Newark360 Appendix II: Vulnerability Assessment

Appendix II: Vulnerability Assessment Image: ONE Architecture & Urbanism

Vulnerability Assessment | 1

Newark Hazard Vulnerability Assessment

Introduction Purpose

Planning context

This document characterizes the City of Newark’s climate hazards today and provides a framework for incorporating climate change resilience into future planning and development. It addresses the requirement to integrate a climate change-related hazard vulnerability assessment into municipal land use planning, as outlined in law P.L. 2021, c6 and amending New Jersey’s Municipal Land Use Law. Newark’s historic patterns of development – its urban density, prevalence of impervious surfaces, and intensive coastal development – are indicative of its dynamic growth and economic activity, and at the same time have contributed to air and water pollution, ecosystems degradation, and social vulnerabilities that climate change will exacerbate. The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events points to an urgent need for climate preparedness, policy, and coordination. This report identifies Newark’s exposures, sensitivities, and adaptation activities in support of developing a prioritized understanding of planning needs and efforts for the coming decade with a view toward adaptation priorities for the longer-term (late 21st century).

Newark is the largest city in New Jersey. The city population has increased 12.8% since 2010 to 311,549 and added 25,000 jobs since 2012. The population is expected to grow 10% by 2030. Meanwhile, by 2070 over 80,000 Newarkers will live in areas affected by stormwater flooding and 58,000 live in areas at risk of coastal storm surge1. Extreme heat is also a major risk for Newark communities, with average summer temperatures 10-15 degrees Fahrenheit greater than other New Jersey municipalities.

Newark has a poverty rate of 27.4%, making it one of the poorest cities in the state. This along with a significant foreign-born population and extremely low homeownership rate (22.3%) make addressing social vulnerability a major concern for any climate resilience planning.

2 | Appendix II.

Key findings Sea level rise exacerbates the effects of other climate change-driven processes, including drought, extreme precipitation, and extreme heat. Specific findings for Newark’s climate and hazard vulnerabilities include: ●

●

New Jersey is warming faster than the rest of the Northeast and the world. Annual average temperatures increased by 3.5°F since 1895, and annual temperatures are projected to increase by 4.1°F to 5.7°F by 20502.

Newark ranks second among cities nationwide for heat intensity with an index of 7.71°F. The geographic reach, frequency, and duration of heat waves are projected to increase in the coming decades and anticipated to cause a 55% increase in heat-related mortalities3.

●

Extensive impervious surfaces and a lack of tree canopy contribute to Newark’s urban heat island challenges. 63.2% of Newark is covered by impervious surfaces, whereas tree canopy covers only 7.9% of the city, compared to 40.3% in Essex County.

●

Flash floods affect 10.4 square miles of Newark (40.2% its land area) today. These events impact 1 in 4 Newarkers and result in an estimated $1.4 – 1.6B in losses45.

●

By 2070, coastal storm events could impact 9.6 square miles of Newark (36.9% of its land area), resulting in an estimated $11B in economic losses

and impacting 58,000 residents and 2,900 buildings.

The impacts are concentrated in the East and South Wards6. ●

Air pollution: 56 of Newark’s 122 public schools are located within 1,000 feet of a high emission roadways.

●

Newark has more than 770 properties with a known presence of contaminants, including 440 designated brownfields. There is extensive acreage of brownfields in the East Ward.

●

Newark is among the poorest cities in its region with a poverty rate of 27.4%. Each ward in Newark has census tracts with over 0.75 Social Vulnerability Index.

Notably, 55.9% of Newarkers lack citizen status, 29% are foreign born, 23.8% speak English “less than well,” 34.4% of Black households, and 33.7% of Hispanic households do not have assets. The rate of homeownership is 22.3%, and 39% of Newarkers lack access to a personal vehicle.

●

COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unemployment growth from 7% to 17%, while a workforce gap persisted as of 2022 (nearly 150,000 jobs but a workforce of 123,000 people)7.

Recommendations The Newark360 Master Plan outlines planning pillars, goals, and actions for the coming decade. The final section of this vulnerability assessment provides a comprehensive crosswalk that relates master plan actions to the climate hazards and vulnerabilities they address. See page 26 for further information.

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Climate Vulnerability Overview Climate risks & vulnerabilities today

Newark’s changing climate

The climate and global temperatures shifts have occurred several times in the last millennia according to scientific records. At present, we are living through a period of climate change caused by human activities, resulting from industrial, agricultural, and transportation-based greenhouse gas emissions, and occurring at a rate ten times faster than in previous eras. These shifting climate patterns are characterized by increasing average global temperatures, which are not only melting glaciers at the poles and contributing to sea level rise but also intensifying storm events, extreme heat, droughts, and many other global climate impacts.

Newark’s climate is characterized by warm, humid summers and cold winters with snow. The city has been impacted by extreme weather events throughout its history. Climate change is contributing to more frequent and extreme weather events, including hurricanes, flash floods, and heat waves.

Newark ranks as the third highest in the state for social vulnerability, which further exacerbates the impact of extreme weather on its communities9.

Since 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has been a global leader in the development of knowledge around climate change science, its impacts, and potential regulation. The comprehensive assessments prepared by the IPCC inform governments at all levels as to the pace of climate change and its current and potential future trends up to the year 2100. These trends generally reference Representative Concentration Pathways, or different climate futures based on potential greenhouse gas concentration trajectories. National, regional, and local climate assessments represent nested scales of information that allow translation of global conditions to a city- or neighborhood- or site-scale understanding of climate impacts and adaptation and resilience opportunities. In the context of Newark, the National Climate Assessment, Scientific Report on Climate Change, and NJ DEP’s regional initiative, Resilient Northeastern New Jersey (Resilient NENJ), all build on and incorporate academic research alongside the latest Federal and State level research and legislation to build the basis for planning8.

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With increasing average temperatures and rising sea levels, Newark’s primary climate threats include tropical storms, hurricanes, tidal flooding, extreme rainfall events, and the heat waves. The four flood risk models developed by Resilient New Jersey – flash flooding (rainfall), areal flooding (rainfall), tidal flooding, and coastal storm surge – extend the FEMA flood zones with additional data and future projections and help evaluate the comprehensive impacts of the primary hazards10. In addition to these primary threats, Newark faces a set of hazards that are less impactful but still require consideration within the broader picture of vulnerability assessment: rising groundwater levels and pollution, droughts and wildfires, air pollution, invasive species and resulting illnesses, and further habitat fragmentation11.

Recent extreme weather events Since 2000, Newark has been impacted by seven named storm events and nearly annual summer heat waves.

Name

Remnants of Hurricane Ida

Start date

9/1/2021

End date

09/02/2021

Landfall

n/a

Rainfall

Community impact

7.76 inches

Widespread transportation system impacts; homes and cars flooded

Tropical Storm Henri

08/21/2021

08/23/2021

n/a

8.42 inches

Flooded basements, sewer collapse, and sinkholes

Tropical Storm Elsa

07/08/2021

07/10/2021

n/a

1.78 inches

Severe flooding observed

2-4 inches12

12-foot storm surge; severe infrastructure damage; 255,469 power outages counted in Essex County13

Superstorm Sandy

10/21/2012

10/31/2012

10/29/2012

Hurricane Irene

8/21/2011

8/30/2011

8/28/2011

10 inches14

Significant property and roadway damage, power outages

Tropical Cyclone Hanna15

8/28/2008

9/8/2008

9/6/2008

3.75 inches16

Power outages and flooding reports

Remnants of Hurricane Gordon

9/14/2000

9/21/2000

9/18/2000

2.14 inches

Poor drainage leading to flooding in low-lying areas

17

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Climate scenario & time horizon for planning Climate vulnerability assessments and resiliency planning initiatives are typically linked to a specific greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Consistent with Resilient NENJ, this assessment refers to projections related to the RCP/SSP5-8.5 or a “business-as-usual” scenario. Using projections that relate to RCP 8.5 implies taking a conservative view of human change and pursuing the highest level of preparedness: planning for the consequences of 9°F (4.9°C) temperature increase with 6.63 ft of sea level rise by 210018. State-level reports are based on a moderate emissions scenario of 5.4°F (3°C) temperature rise and 3.97 ft of sea level rise locally, corresponding with global environmental actions taken19.

Choosing a climate scenario for planning relates to the balance between the hazard risk mitigation and the economic feasibility of the resiliency measures.

