Light Express May-June 2016

>> ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING & DESIGN MAGAZINE

Energy-Efficiency Lighting System

Founder Editor-in-Chief Late Mr. Kanwar NS Managing Editor Reny Singh Editors Amrita Singh Sarvjit Kanwar

ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING & DESIGN MAGAZINE

China Correspondent & Reporters Ying Wei-Beijing Bao Tian Tian - Shanghai Xing Guang Li - Guangzhou Assistant Editor/Correspondent Vishwapreet

Solid-state lighting: an energyeconomics perspective Artificial light has long been a significant factor contributing to the quality and productivity of human life. As a consequence, we are willing to use huge amounts of energy to produce it.

Solid-state lighting (SSL) is an emerging technology that promises performance features and efficiencies well beyond those of traditional artificial lighting, accompanied by potentially massive shifts in (a) the consumption of light, (b) the human productivity and energy use associated with that consumption and (c) the semiconductor chip area inventory and turnover required to support that consumption. In this paper, we provide estimates of the baseline magnitudes of these shifts using simple extrapolations of past behaviour into the future. For past behaviour, we use recent studies of historical and contemporary consumption patterns analysed within a simple energy-economics framework.

For extrapolations into the future, we use recent reviews of believed-achievable longterm performance targets for SSL. We also discuss ways in which the actual magnitudes could differ from the baseline magnitudes of these shifts. These include: changes in human societal demand for light; possible demand for features beyond lumens; and guidelines and regulations aimed at economizing on consumption of light and associated energy.

The efficiency of a mercury-rare gas electrical discharge, which forms the basis of a fluorescent lamp, can be increased about 5 percent simply by increasing the concentration of mercury-196 from 0.146 percent (natural) to about 3 percent. These findings can be implemented immediately without any significant change in the process of manufacturing of this widely used source of illumination, provided that mercury-196 can be obtained economically. The potential energy savings for the United States are estimated to be worth in excess of $200 million per year.

Secretary & Legal Advisor K.Surinder Circulation Surekha Gogna Production, Design & Degital Media Rakesh Sharma Marketing & Sales Lina Catherine Amy Lan Anna Mi Technical Advisors Alex Van Bienen/Lily - Nederlands Public Relations Director (UK) Mike Steele Advisor Internet Sukhbir Singh International Advisor (Australia) Andrew S. McCourt Germany Representatives Julia Rittershofer Steffen Schnaderbeck India (Head Office) D 182 PR House, Anand Vihar, New Delhi 110 092 INDIA Tel: +91 11 22141542 | 4309 4482 Fax: +91 11 22160635 info@lightexpress.in www.lightexpress.in

The New House: Building an Energy-Efficient House

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here is no one template for an energy-efficient house. The needs depend on where in the world the house is located. The requirements for a temperate climate, with wide swings in temperature throughout the year, are very different from those for a hot dry climate, which may cool sharply at night, or a hot humid climate, which has very little temperature change from day to night.

That said, one thing remains the same all over for energy efficiency: siting of the house. The goal is to 4 | May-June 2016 | lightexpress

maximize the Sun's heating effect in the winter months and to minimize it during the summer. To do this the house should be rectangular but as compact as possible. The longest wall of the house should be full of windows and facing the equator; in the Northern Hemisphere this wall would face south, and in the Southern Hemisphere the orientation would be reversed. Closer to the equator, the number and size of windows will be reduced.

Another factor to consider in choosing a site for a house is wind.

In cool and temperate climates the wind can significantly affect energy efficiency. To counteract this, hills may provide protection, and trees can be used as windbreaks. In hot climates the wind is an important cooling factor. Houses should be positioned to take maximum advantage of breezes, while construction features and trees may be used to channel them into the house.

Once the house is positioned on the lot, the next consideration is the structure of the house. Builders refer

to the actual structure of a house as the “building envelope.� The walls, roof, windows, and doors are what separate indoors from outdoors and control the flow of energy into and out of the house. Different climates require different design strategies and different materials. Another consideration is the typical material for a region, and what would be a good option for energy efficiency.

In addition, most people will want a house that fits the style of the region they live in. All these factors must mesh with the energy-efficiency requirements.

Project Review 01.2016

Customer care in a new light – Showroom Blaha Office The office furniture manufacturer Blaha in Austria is one of the foremost suppliers in its field. At its headquarters in Korneuburg, the company operates a showroom displaying furniture systems and acoustic systems with eye-catching effect.

At once presentation and sales area, communication forum and workspace, the architecture requires a sophisticated lighting system. ERCO’s Opton spotlight with flexible Spherolit technology lends itself perfectly to the implementation of a complex lighting concept.

Project data Project:

Showroom Blaha Office Korneuburg / Austria

Client:

Franz Blaha Sitz- und Büromöbel Industrie GmbH Korneuburg / Austria

Architecture:

Architectural office of Eichinger oder Knechtl, Vienna / Austria

Photography:

Gustavo Allidi Bernasconi Vienna / Austria

Since its opening in 2001, the Blaha showroom, introduced as an ‘Office Ideas Centre’, has served both business and private customers. It is located in a remarkable building, which is based on plans drawn by the architectural office of Eichinger oder Knechtl.

In premises with a floor space of around 4000 sqm extending over three levels, the furniture brand presents a diverse mix of high-quality products. Its range includes assorted furniture and acoustic systems offered with a variety of textiles, surface options and colours.

