Focus on Calves 2016

FOCUS ON

CALVES

3RD EDITION

INSIDE THIS ISSUE: p3

Keeping airways clear can help contain respiratory threat

p4-5

Importance of measuring heifers through to bulling age

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Fertility in maiden heifers steps to success

p7

Improved colostrum quality

p8-9

Successful calf rearing

p10-11

Store & thaw colostrum - fast food for newborn calves

p12-13

Success in calf enterprise is down to attention to detail

p14

Give your heifers the best chance to succeed

p15

Calf success at Haznortra

p16

AdVance feeds

p17

Equipment

p18

Calf campaign offers

p19

Calf Club

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WELCOME TO OUR NEWSLETTER

CONTENTS 3

Keeping airways clear can help contain respiratory threat

4

Importance of measuring heifers through to bulling age

6

Fertility in maiden heifers steps to success

7

Improved colostrum quality

8

Successful calf rearing

10

Store & thaw colostrum - fast food for newborn calves

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Success in calf enterprise is down to attention to detail

14

Give your heifers the best chance to succeed

15 Calf success at Haznortra

Welcome to our third edition of our Focus on Calves. As we enter another turbulent year in the dairy industry, we are further pushed to instigate some tough efficiencies on farms to try and reduce our cost of production.

We must look at calves as the future of our herd, and not a by-product. Choosing to feed your calves well in that crucial first 10 weeks of life can make a significant cost saving by reducing calving age, producing a stronger and more disease resistant animal and reducing mortality rates. We must remember that the baby stage is the most crucial period during a heifer’s development, and it’s the stage where ultimately we are building the engine that will drive the future performance of the heifer.

We have made sure that this edition focuses on a wide range of topics from colostrum management for baby calves to the importance of fertility in maiden heifers. We offer a wide range of technical services on farm and are always happy to help you get rid of any bottle necks you may have within your business.

Calf Product Management Team Steve Brown - Ruminant Feeds Product Manager m: 07774 855026 steve.brown@wynnstay.co.uk @sirbilly55

16 AdVance Feeds 17 Equipment 18 Calf Campaign Offers 19 Calf Club

Rebecca Richards - Senior Calf Specialist m: 07881 093633 rebecca.richards@wynnstay.co.uk @richardscalf1

Wynnstay Retail - 01691 662690 Wynnstay Arable - 01939 210555 Wynnstay Feeds - 01691 828512 Llansantffraid Mill - 01691 828512 Carmarthen Mill - 01267 231341 To find your nearest store visit www.wynnstay.co.uk/locations.html

For the latest information from our calf team, follow us @WynnstayGroup

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Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

KEEPING AIRWAYS CLEAR CAN HELP CONTAIN RESPIRATORY THREAT Pulmosure is a complementary feed designed to be mixed with calf feed or top-dressed on the feed. Containing eucalyptus oil along with a natural form of vitamin E and organically bound selenium, it serves two key functions. While the eucalyptus oil helps clear the airways and allow animals to breathe more easily, the other ingredients help strengthen the calf’s immune system.

‘Eucalyptus oil is well known to be beneficial in clearing airways’

We are heading into the time of year when calves are at greater risk from the conditions that can make them more prone to respiratory problems, particularly pneumonia, but sensible Pulmosure can be quickly and easily fed to a whole group of management can help alleviate the risk, calves at one time, so protecting all the animals in the group.

There can be benefits from feeding supplements that help calves The recommended feed duration is 1- 3 weeks. It can be used in maintain normal respiration. The use of essential oils, particularly conjunction with other products. eucalyptus oil, is well known to be beneficial in clearing the airways, and facilitating easy breathing in both humans and Pulmosure can be a valuable component and is a management strategy designed to reduce the impact of respiratory disease animals alike. including ventilation, hygiene and the reduction of group mixing Feeding a supplement such as Pulmosure, to support the and stress. airways and help maintain a normal immune system, can help support other aspects of good management. By adding it to the For more information on Pulmosure please contact me on feed it is possible to easily supplement all calves in the group the details below. simultaneously.

Rebecca Richards Senior Calf Specialist m: 07881 093633 rebecca.richards@wynnstay.co.uk @richardscalf1

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IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING HEIFERS THROUGH TO BULLING AGE Within the dairy industry there are many measures of performance in a dairy herd, if we were to ask the Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG) of calves and heifers not many producers could give us an accurate definitive answer.

The cost of raising a dairy heifer ranges between £1000 and £1500 across the UK. Producers can reduce the number of days to calving or reduce the number of days in the non-productive state, while decreasing expenses incurred rearing heifers. Only by monitoring heifer growth at specific times during development, much like the way milk, somatic cell counts or fertility are monitored, can producers be certain they are on target to reach their goal at bulling and calving. Research by Hoffman at the University of Wisconsin found that differences in growth rates of heifers between farms was due more to environment (parasites, disease, ventilation, mud, poor hygiene etc.) than to nutritional management. This emphasises the need for monitoring growth rates with periodic graphing for making appropriate changes in the environment or the nutritional programme to ensure that heifers don’t grow too slowly or too expensively.

It is imperative to analyse the areas of your business where performance is inadequately measured in order to find ways of achieving the goals that can heavily influence profitability; rearing heifer replacements being one of the most expensive costs to a dairy business. Measuring and recording the growth rates of heifers to harness their full potential is a tool every farm should be using as a set protocol.

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The dairy industry uses a percentage of a herd’s average Mature Body Weight as a measure to set targets such as 40-50% at puberty, 55-60% at bulling age and 90% at calving so a 660 kg herd average body weight would be looking for heifers to be at least 360 kg at bulling and 600 kg at calving.

Feeding high-energy diets for rapid growth rates enables heifers to achieve breeding size earlier, potentially decreasing age at calving and costs associated with raising replacement heifers (Radcliff et al., 2000; Raeth-Knight et al., 2009).

‘A 660kg herd average body weight would be looking for heifers to be at least 360kg at bulling and 600kg at calving.’

Monitoring progress towards established targets is very important as it allows you to have confidence that you will reach the target on time but also allows you to be alerted early to any problems and take action to get back on track, providing proactive management of your heifers.

