WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 RELATED LOCKDOWN ON THE STUDENT HOUSING PROVISION IN MILAN?

WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 RELATED LOCKDOWN ON THE LEVEL OF USES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF THE STUDENT HOUSING PROVISION IN MILAN?

IC URBAN PLANNING Held by: Professor Alessandro Coppola, Professor Marta Margherita Cordini

Tutoring by: Anna Zsofia Bajomi, Carlotta Caciagli

GROUP 12 Joséphine Hugo

974476

Lorenzo Lualdi

951768

Negar Najafi

951349

Yasaman Taghipour

951538

INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION

1

2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND DESIGN

4

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE METHODOLOGICALLY COLLECTED DATA

8

4. CONCLUSION

12

BIBLOGRAPHY

14

ABSTRACT The present research focuses on the impact of “away-from-home” students’ movements during the numerous periods of confinement due to Covid-19 on the student living conditions and consequently, on their preferences and furtherment step their impacts on the housing provision. After all these changes, what consequences will the periods of lock-down have on the housing conditions of students? How did they experience this locked-in period in different typologies of student housing? To answer these questions, questionnaires and qualitative interviews were conducted among the student population of Milan who were living or decided to leave their student accommodation during the confinement waves of the Covid-19. 74 students in their Bachelor’s and Master’s of an average age of 18-30 took part in a survey and among them 5 students participated in more in-depth qualitative interviews, including both the ones living in shared and individual apartments operated by private landlords and the ones living in student dormitories delivered by universities in Milan. This part of the respondents constitute the consumers, who are at the source of this change in demand in the housing market, in this case, the students, whose needs and priorities have changed. Depending on the type of accommodation, shared or individual private accommodation or university residence, experiences are likely to vary, because the services, the division and organisation of the spaces are not the same. Other interviews were carried out with the student housing agency DoveVivo, to investigate the perspective of the housing supplier. Among the topics investigated in the framework of the interviews, can be found the causes of the moves of the student population with a second home outside Milan or outside Italy, caused by Covid-19 and its confinements, as well as the reasons to stay in their student accomodation and the impacts on the daily life depending on housing typologies and services. The issues addressed in the interviews about the student’s experiences in shared private accommodation, in private accommodation alone or in a university residence showed clear differences regarding life during confinement and have been revealing major changes in living and studying conditions.

Around the half of the surveyed student population experienced issues linked to the inside and the outside spaces of their student home, directly linked to the organisation and share, which led to forms of fragility, with situations of mental precariousness, and which had an influence on the decisions of leaving their student accomodation for their second home. As a predictable result, the student housing market has been negatively altered by the sanitary crisis and the living conditions of students have been greatly modified, effects of which could extend well beyond the health crisis and makes the relevance of understanding the living conditions in periods on confinement, to provide useful suggestions for the future both wide and zoomed-in scale of student housing provision.

KEYWORDS Italy Pandemic Urban exodus Student housing Studentification Urban planning

1.INTRODUCTION The Covid-19 pandemic, which had significant negative consequences for metropolises, their people, and their economic systems, all of which are interlinked, made 2020 a year of upheaval. Milan, as Italy’s economic core, was the first Italian city and one of the first in Europe to be severely affected

by Covid-19. On the 22nd of February, the first educational institutions in Italy were forced to close.

The absence of university facilities and amenities has hindered student lifestyles and socialization.

This scenario, which has continued for months, has had a significant impact on students’ everyday life and their decisions about whether or not to stay in Milan. A considerable part of the student accommodations have been emptied out during the numerous periods of confinement, leaving them partially vacant. Some scientists, like for instance S. D. Whitaker (2021) or G. Weisbuch (2021), even mentioned the possibility of an, as mentioned, potential urban exodus, that would lead to the abandonment of big cities for the countryside as a consequence to the pandemic.

