musi.

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“White space is a great tool to balance design elements and better organize content to improve the visual communication experience.�

- Gail Anderson

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Nandanvanam (2000) Key Features • The stretch of musi dealt by the proposal was from puranapul to chaderghat bridge, a length of 4 km.

• Proposed redesign / broadening of 14 surrounding roads and 16 congested junctions.

• Proposed localized STPS and rationalization of stormwater drains and use of public lands.

• Proposed heritage and nature walk along with a suspension bridge across the river.

• Proposed ritualization of burial Ghats / cremation Ghats and Dobhi Ghats.

• The project is planned to be self-financing through private sector partnership.

• Rehabilitated about 1300 families from river banks to Nandanvanam colony.

Ar. Hafeez contractor proposal (2018) Key Features • Two stretches, heritage precinct from high court to Salar Jung museum, a length of 1.5 km and garden zone from amberpet to nagole ring road bridge, 2 km • The heritage precinct has three major components viz, commercial zone, cultural village and entertainment area.

• Proposal rationalization of Burial Ghats / Cremation Ghats and Dobhi Ghats • The garden zone has IT parks, housing and commercial spaces.

• The riverbed is redesigned, so as to gain space for commercial development thus changing the hydraulic properties of the river greatly.

• Proposed a total 2000 acres of urban commercial development.

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10: Sabarmati River cleaning mega drive in which a large number of common people are also participated on (June 05 2019).

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Project Program This thesis is about revitalization of musi stretch by designing public activity space. But the most challenging part is cleaning process of the river. Musi river is considered as one of the most polluted rivers in the India. There are many projects has planned on the musi stretch in the name of musi development but non off them is worked. For example, a pathway design project in the stretch of Muslim Jung bridge to Salar Jung museum bridge is a big flop due bad sewage smell from the river, public are not interested to visit the place.so to design something or to attract people to river, first river should be cleaned there are many technique’s to clean river.

Sabarmati river is the best example of cleaning river and developing public spaces on the banks of Sabarmati river, Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani launched the fiveday river Sabarmati cleaning mega drive in which a large number of common people are also participated on (June 05 2019).

The initial phase of the cleaning drive had earlier started with flushing out existing water in river Sabarmati to downstream area by opening the gates of Vasna barrage and also by deploying heavy duty pumps and use of ‘bak nail’ method in order to remove dead water. The AMC also diverted waste water lines and prevented dumping of waste/drainage liquid in river Sabarmati on permanent basis. The garbage collection from river bed which was started on June 05 2019. An estimated 250 tons waste is likely to be removed from the river bed during the five days drive.

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11: Assi River Cleaning Process (2016)

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Assi River Cleaning process (2016) An INTACH (The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) pilot project to clean the Assi river at Varanasi has yielded considerable results within two months, using low-cost unconventional methods. According to an article published on the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People blog, the non-profit organization managed to clean the wastewater flow in the Assi river (which flows into the Ganga at the Assi Ghat in Varanasi) using the process of bacterial bioremediation – or removing pollutants from water using biological products.

The Assi river is 3.5 km long, running through densely-populated areas that discharge their waste directly into the water. According to a report in First post, INTACH’s decision to use these methods was based on their success in other areas. “We had cut our teeth in cleaning up the Palam nallah in Dwarka in 2012. Prior to that, we had cleaned up the Kushak nallah in Chanakyapuri in 2010 and the east Taj drain which crosses the eastern entrance of the Taj Mahal. This was such a foul smelling drain that tourists would cover their nose to enter from this side. This cleanup was undertaken in 2016,” Manu Bhatnagar from INTACH told the website.

Installing these interventions finished at the end of December 2016. Within four weeks, residents near the Assi river were saying the bad smell had reduced, Bhatnagar’s article says. When the water was tested two months after the treatment began, a significant improvement was visible.

Biochemical oxygen demand levels had reduced by 83.7%, chemical oxygen demand levels by 50%.

The cost of this project, according to Bhatnagar, is Rs 4.34 crore in the first year and Rs 3.75 crore in subsequent years (at constant prices). Conventional methods including sewage treatment plants would require Rs 75 crore in capital equipment cost, with land costs, maintenance costs etc. on top of that. It was also be a long-term affair. In the interim, Bhatnagar has argued, the kind of treatment used at the Assi river is good for both the environment and local populations.