The lighting in the showroom was behind the times and needed upgrading. A new lighting concept was required that would meet a diverse set of requirements to the high standards of Blaha. The lighting was to give structure to the spacious facilities, yet accentuate individual products and product ensembles

effectively. This comprehensive undertaking stipulated a minimum number of luminaires with the lowest possible wattage to achieve this end – without compromising on the visual comfort.

LED light for perfect colour rendition The central criterion, however, was to ensure optimal colour rendition. The products by Blaha feature a remarkably wide selection of textiles and surfaces, most of which are available in a variety of colours. Blaha promotes these materials and their colour variety with attention-grabbing installations. The contract award, therefore, hinged on natural and brilliant colour reproduction that would reveal the wide array of colours with its many subtle nuances – especially in the pastel range. With a luminaire range based completely on LED technology since 2015, ERCO offers light of a brilliance and precision that predestined it for this lighting task.

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Record-breaking numbers highlight the conclusion of C-Star 2016 • Exhibitors and visitors praised the exhibition as the first-choice platform for the retail industry C-star 2016 - Post-show Press Release Record-breaking numbers highlight the conclusion of C-star 2016

most international trade fair in the Chinese retail industry only in its second year.

• The next C-star will collocate with HOTEL PLUS to leverage synergy effect

• 180 exhibitors from 18 countries and regions attended representing an 11% increase in comparison to 2015.

C-star - Shanghai's International Trade Fair for Solutions and Trends all about Retail, concluded its second edition with significant growth on show results. The 2016 show was held from May 18-20 in the Shanghai New International Expo Center.

Organized by Messe Düsseldorf (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, C-star has attracted huge attention from industry peers and become the 6 | May-June 2016 | lightexpress

A breakdown of the recordbreaking figures for C-star 2016 is as follows:

• 5,724sqm of net exhibition space, representing a 20% increase on 2015.

• 7,616 visitors from 77 countries and regions, a 33% increase from 2015. The top 5 overseas visiting countries and regions were: Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and the United States

As Shanghai's International Trade Fair for solutions and trends all about retail, C-star has been rapidly recognized in retail industry with its remarkable international influence.

The survey of visitor geographic distribution indicates the sourcing and purchase has now returned to the real consumption market for Cstar. The ranking also proves that Cstar has gained its influence in the supervising purchasing division in Asia Pacific. Furthermore, as retailers from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea are among the most competitive players in the Asian market, C-star is showing the potential of becoming the most important B2B hub for the Asian retail industry. During the three-day show, trade visitors were able to explore and source the latest retail equipment and high profile

solutions. Compared with the last edition, where the majority of visitors came from southeast coastal areas, the number of visitors from the second and third tier cities increased significantly this year, further highlighting the expanding market potential of C-star within the various regions in China.

Responding to another year of success, Mrs. Elke Moebius, Global Head - Retail & Retail Technologies of Messe Düsseldorf GmbH, commented: “We are very proud that we continue C-star for its second edition. This year, we welcomed 180 exhibitors from 18 nations presenting the latest products. The retail industry plays a significant role in China’s economic development, and we believe that C-star will continue to grow in the

future.”

Exhibitors and visitors praised the exhibition as the firstchoice platform for the retail industry This year, C-star has clearly structured into four areas for Shopfitting, lighting and design; Retail Technology; Visual Merchandising, marketing and event construction. It is perfectly suited to the Chinese retail market. A number of leading brands participating this year included Schlegel (Germany), Max Brilliant (China), L&S Lighting (Italy), Shijiazhuang Changhong Building Decoration (China), Hans Boodt (Netherlands) and Mettler-Toledo (Switzerland), etc. With increasing popularity of C-star in the retail industry, many newcomers such as Guangdong Cnlight (China), Megaman (China), Tenkensoui (Japan) and Barthelmess (Germany) also took an active part in the show.

Mr. Peter Ouwerkerk, China Operation Manager of Hans Boodt Mannequins from the Netherlands, already participated in C-star for two years, who highly commented the results achieved at the show:"The trade fair this year is no doubt a success. Lots of visitors came to our booth, from which we found many new leads. C-star is a perfect platform to promote international brands. I believe that under the influence of C-star, our brand will be enhanced continuously in the Chinese market.”

As the fist-time exhibitor, Mr. Yu Wei, KA Channel Director of Foshan Cnlight Co., Ltd. shared: “In recent years, Cnlight has been dedicating to the development in commercial areas and is committed to providing one-stop solutions for commercial shops. We met many retail brands of shoes and apparel at the exhibition, such as Mark Fairwhale, Semir, Daphne, etc. Compared with other exhibitions, C-star demonstrated high professional and international level. We will continue to join C-star next year. ” As an annual event in the Chinese retail industry, C-star is considered an ideal platform to establish business contact both for exhibitors

and visitors. China Commerce Association for General Merchandise (CCAGM) strongly supported C-star and participated again with more than 70 market leading general merchandise enterprises. Mrs. Fan Jun, Executive Vice President and Secretary General of CCAGM, said: “Compared with last year, C-star is more standardized with significant improvements in quality, showcasing the accurate and artistic side of the retail industry this year. The Chinese retail industry is in its tough times. Many companies are looking for upgrade and transition, which requires new design concepts and opinions. C-star is not only a trade fair, but also a knowledge feast for the retail industry. You may find many world leading design concepts and innovations, which is very inspiring for the general merchandise industry. ”

found many synergies between C-star and HOTEL PLUS. The cooperation will foster effective resource sharing - especially in terms of high class visitors.

