Design World/EE Network - Test & Measurement Handbook

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Test & Measurement

Two fossils. The author and his Heathkit Model 10-4205 oscilloscope.

No nostalgia for old test instruments

LELAND TESCHLER Executive Editor @DW_LeeTeschler

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The media constantly reminds us that the capabilities we can get in our laptop computers and PCs have grown exponentially over the past few decades.

Though it has gotten much less press, the same phenomenon applies to electronic test instruments.

For evidence, consider the Heathkit Model 10-4205 oscilloscope I assembled in my basement back around 1980. The kit was impressive in its heyday; it has a 5-MHz bandwidth, pretty much a requirement if you were troubleshooting TV sets of the time. In contrast, other hobby scopes back then mainly were good only for audio frequencies.

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The 4205 has two independent channels that share the same time base. Its vertical sensitivity is 10 mV/ cm with a horizontal sweep ranging from 200 msec to 0.2 µsec/division.

It can trigger on ac or dc levels, a TV signal, or plus/minus signal slope. And, of course, the 4205 is an analog scope.

The 4205 retailed in the $350 to $500 range, and assembled versions still occasionally come up on eBay for around $100. It was okay for poking around the original IBM PC and its 8088 processor running at 4.77 MHz. But in 1982, PCs carrying the 80286 came along running at 6 and 8 MHz. That pretty much marked the beginning of the end for scopes with a 5-MHz bandwidth.

Today, you can still find scopes in the 4205’s original price range. But their performance specifications are quite different. Just to pick one example, consider a DS1102E made by Rigol. It is a dual-channel digital scope with a bandwidth 20 times (100 MHz) that of my old Heathkit.

It can record waveforms in a one-million-point memory, whereas the only way to record a waveform traced out on the 4205 was with a film camera. It triggers on waveforms that were unheard of in 1980 and displays them on a color screen. And it automatically measures waveform parameters that scope users in 1980 had to figure out using pocket calculators and grease pencils for marking pertinent measurement points on the scope screen.

Comparisons get even more interesting when you allow for inflation. The 4205’s equivalent 2015 price would be between $1,000 and $1,600. Modern scopes in that price range look like they come from another planet when put next to the 1980s-vintage predecessor.

To pick another example from numerous candidates, consider the 2000-X series scopes from Keysight Technologies. These are portable units with a bandwidth 40 times (up to 200 MHz) that of the Heathkit. Their vertical sensitivity is 1 mV/division and their time base goes down to 2 nsec/division. The trend in scopes is to combine several instrument functions into one chassis and this model is no exception. It incorporates a function generator, DVM, protocol analyzer and counter.

All in all, it’s a truism that modern instrumentation has made life a lot easier for engineers running tests. You can get a bird’s eye view of how far instrument technology has come from the oscilloscope buyer’s guide you’ll find tucked into our Test & Measurement Handbook. But one thing you won’t find in it is a 5-MHz oscilloscope. testandmeasurementtips.com

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CONTENTS

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Test & Measurement

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No nostalgia for old test instruments

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How to select an oscilloscope

The capabilities we can get in our laptop computers and

Here’s a quick review of that’s important to know about

PCs have grown exponentially over the past few decades.

the wide assortment of scopes and scope features

The same can be said of scopes.

available today.

UPDATES • Robot cuts its tether with help from modern oscilloscopes • Instrument vendors amplify channel sounding setups

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Oscilloscope Buyers Guide Our first annual guide to test equipment from major oscilloscope manufacturers give major specifications in a format that lets engineers compare and evaluate

Vector network analyzers illuminate wireless product designs

brands that provide similar functions. We’ve also created an online version of our table. It can be found at www.

There are a few basic things to know about how to

testandmeasurementtips.com and is interactive. We’ll also

use vector network analyzers that measure complex

be updating the online version continually to make it an

impedance in RF circuits.

even more useful tool for scope selection.

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Trigger me this

Cutting AC Line Harmonics: A Three-Phase challenge.

Conventional triggering methods in oscilloscopes have trouble capturing rare or complex events. New approaches employ FPGA technology to discern complicated triggering conditions and analyze signals in real time.

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Cover images courtesy of: B&K Precision Corp., Cleverscope Ltd., Fluke Corp., Keysight Technologies, Inc., Teledyne LeCroy, Pico Technology, RIGOL Technologies Inc., Rhode and Schwartz GmbH & Co., SIGLENT Technologies America, Inc., and Tektronix Inc. 6

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Test & Measurement

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Robot cuts its tether with help from modern oscilloscopes

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An open-source robot called the iCub now has a battery pack that was tested and optimized using a Tektronix oscilloscope and power probes.

The iCub is a humanoid robot developed at Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia. Available as an open system platform under a GPL license, iCub has been adopted by

The iCub’s new battery backpack sits in the “backpack” visible on the back of the robot’s upper torso skin. It contains a 36-V/9.3-Ah Li-ion power source, enough to power the robot for several hours.

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more than 30 research institutions worldwide. (With a price tag of about €250,000 [≈$273,000], the robot is aimed at serious researchers rather than hobbyists.)

It is about the size of a four-year-old child and has 53 motors to move its head, arms and hands, waist and legs. The majority of the motors reside in the upper body and there are nine in each hand. The iCub sensors include cameras, microphones, force/torque sensors, a full body skin, gyros and accelerometers, and encoders in every joint.

The robot can crawl on all fours and sit up and balance. It can see and hear, and

The iCub. The MSO4104B Tektronix scope is in the background

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The screen capture shows current, voltage and power levels during start-up of the Hot Swap Manager (HSM) board. Start-up transients were measured and reigned in with the help of Tektronix test instrumentation.

has the sense of proprioception (body configuration) and movement (using accelerometers and gyroscopes).

The robot took its first steps in 2007, but has undergone incremental development since then. Only recently, IIT engineers created a battery backpack that provides power to the robot. The design consists of a Li-Ion battery pack, 36 V/9.3 Ah; a battery management system (BMS) board for monitoring charge, protecting against overvoltage/overcurrent and to balance cells; a monitor board (BMON) for checking battery status including voltage, current and charge percentages; a power board to implement the dc/dc conversions from battery voltage to the iCub power supply; and a Hot Swap Manager (HSM). The robot has two dc voltage levels: 12 V/10 A for the dc motors and the PC, and 36 V/8 A for the 26 brushless dc motors. Finally, a master board with a Bluetooth interface (BCB) manages the whole system.

The iCub firmware is open source and allows a 1-msec trajectory generation 12

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period, 20-kHz current loop for the brushless motors, 10 K messages/sec over the Ethernet, 1-kHz force/torque sensor readouts, and full bandwidth skin sensor read-out. Images transfer at 30 fps in stereo at 640×480 resolution.

With the basic battery backpack design, IIT designers had to verify power management, set limits to stay within the safe operating ranges of the MOSFETs, determine power consumption, and validate data communications across the CAN and I2C buses used on the control boards. A Tektronix MSO4104B oscilloscope handled these measurements. Tests also used a TDP1000 differential probe, TCP0030 current probe and four TPP1000 probes along with the DPO 4AUTO data decoder module. This equipment measured the analog signals, the power qualities and the bus communications of the electronic boards.

The MSO4104B oscilloscope has a 1-GHz bandwidth with a sample rate of 5 GS/sec. It supports up to four analog channels and 16

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digital channels. Because the digital channels are fully integrated into the oscilloscope, users can trigger across all input channels, automatically time-correlating all analog, digital and serial signals.

The TCP0030 probe used by IIT is a high-performance ac/dc current probe that provides greater than 120 MHz bandwidth with selectable 5- and 30-A measurement ranges. It also handles low-current measurements and has an accuracy to levels as low as 1 mA. Both the voltage and current probes helped measure the outputs of the dc/dc converters and the HSM board. The robot pulls a lot of current, so the IIT team ran numerous tests during start-up and normal operation.

Designers had to analyze the startup transient to tune the HSM to stay beneath the power limits of the MOSFET transistors. Said iCub development team member Marco Maggiali, “Without actually performing analysis on the board, it’s hard to know how it will perform in the real world.

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Here’s a view of how the iCub’s battery pack discharges. The MSO4104B deep memory was used to characterize it.

A screenshot gives an example of the CAN and I2C communication signals and the respective bytes decoded. CAN and I2C decoding helped speed up debug.

The oscilloscope made it easy for us to adjust parameters correctly to ensure maximum protection for the MOSFETs.” Another challenge the team faced was operating in the inherently noisy environment of the robot with many different motors starting and stopping constantly. In this case, the TDP1000 differential probe helped measure the voltage drop on shunt resistors of the dc/dc converter and helped evaluate noise levels in the output signal. The resulting info helped direct the placement of choke filters and shielding to minimize noise.

The oscilloscope played a role in evaluating battery life under various conditions. Interestingly, it proved difficult to exercise the robot to its fullest potential with all 53 motors running simultaneously.

In fact, the team was unable to produce a truly worstcase scenario. With the robot moving as close to full movement as possible, the MSO4104B’s 20-M-point record length helped characterize battery discharge.

Under near worst-case scenarios, the battery lasted about 1.5 hours, but typically much longer under more normal operation.

With three boards and two bus technologies, an important challenge confronting the team was the validation and debugging of data communications— tedious if performed manually. The DPO 4AUTO data decoder module made it easy to read and validate the data communications among the BCB, HSM and the BMON. The HSM communicates with the BCB through a 1-Mb/sec CAN bus while the BMON connects through I2C to the BCB. The BCB includes a Bluetooth interface to communicate battery status to a mobile device or to the robot head.

Development of the iCub platform continues at IIT with iCub 2.0 (including battery backpack) now in the works. While the iCub isn’t quite ready to go outside and play on its own, the robot continues to expand its repertoire of capabilities.

REFERENCES iCub icub.org

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UPDATES Instrument vendors amplify channel sounding setups

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The fifth-generation, or 5G, wireless networks now on the drawing boards could eventually impact mobile phones and connections classified under the Internet of Things (IoT). But the technical work underway to prepare for these networks is already affecting development work in microwave frequencies.

The aims of 5G networks include data rates of several tens of megabytes per second supported for tens of thousands of users and 1 Gbit/sec rates available simultaneously to workers grouped together. And 5G is expected to handle several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections as might be necessary for massive IoT sensor deployments.

These improvements are expected to be rolled out by 2020.

There’s a lot to be done before any of these ideas can be realized.

One problem is that the millimeter wave frequencies targeted for 5G

use aren’t well characterized in terms of their signal propagation properties. Complicating the situation is that radio links in that range will use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) techniques involving a multiplicity of transmit and receive antennas deployed to make use of multipath propagation modes. MIMO setups send and receive numerous data signals on the same frequency channel simultaneously. To boost data rates, signals get encoded in a way that exploits the independent fading and reflections of signals traveling past obstacles between the transmitter and receiver.

Critical to this sort of encoding is having a model of signal propagation in the planned RF channels.

One important parameter in the model is the time dispersion arising because of reflectors and scatterers that lie in the propagation path between transmitters and receivers. The systems measuring the propagation delays frequently employ what’s called a spreadspectrum sliding correlator. The idea is to record snapshots of received power versus time.

Among other things, these snapshots show the number of signal peaks arriving at the receiver.

The peaks correspond to copies of the transmitted signal traveling through multiple paths in the RF channel. On these snapshots, a plot of the time axis shows absolute propagation delay, where the axis origin corresponds to zero propagation delay between the transmitter and receiver.

Of course, the first and strongest received signal is that corresponding to line-of-sight (LOS). It is then easy to figure out multipath distances using the knowledge

The recently developed Keysight 5G channel sounding Reference Solution. The instrument cluster transmits and receives at up to 44 GHz with a 1-GHz bandwidth for 4 or 8 MIMO channels and will capture multiple phase-coherent channels for real-time CIR data processing. There are systemlevel calibration and synchronization facilities, and users can add more channels and tests as 5G standards evolve. The system also permits customization of waveforms and models for channel parameter extractions and system integration.

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Block diagram; Channel sounding reference solution

that RF energy travels at roughly 1 ft/ns in air. The peaks following the LOS signal are delayed copies caused by the additional distance traveled through multiple propagation paths. These delayed peaks can cause interference and affect the reliability of wireless systems.

Researchers describe the delay exhibited by an RF channel in terms of the delay times rather than the shape of the multipath signals received because the shape of delayed signals doesn’t much impact wireless system performance. The resulting characterization helps determine, for example, if all frequency components transmitted through the channel experience the same degree of fading.

The instrumentation setups for making these sorts of measurements can get complicated.

To simplify things somewhat, instrumentation vendors now offer what are called reference solutions for running channel sounding tests, basically preconfigured combinations of the necessary test instruments.

A recent addition in this category is the 5G channel sounding Reference Solution recently developed by Keysight Technologies. The setup is testandmeasurementtips.com

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designed for researching millimeter-wave 5G channel models and includes ultra-broadband and MIMO. The Keysight setup combines metrology grade hardware with software. Keysight said researchers can use the reference solution to get accurate absolute delay measurements with system-wide calibrations, precise timing and synchronization.

The Keysight system uses wideband correlation, rather than the more typical sliding correlator technique, to do channel sounding. The wideband correlation is faster, thanks to the use of a high-speed digitizer (M9703A) employing FPGAs. It also provides phase information about the channel, whereas sliding correlation methods only yield amplitude information. The reference solution includes Keysight’s SystemVue design and simulation software platform that makes channel parameter estimations and performs link-level simulations and validation of new 5G designs with the imported channel models.

REFERENCES Keysight Technologies channel sounding Reference Solution keysight.com/find/5G

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Vector network analyzers illuminate wireless product designs Here are a few basic things to know about how to use vector network analyzers that measure complex impedance in RF circuits.

BEN MAXSON Head Applications Engineer Copper Mountain Technologies

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Engineers who work with signals at relatively low frequencies don’t have to worry about conducting power through circuits. Simple wiring suffices for handling frequencies measured in the tens of kilohertz or less. The resistance of the wire is relatively low and it doesn’t much impact the shape of the signal it carries.

Of course, this situation changes drastically at radio frequencies and higher. Here, the signal wavelengths involved can be comparable to or smaller than the length of the conductors in the circuit. Design engineers must think of circuit components in terms of how they interact with traveling waves. Circuits become transmission lines, which, when terminated in their characteristic impedance, transfer maximum power to the load. When the termination impedance doesn’t equal the characteristic impedance, the part of the signal not absorbed by the load reflects back to the source.

These fundamental facts of RF transmission are becoming of interest to a large number of engineers who are working on projects with wireless technology. The Internet of Things concept has brought forth wireless products ranging from Bluetooth in bathroom scales to WiFi in refrigerators. When designers add wireless

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capabilities to their products, the results must be tested to confirm optimal function and performance.

The most efficient and accurate instruments for testing RF hardware are vector network analyzers (VNAs). A VNA stimulates an electronic device by sending it a signal, then measures how much of the signal passes through the device or is reflected back. These instruments evaluate the performance of components ranging in complexity from a single cable to highly integrated RF circuits and devices.

VNAs record both the magnitude and phase of the signals received. The measurements are expressed as scattering or “S” parameters that can be mathematically manipulated and displayed in many different ways.

A VNA is comprised of a signal generator, a test set, one or more receivers, a display, and the computing power needed to manage the measurement procedure and subsequently process the results. During operation, the test set sends a signal using one of the analyzer’s ports through a cable to the device under test (DUT). The amount of signal that passes through the device and continues to a second port on the VNA is expressed as a transmission parameter.