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12: Satellite image of lake michigan

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Chicago Riverwalk Case Study - Chicago

This Chicago Riverwalk Main Branch Framework Plan establishes guidelines for the construction of a continuous walkway from Lake Michigan to Lake Street along the water’s edge, ramp and elevator improvements to establish universal access between street and river levels, loading and storage spaces to support river business operations, and landscape and hardscape improvements to attract people, plants and animals to the river corridor. This plan also includes conceptual designs for the creation of two new destinations to anchor the east and west ends of the Main Branch Riverwalk.

This Framework Plan was prepared by the Chicago Department of Zoning and Planning in conjunction with the Chicago Department of Transportation. This plan builds upon the work of the Chicago Riverwalk Development Committee, and various feasibility studies conducted for both public and private sectors over the past ten years. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP led the design team for this plan, which included Goodman Williams Group, Terry Guen Associates, STS/AECOM and Construction Cost Systems.

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13: This framework plan contains detailed recommendations for physical and operational improvements along the Main Branch of the Chicago River.

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The contents of this report are organized as follows: Vision and Design Principles: This section articulates the vision for the Main Branch Riverwalk and defines the set of design principles that were used to guide the development of plan recommendations.

Riverwalk Systems: This section establishes guidelines for the location and character of improvements that address vertical access, loading and service, boat access, pedestrian amenities and historic elements.

District Improvements: This section proposes the establishment of four distinct districts along the Main Branch Riverwalk. Improvement guidelines are provided for each of these

vertical access improvements Vertical access between Wacker Drive and the Riverwalk is currently limited to a series of staircases located adjacent to road and bridge infrastructure. The Riverwalk is not accessible to people with disabilities. A series of vertical access improvements comprised of universally accessible ramps and elevators are proposed to address this issue in order to provide access to all people, and to improve the function and commercial viability of the riverwalk. Weather protection for elevator entrances are recommended for all elevator installations in order to establish ideal user conditions for people with disabilities.

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Currently, the Riverwalk is not accessible by people with disabilities. Working with the Mayor’s office for people with disabilities, a series of access improvements were developed for this plan.

14: Vertical acces to Riverfront

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Access improvements are proposed for construction at three block intervals described as follows: Lake Street to Franklin Street – Construction of a new ramp from the corner of Lake Street and Upper Wacker Drive down to the Riverwalk; potential to provide an elevator as part of a commercial venue at this location.

NW Corner of Wacker Drive and LaSalle Street – Potential to install an elevator into the existing Bridgehouse on the west side of the intersection.

LaSalle Street to Clark Street – Potential to install a new ramp between LaSalle and Clark Streets. This would provide access between street and river levels and potentially create space beneath the ramp for riverwalk vendor backof-house service areas and public bathrooms.

NW Corner of Wacker Drive and Wabash Avenue – Installation of an elevator into the elevator shaft of an existing structure.

NE Corner of Wacker Drive and Michigan Avenue – Construction of an elevator from Upper Wacker Drive to the riverwalk, east of the Landmark District, with access to intermediate Wacker Drive. Within the Landmark District there is the potential to reconstruct the limestone stairway that once linked Michigan Avenue to the riverfront.

NE Corner of Wacker Drive and Columbus Drive – Construction of a new ramp from Upper Wacker Drive to intermediate Wacker Drive and the riverfront.

Upper Wacker Drive and North Field Boulevard – Construction of a new enclosed pedestrian walkway and elevator from the east terminus of Upper Wacker Drive to link it to the riverfront.

This would provide an excellent taxi drop-off/pick-up location for the riverwalk.

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15: These areas could be designed to provide individual locked storage for each vendor

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River Level Loading

Truck access to service riverwalk vendors is difficult and has been a major challenge to successful operations. The establishment of common, shared areas for vendor receiving and storage is recommended. Motorized carts could then be used for distribution from centralized storage locations. Storage facilities should be located in new structures between Lake Street and Franklin Street, between LaSalle and Clark Streets, and in the existing structure underneath Wacker Drive, between Michigan and Wabash Avenues.

These areas could be designed to provide individual locked storage for each vendor.