We are looking forward to a fruitful partnership." For more information, please visit our official website http://www.c-star-expo.com/

Mr. Huang Yan, Architecture Project Manager of Retail Real Estate & Store Development Dept. of Swarovski (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, also hihgly acclaimed the effect of the show:" C-star is a good communication platform where we learned a lot about the latest retail products, processes and design solutions as well as new LED and automatic doors. At this year’s fair, we noticed many products are progressing towards informatization. It was a rewarding trip. ” The next C-star will collocate with HOTEL PLUS to leverage synergy effect In order to promote the cooperative development of the retail, commercial real estate and hotel industry, the next C-star will collocate with HOTEL PLUS-Total Solution for Commercial Properties organized the Shanghai UBM Sinoexpo International Exhibition Co., Ltd., initiating a strategic cooperation. The two exhibitions will be held concurrently from April 26-28, 2017 in Shanghai New International Expo Center, grabbing market opportunities and common synergies. In response to this initiative, Mr. Axel Bartkus, General Manager of Messe Düsseldorf (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., noted: “We have analyzed this innovative approach intensively. We lightexpress | May-June 2016 | 7

First prize for the Salone del Mobile.Milano Award

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ollowing the traditional week in April when the eyes of the furnishing world were upon it, the Salone del Mobile.Milano has announced the names of the 8 winners of the international award that highlights the design sector’s finest innovations.

The Salone del Mobile.Milano is the must-visit fixture on the design calendar that brings the very latest products and solutions onto the international stage, and under the spotlight. Now, for the first time, the organisation is focusing on the very best that the world of furnishing and design has to offer with a special prize, the Salone del Mobile.Milano Award.

Announced last February, this special award affords an opportunity for pause and reflection on the edition that ended on 17th April. Its mission is to deliver targeted recognition of the value of ideas, of creativity, of innovation and of technology. The Salone del Mobile.Milano Award pays just homage to people or things, whether from established designers or those newly embarking on their careers, and from products to installations.

Davide Rampello, Professor of Arts and Regional Skills at Milan Polytechnic University. Each jury member visited the event “anonymously” and were tasked with selecting nominations for the 8 award categories: Best Product – Chairs/ Upholstereds Section, Best Product – Furnishing Systems, Best Product – Kitchen Section, Best Product – Bathroom Section, Best Display, Best Young Designer, Best Designer, and Special Jury Award.

The winners were announced at the official award ceremony on 7th June: Best Product/ Chairs – Upholstereds All Plastic Chair, Jasper Morrison, Vitra Retaining all the characteristics of a traditional wooden chair, yet moulded from a single piece of plastic.

Best Product/ Furnishing System Commodore, Piero Lissoni, Glas Italia Pieces evocative of the past have been shaped with contemporary sensitivity, using glass – a traditional material – demonstrating that creativity is infinite.

Best Product/ Kitchen Section

Awards recognise those that have helped to give the event its strong international flavour, creating a forum showcasing cutting-edge design trends and up-to-the-minute modes of home living.

Air, Daniele Lago, Lago Because it breaks with traditional kitchen schemes, interpreting new lifestyles.

A return to its origins, putting “fire” back into the heart of the domestic landscape.

The members of the jury, made up of high profile sectoral personalities were deliberately kept secret until yesterday. They are Silvana Annicchiarico, Director of the Triennale Design Museum, Milan; Domitilla Dardi, Design Curator of the MAXXI in Rome, Massimo Mini, CEO designboom, Ettore Mochetti, Director of AD Italia; Margherita Palli, scenographer; Livia Peraldo Matton, Director of Elle Décor Italia, and

Best Product/ Bathroom Section

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Origami, Alberto Meda, Tubes Radiatori For the ability to innovate through versatility of use and morphological originality.

Best Display Kartell Because it establishes a new display paradigm with a unique power of

communication, evocative of the “teatrum”, providing a functional use for the new digital technologies.

Best Young Designer Giacomo Moor

Because, as a craftsman-designer and without compromising this imprint, he has known how to move from the dimension of personal research to industrial production, and for his ability to pass on his profound knowledge of wood to the manufacturer.

Best Designer Konstantin Grcic Because he has managed to express new aesthetic connotations while remaining true to his own rigorous technical and expressive language.

Special Jury Award Cristina Celestino For her ability, as a channel between young and older designers, never to

deviate from the path of experimentation, and for her wisdom in bringing themes such as fragility, dignity and delicacy together, expressing them through intelligent design that chimes perfectly with high craftsmanship and with industry. A special Banca Intesa Sanpaolo Award has also been granted to Simone Ciarmoli and Miguel Queda of CQS Studio for the artistic direction of Before Design: Classic – the exhibition/event on the topicality of classic Made in Italy style showcased at the Salone del Mobile.Milano 2016 - for the following reason: For taking Before Design:Classic and turning tradition into the future, building a complete and exhilarating project around the world of classic furniture: from their successful collaboration with Matteo Garrone, which played out in an astonishing story, to the exhibition, every single detail of which was amazing.

A truly contemporary way of communicating genuinely timeless style and taste.

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SALONE DEL MOBILE.MILANO: A SMASH HIT

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ith an unprecedented 372,151 total attendees, up 4% since the

2014 edition – when the biennial Kitchen and Bathroom exhibitions last took place – the 55th edition of the Salone del

Mobile.Milano has drawn to a close. 41,372 people visited on the Saturday and Sunday, when the fair was open to the public.