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The measurement of S-parameters of a base transceiver station (BTS) filter, traced out here, took about 80 msec on a Cobalt C1220 VNA, which maintained a measurement range of more than 100 dB. This time is almost completely determined by the VNA’s IF bandwidth.

The speedy measurement time allows for real-time tuning of high-isolation BTS filters.

Similarly, the degree to which the device blocks or reflects the signal is recorded as a reflection parameter. The measured reflection or transmission can be anywhere from 99.99999 to 0.000001% of the signal that was sent. For example, if the VNA sends a signal of a certain power and 98% of what was sent returns, reflection is considered to be nearly full-scale or complete.

When selecting a VNA, the first consideration is the normal operating frequency of the DUT. For instance, Bluetooth devices operate in a range of 2.4 to 2.5 GHz. Thus, a VNA testing a Bluetooth device must generate signals below and somewhat above 2.4 GHz. Typical operating frequency ranges for other applications include broadcast TV equipment below 1 GHz and cable TV amplifiers and components below 1.3 GHz. The majority of cellular equipment operates below 2 GHz. Thus, for tests of cellphone antennas, base stations, cabling or amplifiers, a VNA must generate test signals at 2 GHz and below. A widely used frequency for WiFi is approximately 5.8 to 5.9 GHz. To measure the performance of devices using that band, a VNA must generate signals in a range below and above approximately 6 GHz. In some situations, however, simply matching the VNA to the frequency of the DUT will not provide sufficient information. For testing in an R&D environment, especially for active devices, users 18

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VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZERS

The measured reflection or transmission can be anywhere from 99.99999 to 0.000001% of the signal that was sent.

should consider a VNA that can generate frequencies at least three times higher than those employed by the device being tested.

The added range lets engineers detect unexpected electronic behavior outside the device’s specified operating range. It also helps characterize nonlinearities and allows for future expansions of bandwidth requirements. On the other hand, a VNA used exclusively to confirm specs on a manufacturing line might not need an extended measuring frequency range.

The number of ports on a VNA also defines its capabilities. As when choosing a VNA frequency range, the characteristics of the devices being tested determine the number of necessary ports. A simple cable or antenna requires an analyzer with one port.

Devices with both an input and an output, or two inputs, need a two-port analyzer. Devices with numerous inputs can be analyzed with a four-port analyzer or multiple two-port units. In some cases, multiple ports may be unnecessary. For example, there are lowercost, single-port VNAs that are candidates for designers adding Bluetooth to their product who simply want to know if the antenna works well and need to investigate ways to optimize its matching circuit.

In the VNA measurement process, there is a fundamental compromise between speed and measurement quality.

VNA software contains a setting called intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth.

Increasing the IF bandwidth shortens the measurement sweep time, yet increases the amount of measurement noise. Conversely, decreasing the IF bandwidth slows down the pace of measurement and improves the dynamic range, thereby lowering measurement noise.

A suitable VNA will be able to make a measurement of a required accuracy in what the user considers to be a reasonable amount of time.

One example of a VNA designed to work with a PC is the Copper Mountain Cobalt C1220. It operates over a frequency range of 100 kHz to 20 GHz, offers a typical dynamic range of 145 dB, and measures S11, S12, S21 and S22 parameters with an output power adjustment range of -60 to 10 dBm.

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Because VNAs differ, prospective buyers should consult with the instrument vendor or the specific instrument’s data sheet to find the typical measurement time at the needed dynamic range. For example, if some tests need 110 dB of dynamic range, the vendor or data sheet should be able to provide the typical sweep time at that range. The buyer may also look for the instrument’s dynamic range at the lowest tolerable measurement speed.

VNA instruments typically come in three basic configurations. A traditional VNA is set up in the form of big-box test equipment with a large, self-contained chassis that houses the signal generator, the test sets, the receivers and a computer.

Another approach is a VNA card or module that plugs into a slot in a generalapplication equipment chassis. A third format represents purely modular systems.

In modular arrangements, a USB- or Ethernet-controlled analyzer separates the measurement module from the processing module. The measurement hardware consists of a more compact unit that connects to an external PC. The VNA software offloads the measurement

As with any electronic equipment, VNA technology is continually upgraded.

The performance of older units, especially their built-in computers, quickly becomes outdated. results formatting and display to the PC. The user interface runs on the PC app that enables quicker mouse point-and-click navigation through the instrument menu pages. PC hardware can be updated independently from the measurement hardware, and the data generated can be saved directly onto the computer. This eliminates the need to transfer information by a thumb drive 20

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or by other means to generate reports and/or presentations.

Used and refurbished VNAs are available at relatively low prices. But depending on the viability of the company that produced them, service and support may no longer be available. As with any electronic equipment, VNA technology is continually upgraded. The performance of older units, especially their built-in computers, quickly becomes outdated.

Sometimes the VNA serves in a role where it repeatedly tests the same device over a period of time. Here, the instrument should have automation capacity that consists of a programming interface and software designed to support autonomous control of the measurement process.

Regardless of a VNA’s configuration, it must be accurately calibrated along with the components with which it works. Calibration eliminates repeatable or “systematic” measurement errors. The presence of imperfections in the cables, adapters and other components between the measuring instrument and the device being tested will cause such measurement errors. Collectively, those connectors and components are called the test fixture.

For example, any length of cable will produce a delay in signal propagation. The delay may be a matter of picoseconds, but even that amount can be significant in certain measurement scenarios. Because systemic errors remain constant, calibration allows them to be quantified and mathematically accounted for. Calibration produces measurements nearly as accurate as would be obtained from a system without any imperfections.

Traditional calibration involves the use of calibration kits with standards that provide known measurement characteristics as the baseline. These characteristics are provided in advance to the VNA, which measures these standards using the fixture that will be employed in testing the actual device. The VNA then compares the measured results to the entered characteristics. Based on the difference, the VNA mathematically

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VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZERS

determines corrections required to remove the effects of imperfections in the fixture. Operators must always handle cables and adapters with care, as out-of-spec or damaged fixture components can affect accuracy and even damage the components to which they are connected.

It’s important to run calibrations often enough to ensure accurate measurements. The nature of the measurements and the environmental conditions determine the frequency of calibration. A basic pass/fail evaluation may not need acute precision; depending on the volume of work, monthly calibration may be okay, especially if the elements of the fixture remain unchanged.

However, the situation is different when an application requires critical measurements that are near the limits of the test instrument’s precision. Here, daily or even hourly recalibration is necessary to compensate for changing temperatures of the environment and other factors. Environmental temperature changes of 1 or 2° C can significantly affect measurement results.

Calibration kits can be purchased or rented from numerous vendors.

The cost of a typical top-level calibration kit can be $10,000, and rental fees will reflect the provider’s investment. More economical but slightly less precise kits are also available. Calibration kits generally contain a variety of standards that are connected to and disconnected from the instrument individually.

A relatively new development in calibration technology is the Automatic Calibration Module (ACM). It is a separate physical device from

the VNA, but is supported by the VNA software.

When connected to the fixture, it internally switches among a number of different standards, stores the results and sends them to the VNA software so adjustments can take place. Some ACMs work on an exclusive basis with the VNAs of their manufacturer, while others can be applied universally. ACMs are generally faster and easier to use, less expensive and more accurate than traditional mechanical standards.

As digital communication technologies continually develop, the need to analyze and optimize the hardware involved becomes crucial.

Both development and production operations will benefit from fast, flexible and comprehensive evaluation of simple and complex components.

VNAs provide cost-effective RF performance measurement and verification that can be customized for specific research, development and manufacturing process situations.

REFERENCES Copper Mountain Technologies coppermountaintech.com

The 75-Ω S7530 VNA is a 3.0-GHz, two-port instrument, capable of 120 dB dynamic range and can work with any Windows PC. It handles analysis capabilities that include timedomain with gating and frequency offset modes. Users can run tests manually or through automation in Python, Matlab, Excel, C++, VB.NET or LabVIEW.

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Trigger me this Conventional triggering methods in oscilloscopes have trouble capturing rare or complex events. New approaches employ FPGA technology to discern complicated triggering conditions and analyze signals in real time.

BILL DRIVER CHRISTIAN GINDORF National Instruments

Analog Input

Digital scope block diagram Analog Frontend

Analog to Digital Converter

Acquisition Memory

Signal Processing and Software Trigger

Display

Trigger Detection

O

One important requirement for oscilloscopes and similar instruments is the ability to trigger on an event of interest.

Many vendors offer upward of 100 predefined triggers to help users quickly isolate both common and occasional events. This plethora of trigger modes can make choosing the correct trigger more difficult than actually capturing the signal. Triggers can vary by type, speed, bandwidth, hold off, software and so on, but each carries tradeoffs between flexibility and dead time.

Two aspects determine an oscilloscope’s trigger performance: Trigger flexibility describes how easily a trigger threshold or condition can be defined to see the signal conditions under test.

Most oscilloscopes provide numerous trigger functions with minimal settings, such as level or width, but don’t provide a way to customize them. Trigger dead time is the time period over which the oscilloscope cannot detect trigger events between acquisitions. A scope can miss an event of interest falling into this dead time.

Trigger dead time is an inherent quality in all trigger architectures, but there are ways to minimize it. Many oscilloscope vendors offer

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This block diagram of an oscilloscope reveals the instrument’s dependence on digital signal processing. The acquisition memory and signal-processing unit determine the oscilloscope’s acquisition update rate and dead time.

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TRIGGER ME THIS

software-based triggers to add more flexibility. But softwarebased triggering comes with a significant amount of dead time because of the necessary postprocessing. It is not ideal for rare and infrequent events.

Edge triggering (starting an acquisition on a rising or falling signal transition) is one of the most common trigger modes on oscilloscopes today. The majority of simple debug and test functions are handled with an edge trigger. But it often takes a more complex trigger scenario to isolate a particular signal shape or multiple shapes in succession.

More advanced triggering options are also common on oscilloscopes and offer additional flexibility for capturing serial protocols like I2C or SPI, as well as advanced events and signal qualities such as glitches, runt, width, slew rate and timeout.

Many trigger conditions are implemented in hardware. But software is used to create more sophisticated trigger options and testandmeasurementtips.com

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The effect of dead time during scope signal acquisition becomes evident in this illustration.

In the top trace, the scope misses the rare event happening during the dead time interval. There is no such problem in the case of continuous processing shown in the bottom trace.

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signal qualifications. Software triggers offer the most flexibility, but add to the data transfer and processing time during which the oscilloscopes cannot detect new triggers.

The trigger system dead time can easily be a magnitude longer than the actual acquired data record—in other words, oscilloscope trigger systems can be blind over 95% of the time. Besides making it harder to detect rare or infrequent events, lengthy dead times could give users the false idea that trigger events are rare because they were undetected during measurement times.

If the triggering or signal analysis capability of an oscilloscope isn’t up to the task, there’s only one remaining option: Acquire long waveform segments and download them to a PC for post-processing to find a specific event. But this task adds an additional layer of complexity to the overall system design and also causes longer test times because of the data transfer latency and necessary processing time.

Most software-based or smart trigger options can handle ordinary circuit design and test. But there are often rare events that can slow product development significantly if not isolated and corrected quickly. This is where the ability to implement user-defined algorithms

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Introducing the OMEGA® PLATINUMTM Series Industrial Strength Controllers and Panel Meters

on an oscilloscope can come in handy. Users can customize the instrument for specific tasks and not be limited to functions the instrument vendor defined. For example, users can create their own application-specific trigger conditions. This can help to significantly reduce test time by eliminating the need for post-processing of data on a PC. FPGAs are the key enabling technology that give scopes both inline data processing as well as the flexibility to be reprogrammed. These programmable chips can perform custom signal processing and run control algorithms at high throughput rates in true parallel fashion. FPGAs allow for modifying or adding user-specific trigger algorithms. Their high-throughput processing enables the analysis of data samples in real time during acquisition, instead of in post-processing.

This eliminates dead time, prevents missed trigger events and helps detect rare events much faster.

For an example of where a user-defined trigger is helpful, consider a case where there are signal shapes or transitions that don’t fit into the standard trigger definitions. In the accompanying diagram, a digital signal shows a nonmonotonic edge as can be caused by signal reflections or a faulty power supply powering the circuit. A standard edge or width trigger might not detect this undesired signal, and detection within normal means is almost impossible.

It takes a special trigger to accurately and consistently capture such an event. A software trigger can be developed to address scenarios like this; however, there’s a large trigger dead time associated with this method, so it might not detect a rare event quickly. An alternative approach employs a user-programmable FPGA. The FPGA can provide a number of window-triggers that compare acquired sample points with a mask.

Whenever all window triggers simultaneously detect a valid trigger condition, a combined trigger is issued and the scope acquires the signal.

The FPGA evaluates the signal continuously and in real time. So the oscilloscope can capture single events as well as successive events without dead time between acquisitions.

Easy and Intuitive to Use

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A specific signal transition is captured using a user-defined trigger; the function is implemented inside the FPGA of a reconfigurable oscilloscope.

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For many years, test engineers have used software tools such as LabVIEW—instead of the fixed software in traditional boxed instruments—to automate test systems, analyze and present measurements, and reduce cost of test. This approach is flexible and takes advantage of the latest PC and CPU technologies. Often, however, users must also modify the way the instruments take measurements to better meet the needs of an application.

Off-the-shelf instruments traditionally have capabilities that are fixed. But more open, flexible instruments are emerging based on FPGA technology. The resulting off-theshelf hardware has the best of both worlds: fixed, high-quality measurement technology; the latest digital bus integration; and user-customizable logic that is highly parallel, provides low latency and is tied directly to I/O for inline processing.

With open, vendor-provided software inside the FPGA, users can extend instrument capabilities with, for example, custom triggers or additional timing or control signals. Users can also implement their own algorithms in the FPGA of software-designed instruments to repurpose the hardware for a completely different task. An oscilloscope, for instance, can turn into a real-time spectrum analyzer, transient recorder, protocol analyzer, RF receiver and much more.

With this approach, there are fewer instruments to be purchased and maintained. FPGA-equipped instruments can be especially helpful wherever test and instrument

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Temperature @ ADC Temperature @ FPGA Temperature @ DRAM

System Monitoring

Board Temperature

Signal Conditioning

CH_O

Power

3.3 V

Power

12 V

PXle Gen2 x8

ADC

DRAM Bank 0

Signal Conditioning

CH_N

Onboard Clock PLL

AUX I/O

CLK OUT CLK IN 8x PFI

DRAM Bank 1

ADC

SRAM Divide by 2

Data Clock

Divide by 2

Time-to-Digital Converter

FPGA Xilinx Kintex-7

Non-Volatile Mem. (EEPROM) Non-Volatile Mem. (Flash)

PXl Triggers

PFI DIR

PXle_DStarB PXle_DStarC

+3.3 V

PXle_ClK100 PXle_DStarA PXI_ClK10

The block diagram of the NI PXIe-5171R reconfigurable oscilloscope reveals how the FPGA fits in the measurement architecture.

capabilities are needed for 10 years or more. The classic example is in military or aerospace test systems. These applications often have a need to recreate the behavior of old instruments that are obsolete and no longer available.

Reconfigurable instruments are useful here because they can be reprogrammed to mimic the old instrument.

The test system software requires much less re-work and recertification to work with this new instrument.

An example of this type of instrument is the NI PXIe5171R reconfigurable oscilloscope, which uses a Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA to process acquired samples from the eight inputs in real time. The user-programmable FPGA is integrated into the data path and also provides access to control and timing signals of the instrument.