Off-street truck access should be provided from Lower Wacker Drive between Lake Street and Franklin Street, and in the existing structure underneath Wacker Drive just west of Michigan Avenue.

As part of long-term improvements east of Columbus Drive, two-way vehicular access should be established at grade underneath Wacker Drive between Lake Shore Drive and Columbus Avenue. This will require the City Auto Pound to be relocated or reconfigured. This improvement would establish access for Lakeshore East residents, riverwalk patrons, vendors, suppliers and life safety services.

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16: Boat Operations

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Boat Operations

Tour Boats – Architectural boat tours of the Chicago River are one of the highest pedestrian traffic generating uses along the river corridor. Tour boat operations are focused between Wabash Street and Columbus Avenue. Operations should be maintained in these areas and, to the extent possible, located along the south bank of the river in order to concentrate pedestrian activity at the riverwalk.

Water Taxis – Water taxies provide an alternative form of mobility between the regional train stations located along South Wacker Drive, office locations and Navy Pier. Water taxi stops have already been established along the riverwalk at Park 51 (Erie Park) on Erie Street.

Transient Boat Docking – Areas for transient boat parking for riverwalk patrons should be established along the riverwalk. Target locations for transient boat docking include the Arcade District and the area east of Columbus Drive.

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17: Historical element of chicago

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Historic Elements Bridgehouses The Chicago River is one of the most identifiable corridors in the world due in large part to its distinctive bascule bridges and bridgehouses. Each bridge has its own unique set of bridgehouses with distinguishable architectural expression.

The Michigan Avenue bridgehouses have Chicago Landmark status. Other bridgehouses along the river are also historic and are identified in the City’s historic resources inventory. Long-range plans to restore the bridgehouses should be pursued. The recently completed Monroe Street CDOT Bridgehouse Renovation Project, south of the study area, is a terrific example of the City’s commitment to restoring the architectural heritage of the river corridor.

Arcade District The Arcade District is located between Wabash and Franklin Streets. This area is distinguished by the limestone detail of its arcade section, stairways, balustrade and lighting.

Portions of this area have been rebuilt with new limestone members as part of the Wacker Drive Reconstruction Project completed in early 2000. Access, circulation and vendor operations improvements should reinforce the historic integrity of this area.

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18: Heald Square Monument 19: Jean Baptiste Point DuSable Homestead 20: Wacker Drive Monument

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Historic Sites In addition to architectural features, there are several sites of historic significance memorialized in statues and markers along the corridor. These include: • • • • • • •

Fort Dearborn at Michigan and Wacker Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial Plaza Jean Baptiste Point DuSable Homestead Heald Square Monument The Sauganash Hotel at the Confluence Wacker Drive Monument The Wigwam

Commission on Chicago Landmarks The Commission on Chicago Landmarks is comprised of nine members who are appointed by the Mayor and City Council. It responsible for recommending to the City Council that individual buildings, sites, objects, or entire districts be designated as Chicago Landmarks, thereby providing legal protection. The Commission is also responsible for reviewing all proposed alterations, demolition, or new construction affecting individual landmarks or properties in landmark districts as part of the permit review process. All improvement projects

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Civic District Master Plan

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Market District Master Plan

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Sabarmathi River

21: Satellite image of Sabarmati riverfront

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Sabarmathi River Front Case Study - Gujarat

Introduction Sabarmati River originates from Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and flows down to Gujrat to meet Arabian Sea at Bay of Khambhat. It has a total length of 371km. The river is the lifeline of Ahmedabad and gained recognition when Mahatma Gandhi set up his ashram on its bank in 1917. The famous Dandi march that roused the entire nation for freedom also led from the banks of Sabarmati. However, like other rivers. the rivers situation deteriorated.

About the project The city of Ahmedabad was founded on the banks of the river Sabarmati by Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. As is true for cities across the world, the river became Ahmedabad’s lifeline for centuries. However, over time, as the city grew, the natural course of the river was encroached upon and the riverbed served as a backyard for private plots. Unrestricted flow of industrial and domestic waste polluted the river, making it unsafe for people living nearby in informal settlements. These settlements were already prone to flooding during the monsoon. (HCP, 2019) The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project is an urban landscaping and transportation project primarily aimed at transforming both sides of the riverbank into leisure space, with claims of providing solutions to flood management, protection of the river from sewer pollution, as well as creating value on land that is wasted as currently used. (Mathur, 2012) 47

22: Promenades at two different levels are created.

