Science and Technology

VOCABULARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHYSICS UNIT 1 : MOTION

1 natural sciences (n.) วิทยาศาสตร์ ธรรมชาติ Physics is a branch of study in the division of natural sciences.

2 technology (n.) เทคโนโลยี

3 scientific method (n.) กระบวนการทาง วิทยาศาสตร์ The practical application of science for the betterment of life is called technology.

Scientific method is a step by step procedure to study occurrences in nature.

4 fundamental units (n.) หน่วยฐาน Any system of unit specifies fundamental units from which other units follow.

5 accuracy (n.) ความแม่นย�า

6 precision (n.) ความละเอียด

7 position (n.) ต�าแหน่ง

8 displacement (n.) การกระจัด Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement is to the actual value.

Precision is the measure of how minutely the measurement is made.

Position is a measurement of a location with reference to the origin.

Displacement is defined as the net shift in the initial to the final position of the object.

9 distance (n.) ระยะทาง Distance is a scalar quantity; that is, it has magnitude only.

10 speed (n.) อัตราเร็ว

11 velocity (n.) ความเร็ว Speed is a measure of how fast an object moves.

Velocity is the speed in particular direction.

12 acceleration (n.) ความเร่ง Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity per unit time.

13 retardation (n.) ความหน่วง

14 ticker tape timer (n.) เครื่องเคาะ สัญญาณเวลา

15 force (n.) แรง If the velocity of the car decreases as time goes on, we call it as deceleration or retardation.

The paper tape passes through a ticker tape timer.

Force is the influence that produces an acceleration on an object.

16 tension (n.) แรงตึงในเส้นเชือก The rope applies an equal force called tension in the upward direction.

17 gravitational force (n.) แรงโน้มถ่วง Gravitational force is greater than air resistance and hence the net force on its acts downwards.

18 projectile (n.) การเคลื่อนที่แนว โค้ง A projectile is an object travelling under the influence of gravitational force alone.

19 centripetal force (n.) แรงสู่ศูนย์กลาง In case of Earth’s motion around the sun, the gravity of the sun provides the centripetal force.

20 equilibrium position (n.) ต�าแหน่งสมดุล Vibration is also known as oscillation. It goes back and forth about a fixed point called the equilibrium position.

21 restoring force (n.)

22 fundamental forces (n.)

23 electromagnetic force (n.)

24 strong force (n.) แรงดึงกลับ The restoring force pushes the object towards the equilibrium.

แรงพื้นฐาน There are four fundamental forces in nature. These forces emerged within a second after the Big Bang.

แรงแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า Electromagnetic force acts in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

แรงนิวเคลียร์แบบ เข้ม Strong force keeps the nucleus together, overcoming the repulsion between protons.

25 weak force (n.) แรงนิวเคลียร์แบบ อ่อน Weak force is responsible for the emission of beta particles (a type of radioactivity). In this process, a neutron transforms into a proton.

26 potential energy (n.) พลังงานศักย์ Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position.

27 kinetic energy (n.) พลังงานจลน์ Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by moving objects.

28 momentum (n.) โมเมนตัม

29 elastic collision (n.) การชนแบบ ยืดหยุ่น Momentum is a quantity associated with moving objects. It is the product of the mass “m” and the velocity “v” of the moving object: p=mv.

Collision between hard metal balls is

an elastic collision.

30 rotational motion (n.) การเคลื่อนที่

แบบหมุน Rotational motion happens when an object moves around an axis, called axis of rotation.

31 moment of inertia (n.) โมเมนต์ ความเฉื่อย Moment of inertia is a quantity associated with rotational motion. It plays a role equivalent to that of the mass for linear motion.

32 angular momentum (n.) โมเมนตัมเชิงมุม

33 torque (n.) แรงบิด The angular momentum is defined as the moment of the linear momentum.

Torque is the turning moment of the force.

34 pulse (n.) คลื่นดล

35 simple harmonic motion (n.) การเคลื่อนที่แบบ สั่นอย่างง่าย

36 Hooke’s Law กฎของฮุก

37 amplitude (n.) แอมพลิจูด

38 period (n.) คาบ

39 frequency (n.) ความถี่ Wave is a periodic, continuous disturbance that is consists of a train of pulses.