RESOURCES NI PXIe-5171R reconfigurable oscilloscope sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/212657

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How to select an oscilloscope Here’s a quick review of what’s important to know about the wide assortment of scopes and scope features available today.

DAVID HERRES Contributing Editor

O

Other than the multimeter, by far the most useful test equipment in an electronics lab or maintenance shop is the oscilloscope.

In recent years, this instrument has evolved in unexpected directions so as to incorporate functionality way beyond the original CRT machines of an earlier age. As test equipment goes, the oscilloscope is one of the most costly, so it is worthwhile putting some thought into purchasing a new instrument. The good news is that the better models are versatile and built to last. That is the rationale for making a substantial capital investment now rather than later, so the benefits can accrue right away. The oscilloscope in your lab will far outlast a new car in the parking lot, so why not spend a comparable amount?

There are plenty of low-end oscilloscopes that can be had at little cost, but they aren’t much use to the serious student, researcher, product developer or repair technician. In contrast, an advanced mixedsignal instrument that can display analog activity in a power supply and simultaneously, in the same display, show digital circuit behavior downstream, will let the user quickly find bugs in product prototypes or diagnose ailments in existing equipment.

The three big manufacturers are Tektronix, Teledyne LeCroy (formerly LeCroy) and Keysight (formerly Agilent and before that Hewlett-Packard).

These firms have venerable histories. Each made substantial contributions, setting the stage for today’s amazing oscilloscopes.

Tektronix founders Howard Vollum and Jack Murdock, returning from military service at the end of World War II, built upon British radar technology to create the first commercially viable triggered-sweep oscilloscope. A stable display of a repeating waveform is created by initiating the trace at a single specified location, the trigger point, in each cycle or group of cycles. This innovation changed the oscilloscope from a

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lab-only instrument to the versatile measuring tool that it has become.

Teledyne LeCroy also played a key role in the development of the oscilloscope as we know it today. Walter LeCroy, founder, had worked at CERN’s (European Organization for Nuclear Research) giant highenergy particle collider that straddles the border between Switzerland and France, and he had acquired an insider’s knowledge of digital electronics as it relates to instrumentation. Returning to the New York facility, he, along with several associates, made the decision to apply high-energy physics technology to a new product line, the digital storage oscilloscope. The old CRT machine was gone. Characterized by flat screen and new digital architecture, this instrument, together with the Tektronix digital-sweep design, made possible a totally new truly portable oscilloscope that, aside from a few all-analog machines, has come to dominate the market.

Agilent (now Keysight) has been another powerful presence in this arena. It was originally part of Hewlett-Packard, which invented the mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) in 1996. This instrument permits the Modern scopes often incorporate several additional test instruments. This Agilent (now Keysight) model, for example, can integrate a logic analyzer, serial protocol analyzer, dual-channel arbitrary function generator, and digital voltmeter.

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user to see analog and digital signals in a single display, greatly facilitating debugging. At present, all major manufacturers offer this capability, and it is considered essential in the world of research and development.

In 1997, Hewlett-Packard offered the first Windowsbased oscilloscope, moving the tool from exclusively signal viewing to signal analysis. In 2002, the company (then called Agilent) introduced an advanced probe technology so bandwidth was no longer lost when probing a soldering pad. In 2005, Agilent broke the 10GHz, real-time oscilloscope bandwidth barrier. In 2011, Agilent introduced the built-in function generator.

In its current incarnation, Keysight maintains a highly aggressive research and development effort and will certainly challenge its competitors on all fronts, while Tektronix and Teledyne Lecroy can be expected to initiate still more innovations.

It must be emphasized that as the big three oscilloscope manufacturers came out with innovations, their competitors immediately adopted them. In some instances this happened following court settlements, like the one

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between Tektronix and LeCroy following epic legal battles. Other advances, such as incremental bandwidth increases, are not clearly patentable. In any event, the user has gained, for these instruments are robust, highspec, user friendly with lots of available documentation and wonderful free tech support.

The big three oscilloscope manufacturers offer products at a wide range of prices. Some are enormously expensive. The Teledyne LeCroy 100-GHz Labmaster 10 ZiA oscilloscope starts at $900,000.

The greatest single factor in the equation is bandwidth. The entire instrument from probes and analog inputs through CPU and all phases of signal processing must be engineered to allow for a high bandwidth, and this involves a heavy investment in research and development, as well as intricate hardware construction.

In choosing an oscilloscope, it is a wise move to decide on the maximum anticipated bandwidth requirement and order accordingly. Many manufacturers, notably Tektronix, offer bandwidth-upgradeability, so it is feasible to purchase what you need right away and add bandwidth later. A similar situation applies to options including available modules and built-in instrumentation.

Aside from the big three, there are numerous lower-end competitors. Without the heavy research and development payload, they are able to offer products varying from good to primitive at substantially lower prices. If your choice is primarily cost-driven, by all means read online documentation and request a demo unit.

manufacturer, to be installed by the user in the PC. For this application, it is best to have a dedicated computer on your bench. The PC-based oscilloscope is small—some models will fit in your shirt pocket. Many models have surprisingly high specifications and advanced features. These PC-based oscilloscopes are totally affordable, and it is worthwhile to obtain one of them solely for the perspective it provides. If you don’t count the user-supplied computer, the cost is minimal, but some of the advanced features are options that must be purchased separately.

Serious experimenters, researchers, product developers and repair technicians will pass on the PC-based oscilloscope for the following reasons:

If your choice is primarily cost-driven, by all means read online documentation and request a demo unit.

Rigol is a special case worth looking at. It offers a four-channel, 100-MHz mixed signal oscilloscope for just over $1,000, in addition to numerous used, refurbished and demo models at prices that anyone can afford.

Don’t expect big-three features or quality you might get for upward of $10,000, but this is an option worth considering for those who’ve got to start somewhere.

Quite a number of manufacturers offer PC-based scopes. These are devices, complete with probes, that connect by USB cable to a user-supplied desktop or laptop computer to provide the display. Proprietary software is supplied by the PC-based oscilloscope

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HOW TO SELECT AN OSCILLOSCOPE

• Valuable bench space is always at a premium, and the desktop computer is bulky as instrumentation goes. A laptop always seems to be in the way when undertaking anything beyond a simple task.

• The PC power supply is a strong source of electromagnetic noise that will overwhelm low-level signals. Careful shielding is needed.

• Bandwidth as specified may be unrealistic due to the role played by cabling, probes and the PC itself.

• Sampling rate and resolution may be negatively impacted by the cable type and terminations between oscilloscope and PC. Data transfer rate may be expected to decline.

• If an older PC is used, proprietary software may not be compatible with the operating system. Mac owners should proceed with caution.

• Full-scale, bench-type oscilloscopes can expect far longer life expectancy compared to the PC-based combination.

Modern scopes typically use a variety of techniques to highlight rare events. This Tektronix MDO3104, for example, uses intensity grading to indicate how often rare transients arise relative to normal signals. And a temperature palette uses color grading to indicate frequency occurence … hot colors denote frequent events, cold colors denote rare ones.

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Hand-held portable scopes, such as the Tektronix THS 2024, excel at safely making floating or differential measurements. A typical job for this Tektronix scope is in making three-phase power measurements.

Yokogawa offers some advanced oscilloscope products that are noteworthy for their wide range of specifications and high-tech features including 8- and 16-channel (plus logic) models and abundant accessories, such as six current probes handling up to 500-A RMS at bandwidths up to 100 MHz. Nine differential probes are offered.

Yokogawa oscilloscopes have great features—math, labels, automated measurements, zooming and so on. The mixed signal DLM4000 is an 8-channel instrument suitable for test and debugging applications in embedded systems, power electronics, electromechanical and automotive systems. The eighth input channel converts to an 8-bit logic analyzer when a button is pressed.

Many available options can be purchased, and the machine has the palpable advantage of displaying signals on a 12.1-in. LCD. Included on the Yokogawa website are links to many application notes and white papers. There are also videos and on-demand webinars. Among

For the most part, the big manufacturers sell through authorized dealers, who are welltrained and able to provide good service.

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HOW TO SELECT AN OSCILLOSCOPE

the videos are detailed comparisons to Tektronix and Agilent products. This highlights the fact that all of the major oscilloscope manufacturers are intensely competitive with no letup in sight.

Tektronix, Keysight and Teledyne LeCroy all manufacture high-quality, hand-held oscilloscopes. While they don’t have the specifications and operator interface of a bench-type instrument, they are capable of serious work and the cost is considerably less.

Additionally, there are compelling advantages. One is portability. Where it is necessary to move around in a harsh indoor or outdoor industrial environment where ac power may not always be available, the hand-held oscilloscope in a rugged case is the right tool. As a second instrument, the hand-held oscilloscope is quite appropriate.

The hand-held oscilloscope has one other important advantage. By way of background, the bench-type oscilloscope, connected to the premises ac wiring, is solidly grounded. However, if because of wrongly terminated or crossed wiring in the entrance panel, any junction box, wall receptacle or extension cord along the way, grounded and hot wires may be reversed. If this condition arises in the supply to the equipment under test, connecting the ground lead of a benchtop scope probe to a chassis ground may bring sparks and smoke, possibly damaging the oscilloscope.

A similar hazard exists when attempting to make point-to-point measurements where both sides are energized at some voltage that floats above ground potential. This condition exists within variable-frequency motor drives at both ends of the dc bus. The problem can be avoided by using a high-voltage differential probe, but a more economical way to go is the handheld instrument.

It is battery operated, independent of the premises wiring, and the ground returns for all channels are isolated from one another, so point-to-point measurements on voltages that testandmeasurementtips.com

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float above ground potential are not hazardous in terms of an unintended ground fault through the oscilloscope.

Oscilloscope prices range very widely. Some of the small manufacturers, unencumbered by research and development programs, offer low bandwidth products for less than what you would pay for a new TV. Speaking of which, there are instructions available on the Internet for converting an old black and white portable TV to an analog oscilloscope for the price of a few grommets and some hookup wire. What is involved is connecting the feed from a probe to the vertical input circuitry so that the amplitude displays. Shift the vertical deflection signal to the horizontal circuitry to provide a time base. Use a felt-tip pen to draw X- and Y-axes on the face of the CRT. Expect minimal features and performance, not to mention bandwidth.

This contraption is of value only as an educational project. Don’t attempt the conversion unless you understand about residual voltage which can be lethal long after the TV is disconnected from the power source, especially when working around deflection circuits.

Another low-end way to go is eBay. The problem here is uncertain quality and difficulty getting parts or recalibration if needed.

Amazon offers a few significantly discounted oscilloscopes including a 100MHz Rigol, 50-MHz Tektronix, 20-MHz PC-based Hantek and an assortment of hand-held instruments and kits. This is predominantly downscale equipment, but the prices are not burdensome, and with the Amazon store card, there is easy financing. In contrast, big-three high-bandwidth instruments can cost a fortune. (The Teledyne LeCroy 100 GHz Labmaster 10 Zi A starts at $900,000.)

For the most part, the big manufacturers sell through authorized dealers, who are well-trained and able to provide good service. Prominent among them is Test Equipment Depot.

They carry equipment by all major oscilloscope manufacturers in addition 8 • 2015

Some scopes can go well beyond the traditional two or four channels. Teledyne LeCroy LabMaster models, for example, have a modular design that permits measuring up to 80 channels through add-on modules.

to multimeters, arbitrary function generators and everything in between. They offer used and refurbished oscilloscopes and accept trade-ins. Corporate purchase orders are accepted pending credit approval. Leasing is available for customers who want to preserve working capital. The companay also offers repair services, specializing in Tektronix and Hewlett Packard. Technicians are factory trained.

This overview of the oscilloscope marketplace is intended to provide perspective for individuals contemplating such a purchase. These amazing instruments are costly, but offer insights into the operation of electronic circuits that cannot be gained in any other way, and for this reason the investment is justified.

DESIGN WORLD — EE Network

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2015

Waveform Update Rate/ Max Trigger Rate

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

2 GS/sec

2 and 4 analog

24 kpts

Not Specified

100 ppm

Embedded OS

$1,015 ~ $2,495

Hand Held

60-100 MHz

1 GS/sec

2 analog

2 Mpts

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded OS

$935 ~ $2,395

Bandwidth

Channels

70-300 MHz

Max Sample Rate

Bench

Form Factor

Max Memory Depth

(bench, portable, modular, scientific, PC-based, USB-based, mixed signal)

Oscilloscope buyers’ guide

B&K Precision — Yorba Linda, CA, +1.800.462.9832, bkprecision.com 2550 Series

2510 Series

Fluke — Everett, WA, +1.425.347.6100, en-us.fluke.com ScopeMeter 120 series Portable

20, 40 MHz

1.25 GS/sec

2

512 min/ max pts/ input

Not Specified

±(0.1% +0.04 time/div)

Embedded OS

$1499 to $1899

Portable

60, 100, 200 & 500 MHz

5 GS/sec

2 or 4

10kpts

Not Specified

±(100 ppm + 0.04 div)

Embedded OS

$3,299 to $5,199

ScopeMeter 190 series

Iwatsu — Richardson, TX, USA, +1.972.479.1300, iti.iwatsu.co.jp DS-5500 Series Benchtop

100 ≈≈ 500 MHz

1 GS/sec, 2 GS/sec (channel combined)

2–4

1 Mpts/ channel

Not Specified

10 ppm

Windows

Benchtop

100 ≈≈ 500 MHz

1 GS/sec, 2 GS/sec (channel combined)

2–4

1Mpts/ channel (for all CHs)

Not Specified

±10 ppm

Windows

DS-5500A

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Test & Measurement

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

I

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

similar functions. We’ve also created an online version of our table. It can be found at www.testandmeasurementtips.com and is interactive. We’ll also be updating the online version continually to make it an even more useful tool for scope selection.

Display size/Touch or non-touch screen

In the pages that follow you’ll find our first annual guide to test equipment from major oscilloscope manufacturers.

We’ve polled suppliers to get major specifications in a format that lets buyers compare and evaluate brands that provide

7-in. non-touch

2 mV/div -10 V/div

8 bit

1 nsec/div ~ 50 sec/div or 2.5 nsec/div ~ 50 sec/div or 5 nsec/div ~ 50 sec/div

358(W) × 118(H) × 156(D) mm

5.7-in. non-touch

2 mV/div ~100 V/div or 5 mV/div ~100 V/div

8 bit

2.5 nsec/div ~ 50 sec/div or 5 nsec/div ~ 50 sec/div

163.2(W) × 259.5(H) × 53.3(D) mm

2.83 x 2.83 in.

(240 x 240 pixels)

5 mV to 500 V/Div

8 bits

20 nsec to 60 sec/div

9.1 × 4.5 × 2 in

4.99 x 3.48 in.

(320 x 240 pixels)

2 mV to 1,000 V/Div

8 bits

1 nsec to 2 min/Div

10.5× 7.5 × 2.8 in

7.5-in. color TFT-LCD with touch screen / VGA(640x480pixels)

2 mV/div

8-bit

500 psec/div – 50 sec/div

330(W)×190(H)×124(L) mm

7.5-in.color TFT-LCD with touch screen / VGA(640x480pixels)

2 mV/div

8-bit

500 psec/div – 50 sec/div

330(W) × 190(H) ×124(D) mm

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OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Up to 80

Up to 1536 Mpts/Ch

Up to 1 M waveforms/ sec

< 0.1 ppm+ aging of 0.05 ppm/yr from last calib.

Windows

Starting price $111,000

Benchtop

13 GHz to 30 GHz

Up to 80 GS/sec

Up to 80

Up to 512 Mpts/Ch

Up to 1 M waveforms/ sec

< 0.1 ppm+ aging of 0.5 ppm/yr from last calib.

