POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK SINGLE-VOLTAGE EXTERNAL AC-DC POWER SUPPLY, BASIC-VOLTAGE A SUMMARY OF DOE LEVEL VI EFFICIENCY AND NO-LOAD LOSS LIMITS. are defined for immunity to ESD and conducted and radiated interference. Effects ‘criteria’ are also specified, ranging from ‘A’ for ‘no effect’ to ‘D’ for permanent loss of function or damage. The acceptable level depends on the application; critical medical equipment might demand uninterrupted operation with the highest severity level of interference. But a disposable cell phone adapter might be fine with a non-resettable fuse opening inside after a mains surge. In both scenarios, the products could be said to be EMC compliant but with very different outcomes. Medical power supplies generally, whether in ‘operator’ or ‘patient connect’ applications, have enhanced EMC compliance requirements in the fourth edition of IEC 60601-1- 2, based on the IEC 61000 series but with higher severity levels or expanded scope. POWER CONVERTER EFFICIENCY The efficiency of power converters at full and light load, along with no-load losses, has long been an economic concern. Environmental impact worries are now mandating tighter efficiency limits. Standards defined by the U.S. Dept. of Energy are at Level VI. In the E.U., the Ecodesign Directive 2019/1782 sets mandatory limits substantially the Nameplate output power (Pout) Nameplate output power (Pout) minimum efficiency in active mode (expressed as a decimal) Maximum power in no-load mode (w) Pout ≤ 1 W ≥ 0.5 x Pout + 0.16 ≤ 0.100 1 W < Pout ≤ 49 W ≥ 0.071 x In(Pout) - 0.0014 x Pout + 0.67 ≤ 0.100 49 W < Pout ≤ 250 W ≥ 0.880 ≤ 0.210 Pout > 250 W ≥ 0.875 ≤ 0.500 SINGLE-VOLTAGE EXTERNAL AC-DC POWER SUPPLY, LOW-VOLTAGE Nameplate output power (Pout) Nameplate output power (Pout) minimum efficiency in active mode (expressed as a decimal) Maximum power in no-load mode (w) Pout ≤ 1 W ≥ 0.517 x Pout + 0.087 ≤ 0.100 1 W < Pout ≤ 49 W ≥ 0.0834 x In(Pout) - 0.0014 x Pout + 0.609 ≤ 0.100 49 W < Pout ≤ 250 W ≥ 0.870 ≤ 0.210 Pout > 250 W ≥ 0.875 ≤ 0.500 SINGLE-VOLTAGE EXTERNAL AC-AC POWER SUPPLY, BASIC-VOLTAGE Nameplate output power (Pout) Nameplate output power (Pout) minimum efficiency in active mode (expressed as a decimal) Maximum power in no-load mode (w) Pout ≤ 1 W ≥ 0.5 x Pout + 0.16 ≤ 0.210 1 W < Pout ≤ 49 W ≥ 0.071 x In(Pout) - 0.0014 x Pout + 0.67 ≤ 0.210 49 W < Pout ≤ 250 W ≥ 0.880 ≤ 0.210 Pout > 250 W ≥ 0.875 ≤ 0.500 SINGLE-VOLTAGE EXTERNAL AC-AC POWER SUPPLY, LOW-VOLTAGE Nameplate output power (Pout) Nameplate output power (Pout) minimum efficiency in active mode (expressed as a decimal) Maximum power in no-load mode (w) Pout ≤ 1 W ≥ 0.517 x Pout + 0.087 ≤ 0.210 1 W < Pout ≤ 49 W ≥ 0.0834 x In(Pout) - 0.0014 x Pout + 0.609 ≤ 0.210 49 W < Pout ≤ 250 W ≥ 0.870 ≤ 0.210 Pout > 250 W ≥ 0.875 ≤ 0.500 MULTIPLE-VOLTAGE EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY THE NEW UKCA MARK. 34 DESIGN WORLD — EE NETWORK Nameplate output power (Pout) Nameplate output power (Pout) minimum efficiency in active mode (expressed as a decimal) Maximum power in no-load mode (w) Pout ≤ 1 W ≥ 0.497 x Pout + 0.067 ≤ 0.300 1 W < Pout ≤ 49 W ≥ 0.075 x In(Pout) + 0.561 ≤ 0.300 49 W < Pout ≤ 250 W ≥ 0.860 ≤ 0.300 2 • 2021 eeworldonline.com | designworldonline.com

Power Electronics Handbook 2021