MILAN UNIVERSITIES

POLITECNICO (BOVISA)

Between 18000 and 20000 Students

POLITECNICO (CITTA STUDI)

Between 20000 and 25000 Student

STATALE (FESTA DEL PERDONO)

Between 18000 and 20000 Students

STATALE (CITTA STUDI)

Between 18000 and 20000 Students

BICOCCA SAN RAFFAELE

Between 20000 and 25000 Student Less than 5000 Student

CATTOLICA

Between 20000 and 25000 Student

BOCCONI

Between 20000 and 25000 Student

IULM

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DAILY FLOWS OF THE UNIVERSITY POPULATION

Less than 5000 Student

Figure 1 : The location of the 7 main Milanese universities and their students daily flow, Data Source: https://www.arcipelagomilano.org/archives/54396

A significant number of students from all over the world are attracted to metropolitan areas to begin their studies or find employment. Milan, which is one of Europe’s most popular cities, has a large ratio of student population thanks to its famous universities and ranks second in the number of students by enrolling 190.000 students, just after Rome, which hosts 220.000 students. Indeed, this proportion spans between 13,5 percent of higher education students (190.000 students) (Lizzeri, 2019) of the entire population (1.398.765 inhabitants) (ISTAT, 2021). The ratio between the students and the overall population of Milan is exceeded only by the historic university cities in Italy such as Bologna, Padua and Pavia. However, it remains unmatched in the major European cities. Milan is home to 7 major universities, which attract a large number of students to the city on a daily basis.

Although it hosts a significant number of students, Italy has only 65.000 bed spaces for students. As the students constitute an important part of the city of Milan, their move back home had a considerable impact on the economic sector of the city’s housing market. Since the democratisation of higher education is becoming more and more anchored in society and accessible to different social classes, considering the student’s impact on the housing market is very significant. The number of university students has been experiencing a continuous rise of 230% since 1980. (Moyou, 2020) Moreover, compared to other categories of citizens, the student’s daily presence in Milan’s city centre is not only important from an economical point of view but also for maintaining the city’s rhythm alive. Another important fact to take in consideration is that students (13,5% of Milan’s overall population) as well as young workers, are the part of the population which has moved the most during the pandemic because they haven’t chosen yet to settle permanently in Milan, and they most of the time have a second family home to turn back to. This shows the relevance of answering to this research topic, as it will become increasingly important in the future.

Subsequently, the main objective of this research is to determine the impact of Covid-19 - specifically for the student movement and relocation due to numerous periods of confinement - on students’ housing conditions and daily experiences, based on the different degrees of occupying and sharing of the student housing in which they spent the period of isolation. After all these changes, what consequences will the periods of lock-down have on the housing conditions of students and their demands in choosing student housing? How did they experience this locked-in period depending on different typologies of student housing?

To answer these questions, questionnaires and qualitative interviews were conducted among the student population of Milan and with a student housing supplier to figure out the impact and the influence of Covid-19 on the change of student’s preferences and demands in local housing and University housing provision. In addition, the relevance of answering this question is also linked to the significance of the concern about student housing provision in the city of Milan.

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As the number of academic students is continuously rising year by year, also their presence in the economic system of Milan is gaining importance, so that scientists even came up with the term of “studentification”, meaning a phenomenon taking place in a residential area, usually in proximity with a university or higher education school, in which the growing density and concentration of student population leads to considerable changes in the wider urban context. (Smith, 2005; Hubbard, 2009; Munro et al. 2009) Accordingly, considering the growing demand for student housing, the market will have to adapt and provide a sufficient supply, as Italy is still one of the most lacking countries of Europe in terms of student housing provision, with only 4% of their students living in student residences, compared to 23% in other countries. (Hauschildt et al., 2015) Progressively, one can observe that metropolitan cities are seeking to enhance the potential of their universities and student housing in order to make them more attractive, and educational institutions are also increasingly concerned about the quality of their territorial environment and campus life. In a lot of cities, student life plans are currently being drawn up.

In this sense, this topic is expected to become more and more important in the next few years and makes it relevant to analyse and understand the changes in the types of demands of student housing before and after Covid-19, in order to offer an overview about the impacts of the student communities’ behaviours in the milanese housing market and what potential outcomes this city will experience in a post-covid era or in case of an extension of the situation.

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2.RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND RESEARCH DESIGN 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW To begin, the literature study is done in order to develop new preliminary definitions related directly to the question of study.