Windows

Starting price $146,000

Benchtop

4 GHz to 30 GHz

Up to 80 GS/sec

4

Up to 512 Mpts/Ch

Up to 1 M waveforms/ sec

< 0.1 ppm+ aging of 0.5 ppm/yr from last calib.

Windows

Starting price $75,600

< 0.1 ppm+ aging of 0.5 ppm/yr from last calib.

Windows

Starting price $29,300

+/- 2.5 ppm + 1.0 ppm/yr from calib.

Windows

Starting price $24,900

+/- 1.5 ppm + 1.0 ppm/yr from calib.

Windows

Starting price $13,800

Windows

Starting price $15,200

Windows

Starting price $9,000

Windows

Starting price $10,000

Bandwidth

Waveform Update Rate/

Up to 240 GS/sec

Channels

20 GHz to 100 GHz

Max Sample Rate

Benchtop

Form Factor

Time Scale Accuracy

Max Trigger Rate

Max Memory Depth

BUYERS GUIDE Teledyne LeCroy — Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA, +1.800.553. 2769, teledynelecroy.com LabMaster 10 Zi-A (SDA Models)

LabMaster 9 Zi-A (SDA/ DDA Models)

WaveMaster 8 Zi-B (SDA/DDA 8 Zi-B)

WavePro 7 Zi-A (SDA/ DDA 7 Zi-A) Benchtop

1.5 GHz to 6 GHz

Up to 40 GS/sec

4

Up to 256 Mpts/Ch

Benchtop

350 MHz to 1 GHz

8

Up to 250 Mpts/Ch

2.5 GS/sec

Benchtop

400 MHz to 4 GHz

Up to 40 GS/sec

4

Up to 128 Mpts/Ch

Benchtop

350 MHz to 1 GHz

2.5 GS/sec

4, 4 + 16

Up to 250 Mpts/Ch

Benchtop

200 MHz to 1 GHz

2.5 GS/sec

2, 4, 2 + 16, 4 + 16

Up to 25 Mpts/Ch 50 Mpts Interleaved

4, 4 + 18

10 Mpts / 20 Mpts, 16 Mpts/ 32 Mpts with ADT

HDO8000

WaveRunner 6 Zi

HDO6000/ HDO6000-MS

HDO4000/ HDO4000-MS

WaveSurfer 10 Benchtop

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1 GHz

10 GS/sec

8 • 2015

1 M waveforms/sec.

(in Sequence mode, up to 4 chan.)

1 M waveforms/sec.

(in Sequence mode, up to 8 chan.)

1 M waveforms/sec.

(in Sequence mode, up to 4 chan.)

±2.5ppm for 5 to 40C + 1.0ppm/year from calib.

testandmeasurementtips.com

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

15.3-in. WXGA Color Touch Screen

Between 5 mV and 10 mV/div

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

10 psec/div. - 256 sec./div.

18.2(W) × 10.9(H) × 15.6(D) in.

15.3-in. WXGA Color Touch Screen

10 mV/div.

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

20 psec/div – 64 sec/div

18.2(W) × 10.9(H) × 15.6(D) in.

15.3-in. WXGA Color Touch Screen

10 mV/div.

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

20 psec/div – 128 sec/div.

18.4(W) × 14(H) × 16(D) in.

15.3-in. WXGA Color Touch Screen

2 mV/div.

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

2 psec./div – 3,200 sec./div.

18.4(W) × 14(H) × 11.4(D) in.

12.1-in. Wide Color TFT-LCD Touch Screen with UHD External Monitor Support

1 mV/div.

12-bit ADC resolution, 15-bit with enhanced resolution

20 psec/div. - 25 ksec./div.

16.41(W) ×14.72(H) × 11(D) in.

12.1-in. Color WXGA Rotating Touch Screen

1 mV/div.

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

20 psec./div. - 6.4 ksec/div

16.4567(W) ×11.6929(H) × 8.937(D) in.

12.1-in. Color WXGA Rotating Touch Screen

12.1-in. Color WXGA Rotating Touch Screen

10.4-in. Color SVGA Touch Screen

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Buyers_Guide_EEAug_Vs5.MD.indd 39

12-bit ADC resolution, 15-bit with enhanced resolution

50 Ω: 1 mV-1 V/div, fully variable; 1 MΩ: 1 mV-10 V/div, fully variable 50 Ω:1 mV/div - 1 V/div

12-bit ADC resolution, 15-bit with enhanced resolution

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

8 • 2015

15.72(W) × 11.48(H) × 5.17(D) in.

200 ps/div - 1.25 ks/div with standard memory (up to 2.5 ks/div with -L memory); RIS available at <= 10 ns/div; Roll Mode available at >= 100 ms/div and <= 5 MS/s

15.72(W) × 11.48(H) × 5.17(D) in.

13.4(W) × 10.25(H) × 6(D) in.

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2.5 GS/sec to 10 GS/sec

4, 4 + 18

16 Mpts/Ch 32 Mpts Interleaved

Benchtop

200 MHz to 750 MHz

2 GS/sec to 4 GS/sec

2, 4, 2 + 16, 4 + 16

10 Mpts/Ch

Benchtop

350 MHz / 500 MHz

up to 2 GS/sec

4 + 16

Benchtop

70 MHz to 300 MHz

1 GS/sec to 2 GS/sec

Benchtop

40 MHz to 100 MHz

500 MS/sec to 1 GS/sec

WaveSurfer 3000

WaveJet Touch

WaveAce 2000

WaveAce 1000

Windows

Starting price $11,400

Windows

Starting price $3,200

2.5 Mpts/Ch 5 Mpts interleaved

Windows

Starting price $4,200

2,4

12 kpts/Ch 24 kpts Interleaved

Windows

Starting price $930

2

1 Mpts/Ch 2 Mpts Interleaved

Windows

Starting price $635

Time Scale Accuracy

Waveform Update Rate/

Price Range

Max Memory Depth

200 MHz to 1 GHz

OS (Windows or embedded)

Channels

Benchtop

Max Trigger Rate

Max Sample Rate

WaveSurfer MSO MXs-B/ MXs-B

Bandwidth

Teledyne LeCroy cont.

Form Factor

BUYERS GUIDE

10 ppm > 1 ms interval

IXYS’ Surface Mount Power Device (SMPD) Technology Lose The Weight! Put Your Design On A DIET! Lighter weight, more power (ultra- low profile, energy efficient, and rugged)

D

G

SMPD IGBTs

SMPD Power MOSFETs RDS(on) ID(cont) max Part TC=25°C TJ=25°C Number (A) (Ω) MMIX1T600N04T2 40 600 0.0013 MMIX1F160N30T 300 102 0.02 MMIX1F132N50P3 500 63 0.043 MMIX1F44N100Q3 1000 24 0.29 VDSS max (V)

Ciss typ (pF) 40000 28000 18600 19000

Qg trr typ (ns) (nC)

PD (W)

590 335 250 310

830 570 520 500

100 200 250 300

RthJC Package max Style (°C/W) 0.18 0.22 0.24 0.25

SMPD-X SMPD-X SMPD-X SMPD-X

VCE(sat) Eoff VCES IC25 max typ (V) (A) TJ=25°C TJ=125°C (V) (mJ) IXA20RG1200DHGLB 1200 32 1.8 1.7 MMIX1Y100N120C3H1 1200 92 3.5 3.55 MMIX2S50N60B4D1 600 50 2 0.86 MMIX4G20N250 2500 23 3.1 Part Number

For more parts, visit www.ixys.com CONFIGURATIONS

SMPD ADVANTAGES

Ultra-low and compact package profile (SMPD: 5.3mm height x 24.8mm length x 32.3mm width) (Mini SMPD: 5.3mm height x 16.8 length x 29.5mm width) Surface mountable via standard reflow process (Available in Tape & Reel packaging) Low package weight (SMPD: 8g, Mini SMPD: 5g) Up to 4500V ceramic isolation(DCB) Low package inductance Excellent thermal performance High power cycling capability

POWER

Buck Boost Full-bridge Half-bridge Phase leg Single

EUROPE IXYS GmbH marcom@ixys.de +46 (0) 6206-503-249

www.ixys.com

40

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SMPD-B

S

SMPD-X

Mini SMPD

8 • 2015

RthJC max Configuration Package style IGBT (°C/W) 1 Boost SMPD-B 0.31 Copacked (FRED) SMPD-X 1.13 Half-bridge SMPD-A 1.25 Full-bridge SMPD-A

For more parts, visit www.ixys.com APPLICATIONS

DC-DC converters Battery chargers Switching and resonant power supplies DC choppers Temperature and lighting controls Motor drives E-bikes and electric and hybrid vehicles Solar inverters Induction heaters

USA IXYS Power sales@ixys.com +1 408-457-9042

ASIA IXYS Taiwan/IXYS Korea sales@ixys.com.tw sales@ixyskorea.com

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Test & Measurement

10.4-in. Color SVGA Touch Screen

10.1-in. Color WSVGA Touch Screen

Footprint

Time Base Range

Vertical Resolution

Vertical Sensitivity

Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

8-bit ADC resolution, 11-bit with enhanced resolution

1 MΩ: 1 mV/div - 10 V/div 50 Ω: 1 mV/div - 1 V/div

8-bit ADC resolution

13.4(W) × 10.25(H) × 6(D) in.

2 ns/div - 50 s/div

14.96(W) ×10.63(H) × 4.92(D) in.

7.5-in. Color VGA Touch Screen

8-bit ADC resolution, 12-bit with enhanced resolution

13(W) × 7.5(H) × 4.9 (D) in.

7-in. Color WQVGA

8-bit ADC resolution

14.17(W) × 6.42(H) × 4.89(D) in.

7-in. Color WQVGA

8-bit ADC resolution

12.32(W) × 6.42(H) × 4.6(D) in.

Your Best Balance of Performance and Value

Benchtop Oscilloscopes

SDS2000 Series

Innovative Super Phosphor Oscilloscope Technology 70, 100, 200, 300 MHz Bandwidth Up to 2G/sec Sampling Rate Waveform Capture Rate Up to 110,000 per Second Hardware-Based Digital Triggering for Increased Stability Options for MSO, Serial Decode, AWG, Power Analysis Large Memory: 28 MPts Standard

SHS1000 Series

Handheld Oscilloscopes 5.7” Screen 60 – 100 MHz Bandwidth 1 G/sec Sampling Rate 2 Channels Isolated Inputs 5 Trigger Modes

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Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Max Trigger Rate

single shot 1 GS/sec; RIS 50 GS/sec

DSO:2 LA:12

2 Mpts/ channel

Not Specified

50 ppm

Windows

$1,799.00

USB

60 MHz

single shot 200 MS/sec; RIS 2 GS/sec

DSO:1 LA:8

1 kpts/channel

Not Specified

50 ppm

Windows, osx (beta), web

$249.00

USB

60 MHz

single shot 200 MS/sec; RIS 2 GS/sec

DSO:2 LA:8

1 kpts/ channel

Not Specified

50 ppm

Windows, osx (beta), web

$325.00

USB

200 MHz

single shot 500 MS/sec; RIS 20 GS/ sec

DSO:2

512 kpts/ channel

Not Specified

50 ppm

USB

200 MHz

single shot 500 MS/sec; RIS 20 GS/ sec

DSO:2 LA:12

512 kpts/ channel

Not Specified

50 ppm

Windows

$1,100.00

USB

200 MHz

single shot 1 GS/sec; RIS 50 GS/secA

DSO:4 LA:12

2 Mpts/ channel

Not Specified

50 ppm

Windows

$3,199.00

Bandwidth

Channels

200 MHz

Max Sample Rate

USB

Form Factor

Waveform Update Rate/

Max Memory Depth

BUYERS GUIDE Link Instruments — Fairfield, NJ, USA, +1.973.808.8990, linkinstruments.com MSO-9212

MSO-19

MSO-28

MSO-9201

MSO-9201wLA

MSO-9412

$950.00

Keysight Technologies — Englewood, CO, USA, +1.800.829.4444, keysight.com Infiniium scopes Z-Series Benchtop

20 ~ 63 GHz

160 GS/sec

4

2 Gpts

> 400,000 wfms/sec

0.1 ppm

Windows 7 64-bit

$201,000 ~ $466,950

Benchtop

8 ~ 33 GHz

80 GS/sec

4 + 16

2 Gpts

> 400,000 wfms/sec

0.1 ppm

Windows 7 64-bit

$95,000 ~ $309,000

Benchtop

500 MHz ~ 8 GHz

20 GS/sec

4 + 16

800 Mpts

> 250,000 wfms/sec

0.012 ppm

Windows 7 64-bit

$17,534 ~ $73,142

Benchtop

2.5 ~ 13 GHz

40 GS/sec

4

1 Gpts

> 400,000 wfms/sec

0.4 ppm

Windows 7 64-bit

$41,301 ~ $130,000

Benchtop

600 MHz ~ 4 GHz

10 GS/sec

4 + 16

1 Gpts

> 250,000 wfms/sec

0.4 ppm

Windows 7 64-bit

$17,000 ~ $41,500

V-Series

S-Series

90000A Series

9000A Series

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

Uses PC display

5 mv/div

8

1 nsec/div to 20 sec/div

7.9 × 4.7 × 1.5 in.

Uses PC display

50 mv/div

10

50 nsec/div to 100 msec/div

4.0 × 2.4 × 0.8 in.

Uses PC display

5 mv/div

10

50 nsec/div to 100 msec/div

4.0 × 2.4 × 0.8 in.

Uses PC display

5 mv/div

8

2 nsec/div to 20 sec/div

7.9 × 4.7 × 1.5 in.

Uses PC display

5 mv/div

8

2 nsec/div to 20 sec/div

7.9 × 4.7 × 1.5 in.

Uses PC display

5 mv/div

8

1 nsec/div to 20 sec/div

7.9 × 4.7× 3.0 in.

15.4-in. capacitive multi-touch

1 mV/div ~ 1 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

2 psec/div ~ 20 sec/div

508(W) × 338(H) × 493(D) mm

12.1-in. capacitive multi-touch

1 mV/div ~ 1 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

2 psec/div ~ 20 sec/div

436(W) × 266(H) × 492(D) mm

15-in. capacitive multi-touch

1 mV/div ~ 5 V/div

10 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

5 psec/div ~ 20 sec/div

430(W) × 330(H)× 230(D) mm

12.1-in. resistive touch

1 mV/div ~ 1 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

2 psec/div ~ 20 sec/div

432(W) × 283(H) × 506(D) mm

15-in. resistive touch

1 mV/div ~ 5 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

5 psec/div ~ 20 sec/div

430(W) × 330(H)× 230(D) mm

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Form Factor

Bandwidth

Max Sample Rate

Channels

Max Memory Depth

Waveform Update Rate/

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Keysight Technologies cont.

