PARIS

CONFLUENCE OF SEINE COMMERCE + SECURITY

PARIS 52 BC

1900s

Napoleon III instructed Haussmann to bring air and light to the center of the city, to unify the different neighborhoods with boulevards, and to make the city more beautiful. The avenue de l’Opéra, created

by Haussmann, painted by Camille Pissarro (1898).

40.7 6,631.1 2,229,621 12,405,426 54,782 1,871

Haussmann’s renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of medieval neighborhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the building of wide avenues; new parks and squares; the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris; and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts.

Haussmann’s work was met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed

by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann’s renovation.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris#Culture

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

Arc de Triomphe

Musée du Louvre

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Tour Eiffel

water park Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre was the most visited art museum in the world. The Musée d’Orsay and Musée de l’Orangerie are noted for their collections. The historical district along Seine River in the city center is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site. Popular landmarks in the center of the city include the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris and The Gothic royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, both on the Île de la Cité; the Eiffel Tower, constructed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889.

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HASSAUMANN RECONSTRUCTION

1843

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy.

Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide; the narrowest were only one or two meters wide.

Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets.

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1894

Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

HASSAUMANN RECONSTRUCTION

water park Haussmann’s renovation of Paris included the demolition of medieval neighborhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the building of wide avenues; new parks and squares; the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris; and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. The Étoile, around the Arc de Triomphe, was completely redesigned. A star of new avenues radiated from the Étoile.

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COMMERCIAL BLVD CHAMPS-ELYSEES

PARIS

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Champs-elysees The Avenue des ChampsÉlysées is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, running between the Place de la Concorde and the Place Charles de Gaulle, where the Arc de Triomphe is located. It is known for its theatres, cafés, and luxury shops, for the annual Bastille Day military parade, and as the finish of the Tour de France cycle race. The name is French for the Elysian Fields, the paradise for dead heroes in Greek mythology.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es 5

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

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RESIDENTIAL STREET BOULEVARD HAUSSMANN

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Boulevard Haussmann is one of the wide tree-lined boulevards created in Paris

by Napoleon III, under the direction of his Prefect of the Seine,Baron Haussmann.

The Boulevard Haussmann is mostly lined with apartment blocks, whose regulated co nice height gives a pleasing eyeline to the Boulevard. The department stores Galeries Lafayette and Au Printemps are sited on this street.

Boulevard Haussmann

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

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PUBLIC SPACE ARC DE TRIOMPHE

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The Arc de Triomphe should not be confused with a smaller arch, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre. The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces.

Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

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Crown Center

The Place des Vosges, originally Place Royale, is the oldest planned square in Paris and one of the finest in the city. It is located in the Marais district, and it straddles the dividing-line between the 3rd and 4th arrondissements of Paris. It was a fashionable and expensive square to live in during the 17th and 18th centuries, and one of the central reasons Le Marais became so fashionable for the Parisian nobility.

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

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DOWNTOWN BLOCKS LES HALLES

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The shopping mall welcomes 150,000 visitors daily.

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

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RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS BLOCKS RUE DE TOLBIAC + RUE BARRAULT

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The residential in Paris seems to have commercial on the ground floor and apartment above. For example in this builidng, the ground floor is a beer store. The inside space of the residential block is totally segregated from the street as well.

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

OPEN SPACE/ECOLOGICAL

water park The Bois de Boulogne is a large public park located along the western edge of the 16th arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine. It was created between 1852 and 1858 during the reign of the Emperor Napoleon III. It is the second-largest park in Paris, slightly smaller than the Bois de Vincennes on the eastern side of the city.

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References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne 20

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MANIFESTO FORMAL CHANGES OVER TIME Paris Walls Paris was first built by the Romans as a base for their soldiers and the Gallic auxiliaries intended to keep an eye on the rebellious province. It was first developed in east- west grid system with walls defending the city.

Map of walls in Paris

Henry IV Period and Post Henry IV Period During this period, the construction of municipal administration, road construction and reconstruction of buildings and streets were basically completed as well as the infrastructure and urban landscape for the city. During the time of Henry IV in place, in order to improve the development of commerce and industry, infrastructure such as roads, bridges were built. Most of the demolished houses were replaced by unified brick and stone houses. Almost all the reconstruction projects were next to plazas and streets, which contributed to an intergrated view of the street and teh public space. Place des Vosges and Pont Neuf were built at that time. Place des Vosges, the oldest square in Paris was built as Place Royale, and now it is the memorial of Hugo. Pont Neuf, the oldest bridge in Paris was built in 1606.