Population of interest : “Away-from-home-students” This research’s population of interest focuses solely on higher education students who have a student accomodation in Milan and are no longer living with their parents, or at least not during the academic year. In this sense, they can be regarded as “independent students” or “away-from-home students”, as mentioned by the researchers M. Belvedere and D. Carhoglu (2020). This term refers to students who keep a secondary family residence outside of Milan’s metropolitan area or outside of Italy, but who have migrated to their university town for their studies. They usually consider this second residence “home” emotionally and usually turn back there on weekends or once in a while.

At this stage in life, the majority of these students are still emotionally and financially reliant on their parents. In 90 percent of situations, according to a survey performed by LocService (2020) on 3000 requested students renting any kind of student accomodation, the family acts as a guarantee. As a result, the population of interest is limited to the community of higher education students in Milan, which includes all university students living in any type of student housing (private or residential), taking into account the “independent student” definition’s meaning.

Housing provision Housing is generally described as the act of providing accommodation for various households in the society. It is central to the quality of the environment, economic development, and life in the community and can assist in fulfilling people’s aspirations (Hills, 2007). Referring specifically to student housing provision, Aigbavboa (2015) asserts it has long been regarded as an essential component of the facilities provided by higher learning institutions in assisting students to expand their intellectual capabilities.

Movement trend as part of an urban exodus In the sense of this research the movement trend that is referred to, embodies an abandonment of the big cities from the part of the away-from-home student population that have the possibility to take refuge in their second home. This is part of a more general phenomenon which scientists, such as S. D. Whitaker (2021) or G. Weisbuch (2021), defined as “urban exodus”. Following the rural exodus that occurred during the industrialisation period from the end of the 19th, now the reversed movement takes place, amplified by the Covid-19 pandemic. Residents of the big cities leave them to go into greener, quieter, less dense environments, such as the suburbs or the countryside.

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2.2. STATE OF THE ART In the current italian student housing market we can find three types of student housing : the university residences, shared or private student housing for rent.

First, there is institutionally sponsored student housing. According to students, the university residences are considered to be the safest option for lodging. (The Class of 2020, 2016) As found out in a research thesis carried out by Anastasiia Kuleshova (2018), which investigates about the topic of student housing in Milan, the university residences are a simple approach that addresses a variety of solutions to issues faced by international students, namely the lower price especially when it is offered by a scholarship or grants, the possibility of booking from distance, the offered services and also seeking social integration into the student community. Given their importance in the urban context, university residences are a factor in a city’s social and economic growth and consequently becoming more important in the eyes of investors as an important part of the city’s housing provision. (Redmond et al., 2017) As a second and third category of student housing, we can see both private delivered individual and shared student housing. In shared accomodations, a group of students share an apartment or a house. The advantage of this sort of student housing is that, because it is shared, the prices are often lower. However, private accommodations can be the most expensive option when paid individually by one person. According to some student interviews carried out by Kuleshova (2018), the majority of students in Milan prefered to live in individual apartments, which can allow them to combine both privacy with private spaces, and sociability with some shared spaces like the kitchen and the living room for instance.

According to Kuleshova, students in 2018, expected a place that includes as well accommodation as free time activities and services, to enhance the interactive and social experience of their educational career. In conclusion, Kuleshova’s research shows that social interaction was one of the most sought-after aspects of life in student housing in 2018. All these facts found out by Kuleshova in 2018, were the results of a research carried out two years before the pandemic of Covid-19. Given the sanitary crisis and the security distances, risks and isolation periods that it implied, can we still make the same claim now, after months of adaptations of lifestyles? How do Milanese students position themselves today in relation to the issue of privacy, communal living and the sharing of common spaces?

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2.3. ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS THE TOPIC Objectives of the research In order to have a better understanding of the mentioned earlier potential “urban exodus”, the aim is to understand, with the help of qualitative and quantitative researches, the reasons that induced the students to a movement trend - either to leave the city or to stay - during the confinement, taking into account factors such as their attachment to the city, to their country or city of origin, their financial means and their emotional situation.

The analysis of the reasons for these movements is done according to two different groups of students: those who spent the whole lockdown in their student accomodation and those who left to return to their family home. However, depending on the type of accommodation, shared or individual private accommodation or university residence, experiences are likely to vary, because the services, the division and organisation of the spaces are not the same. By means of comparisons according to the type of accomodations, the aim is to identify if some factors may have intensified this migration both in an inside scale such as the quality or typology of accommodation and in an outside scale such as the location of the residence, the quality of the outside spaces, amenities, services and etc.