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is an important special case of oscillations.

Hooke’s Law states that the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement.

The maximum displacement of the particle from the equilibrium position is called amplitude of the wave.

The period or time period (T) of a wave is the time it takes for one complete oscillation.

The number of complete cycles of the wave per second passing a fixed point is called the frequency of the wave.

40 simple pendulum (n.) ลูกตุ้มอย่างง่าย

41 wave (n.) คลื่น

42

43 mechanical wave (n.) คลื่นกล

electromagnetic wave (n.) คลื่นแม่เหล็ก ไฟฟ้า

44 transverse wave (n.) คลื่นตามขวาง Simple pendulum performs simple harmonic motion for small amplitudes.

Energy is required to create a wave and wave transports the energy.

Mechanical waves require a material medium to travel.

Electromagnetic waves comprise oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other.

When the particle of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of a wave, the wave is called a transverse wave.

45 longitudinal wave (n.) คลื่นตามยาว

46 wavelength (n.) ความยาวคลื่น

47 ripple tank (n.) ถาดคลื่น

48 reflection (n.) การสะท้อน

49 diffraction (n.) การเลี้ยวเบน When the particles of the medium move in the same direction as the direction of propagation of a wave, the wave is called a longitudinal wave.

The distance between two successive crests or troughs is called the wavelength of a wave.

A ripple tank is a shallow glass tank used in the laboratory to demonstrate the basic properties of waves.

Reflection is the bouncing back of light, heat, sound or energy from a medium.

Diffraction is the bending of a wave around an edge or through an opening.

50 refraction (n.) การหักเห Refraction is the change in direction of a wave when going from one medium to another.

51 interference (n.) การแทรกสอด When two identical waves travel through the same region of water in a ripple tank, depending on their phases the waves add up or cancel out. This phenomenon is called interference of wave.

52 power (n.) ก�าลัง

53 intensity (n.) ความเข้ม

54 loudness (n.) ความดัง

55 pitch (n.) ระดับเสียง

56 echo (n.) เสียงก้อง

57 beats (n.) ปรากฏการณ์บีตส์

58 resonance (n.) การสั่นพ้อง The rate at which energy is transferred is called power, measured in joule/ second, named watt (W).

The amount of power crossing a unit cross-sectional area in a given direction is known as the intensity of sound.

The loudness of the sound depends on its intensity.

Pitch is the characteristic of a musical sound which distinguishes a sharp or shrill sound from a dull or grave sound.

Sound which has been reflected is called an echo.

Musicians use the beats effect to tune two musical instruments to the same note.

The vibration patterns produced by resonance are known as normal modes.

59 Doppler effect (n.) ปรากฏการณ์ดอป เพลอร์

60 fluid (n.) ของไหล RADAR system use Doppler effect to determine the speed of their target.

Venturi flow meter is used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe.

UNIT 2 : ELECTROMAGNETISM

1 static electricity (n.) ไฟฟ้าสถิต Static electricity is the presence of electric charges on a surface.

2 insulator (n.) ฉนวนไฟฟ้า Materials like rubber and glass that do not let charges move through them are called insulators.

3 conductor (n.) ตัวน�าไฟฟ้า Conductors allow the charges to pass through them, and thus enable conduction of electric charges, which we call electric current.

4 induction (n.) การเหนี่ยวน�า

5 electric field (n.) สนามไฟฟ้า We can charge objects by the method of induction.

Electric field is the region around a charge or a system of charges in which another charge experiences a force.

6 electric potential (n.) ศักย์ไฟฟ้า

7 capacitor (n.) ตัวเก็บประจุ We can associate a quantity called electric potential to every point in an electric field.

A capacitor is a device that stores energy in an electric field. This electric field is created by strong opposite.