“With 67% of attendees from abroad, most of them high profile and with robust spending power, according to comments from exhibitors, this edition has yet again confirmed the strong international vocation and importance of exports as a crucial segment of the sector today”, said Roberto Snaidero, President of the Salone del Mobile.Milano.

An increasingly international Salone, therefore, drawing in qualified attendees from all over the world, attracted by the creative and productive excellence of our industry, acknowledging the value of quality furnishing.

Due recognition of the relevance of the Salone – which has evolved over time from simple trade fair into “must-see” event, as per the publicity – and of the importance of the sector was confirmed by the presence of a large number of institutional figures from all sides of the political spectrum, and especially by Prime Minister Matteo Renzi’s visit to the fair, presiding over the 7th SaloneSatellite Design Award ceremony on Wednesday 13th April.

Visitors also flocked to the 19th edition of SaloneSatellite, devoted to the theme “New Materials>New Design”, showcasing the work of 650 young designers under 35.

The events in the fairgrounds and in the city were also very well received: “Before Design: Classic” put a contemporary spin on classic furnishing, with artistic direction

by Ciarmoli Queda Studio and a video by filmmaker Matteo Garrone. The “space&interiors” event was devoted to architectural finishings by Migliore+Servetto Architects at the The Mall, Porta Nuova.

Lastly, ROOMS. Novel Living Concepts – the state of the art of interior architecture – curated by Beppe Finessi, runs until 12th September at the Triennale di Milano, as part of the XXI Triennale International Exhibition.

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ShowGlympsis

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Higher Occupancy Sensor Resolution Promises Greater Savings truly unoccupied.

savings compared to Scenario #1.

The advent of LED lighting creates an opportunity to increase energy savings by reducing time delays. LED sources are instant-ON and do not experience an appreciable reduction in lamp life due to frequent switching. Theoretically, time delay could be reduced to 5 minutes or less, though a majority of current sensors do not offer settings that low.

Scenario #3: Multiple Sensors and Time Delays: Each workstation has dedicated occupancy sensing. Time delays are set at 30 (Scenario #3a), 20 (3b), 10 (3c), 1 (3d) and zero (3e) minute(s). Multiple sensors for reliable detection are required at the lower time delay settings of 1 and zero minute(s).

To address false triggering that leave occupants in the dark, multiple cheap sensors could be deployed to ensure reliable detection. This is a strong potential for that with networks of luminaire-integrated sensors installed in open office plans.

ccupancy sensors are a proven strategy to reduce lighting energy consumption. As such, they are mandated by commercial building energy codes.

National Research Council Canada (NRC) put these ideas to the test in a simulation study of an ideal office lighting control system. Occupancy data was recorded in a space consisting of six 6×8 workstations in a windowless room over 10 days between 7 AM and 7 PM (12 hours). The lighting consisted of luminaires mounted over each workstation. NRC applied three control scenarios to this application:

Current codes require a maximum 30-minute time delay. Time delay is a field-adjustable setting that determines the amount of time between last detected occupancy and the lights switching or dimming.

Newer codes may reduce that to 20 minutes.

Scenario #1: Timer Control. This benchmark scenario represents the traditional approach of centrally controlling all luminaires via scheduled ON/OFF, with the lights operating the full 12 hours. Energy consumption over the 10 days was calculated at 7.2 kWh.

Shorter time delays translate to higher energy savings. However, very short time delays can produce more frequent switching, which can shorten fluorescent lamp life.

Meanwhile, longer time delays serve as insurance against nuisance switching by ensuring the space is

Scenario #2: Adaptive Central Control. This scenario features central control but with a single local occupancy sensor set with a 10minute time delay. The lights are ON from the time the first occupant arrives until the last occupant leaves.

Energy use: 6.1 kWh, 15% energy

O

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NRC evaluated energy savings, comparing these options against Scenario #1, and found: • Scenario 3a (30 minutes), 22% energy savings • Scenario 3b (20 minutes), 26.4% energy savings • Scenario 3c (10 minutes), 31.9% energy savings • Scenario 3d (1 minute), 45.8% energy savings • Scenario 3e (0 minutes), 48.6% energy savings In “A Quick Timeout” (LD+A, December 2014), NRC researchers Dr. Erhan E. Dikel and Dr. Guy R. Newsham wrote, “Overall, Scenario 3-d seems like the best balance between maximizing savings, with some protection against false negatives.”

They added that a detailed cost analysis and human factors study of the acceptance of this frequency of switching are needed before application in a commercial building.

Regarding lamp life, shorter time delays are ideally suited to LED, though there may be potential for fluorescent. While shorter time delays results in more frequent switching, with associated reduction in lamp life, actual operating time is greatly reduced.

Deployment of LED lighting also provides another opportunity for

greater resolution. The researchers offered a scenario where lighting is modularized within the workstation by task, with advanced sensing detecting not just occupancy, but also task being performed. The lighting would instantaneously raise and lower light levels based on location of the occupant and task.

The proliferation of LED lighting is opening the door to new energysaving opportunities with occupancy sensors by reducing time delays.

It’s All About Control: Smart Lighting

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ndustry leaders from around the globe predicted the next evolution in controls and warned that the lighting controls market is in danger of getting usurped by other industries.

is that they do not require a driver or transformer like Zigbee.

According to a Berg Insight Smart Home report, it is estimated that 36 million homes in Europe and North America will be “smart” by 2017.

Home-Lighting-Automation Just as the type of light sources gaining dominance over the past 10 years has changed rapidly from incandescent to compact fluorescent to LED, the controls market is undergoing a similar revolution.