Visually assessing live weight is unreliable. Calves can be healthy, have a shiny coat and appear to be doing all the right things except growing at the required rate to achieve targets. Therefore using a weigh band is a good way of measuring, however electronic scales are the most accurate form of measuring DLWG.

Achieving target weights from the beginning is vital and following this through to getting the heifers in calf at 13-15 months of age is important. Optimally the Holstein heifer should reach puberty at 9 to 10 months of age, begin cycling on a typical basis, and have her first insemination at 13 to 15 months of age to calve at 22 to 24 months. Puberty is generally thought to be reached when heifers are between 40 - 50% of their mature body weight.

It is good to weigh calves from birth, setting protocols in place from the start and ensuring the weights get recorded as a matter of routine whilst following this through weaning, 6 months, puberty, bulling and finally calving. Calves should be weighed every month if possible. Remember if we measure it we can manage it!

Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

The rewards for ensuring your heifers reaching targets are phenomenal with higher conception rates at first service, more milk during the first lactation and greater longevity of the herd.

Similarly being able to make nutritional decisions based on evidence of performance can lower rearing costs, targeting stages when heifers are at their most efficient as young calves and then being able to feed accordingly as they mature.

Many farms wait until their heifers are a certain age before getting them in to calf – this is costing the farm money by unnecessarily waiting. Most heifers reach mature body weight (MBW) and/or mature height (MH) between 22 and 23 months. The MBW and MH varies from farm to farm and the optimum figures are altered to reflect this. The improved conception rates seen within younger bulling heifers with Cooke et.al. (2012) observed that heifers Every heifer is capable of reaching targets individually, this should calving between 23 and 25 months had an average conception rate of 74% at bulling whilst a heifer calving between 26 and 30 be remembered when taking averages of heifer groups. months conception rate was reduced to 50% whilst NADIS (2016) Wynngold Calfmetrics observes a difference of 20%.

Wynngold Calfmetrics is a new service that records and monitors DLWG of heifers to enable management of rearing at every level looking at height and bodyweight. This service will enable more cost effective rearing.

Ultimately Wynngold Calfmetrics is a monitoring resource available to Wynnstay Customers who want to be efficient by cutting any uneccessary costs from their business. It shows statistically the progress the calves/heifers have made and is not based on the farmer’s eyes and judgement.

A similar form of monitoring as DTSmetrics™ - Wynngold Calfmetrics records various data on farm from a number of calves to show the farmer how well his calves are progressing.

The graphs below are an example of the results a farmer can expect to show the progress of his calves compared to the expected average for dairy calves (taken from Penn State University data).

The recording sheet used by our Dairy and Calf Specialists on farm.

Tom Stephenson Dairy Specialist m: 07469 851607 thomas.stephenson@wynnstay.co.uk @tomstivy

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FERTILITY IN MAIDEN HEIFERS STEPS TO SUCCESS Dairy cow fertility is an extensively discussed topic. However, how often do we consider, the reproductive performance of our maiden heifers when talking about fertility? Good fertility in heifers is often taken for granted, but should it be?

Maiden heifers are the next generation of animals to join the milking herd so it is crucial that we maximise our chances of getting these animals pregnant, calved down safely and into the milking herd while minimising both cost and problems. So, how can we maximise fertility in our heifers, whilst also making the best of the improved fertility a maiden heifer has over a cow?

Below are some key points to consider with regards to the reproductive performance heifers.

influential of these are Phosphorous, Vitamin A and Vitamin E. Work undertaken at the University of Wisconsin showed that heifers suffering from deficiencies were 40% more likely to not make it to first lactation.

LAMENESS – Heat detection is severely compromised

by lameness, in fact it has been shown to be one of the most important factors. Walker et.al. (2008) showed that a lame cow had significantly reduced oestrus behaviour. With heifers, AGE - Age at first calving will influence longevity and lifetime lameness is often caused by digital dermatitis (DD). Reducing the yield of a cow, and can also have an impact on fertility. Research prevalence of DD will improve fertility in heifers. carried out by Cooke et al, (2012) showed that a heifer served to calve between 23-25 months of age had conception rates which were 24% higher than those calving between 26-30 months. A HEIFER CALF – Recent studies have identified that Therefore it is vital we grow our heifers quickly in order to begin the sex of a maiden heifer’s first calf has a major bearing on serving at 13 months of age to achieve the desired age at first subsequent fertility. Data collected from several research projects calving. Improved conception rates will also help reduce costs as shows that heifers which have a heifer calf as their first calf have fewer straws per conception will be required. Research has shown improved fertility in subsequent lactations and produce more that subsequent fertility in the following lactations is improved milk. This is mainly due to the fact that a heifer calf will reduce difficult calving’s by 40% in heifers. Therefore sexed semen on when calving at 24 months compared to 30 months of age.

Maiden Heifers is advantageous.

SYNCHRONISATION - Synchronising heifers sounds like an expensive option. In fact heifers respond and conceive better than cows on a synchronisation protocol. A study of 1100 heifers carried out by Silva et al, (2015) showed that heifers synchronised for their first service had pregnancy rates over an 84 day period which were 10% higher than those served conventionally during an 84 day period. As a result this reduced median days to pregnancy by 12 days meaning heifers would calve younger. Even with drug costs factored in, the cost per pregnancy was the equivalent of £10 per heifer lower. So not only will synchronisation for first service improve fertility it will also help to reduce costs.

NUTRITION - Nutrition is a vital aspect of fertility in heifers.

The importance of accurate and balanced nutrition begins from the day of birth. Emphasis should be put on accelerated growth programmes. A heifer’s plane of fertility increases until she reaches her third oestrus cycle (AHDB Dairy, 2015) thereby putting emphasis onto getting heifers to puberty at least 6 weeks before service begins. Consequently it is vitally important that the heifer has a good start in life making the period prior to weaning important to heifer fertility success. Feeding an excellent quality milk powder is an important starting point as this is going to ensure optimum growth during the crucial first 10 weeks of a heifers life. This is where a programme such as the Lifestart programme is important in supplying the correct balance of nutrients to the heifer calf to allow her to grow quickly. In this case to achieve the objective of serving heifers from 13 months of age heifers need to be achieving growth rates of 0.95kg per day. We also must consider mineral requirements. The most 6

In conclusion it is clear that there are a lot of factors that influence fertility with dairy heifers and also their subsequent fertility as they move into the milking herd. The two most important aspects to consider are age and nutrition, after this we should be considering synchronisation options and lameness issues caused through dermatitis. Therefore when talking about fertility within dairy heifers we first need to ensure that all other aspects are correct within the management of the heifers.