23: Clear demarcation for pedestrian and vehicular access can be seen.

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The main objectives of the riverfront development are: • Make the riverfront accessible to the public.

• Stop the flow of sewage, keep the river clean and pollution-free.

• Provide permanent housing for riverbed slum dwellers.

• Reduce risk of erosion and flooding in flood prone neighbourhoods.

• Create riverfront parks, promenades and Ghats to enjoy the water.

• Provide Ahmedabad with new cultural, trade and social amenities.

• Revitalize riverfront neighbourhoods, rejuvenate Ahmedabad.

• Generate resources to pay for all of the foregoing.

• Create a memorable identity for Ahmedabad.

The main idea of the design is to create promenades at two different levels. This comes after frequent flooding of the river in monsoon seasons. The designed two levels will be active in non-monsoon seasons and in the flooding time the lower level is filled with flood water, leaving the space in the upper promenade for the public. Together these provide Ahmedabad with an uninterrupted, pedestrian walkway, nearly 11.5km in length, in the heart of the city. The width of the promenade varies from 6- 18m.

Pedestrian and vehicular paths are clearly demarcated. The promenade is made vehicular free and priority is given to the pedestrians and bicycling. Dedicated parking area id provided in some parts of upper promenade and no scope for the same is provided in the lower promenade. This make the lower promenade traffic free, noise free pleasant space.

The main considerations in allocating land uses for the reclaimed portions were: existing land uses along the river; extent, location and configuration of reclaimed land available; potential for development; the structural road network and form of the city; bridges proposed in the Ahmedabad Development Plan, and the possibility of providing adequate infrastructure. To achieve its goals without relying on any funding from the government. A small portion of the reclaimed land will be sold for commercial development, to generate sufficient enough resources to pay for developing the riverfront and managing it.

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Provided amenities for the city and to include sections with particular needs, provision of markets and vending areas to include street vendors, laundry facilities for the washing community, trade and fair facilities for the business community have been made in the project. The project replaces a largely private riverfront with an expansive public realm with a network of parks, waterside promenades, markets, cultural institutions, recreational facilities and commercial developments for the city’s five million residents.

Architectural expressions The project attempts to create a public plaza and make the riverfront accessible for the public. It succeeds the attempt to a major part. The architectural expression is bold. In the process of creating continuous pedestrian and bicycling paths they occupied the fertile and important flood plains.

They turned the river into a concrete channel, leaving no scope for ground water recharge. Flood plains play a major role during the floods by holding a huge amount of water within them. Weekly markets like Gujari Bazaar were forcefully evacuated. People living in bastis along the river were relocated into housing which are at least 7kms away from their livelihood.

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24: Chicago Navy Pier

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The Navy Pier Case Study - Chicago,USA

Introduction Navy Pier is a 3,300-foot-long (1,010 m) pier on the shoreline of Lake Michigan, located in the Steeleville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Navy Pier encompasses over 50 acres (20 ha) of parks, gardens, shops, restaurants, family attractions and exhibition facilities and is one of the top destinations in the Midwestern United States, drawing nearly two million visitors annually. It is one of the most visited attractions in the entire Midwest and is Chicago’s most visited tourist attraction.

About the project Efforts to update Navy Pier for the 21st century began on January 13, 2006, when the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority released a proposal for a major renovation of the Pier, which including a monorail, a 260-foot (79 m) spokeless Ferris wheel, a roller coaster, floating hotel, and a water park with a Great Lakes theme. The plan would have included nearly double the current parking and a replacement theater with a greater capacity. At the time of the announcement, a price tag of $2 billion was announced.

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25: Activities of the Navy Pier

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Following the reorganization of the agency that runs Navy Pier and McCormick Place, a new study was commissioned to reinvigorate the upgrade process. The new study, by the Urban Land Institute, was released on November 11, 2010 and recommended a more modest set of enhancements aimed at retaining the Pier’s role as a public space, rather than turning it into a theme park. Suggested elements include a concert venue, an enlarged Chicago Shakespeare Theater space, new restaurants, a renovated commercial area around the Pier’s entrance and additional park-like features to bring people closer to the lake. More grandiose possibilities, including the enlarged Ferris wheel and a hotel, are mentioned as more remote possibilities.