At the Hong Kong International Lighting Fair, experts from leading lighting companies participated in a panel discussion on the topic. For example, Megaman went from offering entirely CFL in 2009 to an overwhelming proportion of LED products today. “This is what’s happening in the whole industry,” noted Fred Bass, Managing Director for Neonlite, the brand owner of MEGAMAN® products in the UK. “We’ve changed our channels to market.”

With the LED revolution has come another shift: lighting products and controls used to be separate entities, but now they are being combined into one product. This whole idea of “smart lighting” – where lighting is linked to a mobile device – has been spreading like wildfire.

Whether it’s the surging popularity of Casambi – a third-party platform based on the dual-protocol Nordic nRF51822 SoC and designed to take smart lighting mainstream by integrating with LED smart bulbs, drivers, and lighting fixtures – or Osram’s Lightify (featured in last month’s edition of enLIGHTenment Magazine), or Philips’ Hue (which sold out in Germany within hours of being available on the market), the mass consumer public is embracing Bluetooth-enabled lighting controls.

One of the advantages of Bluetooth controls, according to the panelists,

More importantly, there are consolidations and mergers occurring in the technology sector that will impact the lighting controls industry. For one thing, “controls” are encompassing a wide variety of functions that include heating and security. When Google bought Nest Labs for $3.2 billion (cash!) early last year, the news resonated with lighting industry leaders.

“It’s possible – and very likely – that tech companies and not the lighting controls companies will be influencing the future of lighting controls,” one panelist said.

Following the success of Hue in Europe and in the U.S., there are a host of companies on Philips’ heels, ready to launch RGB-changing Wi-Fi bulbs for residential and light commercial (i.e. restaurants, boutiques) purposes.

“Lighting controls represents approximately two percent of the global lighting market, but no one really knows the exact amount for sure,” Bass admitted. Determining what constitutes “controls” can be vague. “Just putting in a simple control can save energy by 30 percent,” he said. “However, with the lighting market increasing by billions of dollars, [intelligent lighting] has become a real opportunity,” Bass noted.

All of the recent activity regarding mergers and acquisitions in the “Internet of Things” (IoT) sector is creating a paradigm shift. In August 2014, Samsung bought SmartThings, which, for those unfamiliar with the brand, promises consumers they can “control and monitor your home from one simple app.” Once a

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homeowner has the SmartThings Hub and free app, they can add as many devices as they want to “customize their smart home.”

Among the devices that the SmartThings Hub controls are: thermostats, open & close window/ door sensor, panic button, moisture sensor, wall outlets, smoke detector, smoke/carbon dioxide alarm, water valve shut-off, door lock and deadbolts, fan controller, motion sensor, plus lamps and lighting fixtures.

Simon Coombes, Chief Technology Officer for Gooee® presented a macro view of smart lighting and future technologies during the panel discussion. [Gooee is an M2M (machine to machine) and IoT technology business and systems integrator focused on the design, engineering, and supply of hardware, software, and data management components across the LED lighting value chain.]

“The lighting industry is in a perfect storm of opportunity,” Coombes

stated. “LED lighting is forecast to be a $100 billion business by 2020 and we’re seeing an influx of capital into controls. Lighting is the Trojan horse into the [smart] home environment; it is more ubiquitous than any other device. Large multi-stack organizations are getting a marketshare of the control and home automation market and software will be a key element in lighting going forward.”

While the IoT is relevant to smart lighting and appropriate software is critical, Coombes noted that the most important component will be the cooperation among companies to agree on a standard with the goal of creating greater interoperability.

“We need mass adoption to realize this opportunity,” he said. “We’re

not just talking about lighting, but every appliance you want to control.

Lighting is just part of a [larger] system.”

According to a Berg Insight Smart Home report, it is estimated that 36 million homes in Europe and North America will be “smart” by 2017.

The greater use of Radio Frequency (RF) will allow for mass adoption of the technology because no rewiring is needed.

“These [technology] mergers and acquisitions will be part of going forward with mass adoption,” Coombes remarked. “Right now, it’s not easy to be compatible with everything.” Max Yue of Cree cited a statistic that estimates 25 billion

devices will be inter-connected in 2020, with 7 billion of that number being comprised of smart phones.

“This means a lot more people will be using data,” he affirmed. “Two years ago, I was [using my devices] to check email. Now you can watch movies [via] live streaming. That’s a lot of data usage! The industry has to prepare for 1,000x growth, and it’s difficult to add the capacity to handle all that data.”

Yue proposed that with LED lighting, we will be able to do much more such as data communication and LiFi experimentation. [Li-Fi, a term coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED Global talk, is bidirectional, high-speed and fully networked wireless communications similar to

like Wi-Fi, but using light..

With all of these various communication methods being used globally, the panelists agree that we are in the midst of a format war.

“There needs to be standardization, perhaps from someone further upstream, to build an infrastructure for lighting companies to [have as a system],” Coombes said. “Until there is standardization, I think it will be frustrating.”

Bass likened the situation to the battle between VHS and Betamax.

“Will this be a Betamax problem?

Can there only be one winner?

There are so many players involved,” he commented.