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References: 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_walls_of_Paris 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris 3. http://www.museumofthecity.org/project/haussmann-and-revival-of-paris

After Louis XIV was in power, amount of classical architectures were built, which connect the main road and bridges, became art landmarks of the district. At the mean time Louvre Museum was under reconstruction. Expanding the existing coridor from Louvre Museum to the Tuileries gardens to the west, it became one of the main coridor of the future Paris. At 1724, the coridor was expanding to the Star Plaza. From mid-18th century to late 18th century, the construction of Champs Elysees was completed.

At this time, the planner considered sculptures, fountains, green spaces and the architectures from around as a whole while designing the plazas. The ratio of plaza and the height of buildings around was another thing to be considered because it was about the feeling of walking on the plaza. It also showed the relationship between different plazas and the surrounding areas. Place Vendôme and Place de la Concorde were two typical plazas in this time.

Haussmann’s renovation At the mid-19th centruy, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. The traffic was the major problem. The streets were too narrow for vehicles to cross.

In order to solve these kinks of problems, Haussmann came up with several proposals.

1. Recreate the road netwokrs, reform a new urban structure. A great cross was built, stretching the Rivoli Avenue eastward, merging with the Champs Elysees and became the east-west axis of the city.

2. Renew the major infratructure. A complete largescale underground drainage system was built in order to improved the water supply.

3. Renew the urban center. Making roads, squares, green spaces, water surface, tree-lined belts and large memorial buildings as a whole.

4. Build the service facilities for public use. Such as schools, hospitals, university buildings, barracks, prisons and parks.

5. Use a new urban administrative structure. At the same time, decentralize the city center into several district centers to meet the zoning requirements resulting from changes in the urban structure.

6. Regulate the road width and the height of the buildings beside the road, and the slope of the roof was also customized. Emphasis on afforestation, all districts have built a large area of ​​the park. It also expanded the green area of ​​the suburbs to the city center and built a riverfront greenbelt and a gardenlike boulevard.

city. In this period, the economic of France kept developing. The population France kept increasing at the same time. Paul Delouvrier was in charge of urban planning at that time. He came up with a draft solution of Paris. The first suggestion was relieving the urban population to the surrounding area though the housing policy. Moreover, develop multicenter of the city. Planning new satellite cuty along major urban development corridor and main traffic line.

Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

MANIFESTO

As a result, Grand Paris was established with 8 departments, including Paris.

From 1853 to 1870, several projects were completed in Paris, such as repairing 400km roads, demolishing houses and building parks. The problem of stuffiness and unsanitary were almost solved. During this period, the area of Paris increased by 130% and the population doubled.

Streets and avenues cut by Haussmann, 1854-1879

Plannig in 1960s After WWII, same as the other countries in Europe, the main point of planning of Paris was rebuild the

References: https://constructednature.wordpress.com/2012/10/11/on-haussmanns-paris-and-the-charlottesville-mall/ 22

MANIFESTO IDEALS OF URBANISM What we can learn from: In city sacle: The old city of Paris has left a large number of palaces, mansions, temples, churches and other public buildings in the course of several hundred years of construction, forming square buildings from these buildings. The historic style of Paris is well protected.The historic style of Paris is well protected.

Paris stipulates that the newly built buildings in the city shall be 37 meters high and the new buildings near the historic buildings should be 25 meters high, which ensures the visibility and subjectivity of historic buildings.

Scientific and artistic color planning. Since the 1980s the Paris Metropolitan Government has promulgated color planning as a government regulation. Urban color management system provides that all street stores can only be displayed on the first floor for the business district of the charm of the color, and more than one building site is not free to set up advertising or company signs and so on. Even if there is, the color can not be conspicuous. As a result, under the background of the urban color tone, urban color will naturally appear to be both harmonious and colorful. The building of the Old City is mainly dominated by the old buildings of various periods with thousands of years of history. In color planning and construction, it basically consists of cheeses and dark gray lines, which become the symbol of the old city of Paris. Strong recognition.

In terms of overall planning, Paris maintains a functional balance in all urban areas. Central area where population is more intensive, at the same time cultural heritage, art and architecture more, has become the city’s landmark.

In the suburbs, a large number of new buildings to ease the flow of people in the city center to meet the needs of urban economic development and population needs.

In street scale: The using of street material.

The stone pavement of the Champs Elysees makes the city’s style more elegant. This is similar to Macau.

Sycamore trees on both sides of the street is very tall after decades of growth. They are not too tall by comparing with the houses next to them, which create a harmonious sight for the passerby.