Will Astley Dairy Specialist m: 07502 311 181 will.astley@wynnstay.co.uk

Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

IMPROVED COLOSTRUM QUALITY Ensuring that a new born calf gets the correct amount of good quality colostrum as soon as possible after birth is paramount to ensuring the future health of a calf. The use of a colostrometer to measure the amount of immunoglobulins within the colostrum is essential. This ensures that it receives enough good quality colostrum which provides effective passive immunity from its mother. Colostrum is key so is there anything we can do to ensure that the cow has the best chance of producing best quality colostrum?

Many of the modern dairy cows produce so much milk soon after calving that it has a dilution effect on the quality of the colostrum.

Ensuring that the colostrum is harvested as soon as possible will give you the best chance of harvesting quality colostrum that will give the calf the best start and chance in life.

‘High Quality Colostrum’ can be defined as having at least 50 g/L IgG, which should ideally be farm specific in regard to the diseases that calves are likely to be exposed to. It should also be clean with a low bacterial count and free from any pathogens that can be transferred within it. Finally it should be nutritious containing correct constituents to support a healthy calf.

The process of colostrum production begins several weeks before calving and stops abruptly when the calf is born. During this time, large amounts of IgG and other immune factors are selectively transferred from the bloodstream of the cow into colostrum. This starts approximately 5 weeks prior to calving and is maximal in the last 2 weeks before calving, (Maunsell, 2014). With colostrum production taking place for this length of time, dry cow management can greatly impact the quality of colostrum produced.

According to some, breeds can affect colostrum quality.

Traditionally Holsteins have been regarded as having lower colostral IgG concentrations. However, a recent national survey of colostrum quality in the US did not find any significant difference in IgG concentration of colostrum of Holstein (74 g/L) and Jersey (66 g/L) cows (Morrill et al., 2012).

On average, heifers entering into their first lactation produce less colostrum, with less immunoglobulins. Colostral quality continues to increase with parity after the second calving, and older cows generally have the best quality colostrum (Morrill et al., 2012).

However, heifers that have been managed well can produce very high quality colostrum so it should not be discarded before it has been tested.

Nardone et al. (1997) found that heifers subjected to heat stress for the last 3 weeks prior to calving produced colostrum with a much lower IgG concentration than non-heat-stressed controls.

So, environment, ventilation & water supply are imperative to dry cow mananagement throughout the summer months.

Dry cows need at least a 3-4 week dry period to produce good quality colostrum. When dry period is very short or there is no dry period, colostrum is often of poorer quality (Rastani et al., 2005). It is advisable not to feed colostrum from cows that have less than a 3 week dry period even if there is 50 g/L IgG present. The main reason for this is that there has not been enough time for high enough levels of antibodies to be transferred into the colostrum. It is also insufficient time for dry period vaccines to take effect.

There are many different opinions and strategies to produce higher quality colostrum, but there is very little research behind them.

Older studies in beef cattle showed that pre-partum nutrition did not affect colostrum IgG content, even when protein and energy were severely restricted. However, when diets very low in protein were fed, the ability of the calf to absorb IgG was compromised (Maunsell, 2014). Selenium and possibly other trace minerals and vitamins may influence colostrum quality when they are deficient.

Cows fed a pre-partum diet deficient in selenium and vitamin E produce less colostrum and lower total mass of colostral IgG than cows fed the same diet but supplemented with injections of vitamin E and selenium; there was no effect on IgG concentration (Lacetera et al., 1996). Currently there is little literature to support many of the dry cow nutritional strategies to improve colostrum quality. It is however very important to stress that diets should be tailored to specifically maximise the health of the dry cow within the pre partum period.

KEY POINTS 1. Transfer of antibodies (especially IgG) from the blood of the cow into colostrum starts about 5 weeks prior to calving, and is maximal in the last 2 weeks before calving.

2. The older the cow, the better the colostrum – but there’s lots of individual variation! On average, first-calf heifer colostrum is lower in volume and IgG concentration than that from older cows. However, many heifers produce very good quality colostrum.

3. Don’t automatically discard high volume first-milking colostrum if it was collected within a few hours of calving; colostrum should be tested and only discarded if low quality.

4. Discard colostrum that is bloody, from sick or leaking cows, including those with clinical mastitis, and those known to be infected with chronic diseases such as Johne’s or Mycoplasma.

5. Heat stress may reduce the quality of colostrum, especially in heifers.

6. Dry period length should be at least 3-4 weeks to maximize colostrum quality.

Stuart Miles Dairy Specialist m: 07788 310 254 stuart.miles@wynnstay.co.uk @stuartrmiles

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SUCCESSFUL CALF REARING Successful calf rearing is based on a virtuous circle of good health, quality nutrition and strong growth.

The latest science shows that the first eight to ten weeks of a calf’s life represent a huge opportunity to improve the long-term performance of an animal. The growth potential of a calf can be optimised by implementing the correct calf nutrition programme on farm whilst simultaneously considering management practices that impact on calf performance.

In calf rearing, a workable and sometimes delicate balance must be struck between the economic realities of the farm and the need for a predictable and successful path from calf to cow. For this reason the choice of liquid feed for calves should be carefully considered. An efficient calf-feeding system is crucial because it determines the future income and sustainability of the enterprise.

The amount and method of milk feeding to neonatal calves are known to have enormous effects on their performance, behaviour, health and welfare traits.

Whole milk and calf milk replacers exist in a number of forms, each with a different impact on health, performance and convenience. It is important to evaluate the rearing objectives in order to decide which liquid feed solution will be easiest to implement, monitor and manage on farm whilst meeting the calf’s full nutritional needs for optimal growth.