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Wireless Lighting Control Comes of Age

BY CRAIG DILOUIE

T

ypical automatic lighting control applications involve an input device, such as a photosensor, interacting with a power controller, such as a switch. In some cases, these components may be integrated into the same device, as in the case of a wall-box occupancy sensor. In other cases, the components are installed separately, as in the case of a ceiling-mount occupancy sensor and a wall switch.

buildings without changing existing wiring or adding new dedicated control wiring. This is particularly advantageous in outdoor lighting and in indoor spaces featuring hard ceilings. The latest commercial building energy codes require automatic shutoff for retrofits in which 10+ percent of the connected lighting load is replaced.

Wireless offers an option that is potentially less costly, simpler and less disruptive.

For these separately installed components to interact, the input device must send a control signal to the controller, which then controls the load. The predominant traditional approach is to send a control signal along dedicated low-voltage wiring.

A more recent approach, which is emerging as a popular option particularly for lighting upgrades in existing buildings, is to communicate using radio waves—radiofrequency (RF) wireless control.

It can also simplify installation in new construction, promoted by the added benefit of being able to more easily move sensors and thereby fine-tune control performance during both commissioning and ongoing building operations.

The value proposition is short and sweet—using radio waves instead of wiring eliminates wiring, with multiple potential benefits.

“The primary benefit of wireless RF lighting controls is that they can be retrofitted into a space at any time and can be easily scaled as needs change,” says Eric Lind, Vice President-Global Specifications, Lutron Electronics Co., Inc. “Existing buildings can now take advantage of energy savings and occupant benefits associated with wireless lighting controls without the need for a total building makeover.”

The result is a potentially lower cost for introducing automatic lighting control strategies into existing

RF wireless controls consist of actuators and input devices. The actuator is the power controller, a relay-based device that provides ON/OFF switching and 0-10VDC fullrange dimming. The actuator features an embedded wireless receiver that accepts radio signals within range from transmitters in wireless input devices, which may be occupancy/ vacancy sensors, photosensors and switch stations. It then acts upon those signals within its set rules.

The input device may be powered by an internal battery or by harvesting energy (based on EnOcean’s technology) from ambient light, temperature differential or mechanical energy produced by flipping a switch. If the device is batteryoperated, it should feature a highquality battery that provides reliability and long service life. It should also be matched to the most efficient devices to maximize the amount of time before a battery charge is

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required. The actuator is typically installed in or on a luminaire or in a junction box. The input devices are installed wherever they’re needed.

During setup, all devices are discovered and added to a programmable network, where they’re grouped and given assignments. Setup methods vary by manufacturer and include

pushbutton programming, bar code scanning, mobile app setup, database generation and others.

“Wireless RF lighting control primarily got its start in the residential market,” says Mike Crane, Senior Product Manager, Hubbell Building Automation, Inc. “With the creation of robust and reliable radio-based

technologies like ZigBee, EnOcean and SNAP, developing and providing commercial solutions is now possible. Although the technology has been around for a while and the demand is increasing, we are still at the very early stages of adoption within the commercial market.” Some manufacturers have developed niche solutions around

specific applications such as parking garages, outdoor lighting, hotel card switches, plug-load controls and others. Some specialize in indoor versus outdoor lighting. As the technology continues to develop and gain acceptance, manufacturers are expected to begin to increasingly offer one-stop shopping covering a wide range of indoor and

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GLP impression X4's Faultless Strictly Ballroom Performance specific feature that impressed us is the ability to control each individual LED in the fixture. As an example, our X4 footlights are mounted just off the front of the stage. To keep them out of sight lines they are mounted just below the level of the stage. When Hugh wanted to do a face shot of someone standing further upstage than normal, we had to tilt the fixture down.

But this meant we were lighting the front face of the stage as well as the actor. Hugh’s solution to this was to turn off all the LED’s on the bottom three rows of the fixture.

This stopped the light hitting the front edge, and still left enough of the very bright LED’s on to light the actor’s face upstage.”

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ince premiering with a flourish of sequins and feathers in Sydney back in April 2014, Strictly Ballroom the Musical has been touring Australia, currently residing at Her Majesty’s Theatre, Melbourne.

The musical is produced by the original creative team behind the classic 1992 film, including director and co-writer, Baz Luhrmann and set and costume designer, Catherine Martin. Lighting designer for the production is Hugh Vanstone who was keen to specify the GLP impression X4 into the show, describing them as “tremendously useful” and declaring himself to be a big fan. Consequently there are 19 impression X4 fixtures in the lighting design, primarily rigged low. Some act as footlights, some are in low FOH box boom/ashtray positions and some are on the tops of each of the roving booms used throughout the show.

The impression X4 is principally

used for tight lighting of faces, as well as to highlight scenery. The face lighting is generally in skin tone colours, whilst the scenery shots use the rich colours that the X4 is particularly effective at delivering. For example, they do a gorgeous deep red colour that is used several times in the show.

pipe. Our roving boom units travel pre-rigged at the top of our booms.

We have never had any travel related issues with touring them in that way.”

With over 350 shows under his belt, Head Electrician Ben Wilcocks comments that since the show opened, they haven’t had to swap out any of the impression X4 fixtures. “To tell you the truth, apart from the odd clean, we haven’t had to do anything to the impression X4 so I’ve been really happy with them!” he remarked. “Because they are so small and easily moved, they are ideal for getting shots that other lights can’t.”

The impression X4 features 19 RGBW high output LED’s that deliver a wide colour palette from soft pastels to deep saturates. In its slimline body, with no base unit, the impression X4 houses a 7 to 50 degree zoom range, full colour mixing including CTC and customizable pixel patterns across its front face. Weighing just 7.5 kilos, the impression X4 delivers high output with even colour mixing across the beam at all angles.