In addition to offering insight into the reasons for the departure from the city, qualitative interviews with the group of students who remained in their milanese student home will allow us to understand the differences of a daily lockdown life and experience in Covid-19 in institutional residencies and in private accomodations.

After understanding the reasons and causes of the movement trends, analysis of the impacts of these movements and of the changes in the living conditions of the students who spent the quarantine in their student accomodations on the changes in personal preferences and demands of the Milanese student population is provided. For instance, differing requests in terms of neighbourhoods, typologies of accomodations (single room, single flat, shared flat, university dormitory and etc.) reveal which priorities have changed for the higher education customers due to the pandemic. The rental fees fluctuation, adaptation or cancellation of contracts delivered by student housing agencies are also part of the study.

Methodology This study employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In order to widen the quantity of valuable information and to add a new perspective to the knowledge about this subject to perform a diversity of research, a series of qualitative interviews and an online questionnaire were carried out. The use of different methods aims to provide information and data from several viewpoints and approaches towards the issue.

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The questionnaire was designed with the purpose of disseminating information online, using social media as a means to access directly to the population of interest, through online discussion platforms like Facebook or WhatsApp groups of away-from-home-students studying in Milan.

In order to identify their present state and experience of the pandemic, as well as changes in their personal preferences in terms of housing, 75 students living both in private accomodations and student residencies took part in the survey, among them XXX students accepted to participate in more in-depth qualitative interviews, on which the students were questioned online to open up and describe their living circumstances during their locked-in life. This made it possible to make links between the results of the questionnaire and the same respondent’s answers in the qualitative interviews. However, this survey is made in complete awareness that it doesn’t represent the exact reality for the whole milanese higher education population and that it doesn’t provide one unique question about the topic of research, but it aims to show the differences in tendencies depending on the different types of accommodations and to demonstrate the complexity of this social, sanitary and financial phenomenon.

In the questionnaire and the interviews itself, the students (who stayed in their student accommodation) were separated into two groups. The classification was based on: • Students living in an accomodation provided by a private landlord • Students living in an accommodation provided by a university Additionally to the students’ interviews, which provide the viewpoint of the consumers with daily experiences of student accomodation, we had the opportunity to interview an employee of the student housing agency Dovevivo, who provided relevant information from the professional point of view of the housing supplier, regarding changes in demands, contracts, etc. during the pandemic.

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3.CORE OF ARGUMENT Movement trend Within the qualitative interviews and the online questionnaire, the results were processed in a way that divided the student population in two groups: students who remained in their milanese student accommodation and students who left Milan to return to their second home. Among the respondents of the survey, 20.3% were from different regions of Italy except Lombardy and 79.7% from abroad.We can see later in the text that the origin of the students has its importance in the decision of leaving or remaining in Milan.

ORIGINS OF THE RESPONDENTS • • • • •

35 = Europe = 48.6% 2 = Australia = 2.7% 5 = South America = 6.7% 1 = Africa = 9.4% 25 = Asia/ Middle-East = 33.7%

WITHIN ITALY • • • • • •

5 = Veneto = 33.3% 4 = Emilia-Romagna = 26.6% 3 = Campania = 20% 1 = Basilicata = 6.6 % 1 = Sardinia = 6.6 % 1 = Puglia = 6.6 %

53% of the respondents chose to stay in Milan, while the remaining 48% departed. In the first instance, the reasons for either this departure or this stay were investigated, to understand the causes and the factors that intensified the movement trend experienced during the pandemic.

The reasons that drove the students to their ultimate decision were affected by a variety of circumstances that differed from person to person. First of all, the major reasons for leaving Milan can be explained by the desire to spend more time with family or relatives, the wish to avoid paying rent in order to save some money and also the fear of living in the city with the greatest number of instances in the country. On the other hand, the students who decided to remain in Milan mentioned as reasons the better focus on their studies, the relatively high sanity level in a developed city like Milan or the impossibility of returning to their family home because of the long distance, or a worse sanitary situation in their country of origin compared to Milan. Additionally, it should be noted that in certain situations, the students did not have a choice of turning back home due to financial issues or the closure of their homeland’s borders.