Over a ten-year time-horizon (consistent with the Newark360 master plan), the differences between these scenarios may be minor. However, there is a need to take a longer-term perspective in order to prepare Newark for resilient future, and importantly, to avoid investments and planning that creates maladaptation, actions that render the city and its communities more vulnerable to climate impacts in the future. Planning based on a moderate emissions scenario over a longer timeframe could potentially create the conditions for future displacement of Newarkers from the coastal zone and result in critical infrastructure at risk.20

Existing data & data gaps Data on climate change projections referenced in this assessment are drawn from State documents and resources such as NJDEP’s New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change (2020) and Sea-Level Rise Guidance for New Jersey (2021), as well as Rutgers University’s State of the Climate: New Jersey 2021, which describes sea level rise and coastal storm projections under various climate scenarios and point to the potential acceleration of urban heat. The Scientific Report aims to cover the full range of climate hazards including average annual

6 | Appendix II.

temperature increase, heavier rainfalls, and tropical storms and subsequent flooding events, droughts, groundwater pollution, ocean acidification and intrusion, wildfires, wetlands degradation, and invasive species.

FEMA’s Flood Insurance program provides floodplain maps based on modeling of historical riverine and coastal events but excludes flash flooding; however, Newark’s Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) were last updated before Superstorm Sandy and currently remain under review and revision. The updated flood zones will most likely incorporate considerable parts of the East Ward including the Port and the Airport. Recent major events – Superstorm Sandy and the remnants of Hurricane Ida – illustrate that FEMA flood zones are not precise enough to be relied on to indicate the location and probability of flooding to occur.21 Other local reports and data include assessments and geodata from Rutgers’ NJADAPT tool, which provides a municipal-level assessment of potential flood exposure based on socioeconomic composition, housing status, and other considerations.22 NJDEP’s Resilient Northeastern New Jersey program (Resilient NENJ, 2021-2022) has developed a Draft Action Plan (July 2022) that is supported by both a flood impact assessment (coastal, tidal, areal, and flash flood events considered and modeled) and a high-level climate hazards assessment that includes topics such as extreme heat, air pollution, hazardous materials, and vector-borne diseases. However, certain climaterelated risks such as wildfires and ecological risks (e.g., the potential for habitat fragmentation) are beyond the scope of Resilient NENJ. In the absence of updated FIRMs, Resilient NENJ utilizes Superstorm Sandy flood extents as a baseline for planning and models Sandy with sea level rise (+2.4 ft, 2070) to project future coastal flood risks. The program also developed areal and flash flood models that describe the depth and extent of rainfall flooding today. Thus, there are currently no maps or projections available to describe projected rainfall flooding (or urban heat) in Newark beyond the 2020s.

Newark’s physical context The City of Newark sits at the eastern edge of New Jersey’s Piedmont Plains, a low rolling landscape divided by a series of higher ridges running parallel to the coast, generally northeast to southwest.23 At the coastal edge of the Plains, elevations descend from several hundred feet to sea level. The shores of Newark Bay were historically characterized by marshes and wetlands.

The landscape of Newark today little resembles its pre-colonial form. Since the arrival of Dutch colonists in the 17th century, the city was transformed from a landscape of creeks and extensive wetlands fronting Newark Bay into a major transportation center with extensive rail access and port facilities crowding the waterfront.24 The growing demand for space for

industry resulted in the transformation of the Passaic shoreline and draining of coastal wetlands and marshes, in total one-third of what is the city’s land area today. Land reclamation, the extensive use of fill, and the adaptation of natural resources altered the salinity profile of the Meadowlands and permanently changed its flora and fauna.

Coastal and rainfall flood events highlight the significance of Newark’s geologic formation and physical topography. Buried watercourses resurface as flooded streets and low points during rainstorms, and extreme weather events like Superstorm Sandy inundate these historical marsh and wetland areas.

Planning for resilience must learn from and work with the city’s underlying natural systems.

Figure 1 Areas where wetlands and marshes were filled in Newark, approximately 5,538 acres in total 25

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Climate Hazards and Vulnerability Sea level rise & tidal flooding Coastal flooding due to sea level rise is a major consequence of climate change globally. While the rate of sea level rise differs regionally due to the ocean circulation, land movement, and local geomorphology, the northeast is projected to experience some of the largest increases in the U.S.26 As described above, extensive areas of Newark were built on historic marshes and filled wetlands, and these areas today face the greatest risk of flooding and tidal inundation – including parts of the East Ward as well as the port and airport facilities. Flood events bring direct risks to lives and damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure as well as secondary risks such as cutting off key evacuation and circulation routes, with the potential to trap Newarkers in place or prevent access to critical facilities. While there are various models that project sea level rise in New Jersey, the consensus indicates a

projection of at least 0.7 ft sea level rise by 2030, with up to 6.9 ft by the end of the century. This will shrink the coastal zone and exacerbate the effect of storm surge events. If no action is taken, Newark is projected to lose a land area of over 90 acres by 2070.27 NJDEP guidance indicates that planning for most building and infrastructure activities should use the high end of the likely range (<17% chance) projections, while critical assets should incorporate sea level rise high end estimates (<5% chance) into their planning.28 The recent regulatory reform initiative New Jersey Protecting Against Climate Threats (NJ PACT), required under New Jersey Executive Order 100, updates State regulations and permitting processes to integrate climate change considerations and introduces stronger regulations for structures in the floodplain.29

+5.14

+5.0 ft

+4.14 +2.74

+3.54

+2.5 ft

2020s All elevations in NAVD88

8 | Appendix II.

2030s (+0.8 ft)

2050s (+1.4 ft)

2070s (+2.4 ft)

Average Daily High Tide (MHHW)

Figure 2 Sea level rise projections (50% exceedance; high emissions scenario)30

Figure 3 Modeled rainfall flooding35

Area flood extent (1%, 24hr rainfall event) < 1ft 1-2ft 2-5ft 5-10ft > 10ft

Extreme precipitation & rainfall flooding Extreme precipitation and heavier rain events stem from ocean warming, which drives increased evaporation, and from the increased presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which hold more water vapor. Across the U.S., rainfall patterns are projected to shift toward longer dry periods with more intense rain events. While the future scale of this hazard remains uncertain, the Northeast faces the greatest increases in average annual rainfall. Rain events can cause both areal and flash floods in lowlying areas that lack drainage capacity.

Rain-driven flooding is already affecting Newark residents, community assets, and infrastructure today, causing widespread flooding particularly in the Ironbound, Dayton and the airport, Ivy Hill, and Vailsburg neighborhoods as well as at Branch Brook Park.31 Scientific observations indicate that the frequency of annual precipitation has risen 10% in

the last two decades, with dry years recorded 17% less.32 By 2050, Newark is projected to experience a 4–11% increase in annual precipitation with a higher intensity and frequency of tropical storms, rainfalls, and related floods. 33 A record level of 65 inches of precipitation – almost 40% above the centennial normal – was detected in 2018. Future annual totals are expected to exceed these records.34 Cloudburst events can lead to flash flooding, with the potential to cause damage to properties and infrastructure, disrupt daily activities, and pose a hazard to human life and safety. In particular, flash flooding is a major concern for the reliability of Newark’s transportation infrastructure and connectivity, since it can restrict the mobility of all residents, workers, and visitors moving through the city.

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Figure 4 Modeled rainfall flooding

Flash flood extent (2%, 2hr rainfall event) < 1ft 1-2ft 2-5ft 5-10ft > 10ft

FIGURE 05. Damages from rainfall flooding

10 | Appendix II.

Figure 5 Modeled tidal and coastal flooding39

Hurricane Sandy high water mark + 2.4ft sea level rise (2070) < 1ft 1-2ft 2-5ft 5-10ft > 10ft Mean higher high water + 2.4ft sea level rise (2070) < 1ft 1-2ft 2-5ft 5-10ft > 10ft

Coastal storms & severe weather Climate change is contributing to more intense tropical storms and an increase in the annual number of severe coastal storms.3637 Coastal storm surge already affects the Newark waterfront along the Hudson, Hackensack, and Passaic Rivers, as well as areas fronting Newark Bay. During Superstorm Sandy (2012), a 12-ft storm surge caused flooding even in inland areas of the city. Sea level rise and higher daily tides will translate to greater flood risk in Newark’s coastal zone in the coming decades.

Superstorm Sandy exposed the vulnerability of Newark’s coastal zone and critical assets to storm surge and coastal flooding, including the Newark-

Elizabeth Marine Terminal, Newark Airport, the Ironbound neighborhood, as well as residential areas along the Northeast Corridor and industry in Doremus (see Fig. 61, page 71 – Newark Today).

While sea level rise is not projected to expand the footprint of flooding significantly during coastal storm events, it will contribute to making severe events more common and the floodplain deeper.

The USACE Newark Flanking Plan, currently in development, aims to partly address coastal flood risk for the East Ward, including 1,640 buildings in which 32,100 residents live, for a total of $4.59 billion in avoided losses38.

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Figure 7 Projected 2070 damages due to coastal storm surge (modeled Superstorm Sandy event + 2.4ft sea level rise)41

Figure 6 Resilient NENJ flood impact assessment methodology40

12 | Appendix II.