Max Trigger Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

Portable

1.0 ~ 6.0 GHz

20 GS/sec

2 or 4 + 16

4 Mpts

> 450,000 wfms/sec

1.6 ppm

Embedded OS

$14,930 ~ $39,036

Portable

200 MHz ~ 1.5 GHz

5 GS/sec

2 or 4 + 16

4 Mpts

> 1,000,000 wfms/sec

10 ppm

Embedded OS

$5,622 ~ $19,275

Portable

100 MHz ~ 1.0 GHz

5 GS/sec

2 or 4 + 16

4 Mpts

> 1,000,000 wfms/sec

1.6 ppm

Embedded OS

$3,350 ~ $13,900

Portable

70 ~ 200 MHz

2 GS/sec

2 or 4 + 8

1 Mpts

> 50,000 wfms/sec

25 ppm

Embedded OS

$1,285 ~ $2,787

1U high rackmount

100 MHz ~ 1.0 GHz

4 GS/sec

4

8 Mpts

> 100,000 wfms/sec

15 ppm

Embedded OS

$6,720 ~ $17,018

Portable

60 ~ 200 MHz

2 GS/sec

2 or 4

20 kpts

> 1,000 wfms/sec

50 ppm

Embedded OS

$1,106 ~ $2,335

Portable

50 ~ 150 MHz

1 GS/sec

2

16 kpts

> 1,000 wfms/sec

50 ppm

Embedded OS

$520 ~ $1,553

20 ppm

Windows

Starting from $1,500

25 ppm

Embedded /Windows CE

$1,390 ~ $3,482

InfiniiVision scopes 6000 X-Series

4000 X-Series

3000T X-Series

2000 X-Series

6000L Series

Basic scopes DSO1000A

B Series

USB and Handheld scopes U2700A Series

Portable, paperbooksized

100 MHz ~ 200 MHz

1 GS/sec

2

32 Mpts

Depends on the operating system since it uses AMM software to display waveforms

Handheld

20 ~ 200 MHz

2 GS/sec

2

2 Mpts

100

U1600A Series

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

12.1-in. capacitive multi-touch

1 mV ~ 5 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

100 psec to 50 sec/div

425(W) × 288(H)× 148(D) mm

12.1-in. capacitive touch

1 mV ~ 5 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

500 psec to 50 sec/div

454(W) × 275(H) × 156(D) mm

8.5-in. capacitive touch

1 mV ~ 5 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

500 psec to 50 sec/div

381(W) × 204(H)× 142(D) mm

8.5-in. non-touch

1 mV ~ 5 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

2 nsec to 50 s/div

381(W) × 204(H) × 142(D) mm

N/A

1 mV ~ 5 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

500 ps to 50 sec/div

435(W) × 420(H) × 270(D) mm

5.7-in. non-touch

2 mV ~ 10 V/div

8 bit

1 nsec to 50 sec/div

325(W) × 158(H) × 129(D) mm

5.7in. non-touch

2 mV ~ 10 V/div

8 bit

2 nsec to 50 sec/div

303(W) × 154(H) × 133(D) mm

no display (Uses the Measurement Manager, AMM to display waveforms.)

Min 2 mV/div

8 bits

1 nsec/div to 50 sec/div

5.7-in. non-touch

2 mV/div ~ 50 V/div

8 bits

2 nsec/div to 50sec/div

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8 • 2015

• 117.00 × 180.00 × 41.00 mm (with bumpers) • 105.00 × 175.00 × 25.00 mm (without bumpers)

183 (W) × 270 (H) × 65 (D) mm

DESIGN WORLD — EE Network

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OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

2 or 4 analog, 16 digital

Up to 800 Mpts

>1M wfms/sec

Down to ±0.02 ppm

Windows 7

Starts at $14,640

Bench

200 MHz to 2 GHz

5 GS/sec

2 or 4 analog, 16 digital

Up to 200 Mpts

>1M wfms/sec

Down to ±2 ppm

Windows 7

Starts at $5,910

Bench

200 MHz to 1 GHz

5 GS/sec

2 or 4 analog, 16 digital

Up to 460 Mpts

12.5K wfms/ sec

Down to ±2.5 ppm

Embedded

Starts at $4,270

Bandwidth

Waveform Update Rate/

20 GS/sec

Channels

600 MHz to 4 GHz

Max Sample Rate

Bench

Form Factor

Time Scale Accuracy

Max Trigger Rate

Max Memory Depth

BUYERS GUIDE Rohde & Schwartz — Columbia, MD, USA, +1.888.837.8772, rohde-schwarz.us RTO1000

RTE1000

RTM2000

MSOSpreadAd_TestMeas815.qxp_Layout 1 7/27/15 11:42 AM Page 1

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

10.4-in. XGA, Touch, DVI output

500 μV/div to 10 V/div Full bandwidth and hardware implemented on 1 mV/div to 10 V/div

Up to 16bits

25 psec/div to 10,000 sec/div

16.81(W) × 9.8(H) × 8.03(D) in.

10.4-in. XGA, Touch, DVI output

500 μV/div to 10 V/div. Full bandwidth and hardware implemented on all settings.

Up to 16bits

25 psec/div to 5,000 sec/div

16.81(W) × 9.8 (H)×8.03 (D) in.

8.4-in. XGA, DVI output

1 mV/div to 10 V/div. Full bandwidth and hardware implemented on all settings.

Up to 16bits

From 0.5 nsec/div to 500 sec/div

15.87(W) × 7.44(H) × 5.59(D) in.

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Form Factor

Bandwidth

Max Sample Rate

Channels

Max Memory Depth

Waveform Update Rate/

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Rohde & Schwartz cont.

Max Trigger Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

Bench

300 MHz to 500 MHz

4 GS/sec

2 or 4 analog, 16 digital

Up to 8 Mpts

5K wfms/sec

Down to ± 15 ppm

Embedded

Starts at $4,238

Bench

70MHz to 200MHz

2 GS/sec

2 or 4 analog, 8 digital

Up to 2 Mpts

2.5K wfms/sec

Down to ± 50 ppm

Embedded

Starts at $1,666

Bench

50MHz to 100MHz

1GS/sec

2 analog, 8 digital

Up to 1 Mpts

10K wfms/sec

Down to ± 50 ppm

Embedded

Starts at $1,110

2

1 Mpts

N/A

N/A

Windows/ iOS

$1,999.00

710 nanoseconds trigger rearm time

±10 ppm

Windows/ RTOS

$8,549 $19,899

HMO3000

HMO Compact

HMO1002

National Instruments — Austin, TX, USA, 1(800) 531-5066, ni.com VirtualBench

NI PXIe-5160 and 5162

NI PXIe-5170R and 5171R

NI PXI(e)-5105

Bench, Portable, USB-based, Mixed Signal

100 MHz

1 GS/sec

Modular (PXI-Express)

up to 1.5 GHz

Up to 5 GS/sec

2-4

2 GB or 1,000 Mpts

Modular (PXI-Express)

up to 250 MHz

250 MS/sec

4-8

1.5 GB or 750 Mpts

N/A*

±25 ppm

Windows

$6,999 $11,999

2.4 microseconds trigger rearm time

±25 ppm

Windows/ RTOS

$4,999 $7,499

144 × Sample Clock period

±50 ppm, typical

Windows/ RTOS

$9,199 $13,765

40 wfms/sec

±(1 interval time + 100 ppm× reading +0.6 nsec)

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$289.00

40 wfms/sec

±(1 interval time + 100 ppm× reading +0.6 nsec)

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$349.00

Modular (PXI and PXI-Express)

60 MHz

60 MS/sec

8

512 MB or 256 Mpts

Modular (PXI)

6 MHz

15 MS/sec

2

256 MB or 85 Mpts

NI PXI-5922

Owon — Beijing, CN, +1.86.596.213.0430, owon.com.hk SDS5032EV Benchtop

30 MHz

250 MS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

500 MS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

10 kpts

SDS6062V Benchtop

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60 MHz

8 • 2015

10 Mpts

testandmeasurementtips.com

8/10/15 3:57 PM

Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

6.5-in. VGA, DVI output

1 mV/div to 5 V/div.

Up to 10bits

From 1 nsec/div to 50 sec/div

11.22(W) × 6.89(H) × 8.66(D) in.

6.5-in. VGA, DVI output

1 mV/div to 10 V/div.

Up to 10bits

From 2 nsec/div to 50 sec/div

11.22(W) × 6.89(H) × 5.51(D) in.

6.5-in. VGA

1 mV/div to 10 V/div.

Up to 16bits

From 2 nsec/div to 50 sec/div

11.22(W) × 6.89(H) × 5.51(D) in.

Uses PC display

40 Vpp – 100 mVpp

8-bit

N/A

25.40 × 23.37 × 13.97 cm (w/ antenna)

Uses PC display

50 Vpp – 50 mVpp

10-bit

76.299 kS/sec to 5 GS/sec

3U, One slot, PXIe/cPCIe Module

Uses PC display

5 Vpp – 200 mVpp

14-bit

250 MHz

3U, One slot, PXIe/cPCIe Module

Uses PC display

30 Vpp – 50 mVpp

12-bit

915.5 S/sec to 60 MS/sec

3U, One slot, PXI(e)/cPCI(e) Module

Uses PC display

10 Vpp – 2 Vpp

up to 24-bit

50 kS/sec to 15 MS/sec

3U, One slot, PXI/cPCI Module

8-in. Non touch

2 mV/div~10 V/div

8-bit

5 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 6.6× 3.0 in.

8-in. Non touch

2 mV/div~10 V/div

8-bit

2 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 6.6× 3.0 in.

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OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

40 wfms/sec

±(1 interval time + 100 ppm× reading +0.6 nsec)

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$399.00

40 wfms/sec

±(1 interval time + 100 ppm× reading +0.6 nsec)

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$779.00

10 Mpts

40wfms/sec

±(1 interval time + 100 ppm× reading +0.6 nsec)

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$1,499.00

40 Mpts

200 wfms/sec

±1 ppm

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$595.00

±1 ppm

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$895.00

Waveform Update Rate/

Time Scale Accuracy

Max Trigger Rate

Max Memory Depth

Channels

Max Sample Rate

Owon cont.

Bandwidth

Form Factor

BUYERS GUIDE

SDS7102V Benchtop

100 MHz

1 GS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

2 GS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

3.2 GS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

1 GS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

40 Mpts

200 wfms/sec

40 Mpts

200 wfms/sec

±1 ppm

Embedded (ext.

Windows control)

$1,495.00

4/8 M pts

500 k wfms/sec

±50 ppm over any >1 msec interval

Windows

$1,199.00

4/8 Mpts

500k wfms/sec

±50 ppm over any >1 msec interval

Windows

$1,348.00

10 Mpts

SDS8202V Benchtop

200 MHz

10 Mpts

SDS9302V Benchtop

300 MHz

XDS3102A Benchtop

100 MHz

XDS3202A Benchtop

200 MHz

2 GS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

Benchtop

300 MHz

3.2 GS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

XDS3302A

Pico Technology — Tyler, TX, USA, +1.800.591.2796, picotech.com CS320A PC adapter

100 MHz

100 MS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

100 MS/sec

2 + ext. trigger input

CS320AE PC adapter

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100 MHz

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

8-in. Non touch

2 mV/div~10 V/div

8-bit

2 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 6.6× 3.0 in.

8-in. Non touch

2 mV/div~10 V/div

8-bit

1 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 6.6× 3.0 in.

8-in. Non touch

2 mV/div~10 V/div

8-bit

1 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 6.6× 3.0 in.

8-in. touch

1 mV/div-10 V/div

12-bit

2 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 7.5× 3.8 in.

8-in. touch

1 mV/div-10 V/div

12-bit

1 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 7.5× 3.8 in.

8-in. touch

1 mV/div-10 V/div

12-bit

1 nsec/div~100 sec/div

13.4× 7.5× 3.8 in.

PC hosted

0.02 mV for 20 mV Full Scale.

10/12/14-bit

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

6 × 7.9 × 1.7 in.

PC hosted

0.02 mV for 20 mV Full Scale.

10/12/14-bit

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

6 × 7.9 × 1.7 in.

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100 MS/sec

2 + 8dig + ext. trigger input

Price Range

2 + 8dig +ext. trigger input

OS (Windows or embedded)

100 MS/sec

Time Scale Accuracy

100 MHz

Max Trigger Rate

PC adapter

4/8 Mpts

500k wfms/sec

±50 ppm over any >1 msec interval

Windows

$1,359.00

4/8 Mpts

500k wfms/sec

±50 ppm over any >1 msec interval

Windows

$1,508.00

8 Mpts

500k wfms/sec

±50 ppm over any >1 msec interval

Windows

$2,341.00

Waveform Update Rate/

100 MS/sec

Max Memory Depth

Channels

100 MHz

Bandwidth

PC adapter

2 + 8dig + ext. trigger input

Form Factor

Pico Technology cont.

Max Sample Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

CS328A

CS328AE

CS328-XSE PC adapter

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100 MHz

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

PC hosted

0.02 mV for 20 mV Full Scale.

10/12/14-bit

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

6 × 7.9 × 1.7 in.

PC hosted

0.02 mV for 20 mV Full Scale.

10/12/14-bit

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

6× 7.9 × 1.7 in.

PC hosted

0.02 mV for 20 mV Full Scale.

14-bit

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

6 × 7.9 × 1.7 in.

Which coating is best for your

EMI/RFI shielding application?

SODIUM SILICATE COATING SYSTEMS High temperature resistant • Water based

MB600S

DOES YOUR

POTTING COMPOUND Go With the Flow?

Epoxy features long open time and low viscosity

MB600G

SILVER FILLER

GRAPHITE FILLER

SURFACE RESISTIVITY

SURFACE RESISTIVITY

<10 ohm

<1 milliohm

MB600SCN

1to1 LOW EXOTHERM

4,000-6,000 cps

-

HIGH BOND STRENGTH

HOURS

SUITABLE FOR LARGE CASTINGS

TENSILE STRENGTH >7,000 psi

<10 milliohm

Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA ∙ +1.201.343.8983 ∙ main@masterbond.com www.masterbond.com

www.masterbond.com

Buyers_Guide_EEAug_Vs5.MD.indd 53

LONG WORKING LIFE

LOW VISCOSITY

MIX RATIO

SURFACE RESISTIVITY

testandmeasurementtips.com

EP21LVSP6

EASY TO USE

SILVER COATED NICKEL FILLER

154 Hobart St., Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA ∙ +1.201.343.8983 ∙ main@masterbond.com

EPOXY SYSTEM

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Form Factor

Bandwidth

Max Sample Rate

Channels

Max Memory Depth

Waveform Update Rate/

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Pico Technology cont.

Max Trigger Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

PC adapter

100 MHz

100 MS/sec

2 + 8dig + ext. trigger input

8 Mpts

500k wfms/sec

±50 ppm over any >1 msec interval

Windows

$1,758.00

PC adapter

200 MHz

500 MS/sec

4 analog + 8 digital

256 Mpts

500k wfms/sec

± 25 ppm

Windows (Linux, Mac at end of year)

$5,500.00

CS328A-FRA

CS448

Rigol — Beaverton, OR, USA, +1.877-4-RIGOL-1, rigolscope.com 1000Z Series Benchtop

50-100 MHz

1 GS/sec

4 analog; 16 digital (MSO models)

12 Mpts std; 24 Mpts option

Not Specified

25 ppm

Custom Embedded

$399$1,229

2 GS/sec

2 analog + 16 digital (MSO models)

14 Mpts std; 56 Mpts option

Not Specified

25 ppm

Custom Embedded

$839-$2,971

140 Mpts

Not Specified

4 ppm

Custom Embedded

$1,999 $9,250

140 Mpts

Not Specified

4 ppm

Custom Embedded

$5,880 $9,660

2000A Series Benchtop

70-300 MHz

Benchtop

100-500 MHz

4 GS/sec

2 or 4 analog + 16 digital (MSO models)

Benchtop

600 MHz - 1 GHz

5 GS/sec

2 or 4 analog

4000 Series

6000 Series

Siglent — Solon, OH, USA, +1-877-515-5551, siglentamerica.com SHS1000 - Series Portable

60-100 MHz

1 GS/sec

2

2 MPts

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded OS

$1,259$1,526

Portable

60-100 MHz

1 GS/sec

2

2 MPts

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded OS

$465-$648

Benchtop

70/100/ 200/300 MHz

2 GS/sec

2/4

28 MPts

Not Specified

25 ppm

Embedded OS

$805-$2,558

Benchtop

70/100/ 200/300 MHz

2 GS/sec

2/4

24 kpts

Not Specified

100 ppm

Embedded OS

$502-$1,339

SHS800 - Series

SDS2000 - Series

SDS1000CFL - Series

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

PC hosted

0.02 mV for 20 mV Full Scale.