8 potential difference (n.) ความต่างศักย์ ไฟฟ้า

9 capacitance (n.) ความจุไฟฟ้า

10 potential energy (n.) พลังงานศักย์ When the potential difference between the two plates reaches the battery voltage, the movement of the charge carriers stop.

The capacitance of the capacitor is a measure of how much charges it can store when connected to a battery of a given voltage.

Electrostatic potential energy is the potential energy possessed by a charged body when placed in an external electric field.

11 electromotive force (n.) แรงเคลื่อนไฟฟ้า

12 resistor (n.) ตัวต้านทานไฟฟ้า

13 series circuit (n.) วงจรอนุกรม

14 parallel circuit (n.) วงจรขนาน

15 electric power (n.) ก�าลังไฟฟ้า This potential difference makes the current possible and is known as electromotive force (emf).

Resistors are devices (electrical component) made by mixing carbon with insulating substances or by wires of high resistance materials wound around an insulator.

In a series circuit the same amount of current flows through all the loads.

In a parallel circuit, each element has a separate path connecting it directly to the battery.

Electric power is the rate at which the electrical energy is converted into other forms such as heat or mechanical energy.

16 magnetic field (n.) สนามแม่เหล็ก

17 magnetic field line (n.) เส้นแรงแม่เหล็ก

18 inductor (n.) ตัวเหนี่ยวน�า The region or the space surrounding a magnet where the magnetic influence can be felt is called magnetic field.

A magnetic field can be described by drawing magnetic field lines.

An inductor is a tightly wound coil of wire.

19 induced current (n.) กระแสเหนี่ยวน�า

20 solenoid (n.) ขดลวดโซลีนอยด์ The current in the circuit is called induced current.

An induced emf can also be produced by moving a magnet towards or away from a circular coil or a solenoid.

21 electromagnetic wave (n.) คลื่นแม่เหล็ก ไฟฟ้า

22 intensity (n.) ความเข้ม Electromagnetic waves (EM waves for short) are waves which can travel through a vacuum.

The intensity of the electromagnetic waves is the energy passing per unit area per second normal (perpendicular) to the surface.

23 radio wave (n.) คลื่นวิทยุ Radio waves have the longest wavelength and the lowest frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum.

24 microwave (n.) คลื่นไมโครเวฟ Microwaves produce a heating effect when absorbed by materials. 25 infrared wave (n.) คลื่นอินฟราเรด Infrared waves are heat waves.

26 x-ray (n.) รังสีเอ็กซ์ X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped by a material plate.

27 polarisation (n.) ปรากฏการณ์โพลา ไรเซชัน Polarisation is the process of restricting the electric and magnetic fields in light.

28 scattering (n.) การกระเจิง Scattering occurs when light is absorbed and re-emitted by air molecules.

29 antenna (n.) เสาอากาศ

30 analogue signal (n.) สัญญาณอนล็อก

31 digital signal (n.) สัญญาณดิจิทัล An antenna used for broadcasting a signal should have a length comparable to the wavelength of signal.

An analogue signal represents information (say, speech) as continuous variations in signal voltage level.

Digital signals represent the same information as a binary number.

UNIT 3 : MODERN PHYSICS

1 continuous spectrum (n.) สเปกตรัมต่อเนื่อง A continuous spectrum has all wavelength in a range of electromagnetic radiation, such as all colours in visible range.

2 line spectrum (n.) สเปกตรัมแบบเส้น Line spectrums can be further divided into emission spectrums and absorption spectrums.

3 threshold frequency (n.) ความถี่ขีดเริ่ม The minimum frequency that produces photoelectric effect in a particular metal is known as the threshold frequency for that metal.

4 ground state (n.) สถานะพื้น

5 excited state (n.) สถานะถูกกระตุ้น The electrons quickly return to their ground states, by emitting the excess energy they possess.

Higher energy levels are called excited states.

6 photoelectron (n.) โฟโตอิเล็กตรอน The electrons emitted in this process are called photoelectrons.

7 photon (n.) โฟตอน The energy of a photon of light of frequency “υ” is given by E=hυ.