Extreme heat & changing seasonality Extreme heat is the deadliest climate hazard in the U.S. today on an annual basis. Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere contribute to heat trapping and result in the greenhouse effect.

Annual average temperatures are climbing at an accelerating rate, and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and longer in duration. This is especially true in highly urban areas where heat accumulating surfaces drive urban heat island effect. The effects of these events include higher energy consumption, air pollution, water loss, and negative health impacts, especially related to the respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

are currently 10 - 20°F greater than adjacent suburban and rural communities, and up to 15°F greater in the hot spots than in the green areas.43 Extreme surface temperatures of 100°F and higher have been detected in 12 city locations, including areas of concentrated impervious surfaces, synthetic turf fields, parking lots, and other dark surfaces.44 The lack of trees and vegetation reduce natural cooling via evapotranspiration and shading public spaces and buildings.

2000

2020

2030

2050

2070

1980

92.2 2040

Figure 8 Future annual days with heat index ≥ 90°F; average seasonal temperatures

2070

winter temperature

summer temperature

40 °F

annual days

summer temperature

winter temperature

39.8 °F

43.1 °F

+161.4%

67.7

80 °F

60 °F

37 °F

43.7

+68.7% 2020

+256%

80.5 °F

77.2 °F

74.5 °F 2010

annual days

-4 1980

winter temperature

-2

summer temperature

25

0

annual days

2

34.1 °F

50

4

winter temperature

6

0%

75

summer temperature

8

annual days

Temperature change (°F)

10

25.9

100

12

Future Annual Days with Heat Index ≥ 90°F

Newark already experiences disproportionate impacts from heat; a 2021 study found Newark to have the second highest heat intensity in the U.S.42 Human-induced transportation, industrial, and air conditioning heat emissions coupled with a lack of tree canopy and extensive paved surfaces foster rising temperatures. Newark surface temperatures

84.1 °F

The average annual temperature increases projected for Newark exceed average rates in the Northeast region and globally. Historical observations show an approximate increase of 3.5°F annually in New Jersey between 1895-2019. By 2050, warming is projected to increase by 4.1 – 5.7°F, with longer expected heatwaves and a 55% increase in correlated mortalities.45 Approximately 70% of future summers are expected to be hotter than the warmest current summers. 46

20 °F

2100

47

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Groundwater & drinking water quality

Droughts & water supply

Sea level rise in the coming decades will change groundwater levels and contribute to saltwater intrusion, particularly in coastal areas. The rising water table can also exacerbate other climate change impacts, such as drought, flash floods, and water supply challenges. While Newark receives its drinking water from inland sources, changes in groundwater levels can increase the risk of groundwater and soil contamination and increased health risks in areas of wastewater discharge (i.e., close to the Passaic River).48

Droughts are less frequent environmental events in the northeast compared to inundation risk. Nonetheless, climate change is causing more frequent dry periods due to increased evapotranspiration and soil dryness.52

1

0

2010

3.9 inches

2.5 inches

60 %

40 %

20 %

2020

2040

2070

Figure 9 Projected drought effects55

14 | Appendix II.

2100

Change in maximum relative summer humidity, %

2

80 %

1.3 inches

3

Change in potential evapotranspiration, inches

4

-2.5 %

100 %

5

-1.5 %

Groundwater level rise and saltwater intrusion are expected to impact buildings and infrastructure in the coming decades. Basements will be subject to increased hydrostatic pressure and groundwater infiltration, while community assets and underground infrastructure will be exposed to higher rates of corrosion, stormwater and wastewater systems will face declining capacity, and soil and wastewater contamination carried by rising water may affect the sources of drinking water causing health threats.51

Several types of droughts are expected to impact Newark’s region in the coming years: meteorological drought (average precipitation in a region), hydrological drought (decreased precipitation, affecting streamflow, soil moisture, and groundwater recharge), and agricultural drought (when water supply cannot meet crop demands). Drought conditions can bring permanent changes to the water supply statewide.

-0.5 %

Newark contains seven separate watersheds within three distinct watershed management areas: Lower Passaic & Saddle; Hackensack, Hudson and Pascack; and Arthur Kill. Discharges in these areas and by extension water quality are impacted by watershed management in adjacent areas to the west, which demands a regional approach to pollution mitigation.4950

The potential impacts to Newarkers include reduced water supply for irrigation and other non-potable uses, food availability, and energy production.

New Jersey’s most recent severe drought occurred between October 2016 to April 2017. 53 While average annual precipitation is expected to increase, climate projections indicate that Newark may experience more intense dry periods between storm events in the future.54

Air Quality

Wildfires

Increasing average temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns are projected to trigger increased energy consumption and lead to deteriorating atmospheric conditions in the coming decades. Smog and poor air quality are additional risks, caused not only by soil erosion and dryness but also potentially by wildfires in other areas of the state.

An increasing risk of wildfire regionally creates a local risk in Newark for airborne small particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone.58 In the State of New Jersey, 1,500 wildfires contribute annually 7,000 acres of forest loss and damage with corresponding threats to adjacent communities.59 The observed magnitude of risk is growing and expecting to accelerate. In Essex County, 30% of the total land area (total population 103,635) is located in low to moderate wildfire hazard areas, and 2% of the land area is classified as high to extreme wildfire hazard (total population 5,196).60 Associated health issues include severe respiratory sicknesses such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. These threats disproportionately affect vulnerable communities lacking access to healthcare.

Vehicle emissions not only contribute to climate change by producing carbon emissions but also contribute directly to poor air quality. Vehicles driven on Newark’s roads produce approximately 2,100 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2e) daily or 750,000 MTCO2e annually – the equivalent of burning over 410,000 tons coal.56 As a city bisected by highways and with extensive land area devoted to airport and port facilities, Newark faces the persistent impact of transportation-driven pollution that affects both human health and the City's precious if limited natural resources. Socially vulnerable Newarkers and especially children (who are highly susceptible to respiratory deceases) face a disproportionate impact from transportation infrastructure that is mainly utilized by non-citizens.

Sandwiched between major roads and transportation facilities, the Ironbound neighborhood is especially affected by pollution from motor vehicles.57

Ironbound, Total CO₂ Emissions by Source (2020)

Invasive species & vector-borne illness Longer warm seasons bring with them an increased risks of infectious diseases (such as Covid-19) along with the conditions for diseases borne by mosquitos and ticks, such as Lyme disease. As of 2017, New Jersey ranked second nationally for confirmed Lyme cases, with an 8.8% increase between 2007 and 2019.

Disease risks for urban populations are increasing as well, with warming temperatures and flooding contributing to a growing population of the Asian Tiger mosquito, which can carry the West Nile Virus.61

1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000

9% 16% Light duty vehicles Medium/ high duty vehicles

800,000 600,000 400,000

Bus

67%

200,000

Port Railyard Airport

Metric Tons CO₂

Figure 10 Ironbound total emissions, metric tons of CO267

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Wildlife & endangered species habitats Ecosystem health is closely connected with regional climate resilience. Rising temperatures are transforming habitat conditions and viability as well as driving habitat migration. Newark possesses limited natural areas and fragmented habitats today; the City’s primary habitats are its parklands, Passaic riverfront, and Newark Bay. Native species extinction is undermining the stability of these riverine and coastal ecosystems. New Jersey has articulated a state priority to return degraded natural resources to a functioning status and support wildlife corridor connectivity.62 Newark falls into the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers Conservation Focal Areas (CFAs): habitats for multiple keystone bird species as well as urban peregrine sites. 63 The animals that live in these CFAs support the whole ecosystem, making these areas especially vulnerable and recommended for biodiversity protection and conservation.

Social vulnerability The City of Newark contains some of the most socially vulnerable census tracts in the state. Social vulnerability “refers to the degree to which people can expect to be challenged when faced with significant disruptions.”64 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides estimates for aggregated social vulnerability to define the degree of socio-economic challenge at the census tract level. The CDC’s Social Vulnerability Index is based on 15 factors, including poverty, unemployment, high school attendance, percentages of older and younger populations, people with disabilities, single-parent households, racial minorities, English proficiency, housing types, etc.65 Social risks overlayed with the climate challenges put an increased burden on some neighborhoods. As such, Lower Clinton Hill, Lower Roseville, Mount Pleasant, and parts of Ironbound and North Broadway have the highest rates of housing insecurity in the US.66 This vulnerability assessment introduces a comprehensive estimation of risks communities experience, bringing together the following factors at the parcel level: CDC SVI, major health issue indices, and overburdened community groups under

16 | Appendix II.

the NJ environmental justice law. It incorporates environmental health conditions, for example the proximity to contaminated sites and the distance to publicly-owned green spaces. Newark’s most socially vulnerable areas are located in the Central and North Wards, whereas climate hazard related threats are concentrated now and in the future in the East Ward. Each of the wards, however, faces risks from climate events and other hazards; prioritizing climate preparedness and investment in critical assets will be key to support Newark communities in increasing resilience to climate hazards and supporting disaster recovery.