10/12/14-bit

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

6 × 7.9 × 1.7 in.

PC hosted

100 μV

14 bits

1 nsec/div to 5 sec/div

8.6 × 6.3 × 1.4 in.

7-in. WVGA non-touch

1 mV/div to 10 V/div

8 bit (>10 in high res mode)

5 nsec/div to 50 sec/div

313.1(W) × 160.8(H) × 122.4(D) mm

8-in. WVGA non-touch

500 μV/div to 10 V/div

8 bit (>10 in high res mode)

1 nsec/div – 1,000 sec/div

361.6(W) × 179.6(H) × 130.8(D) mm

9-in. WVGA non-touch

1 mV/div to 5 V/div

8 bit (>10 in high res mode)

1 nsec/div – 1,000 sec/div (500 MHz models)

440(W) × 218(H) × 130(D) mm

10.1-in. WVGA non-touch

2 mV/div to 5 V/div

8 bit (>10 in high res mode)

500 psec/div to 1,000 sec/div (1 GHz models)

399.0(W) × 255.3(H) × 123.8(D) mm

5.7-in. Non-Touch Screen

5 mV/div – 100 V/div

8 bit

5 nsec/div – 50 sec/div

163.2(W) × 53.3(H) × 259.5(L) mm

5.7-in. Non-Touch Screen

5 mV/div – 100 V/div

8 bit

5 nsec/div – 50 sec/div

163.2(W) × 53.3(H) × 259.5(L) mm

8-in. Non-Touch Screen

2 mV/div – 10 V/div

8 bit

1 nsec/div – 50 sec/div

112(W) × 224(H) × 352(L) mm

7-in. Non-Touch Screen

2 mV/div – 5 V/div

8 bit

1 nsec/div – 50 sec/div

156(W) × 118(H) × 358(L) mm

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Form Factor

Bandwidth

Max Sample Rate

Channels

Max Memory Depth

Waveform Update Rate/

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Siglent cont.

Max Trigger Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

Benchtop

70/100/150 MHz

1 GS/sec

2

2 Mpts

Not Specified

100 ppm

Embedded OS

$319-$465

Benchtop

70/100/200 MHz

2 GS/sec and 1 GS/sec

2

18 kpts / 40kpts

Not Specified

100 ppm

Embedded OS

$309-$546

Benchtop

25/50/ 100/200 MHz

500 MS/sec

2

32 kpts

Not Specified

100 ppm

Embedded OS

$279-$405

1 Gpts

300,000 wfms/sec

± 1.0 ppm initial accuracy. Aging < 0.5 ppm per year.

Applies only when using the internal reference.

Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit

$285,000

1 Gpts

300,000 wfms/sec

± 1.5 ppm initial accuracy. Aging < 1 ppm per year

Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit

$39,900$307,000

500M Points

250,000 wfms/sec

±2.5 ppm + aging <1 ppm per year

Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit

$18,800$40,500

300 wfms/ sec

>20 ps/div, right-most point of measurement interval

Microsoft Windows 7 Ultimate (32-bit)

$29,000

SDS1000CML - Series

SDS1000CNL - Series

SDS1000DL - Series

Tektronix — Beaverton, OR, +1.800.833.9200, tek.com DPO70000SX Series

Benchtop

33, 70 GHz

200 GS/sec

1@70 GHz 2@33GHz

100 GS/sec

4 analog; 16 digital

MSO/DPO70000 Series

Benchtop

4-33 GHz

Benchtop

500 MHz 3.5 GHz

40 GS/sec

4 analog

Benchtop

Optical bandwidths to >80 GHz Electrical bandwidths to >70 GHz

Module dependent, up to 100 Gb/sec data rates supported

8 - Mix of Electrical or Optical Module slots.

DPO7000C Series

DSA8300

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16K Samples

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

7-in. Non-Touch Screen

2 mV/div – 10 V/div

8 bit

2.5/5 nsec/div - 50 sec-div

135.6(W) × 157(H) × 323.1(L) mm

7-in. Non-Touch Screen

2 mV/div – 10 V/div

8 bit

2.5/5 nsec/div - 50 sec-div

135.6(W) × 157(H) × 323.1(L) mm

7-in. Non-Touch Screen

2 mV/div – 10 V/div

8 bit

1/2.5/5/25 msec/div – 50 sec/div

135.6(W) × 157(H) × 323.1(L) mm

6.5 in. LCD 1024x768; Display Port, VGA, DVI-D

TekConnect channels 62.5 mVFS to 6 VFS; ATI channel 100 mVFS to 300 mVFS

8 bit (11 bit with averaging)

–5.0 ks to 1.0 ks (Time base delay time range)

17.8(W) × 6(H) × 21.8(D) in.

12.1 in. LCD 1024x768; Display Port, VGA, DVI-D

6.25 mV/div to 600 mV/div

8 bit (11 bit with averaging)

–5.0 ks to 1.0 ks (Time base delay time range)

18.9(W) × 12.25(H) × 21.5(D) in.

12.1 in. XGA color, touchscreen display; DVI-I and VGA

1 MΩ: 1 mV/div to 10 V/div 50 Ω: 1 mV/div to 1 V/div

8 bits (>11 bits with Hi Res)

1.25 ps/div to 1000 s/div

11.48(H) x 17.75(W) x 10.44(D)

Touch Screen Display 264 mm / 10.4-in. diagonal, color, LCD

Determined by the sampling modules used

16 bits over the sampling modules’ dynamic range Electrical Resolution:

100 fs/div to 1 ms/div, in 1-2-5 sequence or 100 fs increments

18(W) x 13.5(H) x 16.5(D)

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Channels

Max Memory Depth

Waveform Update Rate/

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

250,000 wfms/sec

±5 ppm over any ≥1 ms interval

Windows 7 Ultimate 64 bit

$12,300$24,800

5 GS/sec

4 analog; 16 digital

20 M

340,000 wfms/sec

±5 ppm over any ≥1 ms interval

Embedded

$7,250 $21,900

100 MHz -1 GHz

5 GS/sec

4 analog; 16 digital; 1 RF

20 M

340,000 wfms/sec

±5 ppm over any ≥1 ms interval

Embedded

$9,600 $25,700

100 MHz -1 GHz

5 GS/sec

4 analog; 16 digital; 1 RF

10M

280,000 wfms/sec

±10 ppm over any ≥1 ms interval

Embedded

$3,420 $14,200

Max Sample Rate

125 M

Bandwidth

4 analog; 16 digital

350 MHz 2GHz

10 GS/sec

Portable

100 MHz -1 GHz

Portable

Portable

Form Factor

Tektronix cont.

Portable

Max Trigger Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

MSO/DPO5000

MSO/DPO4000B

MDO4000B

MDO3000

650V XPT™ Trench IGBTs

Highly Efficient Low On-State Voltage IGBTs High power densities!

TO-264 Low gate drive requirements!

FEATURES • Low on-state voltages VCE(sat) • Optimized for high-speed switching (up to 60kHz) • Short circuit capability (10µs) • Square RBSOA • Positive thermal coefficient of VCE(sat) • Ultra-fast anti-parallel diodes (Sonic-FRD™) • International standard packages Part Number

Hard switching capabilities!

VCES IC25 IC110 VCE(sat) tfi Eoff RthJC typ typ max (V) TC=25°C TC=110°C max (A) (A) TJ =25°C TJ=150°C TJ=150°C (°C/W) (V) (ns) (mJ)

TO-247

Temperature stability of diode forward voltage VF SOT-227B

POWER

APPLICATIONS • Battery chargers • Lamp ballasts • Motor drives • Power inverters • Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuits • Switch-mode power supplies • Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) • Welding machines

IXXH30N65B4 IXXH110N65C4 IXXN110N65B4H1 IXXK160N65C4 IXXX160N65B4 IXXK200N65B4

650 650 650 650 650 650

65 234 240 290 310 370

30 110 110 160 160 200

2 2.35 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.7

For more parts, visit www.ixys.com EUROPE IXYS GmbH marcom@ixys.de +46 (0) 6206-503-249

100 43 105 57 160 110

USA IXYS Power sales@ixys.com +1 408-457-9042

0.6 0.77 1.4 1.3 2.36 2.54

0.65 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.13

Configuration

Package Style

Single TO-247 Single TO-247 Copacked (Sonic-FRD™) SOT-227B Single TO-264 Single PLUS247 Single TO-264

ASIA IXYS Taiwan/IXYS Korea sales@ixys.com.tw sales@ixyskorea.com

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TLEC-H

Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

10.4 in. XGA color, touchscreen display; DB-15

1 MΩ: 1 mV/div to 10 V/div 50 Ω: 1 mV/div to 1 V/div

8 bits (>11 bits with Hi Res)

–10 divisions to 1000 s

5U; 9.16(H) x 17.29(W) x 8.12(D)

10.4 in. XGA color display; DB-15

1 MΩ 1 mV/div to 10 V/div; 50 Ω 1 mV/div to 1 V/div

8 bits (>11 bits with Hi Res)

1 GHz models 400 ps to 1000 s; ≤ 500 MHz models 1 ns to 1000 s

9.0(H) x 17.3(W) x 5.8(D)

10.4 in. XGA color display; DB-15

1 MΩ 1 mV/div to 10 V/div; 50 Ω 1 mV/div to 1 V/div

8 bits (11 bits with Hi Res)

1 GHz models 400 ps to 1000 s; ≤ 500 MHz models 1 ns to 1000 s

9.0(H) x 17.3(W) x 5.8(D)

9 in. WVGA color display; DB-15

1 MΩ 1 mV/div to 10 V/div; 50 Ω, 75 Ω 1 mV/div to 1 V/div

8 bits (11 bits with Hi Res)

1 GHz models 400 ps/div to 1000 s/div; ≤ 500 MHz models 1 ns/div to 1000 s/div

8(H) x 16.4(W) x 5.8(D)

8 Channel 12-Bit High Definition Oscilloscopes

Who’s doin’ that!

teledynelecroy.com/hd4096 testandmeasurementtips.com

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Bandwidth

Max Sample Rate

Channels

Max Memory Depth

Time Scale Accuracy

OS (Windows or embedded)

Price Range

Portable

70-200 MHz

1 GS/sec

4 analog; 16 digital

1M

5,000 wfms/ sec

±25 ppm over any ≥1 ms interval

Embedded

$1,290 $3,800

Portable

60-150 MHz

1 GS/sec

4 analog

2.5K

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded

$1,010 $1,830

Portable

50-200 MHz

2 GS/sec

2 analog

2.5K

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded

$550 $1,820

Portable

50-200 MHz

2 GS/sec

2 analog

2.5K

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded

$520 $1,720

Hand-held

100-200 MHz

5 GS/sec

4 analog

10K

Not Specified

±100 ppm + 0.04 div

Embedded

$4,310 $5,390

Benchtop

100-200 MHz

2 GS/sec

4 analog

2.5K

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded

$3,160 $4,700

Portable

100-500 MHz

5 GS/sec

4 analog

10K

3,600 wfms/ sec

±20 ppm over any 1 ms time interval

Embedded

$5,590 $14,100

Portable

50-200 MHz

2 GS/sec

4 analong

2.5K

Not Specified

50 ppm

Embedded

$990 $2,490

250 Mpts

20,000 320,000 waveform/ sec

20 ppm

Embedded OS

$15,655 $19,695

250 Mpts

20,000 320,000 waveform/ sec

20 ppm

Embedded OS

$4,925$10,960

Waveform Update Rate/

Form Factor

Tektronix cont.

Max Trigger Rate

BUYERS GUIDE

MSO/DPO2000B

TBS1000

TBS1000B

TBS1000B-EDU

THS3000

TPS2000B

TDS3000C

TDS2000C

Yokogawa — Newnan, GA, USA, 1(800) 888-6400, yokogawa.com/us DLM4000 Benchtop

350 MHz | 500 MHz

Portrait, compact

200 MHz | 350 MHz | 500 MHz

2.5 GS/sec

8

DLM2000

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2.5 GS/sec

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2 or 4

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Test & Measurement Display size/ Touch or non-touch screen

Vertical Sensitivity

Vertical Resolution

Time Base Range

Footprint

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

7 in. WQVGA color display; DB-15

2 mV/div to 5 V/div

8 bits

200 MHz models: 2ns to 100s; 70, 100 MHz models: 4ns to 100s

4U, 14.9(W) x 7.1(H) x 5.3(D) in.

5.7 in. Active TFT color display

2 mV to 5 V/div on all models with calibrated fine adjustment

8 bits

5 ns to 50 s/div

12.85(W) × 6.22(H) × 4.89(D) in.

7 in. WVGA color display

2 mV to 5 V/div on all models with calibrated fine adjustment

8 bits

50 MHz and 70 MHz models 5 ns to 50 s/div; 100MHz, 150MHz and 200MHz Models 2.5 ns to 50 s/div

12.85(W) × 6.22(H) × 4.89(D) in.

7 in. WVGA color display

2 mV to 5 V/div on all models with calibrated fine adjustment

8 bits

50 MHz and 70 MHz models 5 ns to 50 s/div; 100MHz, 150MHz and 200MHz Models 2.5 ns to 50 s/div

12.85(W) × 6.22(H) × 4.89(D) in.

6 in. QVGA color display

2 mV/div to 100 v/div

8 bits

1 ns to 4 s

7.5(W) × 10.5(H) × 2.8(D) in.

5.7 in. QVGA color display

2 mV to 5 V/div on all models with calibrated fine adjustment

8 bits

2.5 ns to 50 s/div

13.24(W) × 6.33(H) × 5.10(D) in.

6.5 in. VGA color display; DB-15

1 MΩ 1 mV/div to 10 V/div; 50 Ω 1 mV/div to 1 V/div

9 bits

1 ns to 10 s

14.8 (W) × 6.9 (H) × 5.9 (D) in.

5.7 in. QVGA color display

2 mV to 5 V/div on all models with calibrated fine adjustment

8 bits

5 ns to 50 s/div

12.8 (W) × 6.2 (H) × 4.9 (D) in.

12.1-in. non-touch, XGA 1024 x 768

2 mV/div to 10 V/div

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode)

1 nsec to 500 sec/div

426(W) x 266(H) x 178(D) mm

1 nsec to 500 sec/div

293(W) x 226 (H) x 193 (D) mm

8 bit (12 bit in high res mode) 8.4-in. Non-touch, XGA 1024 x 768

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2 mV/div to 10 V/div

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WHITE PAPER Cutting AC Line Harmonics: A Three-Phase challenge GERALD HOVDESTAD Behlman Electronics

I

In years past, all loads connected to ac supply lines were either resistive, such as light bulbs and heaters, or simple inductive loads, such as fixed-speed ac motors. These types of loads drew currents from the ac supply that were sinusoidal (though they were not precisely in-phase with the ac voltage) and would not result in problematic harmonics. In fact, utility companies would require factories operating many motors to install capacitors that would bring the power factor of the factory from inductive to close-to-unity—or the utility would add a surcharge on the cost per kilowatt-hour.