The amount of milk replacer required will depend on calf bodyweight, desired daily live weight gain, environmental temperature and nutritional composition. Improvements to the nutritional regimen of the calf can decrease mortality and disease susceptibility and increase the rate of body weight gain. Aiming to double calf’s body weight from birth to weaning will ensure the calf is optimising growth rates which will support calf health and overall performance. Weaning by weight will help management of the calves post weaning as the group of calves will be more uniform in size. The weaning process is an important consideration; the process of transitioning calves from their neonatal reliance on nutrients supplied from milk to nutrients supplied from solid feed is of substantial economic importance. This transition results in tremendous metabolic implications for calf growth rates because tissues must convert from reliance on glucose supplied from milk to metabolism of short-chain fatty acids as primary energy substrates. Research suggests that step-down approach to weaning provides encouraging results both in higher growth rates and in reduced weaning stress, especially for later weaning.

It is not only nutrition that is important to consider. The structure of the cow’s placenta separates the maternal and foetal blood supplies, meaning protective immunoglobulins cannot pass across the placental wall from the dam to the foetus. As a result, calves are born with no immunity against disease and are highly susceptible to bacterial, viral and parasitic challenges. Calf health and survival The term calf milk replacer denotes a wide range of products is a balancing act; maximising immunity with excellent nutrition each with their own characteristics therefore it is important to while minimising the risk of infection by implementing structured understand the specifications of products on offer. Raw material and consistent hygiene protocols on farm. digestibility, nutrient specification and balance are all aspects that contribute to the overall quality of a calf milk replacer.

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Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

Ventilation is critical to ensure removal of ammonia and other noxious gases as well as pathogens, moisture and dust. Owing to their size, young calves do not generate sufficient heat to drive the stack effect, therefore if natural ventilation is not sufficient artificial ventilation should be implemented – correct design and appropriate siting are two key considerations for artificial ventilation. Calves are very sensitive to draughts so in exposed buildings ensure animals are protected from chilling effects by introducing solid barriers or creating sheltered areas.

‘A step-down approach to weaning provides encouraging results both in higher growth rates and in reduced weaning stress.’

daily variation in milk replacer intake can lead to reduced average daily gain when compared to calves fed a consistent daily amount.

To optimise performance it is essential to ensure accurate and consistent delivery of nutrition to the young calf. The first step is to mix calf milk replacer correctly to ensure a homogenous, uniform liquid with nutrients suspended in solution and appropriate fat particle size.

Only the correct combination of appropriate management and quality nutrition will optimise calf performance. Therefore all aspects of calf rearing must be considered, with consistency and feeding to a schedule being a key component of the programme.

Speak to your Wynnstay Calf Specialist for further advice.

Calves have a much larger surface area per unit body weight than cows which therefore allows rapid heat loss. As a result, calves are much less tolerant to the cold compared to adult animals. The thermo-neutral zone describes the environmental temperature range in which a calf maintains its body temperature. If the temperature falls outside this range energy will be diverted from growth in order to maintain body temperature, therefore daily live weight gains will be reduced and immune status may be compromised. In order to maintain performance when ambient temperature drops, consider increasing feed rates, utilising calf jackets and ensuring calves are provided with plenty of bedding.

Consistency is an important but often overlooked aspect of calf rearing. Improving consistency of management may help improve calf performance for little or no added cost. In simple terms, calf management should be as consistent as possible. Inconsistent management or feeding can have detrimental effects on calf health and performance and can cause calves to become stressed.

Stressed calves are more likely to become ill. Calves thrive on routine; so implement simple and clear protocols that ensure calves are treated consistently on a day to day basis, even when different people are left in charge of calf management. This will include protocols surrounding the new born calf such as navel treatment, calf identification and colostrum management as well as daily calf rearing management routines. Adopting set protocols can also make life easier for those responsible for calf management.

The gastrointestinal tract of a neonatal calf is undeveloped. This lack of development and function means daily nutrient variations are more challenging for the calf to manage, and explains why consistency of feeding is so important. Research has shown that

Georgina Thomas Ruminant Technical Manager For and on behalf of Trouw Nutrition

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STORE & THAW COLOSTRUM - FAST FOOD FOR NEWBORN CALVES! The speed with which colostrum is offered to newborn calves has a dramatic effect on their future health and productivity. A recent survey of 75 dairy farms in Wales revealed that out of 414 calves tested, only 52% had adequate colostrum derived antibodies in their bloodstream.

An alarming 48% were still receiving an inadequate supply. This could indicate either poor quality colostrum, or an inadequate supply, or late delivery. Any of these factors would have a detrimental effect on antibody absorption.

Timing, quality, quantity and hygiene are four important factors for successful antibody transfer.

1. Timing is important as the specialised cells on the gut wall which absorb antibodies are only active for the first 12 hours of life and as soon as they come into contact with the protein in colostrum, they start to shut down and absorption is reduced. Absorption is at its peak in the first 6 hours of life, and declines quickly in the first 12 hours.

The bags are sterile, with a pull ring opening. The large flat transparent 5 litre screw top bags have a large surface area, which thaws quickly on contact with warm water. It is recommended these should be half filled with 2 litres of colostrum. When frozen flat, they create a large flat sheet of ice, easy to thaw in a water bath. The recommendation for a 40 kg Holstein heifer would be 2 bags per calf (i.e. 4 litres) tipped into a Speedy Feeder 2. The quality of colostrum is best within 2 hours of giving birth. bottle. The bags are tough and can be cleaned and re used with As the milk ‘comes in’ the antibody levels are reduced. careful attention to hygiene. If there is any doubt about hygienic Quality can be checked easily ‘on farm’ with a colostrometer practices, discard after first use. or refractometer.

The colostrometer/refractometer will check the quality of the 3. The quantity should be 10% of bodyweight i.e. 4 litres for colostrum. Only keep green colostrum for the first feed. Keep red a 40kg calf. Adequate colostrum is essential to protect the quality for feeding on days 2,3,4, & 5. gut lining as well as supplying immunoglobulins.

A DIY waterbath can be used but be aware of the following issues: 4. If colostrum is fed via a bottle then it should be fed fresh straight after milking, or cooled rapidly and kept in the 1. A floating thermometer needs to be used carefully to make fridge. In a US study recently harvested colostrum kept at sure the water stays below 50C. room temperature for 6 hrs brewed up an astonishing 10 2. If a thermostatic heater element is dangled in the water, the million bacteria /ml. Bacteria fed in colostrum will compete bag must not collide with the heater, or the bag could melt. for sites on the gut wall and inhibit the absorption of antibodies. Bacteria can also enter the bloodstream directly 3. Some ’zip seal’ colostrum storage bags leak. and cause septicaemia.