Looking toward the coming decades, climate change not only has the potential to exacerbate existing social vulnerabilities but also to precipitate migration, both from more climate vulnerable places abroad and within the U.S. Newark has a significant foreign-born population (32.5% as of 2021 vs.

13.5% nationally), which is indicative of the strength of Newarkers’ connections abroad. As a city with relatively robust water resources and a relatively cooler climate for the continental U.S., Newark may need to plan for climate-driven population growth as part of its housing strategy.

Figure 11 Flooding and extreme heat risk in Newark68

High vulnerability areas Areas vulnerable both to extreme risk and high flood risk Urban heat island effect Extreme heat areas over 100F Extreme heat areas over 95F Heat impacted areas without access to green space Modeled flood impacts Tidal flood extent (MHHW levels-projected 2070) Coastal flood extent (Superstorm Sandymodeled 2070) Flash flood extent (2%, 2hr rainfall eventmodeled current) Areal flood extent (1%, 24hr rainfall eventmodeled current) Known contaminated sites Low Moderate High

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RESILIENT NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY

How Do We Assets Prioritize Assets?

Critical for Hazard

Response & Resilience

The prioritization methodology assets within different types and associates themon The adaptive capacity and resilienceranks of Newark communities and builtasset environment depends in large part with community benefit categories.

By prioritizing an assetfactors type, affecting decisionthese makers the City’s critical infrastructure and community assets. Theassets primarywithin climate-related assets can seeare which assets a heat. type This are vulnerability more impacted by flooding. alsoNortheastern keeps the New spatially flooding andwithin extreme assessment draws onThis Resilient Jersey’s methodologies, look at existing assets and require their projected exposure to three prioritization objectivewhich as ranking acrosscommunity asset types would someone to say, for types of flood events (combining current and 2070 models) to assign a relative priority to each.

Unlike for example, that a school is more important than a hospital or vice versa – and there’s noflooding, fair way there is not a specific methodology to build spatial projections for future extreme heat impacts, therefore the to make that comparison. assessment uses current data to identify the areas of highest environmental vulnerability.

By considering their community benefit categories, we ensure that decision makers can make decisions knowing how categories the assets the community. assets that often not Resilient NENJ established of support community categoryThat helps way, identify a short list are of core elements considered during a typical risktoassessment, like those supporting quality of but life any andprioritization the impact assets and uses a ranking method prioritize for infrastructural resilience, within each. These The categories across types would require additional on ecosystems. figureinclude belowinfrastructure, provides an overview ofasset the asset prioritization process. emergency facilities, health,inquality of life, and engagement of community members and local Specific details arepublic provided sections discussing assigning asset scores and prioritizing within environmental health.

Comparison within each asset decision-makers. categories.

Figure 12 Overview of Resilient NENJ asset prioritization methodology70

Figure 3: Overview of asset prioritization methodology

Critical assets overview Critical assets are defined as essential to sustain a community through a disaster and are especially important to the ASSET TYPES protection and recovery of vulnerable groups. Resilient NENJ’s assessment includes an assessment and prioritization 69

Asset types include items which are considered important due to their role in community safety, of: their contribution to critical utilities, or their importance being highlighted by community member ● 129 infrastructure assets (transportation, utilities, water supply), input. ●

78 emergency response facilities (shelters, police, and fire stations),

●

315 public health services (hospitals, schools, and community centers),

Asset types in Resilient NENJ include:

x Commuter Rail x Airports ● 416 community quality of life services (libraries, worship places, and community gardens), x EMS x Bike Lanes ● x 57 parks, and x Fire stations Bus Routes x and Heavy Rail Cemeteries ● x 75 flood protection assets (including 69 green infrastructure projects 6 urban amenities). x Hospital and medical centers x Child care centers The report includes planned flood protection infrastructure as a separate asset category and estimates the vulnerability x Hurricane Evacuation Routes x Colleges levels of these future assets.

18 | Appendix II. IMPACT ASSESSMENT: APPENDIX C FLOOD

Page 25 of 42

The table below highlights the assets within six classes, prioritized according to the Resilient NENJ methodology and their exposure to current and future hazard events.71 The prioritized score is calculated by multiplying the risk exposure score by the breadth score for each asset type. The exposure ranking method combines projected parameters by multiplying expected depth scores by an estimated frequency score.72 Urban heat island effect is less geographically determined due to the multiple variables controlling for atmosphere temperatures. UHI exposure is ranked according to: ◌

1: areas with summer temperatures higher than 95F,

◌

2: areas with summer temperatures higher than 95F and lacking access to green space, and

◌

3: the areas with summer temperatures higher than 100F

Quality of life

Public health services

Emergency response

Infrastructure

Asset class

The same principle is applied to assess Newark’s highest environmental vulnerability areas (see pg. XX).

No

Ecosystem health

ty

Type

score

Name

Ward

flood exposure

Flood exposure

Flood

UHI

exposu exposu

re score re score

Areal

Flash

Tidal

Surge

1.1

18.6 Substations

Port street

East

0

0

0

5

5

0

1.2

18.6 Substations

Unknown 172895

West

2

0

0

0

2

1

1.3

18.6 Substations

Ironbound

East

0

0

0

5

5

0

1.4

11.2 Substations

Unknown 133201

East

0

0

0

3

3

0 0

1.5

2

Rail Stations

Davenport Ave.

North

6

6

0

0

12

1.6

1

Light Rail

Newark Airtrain

East

6

4

0

7

17

1

1.7

0.5

Rail Stations

Washington St

Central

2

0

0

0

2

1

2.1

150

Hurricane Evacuation Route

New Jersey Turnpike

East

3

3

0

3

9

3

2.2

12

Shelters

Newark, 1 Brewster Road

East

2

2

0

7

11

3

2.3

12

Shelters

Boylan Recreation Center, 926 S. Orange Ave

West

6

4

0

0

10

0

2.4

4.7

Police Stations

NJ Transit Police Department, 1 Penn Plaza East

East

0

0

0

5

5

0

2.5

3.8

EMS

Newark Fire Department Rescue 1, 191 Orange St.

Central

2

0

0

0

2

2

2.6

2.3

Shelters

Technology High School, 223 Broadway

Central

2

2

0

0

4

0

2.7

0

EMS

Inner City Transit Medical Transportation, 371 Central Avenue

Central

2

0

0

0

2

1

East

2

2

0

5

9

0

14

0

3.1

27.8 Public Housing

Terrell Homes, 23 Riverview Terrace

3.2

3.3

Hospitals and Medical Centers

Columbus Hospital, 495 N 13th St

North

10

4

0

0

3.3

1.6

Child Care Centers

The Chen School, Inc., 24 Maiden Lane

Central

2

0

0

0

2

0

3.4

0.9

Child Care Centers

Story Hall Daycare Center, 158 Chestnut St.

East

0

0

0

5

5

2 1

3.5

0.7

Hospitals and Medical Centers

The Health Center at Central High School, 246 18th Ave

Central

10

6

0

0

16

3.6

0.5

Hospitals and Medical Centers

The Rainbow Room - Dayton Street School, 226 Dayton St.

South

4

4

0

0

8

0

3.7

0.5

Child Care Centers

Zone Four, 1132 South Orange Avenue

West

4

0

0

0

4

0

4.1

24.3 Places of Worship

Spiritual Assembly Of The Bahais Of Newark, 93 Vesey St.

4.2

24.2 Places of Worship

Iglesia De Dios En Espiritu y En Verdad, 65 Mlk

4.3

24.1 Places of Worship

East

0

0

0

5

5

2

Central

2

0

0

0

2

0

Household Of Faith, 105 Norman Rd

West

2

2

0

0

4

0

4.4

8

Places of Worship

Ministerio Bethel International, 78-88 Pennsylvania Ave

East

2

0

0

0

2

1

4.5

5.3

Places of Worship

Igreja Betel Assembleia De Deus Inc, 561 Ferry St.