8 photoelectric effect (n.) ปรากฏการณ์โฟโต อิเล็กตริก Photoelectric effect proved that light sometimes behaves as if to be made up of particles.

9 de Broglie wavelength (n.) ความยาวคลื่น เดอบรอยล์

10 uncertainty (n.) หลักความไม่ แน่นอน Particles moving with momentum “P” have an associated wavelength given by h/p, where h is the Planck’s constant. It is called de Broglie wavelength.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that the position and velocity of a particle cannot be measured accurately at the same time. There will be an uncertainty.

11

12 quantum mechanics (n.) กลศาสตร์ ควอนตัม Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that explains the behavior of subatomic particles.

special relativity (n.) สัมพัทธภาพพิเศษ Special relativity is concerned with observers travelling at uniform velocity in a straight line, without acceleration.

13 relativity (n.) สัมพัทธภาพ

14 nuclear reactor (n.) เตาปฏิกรณ์ นิวเคลียร์ General theory of relativity deals with gravity and the nature of space-time.

Nuclear reactors and atom bombs are application of mass-energy equivalence. They convert mass into energy.

15 nucleon (n.) นิวคลีออน Protons and neutrons present inside the nucleus of atom are called nucleons.

16 atomic number (n.) เลขอะตอม

17 mass number (n.) เลขมวล

18 isotope (n.) ไอโซโทป

19 nuclear radiation (n.) รังสีนิวเคลียร์

20 alpha particle (n.) อนุภาคแอลฟา

21 gamma ray (n.) รังสีแกมมา The number of protons is called the proton number or atomic number of the atom and is denoted by “Z”.

The total number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus is called the nucleon number or mass number of the atom and is denoted by “A”.

Atoms of an element having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are known as isotopes.

The radiations emitted by a radioactive elements are sometimes called nuclear radiations since they are emitted from the nucleus of the atom.

We know that alpha particle is helium nucleus which consists of two protons and two neutrons.

Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength and high energy.

22 beta particle (n.) อนุภาคบีต้า A beta particle is an electron.

23 half-life (n.) ครึ่งชีวิต The half-life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time taken for half the nuclei present in the sample to decay.

24 activity (n.) กัมมันตภาพรังสี The activity of a radioactive substance is the average number of disintegrations per second.

25 nuclear fission (n.) ปฏิกิริยานิวเคลียร์ ฟิชชัน The process of a large unstable nucleus splitting into two lighter nuclei with the release of energy is called nuclear fission.

26 control rod (n.) แท่งควบคุม

27 coolant (n.) สารหล่อเย็น Control rods control the number of neutrons available for fission.

Coolant is a cooling material which removes the heat generated due to fission in the reactor.

28 nuclear fusion (n.)

29 nuclear energy (n.)

30 alternative source (n.) ปฏิกิริยานิวเคลียร์ ฟิวชัน When the lighter nuclei combine or fuse to form a larger more tightly bound nucleus with the release of energy, the process is called nuclear fusion.

พลังงานนิวเคลียร์

พลังงานทางเลือก Nuclear energy is the potential energy of protons and neutrons.

Sources of energy other than fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)

are called alternative sources of energy.

31 renewable energy (n.)

32 cyclotron (n.) พลังงานหมุนเวียน

เครื่องเร่งอนุภาค ไซโคลตรอน Wind, flowing water, sunlight and geothermal spots are known as renewable energy sources as they are replenished in nature.

Cyclotron was one of the earliest particle accelerators.

33 synchrotron (n.) เครื่องเร่งอนุภาค ซินโครตรอน Synchrotrons can achieve several hundred GeV (giga electronvolt) of energy.

34 standard model (n.) ทฤษฎีแบบจ�าลอง มาตรฐาน There are 17 fundamental (or elementary) particles in nature. Particle Physicists have described and classified them base on a theory called the standard model.

35 fermion (n.) อนุภาค เฟอร์มิออน

36 quark (n.) อนุภาคควาร์ก

37 meson (n.) อนุภาคมีซอน Fermions are building blocks of matter.

Quarks have fractional charges, but they do not exist as single particles.