The bath needs to be topped up constantly with hot water, or it could take up to 90 minutes to thaw 4 litres.

‘In a US study recently harvested colostrum kept at room temperature for 6 hrs brewed up an astonishing 10 million bacteria /ml.’

In order to make life easier at calving time, there is now an affordable solution. The unique ‘Store & Thaw’ is a double walled bath which helps retain heat and is a safe and convenient method, which heats colostrum gently and is thermostatically controlled to preserve valuable antibodies. Gentle agitation stirs the water and speeds up thawing, so you can feed the calf, and be back in bed 30 minutes after calving.

The bath is a constant source of hot water in the dairy and is insulated to maintain a low running cost. It has a drain tap at If we take the example of the calf born at 10 o’clock in the the base to allow the water to be refreshed. It includes a handy evening, he may not be offered colostrum until after milking the pocket timer to alert you when ‘grubs up!’ next morning. That’s 8 hours after birth. By this time the gut will be closing down and the opportunity has been missed. Calves born at night, and premature calves with poor mobility as well as those born to mothers with fat teats and pendulous udders are all likely to get a bad start in life unless a proper colostrum protocol is in place.

The current drive towards eradicating Johnes disease also demands a ‘’plan of action” when a calf is born, so that milk from ‘red’ and ‘amber’ cows is discarded and replaced with healthy colostrum from low risk cows. For all these reasons it’s a good idea to build up a bank of frozen colostrum, quality tested, Johnes free, labelled and ready for warming up.

The Wynngold Colostrum Management Kit has everything you need to store and thaw colostrum.

Figure 1 : Wynngold Colostrum Kit

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Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

TYPICAL PROTOCOLS: JOHNES NOTE: Scenario 1. Daytime Healthy cow calves in daytime- harvest colostrum with a Mini Milker within 2 hrs of calving and bottle feed straight away if possible.

The best colostrum is produced straight after calving.

Cool, test, refrigerate and freeze the excess.

Scenario 2. Nightime /problem cow Problem cow calves- go to the freezer, select some frozen, healthy colostrum.

Put 2 x 2 litre meals into the ‘Store & Thaw’ waterbath for 15 minutes

Some farms with Johnes problems or mycoplasma may consider a dedicated Colostrum Pasteuriser. A pasteuriser is not a panacea for Johnes control, but may help. A discussion with the vet will help to establish whether this is a priority.

Farmers who have invested in a dedicated ‘colostrum kitchen’ and adopted these procedures have seen mortality plummet to virtually nil, and heifer growth rates improve dramatically.

NOTE The ‘new style’ Wynngold Colostrum Management Kit and The Store & Thaw Colostrum Warming Bath will be available from July 2016.

When the timer rings,check the temperature, pour into the Speedy Feeder bottle and feed a 40kg calf 4 litres

HARVESTING TIPS: Clean the teats, milk the cow into a dedicated CLEAN dump bucket, as soon as it’s practical. Cool, test, refrigerate and freeze the excess in 2 litre quantities.

It’s worth creating a Colostrum kitchen on every dairy farm, and appoint a Colostrum Queen (or King) to run the kitchen!

EQUIPMENT NEEDED: •

Mini milker for a quick harvest within 2 hours of calving

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Chiller bath, or blocks of ice from the freezer. A 5 litre jerry can full of ice will cool 20 litre of colostrum. Cooling is important to limit bacterial growth.

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Store & Thaw Colostrum warming bath will safely warm colostrum within 15 minutes

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Fridge (1-2 oC)- will keep for a week

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Deep freeze (-20 oC) -manual defrost is recommended

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Colostrum storage bags. 5 litre (half filled) give the quickest thaw.

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Wall mounted filling station to allow one person to bag off colostrum

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Wide bore funnel

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Dairy thermometer

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Speedy Feeder with teat and oesophageal line

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Oral calf feeding bag – dedicated to newborn calves. Keep a separate one for sick calves.

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Hypochlorite, circulation cleaner and peracetic acid are all good disinfectants.

Gill Dickson Calf Specialist PYON Products

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SUCCESS IN CALF ENTERPRISE IS DOWN TO ATTENTION TO DETAIL Rearing 700 calves a year from two to twelve weeks takes attention are taking in the milk slowly enough, their abomasums stretch to detail, something Emma and Joff Roberts from Uphampton Farm to accommodate. It’s about controlling that intake rate, good at Shobdon near Leominster have in abundance. hygiene and good health so the calf is developing a good immune system. Group housing helps rather than hinders health as it’s a With a broiler rearing enterprise the main focus of the farm, the low stress environment for the calves.” couple are used to a focus on optimal daily liveweight gain.

A key target for the enterprise is under 1 per cent mortality and Emma Roberts says the calf rearing enterprise first started in 1999 growth rates in excess of 1.1kg per day, which can be hard to hit. when her children were young and they were looking to diversify into another enterprise. “Calf rearing was a natural fit, but we soon “We’ve recently been involved in a study where we’ve switched got frustrated with the calf accommodation we had – we were used to state-of-the-art facilities for the chickens, and wanted the same standards for the calf rearing.”

‘The standard ration gained an

This led to the installation of a series of calf igloos – rounded igloo-type shells – that can accommodate around 15 calves at a time. “This gave the calves shelter but with much better ventilation – a difficult balance to strike,” says Emma. “This system meant we could expand and we now rear around 700 calves a year from about two weeks of age to 12 weeks, when we sell them on to regular customers in the area. Our aim is to eventually rear 1,000 calves each year.”

average of 0.99kg per day over the nine-week period, whereas the calves fed the NIS ration gained 1.1 kg per day

the source of fibre in the calf starter ration, which has prompted an increase in daily liveweight gain of around 10 per cent,” she says.

The study took two batches of evenly-matched two-week old calves past weaning over a nine-week period. One batch was offered the usual calf starter nut alongside milk, with the other offered the same nut but with most of the soya hull content replaced by nutritionally improved straw (NIS).