East

0

0

0

3

3

1

4.6

5

Places of Worship

House of His Glory Ministries Inc, 691 Elizabeth Ave

South

2

0

0

0

2

0

4.7

1.5

Places of Worship

Light Of Rescue, 953 Frelinghuysen Ave

South

2

0

0

0

2

0

540

Parks

5.1 5.2

111.1 Parks

Branch Brook Park West Side Park

North/Central

13

12

0

0

26

0

West

14

10

0

0

24

1

5.3

95.7 Parks

Ironbound Recreation Center

East

10

10

0

5

25

3

5.4

91.9 Parks

Jesse Allen Park

East

5

5

0

0

10

1

5.5

86.8 Parks

Minish Passaic River Waterfront

Central

14

12

16

10

51

0

5.6

82.5 Parks

Riverfront Park

East

13

11

13

8

46

0

Newark Riverfront Park (Construction)

East/Central

20

20

21

10

71

0

6.1 Flood protection

Modeled rainfall Projected 2070

Priori

-

Flood/Stormwater Management

6.2

-

Flood/Stormwater Management

PVSC Resiliency Projects (Construction)

East

20

20

9

10

59

2

6.3

-

Wetland restoration

Newark Living Shoreline/Marsh Restoration (Construction)

East

20

20

9

10

59

0

East

20

20

6

10

56

2

All

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2

6.4

-

Flood/Stormwater Management

USACE Passaic River Tidal Area Project (Design)

6.5

-

Flood/Stormwater Management

USACE Passaic River Basin Reevaluation Study (Planning)

6.6

-

6.7

Green infrastructure

Newark Doing Infrastructure Green (DIG, Ongoing)

All

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2

Green infrastructure

Newark Greenstreets

All

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

Figure 13 Prioritized list of critical assets for Newark73

Vulnerability Assessment | 19

This approach is focused on the community infrastructure capacities, drawing from the short list of assets. This report adds an additional spatial dimension of vulnerability evaluation. The areas of highest vulnerability help focus sustainable development on the most socially, environmentally, and economically threatened parts of the city, prioritized, and tailored according to local needs.

The most environmentally vulnerable areas are prone to climate risks from several events with the exposure scores over 30 according to the RNJ methodology – Figure 14 Vulnerability of critical assets75

Priority assets Infrastructure Emergency response Public health Quality of life Parks Flood protection Critical assets Infrastructure Emergency response Public health Quality of life Parks Priority parks (per RNJ ranking) Flood protection Light commuter rail Repeated flooded rail lines Repeated flooded streets Natural gas pipelines Transmission lines Vulnerable areas Socially vulnerable (SVI over 95%) Economically vulnerable (>500M$/sqm projected losses-2070)

20 | Appendix II.

overlayed with UHI scores of 2 or greater. The areas of greatest social vulnerability are residential zones with a Social Vulnerability Index of 0.95 and higher.74 Areas of economic vulnerability are projected to bear direct damages of greater than $500M per square mile. According to the assessment, economic vulnerabilities and environmental risks are concentrated in the East Ward, and blocks with high social vulnerability are distributed across the North, Central, and the South Wards.

Infrastructure Newark’s assets and vulnerabilities include: ●

35.8 miles of major roads and highways that serve as evacuation routes – including Interstate 78, Highway 1, and NJ Turnpike – are at risk today and a 2070 projected coastal flood event. 7.7 miles of roads and highways are impacted by rainfall flood events, limiting access throughout the region and leaving communities without safe evacuation routes.76

●

The main electric transmission lines pass through areas of extreme flood risk in the East Ward, increasing the risk of a major power outage.

●

12 city electrical substations are located in areas of severe flood risk; six are in high-heat areas.

●

Power generation facilities providing 2,700 megawatts of power, as well as Wastewater Treatment Plants are at least partially exposed to projected flood events. Two of five major facilities are situated in the areas of extreme flood risk, and 2 are exposed to urban heat island effect.77

●

175 of 269 infrastructural assets are exposed to the flood risks with 80 of them in the areas of higher risks of over 10 scores.

●

49 of the infrastructural objects are in the high urban heat island areas, including 9 substations and 24 gas stations.

Transportation networks provide critical evacuation routes during major hazard events, but Newark’s highway corridors also create significant barriers to access major facilities. Moreover, Newark has among the lowest rates of car ownership nationally, with 39% of Newarkers lacking a personal vehicle.

Newark’s critical regional and national infrastructural assets – Newark Liberty International Airport and the Port of Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest on the East Coast – are vulnerable to coastal and rainfall flooding (about 1 ft during a rain event and 10 ft during a Sandy-type coastal storm in 2070, which risks overtopping the Airport floodwall). In addition, Airport and Port lands represent nearly 1/3 of the highest temperature locations in the city, posing health risks for adjacent neighborhoods.78

Coastal storms and related flooding are projected to cause twice the value of direct damage as rainfall flooding. Newark’s floodplain extends from the shore of Newark Bay and the Passaic River to Route 21 and the Northeast Corridor rail line. The Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission treatment plant provides treatment for Newark and neighboring areas – the single facility to do so.

Emergency response facilities Shelters, hospitals, police stations, and fire stations support continuity of services and sustain key functions for communities during and after a crisis or disaster. Especially in the East Ward, many of these facilities are at risk of flooding during coastal storms, limiting their capacity to support disaster response and exacerbating the risks that socially vulnerable residents already face.79 Four of the seven primary emergency response facilities have flood exposure scores greater than 10, in addition to extreme heat exposure.

Public health & community facilities Community and public health facilities provide essential services to Newarkers, including preventive, urgent, and emergent healthcare services. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for hospitals and other healthcare facilities to be accessible for Newarkers in all neighborhoods and highlighted the range of services these facilities provide. There are 315 public health facilities offering essential services to Newarkers, including hospitals, municipal buildings, nursing homes, childcare centers, schools, that also represent major centers of employment within the city. Many facilities remain dependent on City power, water, and sewer systems, as well as public transportation for patients’ access – and 75 of them are within the areas of flood exposure risk. Almost 1 in 3 of these facilities (108 total) are exposed to high urban heat risk, additionally threatening the access to healthcare.

Vulnerability Assessment | 21

Quality of life assets

Flood risk reduction assets

Facilities such as libraries, places of worship, community gardens, and other neighborhood assets make an important contribution to community quality of life and provide gathering spaces that support building the interpersonal connections that reduce social vulnerability. Newark’s churches rank relatively lower for flood risk exposure than some other critical assets, indicating there is a potential opportunity to activate these facilities and their community networks in disaster response and climate education and adaptation.

Facilities aimed at reducing coastal flood risks – currently in various design, planning at implementation stages – are primarily located adjacent to the Passaic River and to address flooding from Newark Bay. Superstorm Sandy demonstrated that these areas face the greatest exposure in Newark to coastal storm risk. South Street Area Drainage System Improvements, Newark Riverfront Park, and PVSC Resiliency Projects are mostly complete, with three other projects in planning or design. Across all five wards, 24 of 69 green infrastructure projects are currently under construction or complete, with the Central Ward leading in terms of implementation progress (10 out of 17) and East Ward leading in terms of total number (19).

Ecological resources Among Newark’s wards, the East Ward is the most vulnerable in terms of ecosystem health, with only around 40 acres of parklands, three of which Resilient NENJ considers prioritized assets. The South Ward contains the greatest park acreage (302 acres), while the most prioritized community assets are Branch Brook Park and West Side Park (267 acres and 21 acres, respectively). Apart from these park assets, Newark has very limited ecological resources and faces broad ecosystem vulnerability: for example, only 7.9% of Newark is covered by tree canopy, as compared to 40.3% of Essex County overall. Concentrations of trees around Branch Brook Park, Weequahic Park, and Vailsburg contrast with areas almost entirely devoid of tree cover in the Ironbound, Downtown, and areas east of McCarter Highway. These same areas are prone to highest summer temperatures, heightened air pollution, and limited stormwater capture infrastructure.80 Thousands of acres of the city lack access to green space; these places are vulnerable to both heatwaves and stormwater inundation due to their concentrations of impervious surfaces.81 Generally, the eastern half of Newark city lags behind the western half in tree cover and park access while containing the majority of highway assets, pollutiongenerating activities, and extensive impervious surfaces.82

22 | Appendix II.

Coordination with Plans and Data Resilient Northeastern New Jersey initiative Newark city agencies and staff have been extensively involved in regional resilience coordination through the Resilient New Jersey program. The following comprises a list of the key sources and data consulted in the development of the vulnerability assessment.

Data & reports referenced STATE NJ Department of State Office of Planning Advocacy. (2001). State Plan: Statewide Goals, Strategies and Policies.

NJ Department of Environmental Protection. (2020). Water Quality Trends in Nutrients in New Jersey Streams, Water Years 1971-2016. https://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/wq/water-quality-trends-nutrients-1971-2016.pdf NJ Department of Environmental Protection. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change.

NJ Department of Environmental Protection. (2019). Connecting Habitat Across New Jersey. https://www.nj.gov/ dep/fgw/ensp/chanj.htm NJ Department of Environmental Protection. New Jersey Protecting Against Climate Threats. https://www.nj.gov/ dep/njpact/ NJ Department of Environmental Protection. (2021). Sea Level Rise Guidance for New Jersey.

NJ Geographic Information Network Open Data Historic Fill in New Jersey Layer. (1882). Library of Congress Topographical Map. NJ Geographic Information Network. (2021). Unemployment Rates and Labor Force Estimates. https://www. nj.gov/labor/labormarketinformation/employment-wages/unemployment-rates-labor-force-estimates/index. shtml NJ TRANSIT. (2021). NewBus Newark Study.

Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist. (2020). https://climate.rutgers.edu/stateclim/ Rutgers NJ Climate Change Resource Center. Vulnerable Populations Exposure Snapshot Newark. https:// climatesnapshots.rutgers.edu/0714/socialVulnerability/ Rutgers NJ Climate Change Resource Center. (2020). Sea Level Rise in New Jersey Projections and Impacts. https://njclimateresourcecenter.rutgers.edu/climate_change_101/sea-level-rise-in-new-jersey-projections-andimpacts/ State of New Jersey. (2019). All-Hazard Mitigation Plan. https://www.nj.gov/njoem/mitigation/pdf/2019/mit2019_ section5-4_Drought.pdf Sustainable Jersey and the Sustainability Institute at The College of New Jersey. (2017). Urban Heat Island Assessment.

RESILIENT NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY REPORTS Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2021). About Our Region.

Vulnerability Assessment | 23

Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022). Additional Climate Resilience Assessment.

Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment.

Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022). Critical Community Assets Feature Class, SVI. Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022). Flood Risk Projections.

Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022). Draft Action Plan.

Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment.

OTHER Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2018). CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). https:// www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_documentation_download.html Brown, Daniel P. and Kimberlain, Todd. (2008). Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Hanna. National Hurricane Center. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL082008_Hanna.pdf Climate Central. (2021). Hot Zones: Urban Heat Islands. https://assets.ctfassets.net/ cxgxgstp8r5d/1XZZjkLYwtcmKL5k3wEinl/5f8c9b5b2d8dd56e1bda7f51278fc3d2/2021_UHI_Report.pdf Del Greco, Stephen. National Climatic Data Center. (2020). Storm Data and Unusual Phenomena.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020). Flood Insurance Study, Essex County, New Jersey. https://map1. msc.fema.gov/data/34/S/PDF/34013CV001B.pdf?LOC=46896f23acac22e87d674fcfb9aa6bbc Home Facts. (2022). Hurricane Information for Newark, NJ. https://www.homefacts.com/hurricanes/New-Jersey/ Essex-County/Newark.html M.J. Bradley & Associates. (2020). Newark Community Impacts of Mobile Source Emissions.https://www.njeja.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/04/NewarkCommunityImpacts_MJBA.pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Tides and Currents. Tidal Datums, MHHW 2070 Projections. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html.

Saint-Fort, Yvanna and Driscoll, Rose. (2014). Two Years Later: Hurricane Sandy in Essex County. Patch. https:// patch.com/new-jersey/newarknj/2-years-later-hurricane-sandy-essex-county Strategic Foresight Initiative. (2011). Climate Change, Long Term Trends and their Implications for Emergency Management. https://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/programs/oppa/climate_change_paper.pdf The Trust for Public Land. (2021). Heat Severity USA. US Bureau of Census. (2021). QuickFacts, Newark City, New Jersey. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/ newarkcitynewjersey Watson, Kara M., Collenburg, Jerilyn V., and Reiser, Robert G. (2014). Hurricane Irene and associated floods of August 27-30, 2011, in New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5234, 149. https:// pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5234/pdf/sir2013-5234.pdf

24 | Appendix II.

Coordination with Newark360 Master Plan Critical assets overview

●

Develop a comprehensive climate adaptation / resilience plan for the East Ward in advance of further zoning changes and redevelopment.

●

Expand tree planting and canopy enhancement through clearer requirements and discouragement of alternatives / variances; develop an urban forestry plan.

●

Facilitate the deployment of solar panels – as a permitted accessory use and new requirements

●

Integrate a chapter into the zoning that establishes green building standards.

Newark360 land use strategy The Newark360 Plan Land Use Element describes current land uses in the City, development trends, a land use vision, and future land use plan that establishes a basis for potential zoning changes and redevelopment plan amendments for the next decade. The land use element has been coordinated with the pillars, goals, and actions outlined in “Newark Tomorrow” and developed with sensitivity and responsiveness to the climate risks outlined in this assessment.

Newark360 addresses climate hazards and resilience through specific uses and recommendations as well as overarching statements of strategy included in the Land Use Element. These are briefly described below.

Resiliency recommendations & topics for further study ●

Create resilience hubs to be implemented in all districts.

●

Develop a new set of zoning standards, based on best practices for high-risk coastal communities, with higher standards to protect buildings from flooding (coordinated with NJ PACT).

●

Mitigate stormwater flooding and extreme heat with a stormwater management ordinance, revised impervious coverage standards, and new requirements for permeable paving.

Statements of strategy ●

Smart growth: leverage urban redevelopment and infill to reduce contributions to climate change.

●

Storm resiliency: develop a comprehensive East Ward Climate Resilience Plan; work with critical asset owners to advance hardening of critical infrastructure for flood resilience.

●

Environmental sustainability: promote a renewed relationship to conserving natural resources (see Appendix I: Land Use Recommendations for full list).

Vulnerability Assessment | 25

Master plan goals & actions Newark360’s goals and actions have been developed with an awareness of the city and region’s climate hazards and vulnerabilities, now and in the future.

The following tables outline how the master plan actions address these challenges.

Scoring note: ◌

Score of 1 denotes a direct effect on mitigating the hazard or reducing social vulnerability to that hazard

◌

Score of 2 denotes secondary or possible effect on mitigating the hazard or reducing social vulnerability to that hazard

◌

Scores reflect the actions’ ability to address the hazard, not the social exposure to the hazard.

Prosperity Newark is a city of prosperity where new and legacy residents can leverage the Brick City’s richness to build their American Dream Action

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

& soil

events

Social Vulnerability

pollution

Goal 1: Connect Newarkers to well-paying jobs within the city.

1.1.1 Work with mid-sized businesses within the

1

city and incentivize them to hire local.

1.1.2 Introduce young Newarkers to opportunities

2

in the local Green Economy.

1

1.1.3 Add bus routes and other bus treatments to improve how Newarkers move around the city outside the downtown core.

26 | Appendix II.

1

1

Action

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

& soil

events

Social Vulnerability

pollution

Goal 2: Protect our residents from vulnerabilities.

1.2.1 Reduce homelessness in Newark significantly over the next five years through delivery of various housing solutions and supportive

2

2

1

1

services.

1.2.2 Enable increased development of housing

units for Newarkers who are disabled and invest

1

in making sidewalks and public spaces fully accessible.

1.2.3 Facilitate development of housing units for

seniors, including retrofits for existing housing to

2

2

1

1

allow residents to age in place.

1.2.4 Include healing and trauma-informed

design/policy strategies in thinking about the

1

re-entry workforce.

1.2.5 Expand development of youth-centric

1

services and spaces.

Goal 3: Continue to leverage our educational and medical anchor institutions.

1.3.1 Continue to partner with universities/

colleges and look for opportunities to expand pipeline opportunities for Newark’s residents

1

and youth to land STEM and other higher-wage jobs.

1.3.2 Work with institutions to fund and create

a Newark Promise program to support college

1

and/or advanced skills development for Newark residents.

1.3.3 Work with institutions such as the Newark Alliance to capitalize a reinvestment “pool” to

2

2

2

2

2

1

support neighborhood development initiatives.

Vulnerability Assessment | 27

Action

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

& soil

events

Social Vulnerability

pollution

Goal 4: Leverage our assets – the Airport, Sea Port, and Industrial Districts as economic engines for the city.

1.4.1 Enhance Newark’s position as an Airport City with needed redevelopment and study.

2

2

2

2

2

1.4.2 Continue to pursue Greater Newark Smart

2

2

Port Regional Growth Cluster.

Goal 5: Continue to foster new jobs, clean industries, and a range of industry sectors.

1.5.1 Prioritize and support cultural, arts, and other creative sector jobs to build on Newark’s strong cultural brand.

1.5.2 Ensure that employment centers have the zoning necessary to accommodate shifts in

2

2

emerging business use and space.

1.5.3 Leverage the Newark Liberty Airport and Penn Station as marketing spots and popup

2

locations for local businesses.

1.5.4 Encourage and catalyze conversion of

the Sea Port, and Industrial Districts to greener

1

2

2

1

2

2

2

locations and operations.

1.5.5 Increase green economic opportunities for businesses including the green business

challenge, energy efficiency, fleet deployment and green infrastructure.

28 | Appendix II.

1

1

Action

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

& soil

events

Social Vulnerability

pollution

Goal 6: Support and encourage locally-grown businesses across all sectors.

1.6.1 Implement a startup micro capital fund

2

aimed at neighborhood businesses.

1.6.2 Provide ongoing organizational support

for small businesses beyond launch of business,

2

commercial corridor managers, and networking resources.