Architectural expressions There are many outdoor attractions at the Navy Pier Park, such as the Pepsi Wave Swinger, Light Tower Ride, Remote Control Boats and the Carousel.

Amazing Chicago’s Funhouse Maze is on the pier. It is a self-paced, full sensory maze experience where a person navigates their way through 4,000 square feet of tunnels and mazes.

Crystal Gardens is a one-acre, botanical garden inside the pier. It is a six-story glass atrium with a 50-foot arched ceiling. Many events are held here.

The Chicago Children’s Museum is a part of the pier, with many different exhibits and activities for both children and adults to enjoy.

Chicago Shakespeare Theater, a theater that performs Shakespeare’s productions, is located there and the Pier also has an IMAX theater.

The original Ferris wheel was retired on September 27, 2015. The new Ferris wheel which replaced it is a DW60— from Dutch Wheels, the Netherlands-based company that built the pier’s former wheel. The state-of-the-art DW60 is the first and only one of its kind in the U.S. with similar wheels currently in operation in Hong Kong and Baku, Azerbaijan. Significant features include two-sided cars that allow for easy loading and unloading, a fortified structure to withstand winds of 115 miles per hour and safety glass capable of weathering intense storms. The new Ferris Wheel was unveiled on May 27, 2016.

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26: Satellite Image showing Study area

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Coming Back to Hyderabad Site Study

Hyderabad is the capital of southern India’s Telangana state. A major center for the technology industry, it’s home to many upscale restaurants and shops. Its historic sites include Golconda Fort, a former diamond-trading center that was once the Qutb Shahi dynastic capital. The Charminar, a 16th-century mosque whose 4 arches support towering minarets, is an old city landmark near the long-standing Laad Bazaar.

The River Musi was the lifeline of the city of Hyderabad the chief source of its water. The flood of Musi in September 1908 changed its character forever, the ravaged city was rebuilt and a flood control system was introduced by creating two large lakes – Osmansagar, Himayatsagar. Today the river is dry most of the year and a dump of untreated sewage from the pipes that terminate in it. There are several bridges on the river that divides the old walled city from new extents.

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Context: As a result of the flood in 1908, a City Development Trust was set up that build some of the civic buildings that flank the river site today. High Court on the south bank of the river built in 1919, opposite to which Osmania Hospital was constructed in 1927, in 1936 the Asafiya library was shifted less than a kilometer from the hospital. One of the earliest schools built in 1865 was upgraded to college in 1929. The Salarjung Museum is the latest building on the south east built in 1967.

Built Spaces: Unplanned urbanization has led to an indiscriminate building use pattern. Encroachments along the river bank are as old as 50-60 years as a result of lack of space in the dense fabric of old city and the issue of affordability. Mixed use buildings, housing units, clusters of houses with central courtyards have intense activity day long in and around them.

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Vegetation: The edge of river has small cultivation, and planting. It is the source of livelihood of small farmers and landless households. Wastewater is a major source of livelihood for households practicing agriculture along this river in the urban areas of Hyderabad city.

Across street there’s unplanned planting pattern apparent with trees along the stretch of the main north south axis to frame space. Landscape in the open annexe of the civic building follows the simple geometric pattern.

Circulation and Traffic Pattern: The bridges are the main link from the old city to the new city.

The east west road is the connecting link to the national highway network. The promenades across the old section have given way to the quick access road that gave a distinct character and a sense of connection to it.

The ease of pedestrian movement is an important aspect of an urban setting. There is a lack of connection in the pedestrian activity that goes around the place. The pavements have irregular widths and the pedestrian refuge lack an identifiable character. There are existing old pavilions that offer seating and a view of the river bank from one side.

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Constraint and Opportunity Analysis

Constraint : The Footpaths of Afzal Gunj Bridge (NH44) which is occupied by the Fruit vendors and hawkers it Not only effecting pedestrians users and also one of the reason for Roadblocks on the bridge.

Opportunity: These vendors and hawkers are facing a lot of difficulty and inconvenience to conduct their business. By designing market space on the musi banks that would be convenient for the vendors and hawkers. And also for pedestrians.