Among the student housing, the dormitories have been far less affected by the students’ escape from the city than the private housing supplies and this can be explained by different reasons. Indeed, just 31.8% of the respondents living in university residences exited their student housing during the lockdown, while the number of students living in private flats who abandoned Milan during the lockdown, 8 IC URBAN PLANNING

on the other hand, was 70%. This disparity can be explained due to several characteristics that distinguish private sponsored flats from university dormitories. One of these was certainly the greater possibility for students who stayed in private homes to cancel their contract compared to those of the dormitories. Furthermore, it must be taken into account that in the dormitories, as evidenced by the questionnaire, there is a large percentage of international students, whose return, as already mentioned above, was often complicated by financial, legislative and geographical reasons.The majority of international students with limited financial means live in student residences, as these are made accessible to them through the grant of a scholarship, as one of them, originating from Mozambique reported within the framework of the more in-depth interviews. This can be assumed as a factor for a lot of international students to not be able to leave their university residence. Another essential aspect to take into consideration is the fact that the students living in a private apartment have to pay the rents independently or relying on the help of their family. Having then the opportunity to follow the classes remotely while avoiding to pay the rents often determined the choice for leaving Milan.

During the first wave, when there was still little knowledge about Covid and its actual spread over Italy, some of the surveyed students declared being particularly afraid of the virus.This feeling of higher exposure due to the sharing of common spaces and services is another factor to leave the city for students who were living in shared accommodations, such as private shared flats or university residences.

Effect of Lockdown on Contracts and Services The departure of a large number of students from Milan has had an undeniable impact on private

housing provision, notably witnessed by the fact that during the pandemic, a lot of students cancelled their contracts. Based on the interview with an housing agency responsible for DoveVivo, before the pandemic, the percentage of non-rented rooms was around 0,3%, while during the pandemic, this number rose to 19,2%, without taking into account the other empty rooms of students who were continuing paying rents, but turned back home. According to an article of Dove.it (2020), in the university cities of Italy, 65% of all the rent reduction requests submitted during the lockdown period were made by university students. In addition, this article confirms that many real estate agencies noted an increase in cancellations sent to landlords by students during the lockdown.The reasons for these cancellations can be addressed in the advantages of returning to the family house to avoid loneliness and unnecessary expenses, to be surrounded by a greener and more vivid environment, while the metropolitan city was shut down. It might also be due to the unpredictability of an improvement of the sanitary situation on the part of students, uncertain how long the pandemic would persist.

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Even if Milan remains firmly the Italian city with the highest rents, with 221€ per square meter per year on average, the trends were also severely affected by the student exodus. At the end of 2020, Milan was the second city in Europe with the most negative trend in apartment rents (-4.5%), preceded only by Barcelona. (Irene Consiliere, 2021, p.4). This percentage becomes even more relevant if we consider the trend that Milan had in 2019, which had experienced an increase of 11.4%. (Irene Consiliere. 2021, p.5).The demand for houses had in fact returned significantly and a first unequivocal sign was the growth in rental prices in the city, which in the last 5 years have experienced a surge.The growth in demand appears to be linked mostly to the increase in people who move to live in Milan even for limited periods (such as students and young workers) and who therefore need housing (Anna Delera e Margherita Bernardi, 2020, p. 1). Now, post Covid, the independent institute Scenari Immobiliari has predicted an inflection of between 30 and 35% of the entire Milanese real estate sector, a 50% drop in foreign investment in real estate, a significant decline in short-term real estate leases and a request for multi-year leases (Anna Delera e Margherita Bernardi, 2020, p. 2).

The situation has been different for the student university residences where the contracts have remained stable. It can be noticed that, even if the pandemic affected the economic situation of many families, which usually bear the costs of the university and the accomodation for their children, no dramatic change was indicated because many students could take advantage of the scholarships and grants delivered by their university, considering the ISEE-number of each family.