1.6.3 Build capacity of Newark’s Business

Improvement Districts (BIDs) and Special

2

Improvement Districts (SIDs) to support small businesses and commercial corridors.

1.6.4 Promote Newark’s maker economy with grant funding, workshops, and the reuse of

2

public spaces and vacant storefronts.

1.6.5 Nurture businesses that serve residents in

2

every ward outside of 9-5 hours.

Goal 7: Build Community Wealth for all Newarkers.

1.7.1 Utilize the Land Bank to promote local noninstitutional ownership of commercial property

2

1

2

1

and increase homeownership.

1.7.2 Expedite transfer of city owned vacant lots to the Newark Land Bank to preserve

affordability and create Community Land Trusts (CLT) and Limited Equity Cooperatives (LEC) to

build longterm wealth and equity for Newarkers.

Vulnerability Assessment | 29

Culture Newark is a city of culture where our individual history, art, faith, and stories are central to our collective identity, our economy, and our neighborhoods.

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

Goal 1: Support Newark’s diverse and vibrant arts and culture scene.

2.1.1 Provide economic support for the arts in Newark through funding and investment in

2

physical improvements.

2.1.2 Support the vision of the Newark Arts and Education Arts District.

2.1.3 Create a cohesive branding and identity

strategy including public realm master plan for districts and cultural corridors.

2

2

2

,

2.1.4 Support and expand Newark’s historic districts.

2.1.5 Update the zoning code to allow and

encourage Newark to be a 24/7 city for arts and entertainment.

Goal 2: Bring new vibrancy to our existing historic buildings and public spaces.

2.2.1 Remove policy and regulatory barriers to

allow for and encourage more adaptive reuse.

2.2.2 Create a historic preservation revolving

fund by using application and mitigation fees.

2.2.3 Activate and support public arts, murals, and monuments to enliven public spaces.

30 | Appendix II.

2

2

2

2

2

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

2.2.4 Bring art into parks and recreation centers.

2

2.2.5 Support cultural events in parks and other

2

public spaces.

2.2.6 Administer a citywide marketing campaign for parks.

Goal 3: Support Newark’s artists and makers.

2.3.1 Create and maintain dedicated live/work

2

housing for artists in arts districts.

2.3.2 Target and preserve lower cost

employment spaces/business incubator spaces

2

to keep options for future entrepreneurs.

Neighborhoods Newark is a city of neighborhoods where each neighborhood is attractive and distinct in character, with high quality of life for existing residents to stay and new households to move in.

Goal 1: Enhance the accessibility, functionality, experience, and condition of Newark’s existing parks.

3.1.1 Conduct a park system master plan that builds on the Newark360 Master Plan.

3.1.2 Improve pedestrian and bicycle access to parks.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Vulnerability Assessment | 31

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

tion

3.1.3 Make parks more accessible for Newarkers

1

of all ages and abilities.

1

1

3.1.4 Establish a park classification system, and a

2

baseline of amenities by type.

3.1.5 Establish maintenance standards and focus resources on maintenance.

3.1.6 Continue to leverage park, open space, and recreational partnerships.

2

2

2

2

2

3.1.7 Make neighborhood parks excel as

1

community gathering places.

3.1.8 Add recreational value throughout the park

2

system.

3.1.9 Integrate parks with green infrastructure.

Social Vulnerability

1

1

1

1

2

Goal 2: Pursue opportunities to expand the park system and add usable green space to the city.

3.2.1 Identify strategically-located vacant and under-utilized sites for park development.

3.2.2 Create successful joint-use recreational sites at schools.

32 | Appendix II.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

tion

3.2.3 Tap public space and recreation

2

opportunities provided by other institutions.

3.2.4 Bring park qualities into the street environment.

3.2.5 Generate new public space as part of new development.

Social Vulnerability

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Goal 3: Connect Newark neighborhoods to each other and to job centers.

3.3.1 Create mobility hubs within each neighborhood.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3.3.2 Improve pedestrian/bike environments

under highway overpasses with lighting, traffic calming strategies, and other safety measures.

3.3.3 Explore capping the Interstate 280 Highway.

3.3.4 Convert McCarter Highway to a Boulevard

1

1

Goal 4: Invest in and expand our neighborhood corridors.

3.4.1 Build on distinct neighborhood and cultural identities to attract local and regional business.

Vulnerability Assessment | 33

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

3.4.2 Examine opportunities for mixed-use

zoning approaches that can accommodate

hybrid business models. (e.g. pop-up retail,

showroom, light manufacturing, distribution

2

2

2

2

space typical of a maker; or mixed use event / co-working space).

3.4.3 “Upzone” along key corridors and around transit hubs.

Goal 5: Ensure affordable housing at all income levels, calibrated to needs of each neighborhood.

3.5.1 Allow and promote accessory dwelling

units for single-family households to add density

2

without full development.

3.5.2 Support Land Bank efforts on preserving

1

affordable housing.

1

3.5.3 Use historic district/landmark designation to increase the number of new affordable

2

housing units for large multifamily projects in historic buildings.

Goal 6: Increase neighborhood health, resilience, and preparedness for climate change impacts.

3.6.1 Advance planning and implementation for Resilient Northeastern New Jersey (RNJ) tools

and strategies to address coastal flooding and

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

2

manage rainfall events.

3.6.2 Increase permeable surfaces and expand

planted areas to combat urban heat island effect and improve stormwater management.

34 | Appendix II.

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

3.6.3 Leverage existing community facilities to create resilience hubs and community health

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

centers.

3.6.4 Incentivize the transformation and

restoration of brownfields and contaminated sites.

3.6.5 Create an East Ward Strategic Climate Adaptation Plan.

1

Families Newark is a city of families – traditional and nontraditional – putting down roots and thriving.

Goal 1: Ensure housing security for Newark families.

4.1.1 Operationalize Mayor Baraka’s Housing Goals.

1

4.1.2 Provide widespread resources to promote homeownership and expand first time

1

homebuyer programs.

4.1.3 Include bigger housing units in new

developments to accommodate large families of

1

different cultures.

Goal 2: Improve the quality of Newark’s building stock.

4.2.1 Implement a facade improvement program and promote the reuse of vacant neighborhood storefronts for entrepreneurs and small-scale

2

makers.

4.2.2 Address vacancy and blight by expanding the city’s vacant building ordinance.

2

Vulnerability Assessment | 35

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

4.2.3 Incentivize retrofits of existing buildings

for energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and lead

2

2

1

abatement.

4.2.4 Expand home weatherization program,

including targeted outreach to eligible property

2

1

owners.

Goal 3: Enable Newarkers of all ages and abilities to safely move around the city.

4.3.1 Create, adopt, implement, and enforce a Vision

1

Zero policy and plan.

4.3.2 Implement interventions on intersections

1

that have the most fatalities

4.3.3 Implement and enforce Complete Streets projects on major corridors.

4.3.4 Expand bike lane network for Newarkers to increase equitable access to alternative modes.

2

2

1

2

2

2

1

2

4.3.5 Address safe routes to schools and parks

2

with focus on pedestrian safety and ADA access.

Goal 4: Leverage sustainable development to improve outdoor air quality.

4.4.1 Develop and support a citywide tree canopy initiative.

2

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

1

4.4.2 Create landscape buffers to protect

communities from highways and sources of pollution.

4.4.3 Identify and mitigate point source

pollution from heavy industry and energy infrastructure.

36 | Appendix II.

1

1

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

Goal 5: Expand access to resources for healthier living.

4.5.1 Designate and support urban agriculture

2

zones within each Ward

2

2

2

4.5.2 Create and incentivize neighborhood

1

1

based fresh food access/grocery stores.

4.5.3 Create and incentivize neighborhood

1

based health clinics.

Strength Newark is a city of strength where systems and infrastructure support the health, safety, and cohesion of Newarkers.

Goal 1: Address the legacy of environmental injustice by investing in community development.

5.1.1 Initiate a Green Zone designation process for communites.

5.1.2 Expand city programs and resources to support Green Zone communities.

5.1.3 Facilitate housing upgrades to support cost-burdened households.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

Goal 2: Create capacity to manage stormwater equitably.

5.2.1 Create a phased stormwater fee and utility to fund stormwater infrastructure upgrades.

5.2.2 Mandate green and blue roofs as part of public building upgrades and retrofit projects.

1

1

2

1

2

2

Vulnerability Assessment | 37

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

5.2.3 Establish standards for new development to include robust stormwater capture.

5.2.4 Designate priority sites and areas for green infrastructure investment.

Social Vulnerability

tion

1

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

Goal 3: Bridge the digital divide for all Newarkers.

5.3.1 Explore the use of wireless mesh networks

1

to provide low-cost internet access.

5.3.2 Grow the affordable fiber offering to small

1

businesses and residents.

5.3.3 Create and expand strong hotspots in

1

public parks, schools, libraries, and transit stops.