“The units do transfer and rig easily,” agreed Production Electrician Dale Mounsey. “Their light weight makes them easy to rig by one person in any position, even over-rigged on a

“There are many features to be impressed about, including the pan and tilt speed, which is great,” added Dale. “Another

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The show is scheduled to move to Brisbane’s QPAC Theatre in September.

Directed by Baz Luhrmann Lighting Designer: Hugh Vanstone Associate LD: Richard Pacholski (R2) Programmer: Jason Fripp Head Electrician: Ben Wilcocks Production Electrician: Dale Mounsey

www.siemens.com/gamma

INDI LED luminaire SANT LED lumineire The INDI luminaries have a minimalistic and simple design. They consist of an aluminium profile and are fitted with LED boards with a high efficiency. There is a built-in suspension system in the luminary to which different components as hooks etc. can be inserted. They are distinguished by a soft light the intensity of which can be set up. They can be used separately or extended to long lines and other shapes. The luminary can be mounted as suspended, surface mounted or wall one. www.halla.eu/indi

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An aluminium linear LED luminaires with an opal diffuser and a unique design.

The SANT luminaires has an excellent performance, the embedded LED light sources achieve the operational efficiency of up to 150lm/W. The luminaires can be dimmable with direct-indirect lighting and the possibility of tunable white LED temperature as currently needed (2700K – 6500K). SANT is an ideal solution when low power consumption, high efficiency and attractive design are required. SANT may be used as a single standing or as a continuous lighting system. Design by Rob van Beek. www.halla.eu/sant

www.siemens.com/buildingautomation

Acuity Brands’ Fixture-Integrated Wireless Controls security.

XPoint Wireless lighting controls can operate as a stand-alone wireless solution or be combined with other Acuity Controls products to create a hybrid wired/wireless solution complete with switching and dimming relay panels, BMS integration, and Unity GX2™ floor plan control, monitoring and analytics software.

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cuity Brands Controls’ XPointTM Wireless lighting control system offer a zero-latency lighting management system for building wide control.

The XPoint Wireless system is wellsuited to new construction and retrofit lighting projects in covered parking areas, high bay spaces, corridors and stairwells.

XPoint Wireless embeds controls and distributes decision making directly into the fixture, creating an intelligent luminaire and enabling superior lighting management. Users can implement a wide range of lighting control strategies, including programming light fixture operation to zone-based occupancy control, as well as daylight control. The system can store schedules and group information for immediate and accurate response to increase operational efficiency. Its ability to monitor on-board current and report lamp outages enhances facility optimization. Additional features include direct programming from a PC or the web, scheduling options and maintenance alerts.

XPoint Wireless lighting controls are able to operate without an active gateway or repeater, ensuring no single point of failure. The system ensures savings in labor, material cost and energy, and helps control lighting to produce the right amount of light for visual comfort and

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Sensor Switch is an industry leader in developing occupancy sensor products and technology for lighting control. Known for our commitment to engineering and innovation, we design and manufacture products and systems that provide energy efficient and cost-effective solutions for architects, designers, contractors, builders and facilities managers. From schools and offices to factories, hospitals, government buildings, and retail stores, Sensor Switch provides innovative and reliable solutions to virtually every application and building type.

The Sensor Switch product line includes the widest array of sensors offered by any manufacturer with features that make them the most technologically advanced in the industry, including Passive Dual Technology (PIR/Microphonics™), which can literally “See & Hear” into areas with obstructions, and microcontroller-based push button programming. Most recently, Sensor Switch introduced its latest innovation, the nLight Control System. The first lighting control system of its kind, nLight’s revolutionary architecture provides for system level control while still enabling zones of nLight devices to selfcommission and function independently, eliminating all centrally hardwired equipment. Founded in 1987, Sensor Switch proudly engineers and manufactures all of its products in the USA at the company headquarters in Wallingford, Connecticut.

Hubbell Outdoor Lighting Adds Motion Sensor Option to LED Wallpack Family

hubbellHubbell Outdoor Lighting’s LNC2 LED wallpack now features a motion sensor option to enhance energy savings, safety and security.

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vailable with two sensor options, the upgraded LNC2 LED wallpack now delivers even greater control and energy savings. The SCO option features an ON/OFF sensor, while the SCP option offers a programmable sensor with adjustable time delay and dimming level and Integral Photocell (SCP-REMOTE accessory is required to program in the field).

With a typical mounting height of 15 feet with 50-60 foot fixture spacing, the LNC2 delivers maximum perimeter illumination for safety, security and identity. The LNC2 also comes standard with quick mount that allows for simple mounting without having to open the fixture.

the standard for all others to follow in the application of technology to the business of energy-saving lighting controls. HBA is a subsidiary of Hubbell Incorporated, an established leader in the electrical industry for more than 120 years.

Hubbell Building AutomationNetworked Lighting Control Panels The LX Series provides unmatched simplicity and functionality in a topology and polarity-free lowvoltage network including: Advanced programmable lighting control panels Digital Switch Stations Photocell Control Modules Dry Contact Input Modules

Hubbell Building Automation (HBA) is a manufacturer of a wide range of occupancy sensors, networked lighting controls, daylight harvesting and high bay controls. From the industry’s first self-adaptive occupancy sensor to the introduction of the LX Series of Networked Lighting Control products, HBA sets 28 | May-June 2016 | lightexpress

The industry’s only networked, dual-technology, self-adaptive occupancy sensor Full web-based programming and integration with major BAS systems.