A pair of quark and antiquark combine to form a type of particles called mesons.

38 boson (n.) อนุภาคโบซอน Bosons are mediators of interactions (attractions or repulsions) between fermions.

39 gluon (n.) อนุภาคกลูออน Gluons carry the strong nuclear force that acts between protons and neutrons bound in a nucleus.

40 Higgs boson (n.) อนุภาคฮิกส์ Higgs bosons create the Higgs field.

41 cosmic ray (n.) รังสีคอสมิค Cosmic rays are very high energy radiation from the outer space.

ASTRONOMY UNIT 1 : STARS

1 asterism (n.) กลุ่มดาว Asterism is a group or cluster of stars that appear close together in the sky.

2 black hole (n.) หลุมด�า Black hole is the super dense core left after a supergiant explodes as a supernova.

3 constellation (n.) กลุ่มดาว

4 light-year (n.) ปีแสง Constellation is an apparent pattern of stars in the night sky.

Light-year is the distance that light travels in one year; 9.5 trillion kilometers.

5 main sequence star (n.) ดวงดาวในวิถีหลัก

6 nebula (n.) เนบิวลา Main sequence star is a star that is fusing hydrogen atoms to helium; a star in the main portion of its "life."

Nebula is an interstellar cloud of gas and dust.

7 neutron star (n.) ดาวนิวตรอน

8 nuclear fusion reaction (n.) ปฏิกิริยานิวเคลียร์ ฟิวชัน Neutron star is the remnant of a massive star after it explodes as a supernova.

When nuclei of two atoms fuse together, giving off tremendous amounts of energy is called nuclear fusion reaction.

9 parallax (n.) ปรากฏการณ์พารา แลกซ์ Parallax is a method used by astronomers to calculate the distance to nearby stars, using the apparent shift relative to distant stars.

UNIT 2 : COSMOLOGY AND SPACE EXPLORATIONS

1 red giant (n.) ดาวยักษ์แดง Red giant is a stage in a star's development when the inner helium core contracts while the outer layers of hydrogen expand.

2 supernova star (n.)

3 elliptical galaxy (n.)

4 galaxy (n.)

5 globular cluster (n.)

6 irregular galaxy (n.) ซูปเปอร์โนวา ; ดาวฤกษ์ที่สว่าง กว่าดวงอาทิตย์

กาแลกซี่ทรงรี

กาแลกซี่ ; ระบบ ขนาดใหญ่ของ ดาวฤกษ์

กระจุกดาว ทรงกลม

กาแลกซี่แบบไม่มี รูปร่าง Supernova star is a tremendous explosion that occurs when the core of a star is mostly iron. A glowing sphere of gases that produces light through nuclear fusion reactions.

Elliptical galaxy is an oval or egg shaped galaxy with older stars and little gas and dust.

Galaxy is a very large group of stars held together by gravity ; few million to a few billion stars.

Globular cluster is groups of tens to hundreds of thousands of stars held together by gravity.

Irregular galaxy is a category of galaxy that is neither a spiral nor an elliptical galaxy.

7 Milky Way (n.) กาแลกซี่ทางช้าง เผือก Milky Way is the name of our galaxy; also the whitish band of stars visible in the night sky.

8 binary star (n.) ดาวคู่ A binary star is one of two stars that orbit each other.

9 open cluster (n.) กระจุกดาวเปิด

10 spiral arm (n.) กาแลกซี่แบบ กังหัน

11 spiral galaxy (n.) กาแล็กซี่ก้นหอย

12 star system (n.) ระบบดาว

13 star cluster (n.) กระจุกดาว Open cluster is groups of up to a few thousand stars loosely held together by gravity.

Spiral arm is regions of gas and dust plus young stars that wind outward from the central area of a spiral galaxy.

Spiral galaxy is a rotating type of galaxy with a central bulge and spiral arms with young stars, gas and dust.

Star system is small groups of stars.

Star cluster is larger groups of hundreds of thousands of stars.