The calves fed the standard ration gained an average of 0.99kg per day over the nine-week period, whereas the calves fed the NIS ration gained 1.1 kg per day. The cost per kg of each calf starter was the same, but the calves on the NIS ration ate 3.5% more – Their experience coping with the tight margins typical in the broiler 152 kg each compared with 146.8kg over the nine weeks. business means every aspect of the calf rearing enterprise is costed down to the last penny. “Our customers recoup the purchase cost Emma, who rears around 700 calves each year, taking them from of the calf for us and contribute towards vaccination charges. On two to twelve weeks of age, believes the difference lies in the top of that, they pay a headage payment per calf plus a standard effectiveness of the fibre source in kick-starting rumen function and avoiding the post-weaning ‘slump’. cost for every kg the calf weighs over 100kg,” she explains.

But Emma also knows her business relies on happy customers so is committed to sending off calves that will hit the ground running and continue to have strong growth rates. “The calves are fed on automatic machines and get 1.2kg of milk powder in 6 litres per day, fed over six feeds. They’re offered calf starter ration and water straight away and we aim to start dropping the milk intake by 0.4 litres each day from 23 days.”

“The calves were noticeably thriving on the adjusted ration; aside from the liveweight gain, I recorded 190 incidences of dirty tails throughout the period in the group fed the standard ration, compared with 113 in the group fed the NIS diet.

“We’re repeating the study to get a better idea of the average gain we can expect but we’re confident there’s a positive effect.

Even the vet has commented on the bloom on the calves fed the “I firmly believe that you can’t feed too much milk. As long as they NIS-based diet.”

12

Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

Wynnstay’s feeds product manager Steve Brown, who set up the study, says using a more digestible form of fibre in the NIS-based ration improved rumen development.

“We’re really encouraged by these early results,” he says.

“From three days old, the aim should be to offer a solid feed the calf likes but which also gets the rumen wall working so the calf can start chewing cud.

This then allows the optimum level of starch to be included in the diet to develop the rumen papillae.

added to the compound feed. This has typically been in the form of soya hulls, but the theory is this is indigestible seed coat rather than stem fibre and can pass through the animal before having the chance to stimulate the rumen sufficiently.

Steve says the re-run of the study will this time include NIS at a slightly higher level and will also monitor the calves longer – for

‘A more digestible form of fibre in the NIS-based ration improved rumen development 12 weeks – to get a better idea of what happens in the postweaning phase.

Steve Brown

Fibre should ideally be chopped or long straw so that saliva can buffer these acidic rumen contents. However, calves can’t eat enough fibre in this form so, instead, fibre has to be

Ruminant Feeds Product Manager m: 07774 855026 steve.brown@wynnstay.co.uk @sirbilly55

Control diet

NIS diet

Average start weight (kg)

55.8

52.3

Average 9-week weight (kg)

118.3

121.5

Average gain per calf over 63 days (kg)

62.5

69.1

Av consumption concentrates per calf over 63 days (kg)

146.8

152.0

Average daily LWG per calf (kg)

0.99

1.1 Article in accordance to Sundown Products

13

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GIVE YOUR HEIFERS THE BEST CHANCE TO SUCCEED The process of heifer rearing is to prepare heifers for lactation cost to best enable that animal to provide a return as soon as possible. If a heifer is lame, she has a greater challenge once she enters the herd, but the extent of this is often undervalued.

The social, hormonal and physiological stresses that heifers are put under as they enter lactation need to be minimised as much as possible to give her the best chance of fulfilling her potential in lactation. Lameness can be a significant contributor to this stress. Many heifers, when entering the herd are forced into a new environment, often into different facilities, social groups and significant diet changes. This, combined with the huge metabolic and physiological changes that are involved with parturition, lactation and eventually breeding, present the most challenging time in a cows’ life. To this end, it is essential that she is of sound feet, to reduce any further risk arising from lameness. One of the biggest contributing factors to lameness on farm is Digital Dermatitis (DD). This pool of infection can develop in heifers, often go untreated and consequently flare up considerably when the metabolic stress of lactation occurs. This inflow of DD from heifers under huge metabolic stress can further infect the rest of the herd.

When fully evaluating the system, it is clear the return on investment in helping to improve foot integrity in heifers is significant. Gomez et al (2014) evaluated 1,979 feet in heifers of which 23% had clinical signs of DD. They found a significant correlation between the presence of DD and horn conformation (HC) changes, a 46% increase in severe horn heel erosion (HHE) and debris accumulation. An increase in heel height, claw angle

Digital Dermatitis is estimated to cost on average £3000 per 100 cows per year and the increase in depth of the interdigital cleft were all observed against non-infected feet. They concluded that the presence of DD “likely promotes the creation of a local environment that favours the persistence of the disease and the occurrence of severe HHE” (Gomez et al 2014).

The consequences of these findings on farm level mean a lack of prevention and treatment of infected lesions may lead to long term inhabitation of the foot by DD treponema and alterations to the anatomy of the foot which may affect susceptibility to lameness in future life. The long term effects of DD outbreaks in heifers have been studied in some of the most recent studies into this area.

Studies by Gomez et al (2015) reported that cows which experienced DD in the rearing period had poorer production and more disease events than animals which never had DD prepartum. Cows that had two or more DD events in the rearing period had significantly lower conception at first service and increased number of days open compared to cows that had no cases during rearing. They also concluded that cows which had experienced DD in the rearing period were at a significantly increased risk of contracting DD 14

during lactation. Cows which had DD events as a heifer produced 335kg less milk in the first lactation.

There is overwhelming evidence showing poor hoof management in heifers can have a significant negative effect on the future profitability of heifers in milk. Reducing the risks exposed to heifers are based on the following steps:

STEP 1 - Maintain a clean environment for heifers. A build-up of slurry in cubicles, warm and dirty straw beds or muddy fields can damage skin integrity, as the skin does not have chance to dry. If skin integrity is compromised, there is a greater chance of infiltration by DD bacteria.

STEP 2 - Ensure nutritional and mineral requirements of the heifers are met. Any shortfalls in her basic needs will lead to reduced immunity and put her at greater risk of contracting any infection, including DD. Including biotin in the diet has widely been accepted as good practice to aid foot health.