What we should not learn from: Haussmann demolished the old, historic, antique builidings, and replaced them with a new type of buildings, using his own architecture languege.

The city’s historic and cultural heritage is seriously damaged. We still pay for this until these days. In order to enlarge the road, Haussmann demolished 1/3 of Paris medieval buildings and 10% of the private mansion. In order to build a thoroughfare running north-south in Paris, Haussmann even demolished the original city center of Paris, the island where Notre-Dame de Paris is located.

What’s more, the scale of Champs Elysees seems to be too wide. It is true that Haussmann’s urban renewal broadened the city’s roads and facilitated the travel of modern vehicles. However, this is just Haussmann’s personal preference. He liked the ambiguous expression of style, large axis, memorial plaza, straight boulevard and uniform house facades, and the planning of large structures was unusually

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Paris | Xiaohan Qiu

MANIFESTO conservative. Compared with the cities that formed spontaneously such as Florence, Paris is more structured and planned.

Old town buildings seems to be isolated from the streets. The boundaries of roads and buildings are so rigid. Although there were commercials on the first floor, we even couldn’t see the entrance of the buildings. Streets could have been the part of the public space and extend into the interior of the building.

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The ratio of the building height/road witdth: 3/8

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BLVD ECOLOGY

RESIDENTIAL STREET BOULEVARD HAUSSMANN

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The Seine rose to 6.10 metres above its normal level in early June in 2016, just 2 metres short of the devastating floods of 1910. At that time, flooding came out to the street and fullfilled the Haussmann Boulevard.

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References: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jun/23/paris-seine-flood-of-the-century-disaster http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40554842

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City | Student Name(s) By using permeable concrete as the material of the road, the floodinng water can be absorbed to underground instead of remaining on the street. Roof garden can also help to detain rain water.

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BLOCK ECOLOGY

DOWNTOWN BLOCKS LES HALLES

+ There is no much space for grassland or green for the existing context. Which means the buildings take a lot of places.

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City | Student Name(s) The adding system including corner gardens for each boulevard that can constitute the resilient system of this city.

In the meanwhile green space extends to the inside of the blocks, creating the connection between the closed blocks and the streets. Roof garden can also help to detain rain water.

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CITY/REGION ECOLOGY

water park resilient corridor

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TO ENHANCE HEALTH & SUSTAINABILITY: 1. Create a green resilient corridor, connect the existing green spaces and become the barrier of flood.

City | Student Name(s)

ORIGINAL ECOSYSTEM(S) The original ecosystem have patches seperated in different area instead of connecting to each other.

Along the flood plain there are famous musuems, plazas but not resilient space. Although there are one or two parks along the river front, they don;t have the ability of detaining or retaining water while the flood come.

2.Using the resilient green space as a habitat for variety species, which also create a place for human to relax and a palce for animals to cross by without the disturance from the human beings.

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ECOSYSTEM FINDINGS/PROPOSAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FINDINGS

CITY PROPOSAL

Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate. Paris has an average annual precipitation of 652 mm (25.7 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. However the city is known for intermittent abrupt heavy showers.

My proposal is about flood protection. For boulevard scale, there are advanced sewers system underground. However, it failed to protect the city from flooding during the rainy days. The sidewalk is about 24 feet, which is wide enough and I see it as a chance for having a green corridor on it. Plane tree can not solve the problem of flooding. For this reason, planting more species that can help absorbing water maybe another solution. What’s more, using permeable concrete as the material of the road, the floodinng water can be absorbed to underground instead of remaining on the street.

Parisians do not practice much flood control, although authorities have taken a number of measures since 1910. The main prevention measures are situated upstream on the Seine, there are 4 large artificial lakes helping to control the level of the river and prevent massive floods. What’s more, the main areas around the Seine have been significantly elevated in the last 50 years. Nowadays the main consequence of flood is the closure of roads along the Seine, which is more impact on the car traffic and less impact on the houses.

In block scale, there is no much space for grassland or green in the context. So I proposed there should be a corner garden for each boulevard that can constitute the resilient system of this city. Rain garden at the corner, retaining water and providing places for people to rest at the same time. Meanwhiles green space extends to the inside of the blocks, creating the connection between the closed blocks and the streets, fuzzing up the boundary of public space and private space. Roof garden can also help to detain rain water.

For city scale, creating the green resilient space by the riverfront and rain garden in the city (according to the city known for intermittent abrupt heavy showers) This green corridor can also be the habbitat for species travelling from the east side of Paris, protecting them from being disturb my human beings and crossing the city more safely.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris#Climate 31