14 Big Bang Theory (n.) ทฤษฎีบิกแบง ; ทฤษฎีการระเบิด ครั้งใหญ่

15 dark energy (n.) พลังงานมืด

16 dark matter (n.) สสารมืด Big Bang Theory is the hypothesis that all matter and energy were at one time compresses into a very small volume; then there was an explosion that sent everything moving outward, causing the universe to expand.

Dark energy is yet an undiscovered form of energy that we cannot see.

Dark matter is matter in the universe that doesn't emit light.

17 redshift (n.) ปรากฏการณ์เรด ชิฟ ; การเปลี่ยน ความยาวคลื่น ของคลื่นแสง Shift of wavelengths of light towards the red end of the spectrum; happens as a light source moves away from us is called Redshift.

18 universe (n.) จักรวาล

19 geocentric model (n.) แนวคิดโลกเป็น ศูนย์กลาง Universe is everything that exists ; all matter and energy ; also includes all of space and time.

Geocentric model is a model used by the ancient Greeks that puts the Earth at the center of the universe.

20 heliocentric model (n.) แนวคิดดวงอาทิตย์ เป็น ศูนย์กลาง Heliocentric model is a model proposed by Copernicus that put the Sun at the center of the universe.

21 moon (n.) ดวงจันทร์ Moon is a celestial object that orbits a larger celestial object.

22 nebular hypothesis (n.) สมมติฐานเนบิวลา Nebular hypothesis is the hypothesis that our solar system developed from a spinning cloud of gas and dust, or a nebula.

23 planet (n.) ดาวเคราะห์

24 solar system (n.) ระบบสุริยะ

25 inner planets (n.) ดาวเคราะห์ชั้นใน Planet is a round, celestial object that orbits a star and has cleared its orbit of smaller objects.

Solar system is the Sun and all the objects that revolve around the Sun as a result of gravity.

Inner planets is the four planets inside the asteroid belt of our solar system ; Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

26 terrestrial planets (n.) ดาวเคราะห์หิน Terrestrial planets is the solid, dense, rocky planets that are like Earth.

27 day (n.) วัน Day is the time that takes a planet to rotate once on its axis.

28 year (n.) ปี

29 Galilean moons (n.) ดวงจันทร์กาลิ เลียน

30 gas giants (n.) ดาวเคราะห์ก๊าซ ยักษ์

31 Great Red Spot (n.) จุดแดงใหญ่

32 outer planets (n.) ดาวเคราะห์ชั้น

นอก

33 planetary rings (n.) วงแหวนดาวเค ระห์

34 asteroid (n.) ดาวเคราะน้อย

35 asteroid belt (n.) แถบดาวเคราะห์ น้อย

36 dwarf planet (n.) ดาวเคราะห์แคระ Year is the time it takes for a planet to orbit the Sun.

Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo.

Gas giants are the four large outer planets composed of the gases hydrogen and helium.

Great Red Spot is an enormous, oval shaped storm on Jupiter.

Outer planets are the four large planets beyond the asteroid belt in our solar system.

Planetary rings are rings of dust and rock encircling a planet in a thin plane.

Asteroid is rocky objects larger than a few hundred meters that orbit the Sun in the region known as the asteroid belt.

Asteroid belt is a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where many asteroids are found.

Dwarf planet is a round celestial object orbiting the Sun that has not cleared its orbit of other objects.

37 comet (n.) ดาวหาง Comet is a small, icy, dusty object in orbit around the Sun.

38 Kuiper belt (n.) แถบไคเปอร์

39 meteor (n.) ดาวตก

40 meteorite (n.) อุกกาบาต Kuiper belt is a region of space around the Sun beyond the orbit of Neptune that contains millions of frozen objects.

Meteor is a material from outer space that burns up as it enters Earth's atmosphere.

Meteorite is the solid portion of a meteor that hits the Earth's surface.

41 meteoroid (n.) สะเก็ดดาว

42 meteor shower (n.) ฝนดาวตก

43 catadioptric telescope (n.)

44 constellations (n.) กล้องดูดาวแบบ ผสม

กลุ่มดาว Meteoroid is a small rock in interplanetary space that has not yet entered Earth's atmosphere.