Constraint : Old city being completely packed and congested with residential buildings, no space for community and recreational activities. Lack of open space to spend lecture time Opportunity: Designing community and recreational spaces on the musi banks, which includes open area theatres, community centers, river walks, food courts, and temporary installations and events.

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Footpath encroached by vending activities

Constraint :

Section through Afzal Gunj Bridge

Constraint :

People communicating on footpaths

Lack of space for recreational activities

Section through Streets of old city

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Proposal site for riverfront

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Historical Buildings

The Salar Jung Museum is an art museum located at Dar-ul-Shifa, on the southern bank of the Musi River in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

It is one of the three National Museums of India.

Originally a private art collection of the Salar Jung family, it was endowed to the nation after the death of Salar Jung III. It was inaugurated on 16 December 1951.

The Afzal Gunj Hospital, the predecessor of the Osmania General Hospital, was established in 1866 by Salar Jung I. The present hospital building was completed in 1919 on orders of the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It was designed by British architect Vincent Jerome Esch and Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig in Indo-Sarcenic style.

In 1926, the wards of the Afzal Gunj hospital were transferred to the new building.

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City College The Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI of Hyderabad established the first city school in the name “Madarsa Dar-ul-uloom” as early as 1865, later Nizam Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, converted it into a City High School. The school moved into the present grand building in 1921. Intermediate sections (F.A) of Osmania University with 30 students were introduced in 1921 under the supervision of the high school with Urdu as the medium of instruction. In 1929, the school was upgraded to a college and was named as “City College”. It became a constituent college of Osmania University. Its chief engineer was Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig.

The State Central Library Hyderabad, known as the State Central Library (SCL) earlier known as Asafia Library, is a public library in Hyderabad, Telangana. The building was constructed in 1891.

It is one of the most imposing structures in the city and was granted heritage status in 1998 by INTACH, Hyderabad.

The High Court of Telangana is the High Court of the Indian state Telangana. Founded by the 7th Nizam H.E.H Mir Osman Ali Khan, initially, it was set up as High Court of Hyderabad for the then Princely State of Hyderabad Deccan and later renamed High Court of Andhra Pradesh, as it was set up on 5 November 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.

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“When I’m working on a problem, I never think about beauty. But when I’ve finished, if the solution is not beautiful I know it’s wrong.”

– Buckminster Fuller

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“ we live in a constantly changing world where we have constantly changing needs.�

- Robert Kronenburg

Design Process Concept Flexibility is a key limit of my design. At any given moment, people might need a activity space, open space, or space for working. In response, my idea is to create a modular spaces that allow people to use different types of spaces around them to fit their needs.

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Basic Module 4MX4MX3.5M

Basic Module with respect to the Basic Module we can mould this into various other functional Modules

Built

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Landscape

Built

1.Module as Pathway

3.Type-2 Module as Interaction space

2.Type-1 Module as Interaction space

4.Module as Cafe

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5.Module as Market

6.Upstair

Frame work of Modules These modules works as vertical gardening modules and to create interior spaces for the program.

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7.Downstairs

Accessories

a. Pargola

1+a

b. Louvres

2+b

c.Railing

3+c 71

Placement of Modules Through eliminating the selected modules which enables a passage creating a visual experience. These Modules are arranged in such a way that most of the modules can have a view of River without obstractions.

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Second Floor

First Floor

Ground Floor

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The Street

By revitalizing the Musi bank and creating new streets for the Old city.

This helps in draging people to bank of Musi river which is the main theme of my Thesis

Axonometric

Footpath

Section-AA’

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The street

Cycling path

Musi River

In Vienna and Paris, one goes to a cafe for coffee; in Shanghai and Tokyo, one goes to a teahouse for tea. Only in Hyderabad would you go to a cafe for tea. And thereby hangs a tale. If you were a student, taxi driver, government clerk, political activist, poet or an unemployed youth in the Hyderabad of the 1960s and 1970s, chances are you would have spent long hours in an Irani cafe, seated on a bentwood chair with a round seat, with a cup of tea on the glass- or marble-topped table in front of you‌.

Flexibility is a key limit of my design. At any given moment, people might need a activity space, open space, or space for working along with a cup of tea. In response, my idea is to create a modular spaces that allow people to use different types of spaces around them to fit their needs.