Today, an increasing portion of loads connected to ac supply lines draws currents that are not sinusoidal. Examples of such loads

Here’s a basic test setup to measure input harmonics. The unit being tested (center) uses a resistor load bank (left) to serve as a dummy load. The digital oscilloscope on the right is displaying a voltage wave-form in yellow and current waveform for each of three phases in red, green and blue.

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Test & Measurement

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

A secondary with three sets of WYEs and Deltas properly phase-shifted will have the equivalent of 18 phases. An 18-phase rectified output is referred to as having 36-pulse rectification because it would use 36 diodes. Few devices have 18-phase, 36-pulse rectification capabilities, but one that does is the BL+120 from Behlman Electronics. The unit is a 120-kVA frequency converter with a specially-wound input transformer that produces an 18-phase output.

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WHITE PAPER

The rectification stage of a linear power supply puts an ac ripple on the capacitor supplying dc to the supply output. The capacitor charges to near the peak of the rectified ac voltage. The result is a current waveform containing multiple harmonics.

are power supplies used in devices like computers. Consider the input circuitry of a typical single-phase input power supply.

These supplies often use a diode bridge to rectify ac. The rectified ac is used to charge a capacitor. The capacitor charges to near the peak of the rectified ac voltage. The result is a current waveform containing multiple harmonics.

Harmonics introduce a number of undesired consequences. For one thing, they do not transmit power. This means they produce wasted energy in the form of heat without increasing the dc power supplied.

Harmonics boost the RMS current by as much as 50% and produce excessive heat in such circuit elements as wires, contacts, fuses and circuit breakers. The extra current necessitates the use of larger fuses and circuit breakers and even heavier power lines. If the total harmonic current is large enough to distort the supply waveform, proper operation of the equipment can be compromised.

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Harmonics affect the power factor, which is the ratio of useful current to the total current. If, for example, the RMS current is 50% larger than the useful current, the power factor is 0.67.

The military has recognized that harmonic distortion can cause excessive heat in induction motors, as well as vibration and wear in bearings. Harmonics generate detectable signatures on sonar and can also capacitively couple to a ship’s hull, inducing hull currents that disrupt the operation of systems such as degaussing equipment. In MIL-STD-1399 (section 5.2.8, “Input Current Waveform”), the Navy states: “The operation of user equipment shall have the minimum harmonic distortion effect on the electric system. The operation of user equipment of the following specified ratings shall not cause single harmonic line currents to be generated that are greater than 3% of the unit’s full-rated load fundamental current between the 2nd and 32nd harmonic.”

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Test & Measurement

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

Additionally, currents with frequencies from the 32nd harmonic through 20 kHz shall not exceed (100/n) % of the unit’s full-rated load fundamental current, where ‘n’ is the harmonic multiple number. Units with power ratings less than those specified above shall be current amplitude limited so that no individual line current from the 2nd harmonic through 20 kHz exceeds a magnitude of (100/n) % of the unit’s full-rated load fundamental current.

Table 1 Frequency of power source (Hz.)

Rating of unit

60

1 kVA or more

400

0.2 kVA or more on other than a single-phase, 115-V source; 2 amps or more on a single-phase, 115-V source

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WHITE PAPER

The oscilloscope diagram above was taken from the input line of a Behlman 120-kVA frequency converter driving a 75-kW resistive load. The yellow trace is the phase A voltage. The blue, green and violet traces show the input current waveforms for the 3-phase legs.

Obviously, current harmonics on the input to any unit are problematic. For low-power, single-phase inputs, electronic power factor correction devices often work well. These devices, available as power modules up to approximately 1 kW, use pulse-width modulation to force the input current to be sinusoidal and in-phase with the input voltage. The design of these devices can be incorporated into any power supply, and there are, in fact, many circuits available for doing so.

However, the approach above does not work for threephase inputs. (It would be possible to employ three singlephase converters in place of a three-phase input when the input is from a WYE connection and the load is symmetrical.)

The real problem comes into focus when the power level is much higher and the input is a Delta connection. Without a neutral, three single-phase converters cannot be used without precise attention to load balancing.

On the other hand, harmonics from the rectification of three-phase power are fewer than what would arise from 66

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single-phase power rectification. Table 2 shows the effect of multiphase rectification on the amplitude of harmonics assuming an “ideal” choke input filter. The Table can be used to determine the number of phases needed to limit harmonic content below a certain level. For example, a design meeting MIL-STD-1399 requirements would need 18 phases, which produce 36-pulse rectification. In this case, the first harmonic is the 35th and its contribution is 2.9%.

When a transformer is on the three-phase input, one can configure the unit to have a multiphase output. For example, if the secondary of the transformer has a WYE and a Delta, it would have the equivalent of six phases. A secondary with three sets of WYEs and Deltas properly phase-shifted will have the equivalent of 18 phases. An 18-phase rectified output is referred to as having 36-pulse rectification, because it would use 36 diodes. With so many pulses, the choke used to squelch harmonics in the output lines becomes reasonably small and is easily realizable.

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Test & Measurement

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

Table 2 For Ideal Choke Input Filter 1 -Phase

3-Phase

6-Phase

18-Phase

Power Factor 0.900

0.957

0.990

0.999

RMS Current 1.111 Harmonic

1.045

1.010

1.001

Harmonic Amplitude

3rd

0.333

--

--

--

5th

0.200

0.200

--

--

7th

0.143

0.143

--

--

9th

0.111

--

--

--

11th

0.091

0.091

0.091

--

13th

0.077

0.077

0.077

--

15th

0.067

--

--

--

17th

0.059

0.059

--

--

19th

0.053

0.053

--

--

21st

0.048

--

--

--

23rd

0.043

0.043

0.043

--

25th

0.040

0.040

0.040

--

27th

0.037

--

--

--

29th

0.034

0.034

--

--

31st

0.032

0.032

--

--

33rd

0.030

--

--

--

35th

0.029

0.029

0.029

0.029

37th

0.027

0.027

0.027

0.027

39th

0.026

--

--

--

41st

0.024

0.024

--

--

43rd

0.023

0.023

--

--

45th

0.022

--

--

--

47th

0.021

0.021

0.021

--

49th

0.020

0.020

0.020

--

51st

0.020

--

--

--

53rd

0.019

0.019

--

--

55th

0.018

0.018

--

--

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Not many devices have 18-phase, 36-pulse rectification capabilities. One that does is the BL+120 from Behlman Electronics. The unit is a 120-kVA frequency converter with a speciallywound input transformer that produces an 18-phase output. This output is rectified and filtered for 36 pulse rectification. The resulting dc is supplied to a switching frequency inverter.

It can produce low-distortion sine waves from 45 to 500 Hz, and up to 2,000 Hz where required. Input voltage can range from 120/208 to 277/480 in either WYE or Delta connection.

The unit is available with fixed voltage and frequency, or can be controlled manually or through an optional computer interface by RS232, IEEE 488, USB or Ethernet.

All in all, problems caused by ac line harmonics are receiving more attention as a critical power quality concern. A growing percentage of electricity now passes through loads drawing non-sinusoidal currents. Clearly, today’s engineers should be aware of how ac line harmonics can harm their systems and of the means available to address problems, should they arise.

REFERENCES Behlman Electronics behlman.com

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Test & Measurement

TESTANDMEASUREMENTTIPS.COM

Keysight Basic Instruments

Keysight Authorized Distributors

August–October 2015

Thermal imaging detects anomalies for electrical troubleshooting.

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Test & Measurement

Handheld Instruments: Thermal Imagers and Resistance Testers

Handheld Instruments: Digital Multimeters and Clamp Meter

Confidently detect problems with four times better resolution

Optimized to make precise and dependable measurements in the demanding conditions you face on the job

U5850 Series TrueIR thermal imagers

U1230 Series DMMs

NEW

– Identify abnormalities faster with 4x more in-camera fine resolution with 320 x 240 pixels (from detector resolution of 160 x120 pixels) – Monitor temperature changes through image logging and temperature trending capabilities – Ability to focus on objects as close as 10 cm away – Compact, lightweight, ergonomic – High temperature range (up to 1200 °C) – Easy-to-use customizable color palette – Configurable quick access buttons to easily change settings with one hand – Long, standard 3-year warranty

Price from (USD) $101

U1240 Series DMMs

– Low μA and high MΩ ranges, harmonic ratio measurements, dual/differential temperature – 10,000-count display – 0.09% basic DCV accuracy Price from (USD) $206

Price from (USD) $3,507

Accomplish more in a day’s work with remote testing plus report generation U1450/U1460 Series insulation resistance testers

– Optimized for dark, noisy and even dangerous environments – Built-in LED flashlight – Flashing backlight as additional visual alert – Vsense non-contact voltage detection

– Simplify routine and predictive maintenance with automated reporting and wireless testing – Measure insulation resistance up to 260 GΩ, earth bond resistance, AC and DC volts, capacitance, continuity, and diode tests, plus current and temperature in the U1461A – Standard test voltages 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 V; adjustable 10 V up to 1.1 kV on selected models – OLED displays on selected models offer crystal-clear readings – Certified to IP 67, water proof up to 1 meter (3.28 ft), dust proof, drop proof up to 3 m (10 ft), CAT III 1000V and CAT IV 600 V

U1250 Series DMMs

– 0.025% basic DCV accuracy, accurate true-RMS AC measurements, and high-contrast OLED display (U1253B) – 50,000-count dual display – CAT III 1000 V and CAT IV 600 V safety rating Price from (USD) $390

U1270 Series DMMs

Price from (USD) $500 / $890

– 30,000-count resolution and 0.05% basic DCV accuracy down to –40 °C – Superior contrast with OLED display – Low impedance mode, low-pass filter, offset compensation – Visual and audible continuity indications – Dust and water resistant casing (certified to IP 54) Price from (USD) $347

Remote Link solution: Add wireless connectivity to Keysight handheld meters – Extended measurement distance of up to U1115A Remote 100 meters Logging Display with U1117A Bluetooth® – View readings of up to four handheld meters simultaneously Adapter (Class 1) – Compatible across all existing Keysight U1200 Series handheld meters and U1450/ U1460 Series resistance testers – 60,000 points interval logging (U1115A) – Download logged data to a PC via Bluetooth connection (U1115A)

U1210 Series clamp meters

– – – –

Measure up to 1000 A and still see 10 mA Large 2-inch clamp opening CAT III 1000 V / CAT IV 600 V safety rating Includes full-featured DMM

Price from (USD) $247

Price from (USD) $247

Find a Keysight distributor today at

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Basic Instruments | August – October 2015 8 • 2015

03

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Benchtop Digital Multimeters and Waveform Generators Benchtop DMMs Exceptional performance and ease of use

Features Max reading rate at 4½ DCV, DCI Digits of True RMS 2– and Freq/ Diode/ digits resolution ACV/ACI 4–wire Ω period cont Cap. Temp. (rdgs/s)

Model

Description

U3401A

Dual display. Elegantly simple and affordable DMMs with basic capabilities.

U3402A

4½

2–wire Ωonly

6

5½

6

6

6

N/A

DMM with built-in 30 W power supply. Halves bench/rack space needed for two instruments.

5½

6

6

6

6

6

34450A

Faster measurement speed, ultra-bright OLED with dual display, and basic statistical tools.

5½

6

6

6

6

6

New industry standard.

Display DMM results in ways you never have before and measure with unquestioned Truevolt confidence.

34461A 34465A

NEW

34470A

6½

6½

More measurements, higher speed, better accuracy, more memory than 34461A.

7½

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

34420A

7½

DCV only

6

3458A

The fastest, most flexible and most accurate multimeter, ideal multimeter for demanding applications.

8½

6

6

The world's only graphical picoammeter. 0.01 fA minimum measurement resolution.

6½ (0.01 fA)

DCI only

2-wire only

The world's only graphical electrometer. Measure down to 0.01 fA and up to 10 PΩ (10 x1015 Ω).

6½ (0.01 fA)

DCI, DCV

2-wire only

B2981A B2983A* B2985A B2987A*

*Battery operated

6

6

Nano volt/µΩ meter. Very accurate, low-level measurements.

None

Price from (USD) $497 $662

U3606B

34460A

Built-in PC interfaces

6 6

6

26

USB, GPIB

190

USB, serial (RS-232), optional GPIB

$813

300

USB, optional LAN, GPIB

$945

1,000

USB, LAN, optional GPIB

$1,097

50,000

USB, LAN, optional GPIB

250

serial (RS-232), GPIB

$4,357

100,000

GPIB

$9,586

20,000

USB, GPIB, LAN

20,000

USB, GPIB, LAN

$1,260

$1,395 $2,890

$6,210 $8,280 $9,005 $11,053

Indicates BenchVue-enabled products

Benchtop Waveform Generators

General-purpose and precision models with exclusive Trueform technology – Trueform technology generates signals with the lowest jitter and distortion – Generate Trueform arbitrary waveforms with less jitter, more fidelity and greater resolution BenchVue software enabled Frequency range

Pulse

1

10 MHz

5 MHz

Opt

14

50 MSa/s

8K

–

6

1 2

20 MHz

20 MHz

Opt

16

160 MSa/s

1M

16 M

6

6

6

1 2

20 MHz

20 MHz

Std

16

160 MSa/s

1M

16 M

6

6

6

1 2

30 MHz

30 MHz

Opt

16

250 MSa/s

1M

16 M

6

6

6

33521B/ 33522B

1 2

30 MHz

30 MHz

Std

16

250 MSa/s

1M

16 M

33611A

1

80 MHz

80 MHz

Std

14

660 MSa/s

4M

64 M

6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

Model

Description

33210A

General-purpose function and arbitrary waveform generators.

33509B/ 33510B 33511B/ 33512B 33519B/ 35520B

33612A 33621A 33622A

Exclusive Trueform waveform technology with <40 ps jitter and <0.04% THD.

Exclusive Trueform waveform technology at higher frequency ranges with <1 ps jitter <0.03% THD.