Meteor shower is an area of frequent meteors appearing to originate in a particular part of the sky.

Catadioptric telescope is a telescope that use a combination of mirrors and lenses to focus light.

Constellations are patterns of stars as observed from Earth.

45 electromagnetic radiation (n.) รังสีแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า Electromagnetic radiation is the energy that transmitted through space as a wave.

46 frequency (n.) ความถี่ Frequency is the number of wavelengths that pass a given point every second.

47 electromagnetic spectrum (n.) สเปกตรัมแม่เหล็ก ไฟฟ้า Electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation.

48 gamma rays (n.) รังสีแกมมา

49 infrared light (n.) รังสีอินฟาเรด Gamma rays is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation.

Infrared light is electromagnetic waves with frequencies between radio waves and red light ; about 1 mm to 750 nanometers.

50 light-year (n.) ปีแสง

51 microwaves (n.) คลื่นไมโครเวฟ

52 radio telescope (n.) กล้องโทรทรรศน์ วิทยุ

53 radio waves (n.) คลื่นวิทยุ

54 spectrometer (n.) สเปกโตรมิเตอร์; เครื่องมือวัดเชิง แสงชนิดหนึ่งที่ใช้ ในการตรวจวัด คุณสมบัติเฉพาะ ของแสง Light-year is the distance light can travel in one year; 9.5 trillion kilometers.

Microwaves is the shortest wavelength radio waves.

Radio telescope is a radio antenna that collects radio waves.

Radio waves is the longest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum; from 1 mm to more than thousands of kilometers.

Spectrometer is a tool that uses a prism to break lights into its component colors.

55 reflecting telescope (n.) กล้องโทรทรรศน์ แบบสะท้อนแสง Reflecting telescope is a telescope that use mirrors to collect and focus light.

56 refracting telescope (n.) กล้องโทรทรรศน์ แบบหักเหแสง

57 space telescope (n.) กล้องโทรทรรศน์

อวกาศ

58 ultraviolet (n.) รังสี อัลตราไวโอเลต Refracting telescope is a telescope that use convex lenses to collect and focus light.

Space telescope is a telescope in orbit above Earth's atmosphere.

Ultraviolet is an electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths shorter than the violet.

59 wavelength (n.) ความยาวคลื่น

60 visible light (n.) แสง

61 geostationary orbit(n.)

62 low Earth orbit (n.)

63 orbit (n.) วงโคจรค้างฟ้า

วงโคจรต�่าใกล้ผิว โลก

วงโคจร

64 polar orbit (n.) วงโคจรขั้วโลก

66 satellite (n.) ดาวเทียม Wavelength is the horizontal distance measured from wave crest to wave crest, or wave trough to wave trough.

Visible light is the portion of light in the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to humans.

Geostationary orbit is a satellite placed at just the right distance above Earth to orbit at the same rate that Earth spins.

Low Earth orbit is the satellite that orbits relatively close to the Earth.

Orbit is the travel in a circular or elliptical path around another object.

Polar orbit is a path for a satellite that goes over the North and South Poles, perpendicular to Earth's spin.

Satellite is an object, either natural or human made, that orbits a larger object.

65 rocket (n.) จรวด

67 space probe(n.) ยานส�ารวจอวกาศ Rocket is a device propelled by particles flying out of it at high speed.

Space probe is a spacecraft that is sent without a crew to collect data by flying near or landing on an object in space.

68 space race (n.) การแข่งขันด้าน

อวกาศ

69 thrust (n.) แรงผลักดัน

70 orbiter (n.) ยานอวกาศ

71 space shuttle (n.) กระสวยอวกาศ Space Race is a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to have the best space technology.

Thrust is the forward force produced by gases escaping from a rocket engine.

Orbiter is the main part of the space shuttle that has wings like an airplane.

Space shuttle is a reusable spacecraft capable of carrying large pieces of equipment or pieces of a space station.

72 space station (n.) สถานีอวกาศ Space station is a large spacecraft in space on which humans can live for an extended period of time.