Goal 4: Leverage the energy transition to build a cleaner, greener, smarter, and more efficient city.

5.4.1 Provide public EV charging stations, piloted at public spaces (libraries, parks) and on street

1

meters/kiosks.

5.4.2 Explore community-based solar projects at schools and parks.

1

5.4.3 Explore microgrids for public buildings.

1

5.4.4 Collaborate with NJ TRANSIT to implement smart technology in the transportation network with a focus on safety and equity.

38 | Appendix II.

1

1

Actions

Hazards

Exposure

Coastal

Contam-

flooding

Rainfall

Extreme

Air

ination &

& storm

Flooding

Heat

Pollution

soil pollu-

events

Social Vulnerability

tion

5.4.5 Create energy-efficiency and clean energy requirements for new construction and provide

1

5.4.6 Institute zero waste initiatives.

1

2

training for new tenants.

1

1

Goal 5: Expand regional connectivity and recreation networks.

5.5.1 Strengthen and expand the regional bike and pedestrian network.

1

5.5.2 Expand and leverage access to and across

2

1

the Passaic River.

Goal 6: Improve existing transit infrastructure.

5.6.1 Improve mobility operations under the City of Newark’s jurisdiction.

5.6.2 Improve and add bus shelters to increase ridership and safety.

1

1

1

1

5.6.3 PATH train extension.

2

5.6.4 Improve roadway conditions.

2

5.6.5 Establish NewarkGo as a permanent program.

1

1

Vulnerability Assessment | 39

Endnotes 1

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 82

2

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 29

3 Climate Central. (2021). Hot Zones: Urban Heat Islands, p. 3 https://assets.ctfassets.net/ cxgxgstp8r5d/1XZZjkLYwtcmKL5k3wEinl/5f8c9b5b2d8dd56e1bda7f51278fc3d2/2021_UHI_Report.pdf 4

US Bureau of Census. (2021). QuickFacts, Newark City, New Jersey

5

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 82

6

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 82

7

NJGIN, City of Newark, US Census – American Community Survey

8

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 6-9.

9 ATSDR. (2018). CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_ documentation_download.html 10

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 36

11

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 106, 126, 131

12 FEMA. (2020). Flood Insurance Study, Essex County, New Jersey. https://map1.msc.fema.gov/data/34/S/ PDF/34013CV001B.pdf?LOC=46896f23acac22e87d674fcfb9aa6bbc 13

Saint-Fort, Y. and Driscoll, R. (2014). Two Years Later: Hurricane Sandy in Essex County. Patch.

https://patch.com/new-jersey/newarknj/2-years-later-hurricane-sandy-essex-county 14 Watson, K.M., Collenburg, J.V., and Reiser, R.G. (2014). Hurricane Irene and associated floods of August 27-30, 2011, in New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5234, 149 p. 12. https://pubs.usgs.gov/ sir/2013/5234/pdf/sir2013-5234.pdf 15 Home Facts. (2022). Hurricane Information for Newark, NJ. https://www.homefacts.com/hurricanes/New-Jersey/ Essex-County/Newark.html 16 Brown, D.P. and Kimberlain, T. (2008). Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Hanna. National Hurricane Center. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL082008_Hanna.pdf 17

Del Greco, S. National Climatic Data Center. (2020). Storm Data and Unusual Phenomena, p. 82

18

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Climate Resilience Assessment, p. 4

19

NJDEP. (2021). Sea Level Rise Guidance for New Jersey, p. 3

20

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 6-9

21

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 36

22

Rutgers Municipal Snapshots base their assessment on Total Water Level, which combines sea-level rise and

extreme water level information from NOAA to assess exposure to a variety of coastal flood events to complement FEMA flood mapping. Rutgers. Vulnerable Populations Exposure Snapshot Newark. https://climatesnapshots.rutgers.edu/0714/ socialVulnerability/ 23

NJ Geological Survey. (2006). Physiographic Provinces of New Jersey

24

NJGIN Open Data Historic Fill in New Jersey Layer. (1882). Library of Congress Topographical Map

25

NJGIN Open Data Historic Fill in New Jersey Layer. (1882). Library of Congress Topographical Map

26

NJDEP. (2021). Sea Level Rise Guidance for New Jersey, p. 3.

27 NOAA Tides and Currents. Tidal Datums, MHHW 2070 Projections. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_ options.html 28

NJDEP. Sea Level Rise Guidance for New Jersey. (2021). p. 10

29

NJDEP. New Jersey Protecting Against Climate Threats. https://www.nj.gov/dep/njpact/

30 Rutgers’ NJ Climate Change Resource Center. (2020). Sea Level Rise in New Jersey Projections and Impacts. https://njclimateresourcecenter.rutgers.edu/climate_change_101/sea-level-rise-in-new-jersey-projections-and-impacts/ 31

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 82

32

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 37

33

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 33

34

Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist. (2020). https://climate.rutgers.edu/stateclim/

35

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Risk Projections; NJGIN

36

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 67.

37

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Climate Resilience Assessment, p. 13

38

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 54-55

39

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Risk Projections; NJGIN

40

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Draft Action Plan, p. 47

41

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 82-83

42

Climate Central. (2021). Hot Zones: Urban Heat Islands, p. 3

43

Sustainable Jersey and the Sustainability Institute, TCNJ. (2017). Urban Heat Island Assessment, p. 3

44

Sustainable Jersey and the Sustainability Institute, TCNJ. (2017). Urban Heat Island Assessment, p. 3

45

NJDEP. (2020). NJ Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 29

46

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment, p. 18

47 Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment, p. 20. (Site-specific annual multi-model mean derived from 18 downscaled CMIP5 (Climate Model Intercomparison Project) models. RCP 8.5 scenario).

48 NJDEP. (2020). NJ Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 30; Resilient Northeastern New Jersey. (2022).

Additional Hazards Assessment, p. 16 49 Newark360. (2022). Newark Today, p. 62; NJ Department of State Office of Planning Advocacy. (2001). State Plan: Statewide Goals, Strategies and Policies, p. 42 50 NJDEP. (2020). Water Quality Trends in Nutrients in New Jersey Streams, Water Years 1971-2016, p. 8. https:// www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/wq/water-quality-trends-nutrients-1971-2016.pdf 51

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment. p. 16

52

NJDEP. (2020). NJ Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 41

53

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment, p. 18

54 State Of New Jersey. (2019). All-Hazard Mitigation Plan, 5.4 Drought, p. 11. https://www.nj.gov/njoem/ mitigation/pdf/2019/mit2019_section5-4_Drought.pdf 55

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 41

56

Newark360. (2022). Newark Today, p. 56

57 MJB&A. (2020). Newark Community Impacts of Mobile Source Emissions, p. 11. https://www.njeja.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/04/NewarkCommunityImpacts_MJBA.pdf 58 MJB&A. (2020). Newark Community Impacts of Mobile Source Emissions, p. 11. https://www.njeja.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/04/NewarkCommunityImpacts_MJBA.pdf 59

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 67

60

State of New Jersey. (2019). All-Hazard Mitigation Plan – Ch. 5.12 Wildfire, p. 2, 27, 28

61

NJDEP. (2020). New Jersey Scientific Report on Climate Change, p. 67

62

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment, p. 28

63

NJDEP. (2019). Connecting Habitat Across New Jersey. https://www.nj.gov/dep/fgw/ensp/chanj.

64

Resilient NENJ. (2022).

65

Our Region. p. 46, G-7 Resilient NENJ. (2022). Draft Action Plan. p. 42

66 ATSDR. CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index Fact Sheet. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/fact_ sheet/fact_sheet.html 67 Newark360. (2022). Newark Today, p. 38-39: ATSDR. Social Vulnerability Index. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ placeandhealth/svi/index.html 68 Resilient NENJ. (2022). Projected Flood Risks; NJGIN; The Trust for Public Land. (2021). Heat Severity USA; ATSDR. Social Vulnerability Index 69

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, Appendix C, Methodology and Data, p. 28.

70

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 31-32 Resilient

71

NENJ, (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, Appendix C, Methodology and Data, p. 28-32

72

Resilient NENJ, (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, Appendix C, Methodology and Data, 2022, Tables 15, 16

73

Resilient NENJ, (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, Appendix D, Asset Summaries

74

ATSDR, CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/faq_svi.html

75

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Critical Community Assets Feature Class; SVI

76

Newark 360. Newark Today, p. 54-55: NJ TRANSIT. (2021). NewBus Newark Study

77

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 8, 29

78

Newark 360. Newark Today, p. 50

79

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Flood Impact Assessment, p. 82-83

80

Newark360. (2022). Newark Today, p. 56

81

Resilient NENJ. (2022). Additional Hazard Assessment, p. 23

82

Newark360. (2022). Newark Today, p. 57

Vulnerability Assessment | 43

newark360.org