Std/Opt arb # bits

Arbitrary waveforms Modulation Sample Standard Optional rate memory/Ch memory/Ch AM/FM FSK PWM

Channels

2

80 MHz

80 MHz

Std

14

660 MSa/s

4M

64 M

1

120 MHz

100 MHz

Std

14

1 GSa/s

4M

64 M

2

120 MHz

100 MHz

Std

14

1 GSa/s

4M

64 M

04 Basic Instruments | August – October 2015 testandmeasurementtips.com

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Price from (USD) $1,323 $1,710 / $2,612 $2,021 / $3,058 $1,918 / $2,928 $2,228 / $3,369 $4,003 $5,706 $4,704 $6,708

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Test & Measurement

DC Power Supplies, DC Power Analyzers, and Precision Sources

AC Source/Analyzers, DC Power Supplies, and DC Loads

HIGH VALUE BASIC DC POWER: Solid performance and robust features help you achieve more on lower budgets

STABLE, RELIABLE AC POWER: Make sure your designs can handle unpredictable real-world power

E3600 Series DC power supplies

AC6800 Series basic AC sources

– Output noise as low as 1mVp-p/0.2mVrms – Fast load transient response time (<50 μs) – 30 to 200 W outputs

– Four models, 500 to 4000 VA (dual range 135 / 270 Vrms, up to 120 A) – Intuitive user interface – Access and control the source remotely using a standard Web browser

Price from (USD) $1,413

N5700 and N8700 Series system DC power supplies

– 45 affordable models in compact 1U (750 and 1500 W) and 2U (3.3 and 5 kW) packages – Up to 600 V or up to 400 A – Programmability and built-in V I measurements simplify test set ups

Price from (USD) $3,505

6800B Series performance AC sources/analyzers

– Complete AC power test solution – Three models, up to 1750 VA (300 Vrms, up to 80 A) – Extensive power measurement capabilities (rms, peak, DC, AC+DC, THD, and more) – Built-in arbitrary waveform generator to simulate many types of power waveforms

Price from (USD) $2,668 and $5,030

N8900 Series autoranging high-power system supplies

– 5 kW and 10 kW basic, single-output, autoranging programmable DC power for ATE applications – 18 models that offer up to 1000 V or 340 A – Easily parallel units to create “one” power supply with up to 100 kW of power Price from (USD) $7,773

Price from (USD) $7,777

HIGH PERFORMANCE DC POWER: Versatile power solutions for demanding applications 6600 Series high-performance DC supplies

– Fast, low-noise outputs improve measurement accuracy and test throughout – 40 to 6600 W, single-output, up to 120 V, and up to 875 A – Programmability and built-in V I measurements simplify test setups

HIGH PERFORMANCE DC POWER: Anticipate new demands with high speed, versatility, and accuracy N6700 modular power system family

N6700: Ideal DC power supply solution for

automated test systems – Small 1U mainframe (400, 600, 1200 W); up to 4 modules per mainframe – More than 30 programmable DC power modules: basic, high performance, precision and SMU; available in 20 to 500 W

Price from (USD) $2,543

B2960A Series low noise power sources

Price from (USD) $3,051

N6705B: Deep insight into DUT power consumption—without assembling a complex test system – Integrated benchtop unit holds up to 4 N6700 Series modules (600 W total) – DMM, scope, arb, and data logger features – NEW source/measure units and applicationspecific modules Price from (USD) $7,635

B2900A Series precision source/ measure units

– Display I-V curves and other types of graphs on the front panel – Best-in-class 6.5-digit sourcing and measurement resolution – Wide application coverage from 100 nV / 10 fA to 210 V / 3 A DC and 10.5 A pulsed Price from (USD) $4,916

Keysight Technologies Power Products

Selection Guide

Keysight offers more than 300 power products to meet your specific needs.

The Keysight Power Products Selection Guide helps you choose your instrument by the number of outputs, output power characteristics, packaging, special features and application specific solutions. www.keysight.com/find/PowerBrochureDisty

72

– 10 μVrms ultra-low noise precision current/voltage source – Unmatched current and voltage sourcing resolution (6.5-digit, 100 nV/10 fA) – Innovative and precision ARB capability; 6 built-in waveforms with speeds up to 10 kHz Price from (USD) $6,268

DC LOADS: Fast operation and accurate programming for high-volume DC power supply test systems N3300 DC electronic load mainframe

– Stable and accurate – Automated command list execution reduces workload on system controller – 1800 W mainframe accepts up to six 150 to 600 W modules for simultaneous testing – Maximum inputs up to 240 V and 120 A Price from (USD) $1,873

BENCHVUE SOFTWARE: Simple to connect and record results without programming – Visualize multiple measurements simultaneously Look for this icon throughout the – Easily capture data, screen shots & system state catalog to identify compatible products. – Recall past state of your bench to replicate results – Measurement data export to Excel, Word and MATLAB with three clicks – Monitor and control your bench from mobile devices

Find a Keysight distributor today at

www.keysight.com/find/distributor Basic Instruments | August – October 2015

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Data Acquisition Units and Modules

Counters, LCR Meter, Spectrum Analyzers, and Signal Generators

Modular flexibility and universal channels for a wide range of measurements with no external signal conditioning

More resolution and speed with graphical display offers more insights

34980A multifunction switch/ measure unit

53200A Series RF and universal frequency counters

– High performance, 8-slot mainframe with 6½ digit DMM and built-in signal conditioning – Choose from 21 plug-in modules, up to 1024 1-wire (560 2-wire) channels or 4096 cross pts.

Price from (USD) $2,920

34980A modules

– Frequency, frequency ratio, time interval, rise/fall time, phase, and much more – Histograms, trend charts, data logging, and built-in math and statistical functions – 53230A offers: 20 ps single-shot, burst microwave, and continuous gap-free measurements – Optional 6 or 15 GHz RF channel Price from (USD) $2,169

Key specifications

Model

Key specifications

34921A–34925A multiplexer switch modules

Up to 300 V, 40, 70 or 80 channels

53210A

350 MHz RF frequency counter, 10 digits/s

34937A–34939A GP switch modules

Up to 64 channels, and up to 300 V

53220A

350 MHz universal frequency counter/timer, 12 digits/s, 100 ps

34931A–34934A matrix switch modules

53230A

350 MHz universal frequency counter/timer, 12 digits/s, 20 ps

4x8, 4x16, up to Quad 4x32 matrix

34941A–34947A RF and µWave switch modules

Up to 26.5 GHz

34950A–34952A system control modules

DIO, DAC, totalizer

34959A breadboard module

For custom designs with +12 V and + 5 V supplies

Model

34970A/72A data acquisition switch units

– Low-cost, 3-slot unit with 6½ digit DMM and built-in signal conditioning – Choose from 8 plug-in modules, up to 120 1-wire (60 2-wire) channels or 96 cross points – 34972A has built-in Web interface – BenchVue software enabled Price from (USD) $1,748 / $2,019

34970A/72A modules Model

Key specifications

34901A/02A/08A multiplexers

Up to 300 V, 16, 20, or 40 channels

34903A GP switch

300 V, 20 actuator channels

34904A matrix

4x8 matrix

34905A/06A RF switches

2 GHz dual, 50 and 75 Ω

34907A multi-function

DIO, DAC, totalizer

Speed, accuracy, and measurement versatility E4980AL precision LCR meter

Achieve more on a tight budget: Solid performance with robust measurement features N9320B basic spectrum analyzer (BSA)

– – – –

N9322C basic spectrum analyzer (BSA)

– – – – – –

Measurement Hint Need to characterize Internet of Things (IoT) transmitters?

You can rely on the N9320B/N9322C BSA spectrum analyzers, which provide you with fast IoT transmitter analysis, including frequency, power, occupied bandwidth and modulation metrics of AM/FM/ASK/FSK. This solution is fast, convenient, and cost-effective. www.keysight.com/find/iotrf

Frequency range: 9 kHz to 7 GHz DANL: -152 dBm typical, with preamp on 7 GHz tracking generator, built-in VSWR bridge AM/FM, ASK/FSK demodulation Free remote control PC software BenchVue software enabled

Price from (USD) $11,721

Professional performance and compact size for general-purpose testing needs

06 Basic Instruments | August – October 2015

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Frequency range: 9 kHz to 3 GHz DANL: -148 dBm with pre-amp on 3 GHz tracking generator PowerSuite: channel power, occupied bandwidth, and more – AM/FM and ASK/FSK demodulation analysis – Free remote control PC software – BenchVue software enabled Price from (USD) $8,468

5-in-1 RF analyzer: Spectrum analyzer, stimulus and response tester, spur and interference analyzer, ASK/FSK modulation analyzer, peak and average power meter

N9310A RF signal generator

testandmeasurementtips.com

– 20 Hz to 300 kHz / 500 kHz / 1 MHz – Exceptionally low noise at both low and high impedance to improve test quality; 0.05% basic impedance accuracy – High speed at an affordable price: 12 ms (SHORT), 118 ms (MED), 343 ms (LONG) @ 1 MHz – 201-point programmable list sweep Price from (USD) $4,275

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– 9 kHz to 3 GHz CW output, 20 Hz to 80 kHz low frequency (LF) output – -127 to +13 dBm output level range (max +20 dBm settable) – - 95 dBc/Hz SSB phase noise – Extensive analog modulation: AM, FM, phase, and pulse modulation – Optional IQ modulator, 40 MHz bandwidth Price from (USD) $7,824

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Test & Measurement

Oscilloscopes and Probes

Oscilloscopes

Big scope performance with a small scope price

Breakthrough scope technology lets you see more, do more and get more for your money

1000 Series oscilloscopes

InfiniiVision oscilloscopes

– Up to 1,000,000 waveforms/sec update rate – MegaZoom IV responsive, uncompromised smart memory – 5 or 6 in one instrument integration – Fully upgradable—bandwidth, MSO, serial analysis, built-in WaveGen function generator, or digital voltmeter and counter – BenchVue software enabled

2000 X-Series

– 70 to 200 MHz bandwidth, up to 1 Mpts memory, DSO and MSO models – 8.5-inch WVGA display – Standard 5-year warranty, 2-year calibration cycle

– 50 to 200 MHz, 2- and 4-channel DSO models with up to 20 kpts memory – 5.7-inch color display offers powerful signal capture and display – Up to 2 GSa/s sample rate – Accelerate your productivity with 23 automatic measurements, an 11-language user interface, USB connectivity, and a standard educator’s kit Price from (USD) $1,679

Accurately measure small noise on top of large DC N7020A power rail probe

– 2 GHz single-ended active probe designed for power rail noise measurement – Extremely low noise — the probe increases the baseline noise of the scope by ~10% – +/-24 V of large offset range enables users to center the signal on screen and utilize the max vertical sensitivity of a scope – 50 kΩ DC impedance ensures low probe loading – Compatible with Infiniium S/9000 Series and InfiniiVision 3000X/T, 4000 X-Series

Price from (USD) $1,285

3000T X-Series

Price from (USD) $2,650

For a complete list of available probes: www.keysight.com/find/probes

Price from (USD) $3,350

Gain greater insight with powerful applications See the complete list at www.keysight.com/find/scope-apps Description

2000 X-Series 3000T X-Series 4000 X-Series 6000 X-Series

20 MHz WaveGen

DSOX2WAVEGEN DSOX3WAVEGEN

DSOX4WAVEGEN2 DSOX6WAVEGEN2

3-digit voltmeter

DSOXDVM DSOXT3DVMCTR (5-digit counter) (8-digit counter)

DSOXDVM (5-digit counter)

DSOXDVMCTR (10-digit counter)

DSO to MSO upgrade

DSOX2MSO

DSOXPERFMSO

DSOX6MSO

CAN/LIN trigger/decode

DSOX2AUTO

DSOX3MSO

DSOXT3AUTO

DSOX4AUTO

SENT trigger/decode

DSOXT3SENSOR

DSOX4SENSOR

I2C/SPI trigger/decode DSOX2EMBD

DSOX3EMBD

DSOX4EMBD

DSOX6EMBD

RS232/UART trigger/ decode

DSOX3COMP

DSOX4COMP

DSOX6COMP

USB full/low trigger/ decode

DSOX4USBFL

DSOX6USBFL

USB high trigger/ decode

DSOX4USBH

DSOX6USBH

USB signal quality test

DSOX4USBSQ

DSOX6USBSQ

Jitter and eye diagram analysis Software application bundle

DSOX6AUTO

DSOX6JITTER DSOX2APPBNDL DSOXT3APPBNDL DSOX4APPBNDL

If you see a high-bandwidth probe that has longer input lead wires at the tip than similar probes, it could mean frequency response variation and degradation. Keep the input leads of the probe tip as short as possible, and the loop area of connection as small as possible for the most accurate measurements. www.keysight.com/find/probes

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– 200 MHz to 1.5 GHz bandwidth, 4 Mpts memory (standard segmented memory), DSO and MSO models – 12.1-inch capacitive touch display – Zone touch triggering – Standard 3-year warranty, 2-year calibration cycle

6000 X-Series

– 1 to 6 GHz bandwidth, 4 Mpts memory (standard segmented memory), DSO and MSO models – 12.1-inch capacitive, multi-touch, gesture enabled display – Histogram, color grade, jitter analysis (opt), real-time eye diagram analysis (opt), and more – Zone touch triggering – Standard 3-year warranty, 2-year calibration cycle Price from (USD) $14,909

DSOX6APPBNDL

Measurement Hint

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4000 X-Series

Price from (USD) $5,622

CAN/CAN-FD/CANdbc/LIN trigger/decode

DSOX2COMP

– 100 MHz to 1 GHz bandwidth, 4 Mpts memory (standard segmented memory), DSO and MSO models – 8.5-inch capacitive touch display – Zone touch triggering – Wide range of serial decodes and analysis – Gated FFTs allow time-correlated views of the frequency domain – Standard 3-year warranty and calibration cycle

Keysight software is downloadable expertise Learn more at www.keysight.com/find/software Start with a 30-day free trial www.keysight.com/find/free_trials Find a Keysight distributor today at

www.keysight.com/find/distributor Basic Instruments | August – October 2015

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P.O. Box 4026, Englewood, CO 80155-4026 www.keysight.com/find/contactus

Identify hot spots with the new TrueIR thermal imager See page 2

Our Featured Distribution Partners

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TrueIR Thermal Imagers (U5855A, U5856A, U5857A)

Promotions Ultimate Scope Program Purchase any InfiniiVision 2000X, 3000X, 3000T X, 4000X or 6000X-Series Oscilloscopes and receive up to 17 applications for free.

No promo code required. Valid through November 30, 2015

HH Extended Warranty Offer to 5 Receive 2 extra years of warranty FREE with register the U5855A TrueIR Thermal Imager or U1450/60A Insulation Resistance Tester.

No promo code required. Valid through May 31, 2016

Ultimate Dream Bench Sweepstakes Sweepstakes for customers to win one ‘Dream Bench’ of new equipment and software. Total value $140,000.

Get Greater Reliability— Standard You’ve come to expect the highest quality from Keysight. We stand behind our products with a three-year warranty that’s standard on all instruments, worldwide. www.keysight.com/find/ThreeYearWarranty

No promo code required. Valid through December 15, 2015

HH Plus One Promotion Buy 2 and receive a third for free on all handheld tools except Thermal Imagers No promo code required. Valid through February 29, 2016

Go FurthIR with TrueIR Thermal Imagers Receive additional battery and charger at no cost with the purchase of a TrueIR Thermal Imager.

Promo code 5.993. Valid through March 30, 2016

See our complete list of current promotions. www.keysight.com/find/promotions

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Bluetooth and the Bluetooth logos are trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc., U.S.A. and licensed to Keysight Technologies, Inc. Technical data and pricing subject to change without notice.

© Keysight Technologies 2015 Published in USA, August 1, 2015 5992-0112ENUS www.keysight.com

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Test & Measurement

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LEADERSHIP TEAM

Regional Sales Manager Neel Gleason ngleason@wtwhmedia.com 312.882.9867 @wtwh_ngleason Regional Sales Manager Megan Hollis mhollis@wtwhmedia.com 440.821.2941 @wtwh_Megan Business Development Michelle Flando mflando@wtwhmedia.com 440.670.4772 @mflando

8 • 2015

CONNECT WITH US!

Follow the whole team on twitter @DesignWorld

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The Ultimate Power Couple High Current MSD Series

Low Profile LPD Series

With their high K and small size, these 1:1 coupled inductors are the perfect match for your SEPIC and flyback applications Offered in eleven body sizes and hundreds of inductance/current rating combinations, our MSD/LPD families are perfectly coupled to all your SEPIC and flyback designs.

The MSD Series offers current ratings up to 16.36 Amps, low DCR, coupling coefficients as high as K ≥ 0.98, and up to 500 Vrms winding-to-winding isolation.

With profiles as low as 0.9 mm and footprints as small as 3.0 mm square, the LPD Series offers current ratings up to 5.6 Amps, DCR as low as 0.042 Ohms and coupling coefficients as high as K ≥ 0.99.

You can see all our coupled inductors, including models with turns ratios up to 1:100, at www.coilcraft.com/coupled. ®

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