Comparison of Personal Preferences “In general, housing satisfaction depends on such personal factors as different phases of life, social and cultural background, financial situation, and expectations, but also on the architectural characteristics of a building or a dwelling.” (Gifford, 2002) Prior to Covid, the most popular kind of accommodation in the private housing market was a private room with a private bathroom, according to the agency’s responsible interview. Additionally, with the advent of a new wave of the epidemic, not only did the demands rise, but renting a shared room via an agency became impossible. The most common reasons for the high demand of private rooms were the fear of infection through other people, as well as the wish for more private space and less congested flats (majoritary demands with a maximum of five people). Accordingly, the requests for larger apartments have therefore been reduced.

Dating back to the lockdown periods, students preferred convenient access to university and facilities such as supermarkets or subways, but now the vicinity to the campus has lost its importance, since a lot of working and university activities could take place remotely, which will probably partly persist in the future, at least in a blended mode. (Cappadocia, et al., 2021) It is thus extremely es10 IC URBAN PLANNING

sential to take into account, as stated by Fabio Massa in his book Fuga della città (2021), how the link with the city abruptly stopped being the most important factor to consider while looking for accommodation in Milan. In addition, students in the questionnaire and interviews reiterated their lack of interest in local services, particularly public transit, placing greater emphasis on other factors such as the existence of open spaces and the quality of the neighborhood. Moreover, students who experienced life in isolation, might realise the significance of pleasant neighborhoods and green surroundings in level of mental and physical health since they have the option to walk in the vicinity of their place and do some physical exercises

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4.CONCLUSION What are the impacts of the Covid-19-related lockdown on the level of uses of the different types of student housing in Milan?

Both the good and the bad experiences of students varying on their type of housing which implies different degrees of sharing and overcrowding (shared, alone) definitely had an impact on their preferences in renting an accommodation, in terms of typology, neighborhood and services.

In conclusion of the research we have carried out, we can see that a lot of Milan’s higher education students changed their position in relation to the issue of privacy, communal living and sharing of common spaces during and after the lockdown and we found out that based on so many factors, mostly were not satisfied with their situation. After having experienced several waves of confinement due to the Covid-19, the living conditions were highly affected by all the restrictions. As the researcher Kuleshova found out in 2018, the interaction with other students was the most sought-after factor for choosing an accommodation. However, it came out in the interviews with students living in university residences that it became, for some of them, the main problem of living in a community during a period of pandemic. In the future, some of them declared seeking more privacy when looking for a new accommodation, than they did before.

We could observe changes in the living conditions before and after the pandemic, but could they possibly be extended and remain even beyond the health crisis? Returning to the mention of a potential urban exodus, we believe that the observable exodus from the part of the student population of Milan was mostly temporary, and that like every crisis the world has experienced over the centuries, it will eventually pass and readjust to the situation before. According to a scientific research carried out in 2020 with people quarantined because of potential severe Covid-19, many people who experienced a more or less long period of quarantine continue to feature avoidance behaviours. However, once the confinement is removed and the universities reopen, any changes rapidly disappear among the student population and we can see that they move back into their city of studies, and that this move out was only temporary. This makes the idea of an urban exodus, at least on the part of the student population, rather unlikely, since the city remains a center of activity for a lot of students.

However, it could be predicted that academic institutions now see the possibility of applying some changes in the modality of the educational system since the pandemic forced them to try the teaching methods inevitably. Perhaps some courses are going to be held partially online which could have an impact on the student housing provision too.

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Answering the question of if the pandemic will influence the demands for a certain type of accomodation (private or university residence), we can say that for the future, based on the results of this study, we think that university residences may be preferred to private accommodations, even though the communal living was for some, a negative factor during the quarantine. This preference can be explained due to the possibility of having some human connection and socializing and lower costs for services in most cases.

Consequently it constitutes a real niche market for future investors and for the design of building strategies in the city of Milan, although it could need some adaptations such as more modulable spaces and qualitative outside spaces in case of a resurgence of any kinds of lockdown periods.Therefore, there must be some considerations to improve and keep the housing appealing for students in such circumstances like a period when the academic modality goes partially online. We can point out some reconsideration in terms of interior design to give more privacy, common areas to give more socializing opportunities and greener outside design.

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BIBLOGRAPHY Books Gifford, Robert. Environmental psychology: principles and particles. Victoria, Canada: Optimal Books, 2003. Print.