STEP 3 - Carry out preventative measures on your heifers just as you would with your cows. Pick their feet up for a trim, balancing claws and dishing out the ulcer zone. This will reduce risk of sole ulcers and dishing out has been proven to reduce incidences of DD as feet are under less strain and clean out better. Footbath heifers to maintain foot cleanliness and help improve foot integrity. If there is a risk of cross contamination with the herd, ensure foot bathing is done more frequently STEP 4 - Monitor and identify cases of lameness and treat accordingly. Swift action is critical in mitigating the long term effects of a lameness case. Increase the frequency of foot bathing to suit DD infection accordingly.

STEP 5 - Consider the use of Availa-Plus performance minerals to enhance foot quality and skin integrity over and above the base level that can be provided with standard minerals. Availa-Plus contains a combination of complex zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt, plus potassium iodide contained within a metal amino acid complex to maximise bioavailability to the animal. This enhances immune function thereby further reducing the risk of DD. Herd lameness management starts during the rearing period. It is estimated that DD costs on average £80 per case due to milk loss and reduced fertility performance and is estimated to cost on average £3000 per 100 cows per year. If we are to better manage this costly disease, developing robust heifer lameness protocols is a must. Good hygiene, monitoring and use of performance minerals like Availa-Plus have significant returns on investment. in improving heifer profitability.

Mark Price Dairy Specialist m: 07876 824 314 mark.price@wynnstay.co.uk @m_priceo

Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

CALF SUCCESS AT HAZNORTRA Norman and Hazel Wyatt farm 700 acres near Chester, they also run a successful haulage and contracting business. In addition, they have a herd of 800 black and white steers sold direct to Dunbia by the age 24 months.

To help alleviate the time spent on feeding calves due to the demands of a busy contracting business, Norman decided to invest in four Heatwave machines to try and make better use of their time feeding calves. The Heatwave is an adlib milk feeding machine which can rear up to 30 calves, ‘It probably takes me about 40 minutes a day to feed 80 calves, it’s very labour saving’ Laura adds. To prevent any bacteria build up in the milk, they add Wynngold Milk Mate® to the finished batch of milk replacer, and this product also contains additional vitamins and minerals to support the growth of a healthy calf.

In 2013, Norman decided to change his calf rearing system as they were experiencing challenges with pneumonia, resulting in calf losses. Initially, calves were fed milk once a day, at a feed rate of 125g/litre. The couple had over 100 calves on milk, housed in batches of ten. Norman was quick to notice that the trouble the calves were experiencing with pneumonia stemmed from calves sharing the same air space as older cattle.

The calves are fed ‘Start n Wean’ calf nuts on an adlib basis, along with forage and fresh water every day. Calves are kept on Start n After erecting a purpose built calf shed which accommodates Wean until 12 weeks of age. ‘A calf is more efficient at converting 80 calves, complete with a weather controlled blind system feed into growth during the milk stage, we finish all our reared to help with ventilation, the nutrition and methods of feeding calves, so it’s us who reap the benefits at the end’. Norman aims were explored. The couple also handed the responsibility of calf to finish his cattle at 600kg with Dunbia by 24 months of age. rearing to their granddaughter Laura who believes that ‘calves Cattle need to be putting on at least 0.8kg a day to meet this like routine and any disruption to this can have a negative impact criteria. Although cattle close to finishing are weighed every on performance’. As well as providing the calves with a new fortnight, Laura intends to further introduce efficiencies to the environment, the family decided to re-evaluate the calf nutrition unit by weighing calves to ensure they are reaching their full ‘We opted for ‘Wynngold Contractor Beef’ milk powder as it potential and gaining that all important 800g DLWG. contains 22% protein, high levels of vitamin E and GreenlineTM which will support the calf’s immune system should they be faced with any challenges’.

Sandy Wilson Calf Specialist m: 0787 9841672 sandy.wilson@wynnstay.co.uk @petticoatcalves

15

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AdVANCE CALF STARTER FEEDS START ‘N’ WEAN NUTS Maize, wheat and barley - release starch at variable rates which is digested to create volatile fatty acids. These organic acids stimulate the growth of rumen papillae which grow longer in this healthy environment.

Nutritionally improved straw (NIS) - slows fermentation, prevents acid peaks and enables the rumen to extract more nutrients. Increased intakes and improved daily liveweight gains.

Hipro Soya – highly digestible protein source, essential for growth.

Sugar Beet Pulp, Molasses – natural sugars help growth of a healthy bacteria population to digest concentrate efficiently.

GreenlineTM health package that provides yeast, essential minerals, vitamins and nutraceuticals to boost immunity and help the calf overcome health challenges.

A high quality 6mm nut, available in 25kg bags, 500kg tote bags or bulk (4t minimum).

SUPER KRUNCH coarse blend Flaked maize, rolled barley, rolled beans – high quality starch for rapid rumen development Sugar beet pulp, molasses – natural sources of sugar NIS pellets – healthy, reduces acid load, increased intakes and improved daily liveweight gains Rumiluz – natural, high quality source of fibre and protein. Encourages cudding Hipro Soya, Distillers, Rape – high quality protein sources essential for growth Calf mineral/vitamin supplement – A high quality 18% coarse blend, manufactured to high standards. Available in 500kg tote bags and 25kg bags.

AdVANCE REARER FEEDS AdVANCE REARER 18 NUTS Good energy level – from wheat distillers and other high energy raw materials ensuring growth targets are achieved Starch & Sugars from cereals and sugar beet pulp to ensure rapid, efficient growth 18% protein - maximise rumen function, forage intake and utilisation Balanced minerals, vitamins and trace elements - ensure efficient feed utilisation and good strong bulling activity and strong, healthy feet Correct balance of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium ensuring good strong bone development A high quality 6mm nut, available in bulk only (4t minimum)

REARER KRUNCH coarse blend Rolled barley, rolled oats – high quality starch rapid, efficient growth Sugar beet pulp, molasses – encourages good dry matter intakes and aids rumen fermentation Hipro Soya, Distillers, Rape – high quality protein sources essential for growth Cattle mineral/vitamin supplement – balanced to meet the needs of the growing heifer A high quality, 17% protein coarse blend, manufactured to high standards - available in 500kg tote bags and 25kg bags

16

Wynnstay Group Plc FOCUS ON CALVES 2016

EQUIPMENT Holm & Laue Computerised Calf Feeder

Holm & Laue Milk Taxi

Standard ‘Start up package’ includes 50 collars.