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Play Area For some it’s a space to play, for some a place to contemplate, a place to find solitude or a place to be in community. For others it’s a mean of access or a place to exercise. Yoga classes,meeting friends to eat together, all occupy this space.

Axonometric

Artificial Mountain Climbing

Section-AA’

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Play Area

Cycling Path

Musi River

27: Indian children play on a swing strung up on the back of a truck in New Delhi on October 6, 2013. Play is essential to optimal child development and has been recognized by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights as a right of every child. Credit : Sajjad Hussain

28: Childrens playing on the streets Credit : Photo by Rajesh Stephen

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For some it’s a space to play, for some a place to contemplate, a place to find solitude or a place to be in community. For others it’s a mean of access or a place to exercise. Yoga classes,meeting friends to eat together, all occupy this space.

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Market Area This market area will not be only used for venders but also a destination for meeting, socialising, and taking in views of the surrounding historical buildings and river musi

Axonometric

Footpath

Section-AA’

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Market Area

Cycling Path

Musi River

India is a land of festivities. We are diverse in our culture, language, practices, beliefs and celebrations. There are festivals that are locally rooted to the context, community of people.

This market area will not be only used for venders but also a destination for meeting, socialising, and taking in views of the surrounding historical buildings and river musi

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Site Plan

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List of Illustration Credits

1 Image of musi river Image credit - The news minute

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2 The great musi flood was devastating flood that occurred on 28 September 1908.

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3 Along the River During the Qingming Festival is a painting attributed to song Dynasty artist Zhang Zeduan (1805-1145)

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4 Artical on musi river pollution (2017)Credit - THE TIMES OF INDIA

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5 Musi foulness spreads not only in Hyderabad but also villages up to Valigonda in suryapet.(2019) Credit - THE TIMES OF INDIA

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6 Growth pattern of Hyderabad around the musi river

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7 Musi River Floods in 1908 on sep 28

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8 Musi Riverbed Activites

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9 M Visvesvaraya Made Hyderabad Flood Free (1908)

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10 Sabarmati River cleaning mega drive in which a large number of common people are also participated on (June 05 2019).

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11 Assi River Cleaning Process (2016)

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12 Satellite image of lake michigan

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13 This framework plan contains detailed recommendations for physical and operational improvements along the Main Branch of the Chicago River.

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14 Vertical acces to Riverfront

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15 These areas could be designed to provide individual locked storage for each vendor

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16 Boat Operations

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17 Historical element of chicago

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18 Heald Square Monument

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19 Jean Baptiste Point DuSable Homestead

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20 Wacker Drive Monument

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21 Satellite image of Sabarmati riverfront

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22 Promenades at two different levels are created.

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23 Clear demarcation for pedestrian and vehicular access can be seen.

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24 Chicago Navy Pier

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25 Activities of the Navy Pier

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26 Satellite Image showing Study area

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27 Indian children play on a swing strung up on the back of a truck in New Delhi on October 6, 2013. Play is essential to optimal child development and has been recognized by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights as a right of every child. Credit : Sajjad Hussain 77 28 Childrens playing on the streets Credit : Photo by Rajesh Stephen

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List of References

1

Musi Riverfront Development Corporation Ltd.

2

https://theurbannote.wordpress.com/tag/musi-river/

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Sabarmati Would Flow As Clean River After Monsoon: Vijay Rupani - ndtv convergence limited.

4

Cleaning a River in Two Months, and on a Budget - South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People.

5

Chicago River Corridor Development Plan by City of Chicago (https://urbandesignresources.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/12/UPP552_Al-Kodmany_F11.pdf)

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Chicago Lakeside Master Plan (https://www.som.com/projects/chicago_lakeside_master_plan)

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This Chicago Riverwalk Main Branch Framework Plan establishes guidelines for the construction of a continuous walkway from Lake Michigan to Lake Street.(https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Sustainable_Development/Publications/Chicago_River_Main_Branch_Framework_Plan/mainbranchframeworkplan.pdf)

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Sabarmati Riverfront Development, Ahmedabad 2002. (https://www.hcp.co.in/project/sabarmati-riverfront-development)

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The Chicago Navy Pier. (https://dogstudio.co/cases/navy-pier/)

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Thank You