Hauschildt, Kristina. Gwosć, Christoph. Netz, Nicolai. Shweta, Mishra. (2015). Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag, 2015. Print.

Massa, Fabio. Fuga dalla città. Milan: Chiarelettere, 2021. Print.

Scientifical Articles Aigbavboa, C. (2015). Geographical diversity and students’ housing satisfaction in South Africa. Socioeconomica The Scientific Journal for Theory and Practice of Socio-economic Development, 449-460.

Delera, A. Bernardi, M. (2020). Il mercato privato dell’affitto a Milano. Dall’attrattività alla crisi, la casa in tempi di Covid19. Urbanistica Informazioni, 1-4.

Hills, J. (2007). Ends and means –the future roles of social housing in England. CASE Report 34, 1-20.

Hubbard, P. (2009). Geographies of Studentification and Purpose-Built Student Accommodation: Leading Separate Lives?. Environmentand Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(8), 1903-1923.

Munro, M., Turok, I. and Livingston, M. (2009). Students in Cities: A Preliminary Analysis of TheirPatterns and Effects. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(8), 1805-1825.

Redmond, A.M. , Zarli A. (2017). Developing new business models for sustainable urban design. International Journal of Design Sciences & Technology, 139-164.

Smith, D. (2005). Studentification: the gentrification factory?. The New Urban Colonialism: Gentrification in a Global Context, 72-89.

Weisbuch, G. (2021). Urban exodus and the dynamics of COVID-19 pandemics. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 569 (125780). doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2021.125780 Whitaker, S. D. (2021). Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Cause an Urban Exodus?. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. doi: 10.26509/frbc-ddb-20210205 14 IC URBAN PLANNING

Thesis Kuleshova, A. (2018, December 19). Student housing. A new perspective. Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10589/143498 Belvedere, M. Carhoglu, D. (2020, October 2). Italian student housing market : identification of some fundamental problems and implementation of alternative solutions. Politecnico di Milano. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10589/167172

Websites Cappadocia, F. Collina, F. Pepe, E. (2020). Il futuro delle università italiane dopo la pandemia. Mashable.

Retrieved July 6, 2021, from: https://it.mashable.com/coronavirus-1/3466/il-futuro-delle-universita-italiane-dopo-la-pandemia Consigliere, I. (2021, February 1). Crollo degli affitti a Milano e Roma: pesano Covid, lockdown e fuga degli studenti dalle città. Il Corriere della Sera. Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https://www.corriere.it/ economia/casa/cards/covid-lockdown-fuga-studenti-fanno-crollare-affitti-milano-roma-londra-barcellona-parigi/milano-capitale-italiana-piu-colpite_principale.shtml Lizzeri, G. (2019, December 17). Milano città universitaria : Come se le Alpi fossero un riparo. Arcipelago Milano. Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https://www.arcipelagomilano.org/archives/54396 Moyou, E. (2020, December 4). Effectifs d’étudiants dans l’enseignement supérieur en France de 1990 à 2019. Statista. Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https://fr.statista.com/statistiques/499700/effectifs-d-etudiants-en-enseignement-superieur-france/ Thiébault, I. (2020, July 17). Occitanie : le marché du logement étudiant en 2020. LocService. Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https://blog.locservice.fr/marche-logement-etudiant-occitanie-2020-6284.html Redazione of Dove.it (no author). (2020, August 7). Studenti fuori sede: le conseguenze del lockdown sugli affitti. Dove.it. Retrieved July 6, 2021, from https://www.dove.it/news/le-conseguenze-del-covid-sugli-affitti-per-studenti-fuori-sede/ckdk02crurkrv0b97aztarpuw

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Online Database Demo Istat. (2021). Bilancio demografico anno 2021 (dati provvisori): Comune Milano. Retrieved July 6, 2021, from http://demo.istat.it/bilmens/query.php?anno=2021&lingua=ita&Rip=S1&Reg=R03&Pro=P 015&Com=146&submit=Tavola The Class of 2020. (2016). The Class of 2020 Annual Trend Report 2017. Retrieved july 6, 2021, from https://issuu.com/theclassof2020/docs/the_class_conference_magazine_2

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