Pasteuriser versions also available

Urban

Forster Vario

Wydale 5 Calf feeder 36673

Feeds up to 100 calves

Feeds up to 40 calves

Mobile Milk Mixer 34951

2 litres/calf

Heatwave 60625

We supply a wide range of feeders to suit every system. If you’re after something inparticular or require more information on any of these products please contact one of our calf specialists or dairy specialists.

110 litre

Feeds up to 30 calves 17

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CALF CAMPAIGN OFFERS Exclusive Wynngold Calf Club Offer

Sign up to be in with a chance of winning a set of Weigh Scales

The PS Animal Scales with a capacity of 500kg, offer straightforward, convenient and accurate weighing. Their hallmarks are their extremely easy installation and operation. They are also virtually maintenance-free.

Platform PS 1000 • Capacity: 500kg (PS 1000) or 1,000kg (PS 2000) • Robust, powder-coated steel construction with profiled non-slip surface, access ramps on both sides and height-adjustable feet to compensate uneven surfaces • Mobile due to low weight and integrated carrying handles Display unit • LCD display (PS 1000) • 5m connecting cable to the platform • 230V mains or battery operation (power pack and batteries included in the scope of delivery) • RS232 interface (full duplex) for the connection of printers, external displays etc. (RS233 cable included in supplied package) • Automatic shut-off • Housing made from stainless steel including wall bracket • Stand (height 1m) optionally available

FFERS O L A I C E SP rders o r o f e l b a avail June placed in r local

Functions Hold (animal weighing function): The average weight measured in the first seconds after the animal walks onto the scale remains on the display until the next animal walks onto the platform. Ideal for weight fluctuations when restless animals are being weighed.

Print: send data via the RS232 interface.

Units: toggle the display between kg and lb.

Tare: tare function (display of the net weight).

Technical data - PS 1000 • Capacity: 500kg • Overload capacity: 150% • resolution: 0.2kg • Weighing accuracy: 0.1% (+/- 0.5 kg) • Weight of platform: 27kg • Dimension of platform (L x W x H): 1416 x 514 x 64 mm Weig h Sca l worth es

£475

CALF MILK POWDERS

ntact you r please co entative fo s re p e R y Wynnsta ils more deta

Wynngold Rich Cream and Turbo Start milk powders are Lifestart approved products, meaning they have specific nutrient profiles to ensure the calf gets the best start in life.

Stock

Protein Source

Analysis Protein/Oil

Health Package

Turbo Start

Dairy

Whey

26% Protein/ 17% Oil

Greenline/Protimax 500 iu VitE

Rich Cream

Beef, Dairy

Skim

23% Protein/ 20% Oil

Greenline/Protimax 500 iuVitE

Bloom Thrive

Beef, Dairy

Whey

23% Protein/ 20% Oil

Greenline/Protimax 500 iuVitE

Beef, Dairy

Whey/veg

22% Protein/ 18% Oil

Greenline/Protimax 250 iuVitE

Stellar

Beef, Dairy

Whey

23% Protein/ 20% Oil

Gardion 500 iu VitE

See page 16 for Calf Starter and Hefier Rearer Feeds 18

SUPPORTING

WYNNGOLD CALF CLUB

Our Wynngold Calf Club is aimed at everyone who is passionate about calf rearing.

You get a number of benefits from joining the club including: • • • • • • • • •

A Calf Club Welcome Pack A dedicated Wynnstay calf specialist Monthly e-newsletter Exclusive offers Invites to exclusive farm events Exclusive areas on wynnstayagriculture.co.uk, with downloads and videos Invitations to partake in Wynnstay trials Exclusive competitions Access to the Calf Club programme

Join our Wynngold Calf Club to be in with the chance to win some weigh scales worth £475! *Name: *Address:

*Postcode: *Email: Telephone: Mobile: No of Cows:

Dairy

Beef

Breed: Target Calving Age: Actual Calving Age: Ave no. calves reared per year: Do you feed Milk Replacer?

If so, which one?

Please return this form to: Wynnstay Retail Office, Unit 4, Glovers Meadow, Maesbury Rd Ind Est, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 8NH by the 31st July 2016 in order to be entered into the prize draw.

T&C’s: You must fill in all your details to gain access to the Wynngold Calf Club and be entered into the prize draw. Your information will be utilised by Wynnstay Group Plc for calf club and promotional purposes and will not be passed on to third parties. There is no cash alternative to the offer and Wynnstay reserves the right to withdraw the offer at any time. E.&O.E To unsubscribe from the calf club please email subscriptions@wynnstay.co.uk

www.wynnstay.co.uk

Wynnstay Calf Product Management Team: Steve Brown - Ruminant Feeds Product Manager m: 07774 855026 steve.brown@wynnstay.co.uk @sirbilly55 Rebecca Richards - Senior Calf Specialist m: 07881 093633 rebecca.richards@wynnstay.co.uk @richardscalf1 Wynnstay Retail - 01691 662690 Wynnstay Arable - 01939 210555 Wynnstay Feeds - 01691 828512 Llansantffraid Mill - 01691 828512 Carmarthen Mill - 01267 231341

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Wynnstay Stores Shropshire

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01939 210555 01588 672623 01952 820104 01691 659251 01743 791876 01948 662061

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Welshpool (Hardware),...........

01970 625368 01341 422253 01938 810525 01686 412696 01691 827125 01686 626379 01974 298107 01654 710233 01938 552591 01938 554672

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01527 821485 01568 615666 01981 240051 01989 768394 01666 502366

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01934 863123

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01722 320316

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For the latest information from our calf team...

Wynnstay (Agricultural Supplies) Ltd • Eagle House • Llansantffraid • Powys SY22 6AQ Registration No: 5009019 • Telephone: 01691 828512 • Fax: 01691 828690 • Email: info@wynnstay.co.uk • www.wynnstay.co.uk Part of Wynnstay Group Plc • Registration No: 2704051 • Registered in Wales and England • Vat Reg No. 168 7221 87