Hubbell Building AutomationOccupancy Sensors HBA has long been the innovator in occupancy sensing technologies with the invention of both leakage-to-ground and self-adaptive sensor technologies. HBA continues to lead the way in occupancy sensor design. Today HBA produces the most comprehensive line of occupancy sensor products on the market. With Infrared, Ultrasonic and Dual Tech sensors, HBA has a product for virtually any application.

Hubbell Building Automation Daylighting Controls HBA produces a full line of daylight harvesting products for indoor, outdoor and atrium applications.

High Bay Controls Hubbell Building Automation offers the industry’s most capable and reliable High Bay lighting controls available for both HID and Fluorescent lighting applications.

The Growth of LED Lighting & Controls 32 | May-June 2016 | lightexpress

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he growth of commercial LED lighting opens up new opportunities for controls.

This is the most exciting time for the lighting industry since the early 20th century. We are truly at an inflection point, and the forthcoming shakeout over the next five years will determine who will be the lighting giants of the future.

LED technologies are providing vast opportunities to improve lighting products with controls. This has coincided with government efforts to reduce CO2 emissions in buildings and benchmark energy use, opening up a major opportunity for controls companies.

Over the next seven years, growth in the developed markets of Europe and North America will increase at a little more than half this rate, while Asia will well exceed average growth across the world. These figures do not include any other controls and value-add services that could become part of the lighting controls contract in the future.

Looking back over the last seven years, we can see a volatile performance for lighting controls in the developed markets of the world. The main reason for this has been a significant decline in the rate of construction of new buildings.

The U.K. market is a typical example of the poor performance of lighting controls during this period. The market peaked at £197 million (USD $322 million) at installed prices in 2008 following the liquidity crisis in 2007 and the financial meltdown in 2008. Demand for lighting controls dramatically declined in the following two years and bottomed out in 2010 when new construction in the commercial sector started to pick up. For the last three years, demand has grown by approximately 4 percent per year.

Having struggled for the last fifteen years to get all the environmental services in buildings to work together, we have now reached a point where connectivity can be achieved directly through IP, allowing the internet of things to become a reality. Our report shows how LED lighting controls could act as a catalyst for the internet of things in buildings. With new intelligent lighting networks in place, it is relatively simple to extend it to other value-add services.

Each new LED fixture can, in essence, become the node on an intelligent control. Those sensors can be used to harvest other useful data about temperature, occupancy, and the surrounding environment that has many other applications.

Historically, building controls applications have been HVAC-centric, since that was the element of the building where controls could add significant value, particularly in new construction applications. At the lower end of the market, the ROI rate for HVAC-oriented building energy management has not been compelling. LED lighting controls could deliver much more; they penetrate further down the building size spectrum and then act as a “Trojan horse” by adding many other building services to their network.

However, if the lighting controls market is to maximize the growth opportunities we forecast, then they must increase their share of the retrofit market. While the case for retrofitting buildings with LED lighting has become very compelling, wireless technologies are needed in order to bring down the installation cost and improve the ROI. LED lighting and controls will be retrofitted in many thousands of buildings that don’t have building energy management systems (BEMS), and this presents an even stronger case for connecting to the bus-based lighting controls, fan coil units, chilled beams and natural ventilation controls. The BEMS suppliers will contest this, but it could be welcomed by the product manufacturers after a slight tweaking of the distribution channels.

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Using Less Energy Energy Efficiency: Lighting

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t takes a lot of energy to light up the world. Lighting is responsible for 19% of electricity use worldwide. In the United States alone, lighting accounts for almost 25% percent of electricity use in homes, and about 13% in offices, stores, schools, and other commercial buildings. Clearly, reducing the amount of energy used for lighting would make us more energy efficient. But modern society relies on electric lights so we can remain active at all hours of the day and night. What makes current lighting systems so inefficient?

The easiest and most obvious step to save energy is to turn off lights that are not in use. While that helps, it does not solve the problem. The big question is, how can we make artificial lighting more energy efficient?

What We Currently Use Most electric light fixtures use either incandescent or fluorescent lightbulbs, or lamps, as the light source.

Incandescent lamps produce a pleasing warm light.

They are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and come in all kinds of shapes and sizes. Many different types of lighting fixtures are designed to fit the screw-in base of this type of bulb.

The incandescent lamp consists of a large glass bulb attached to a metal base that serves as the electrical contact. The outside of the base is threaded, to be screwed into the light fixture. The hollow glass bulb contains a metal wire called a filament—the filament is made of tungsten—attached to the electrical contacts in the base of the bulb. The filament is very long— about 2 m (6.5 ft) in a standard bulb—but extremely thin, at about 0.254 mm (0.01 in). The wire is very tightly coiled and that coil is then wound again, to fit inside the bulb. An inert gas such as argon fills the inside of the bulb. When an electrical current runs through the filament, it heats up and glows.

There are a number of drawbacks to incandescent lamps. The tungsten evaporates over time of use, weakening the filament until it breaks. At that point the lamp no longer works and needs to be replaced. A 100-watt incandescent lamp is rated to last 750 hours, not a very long time. However, the biggest issue for incandescent lamps is that they are not very energy efficient: they produce heat as well as light. This heat escapes into the surrounding environment. In fact, incandescents produce the least light for the amount of energy used to power them. This makes them huge wasters of energy.

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The halogen lamp is another type of incandescent light bulb. Halogen lamps also use a tungsten filament, but a hollow quartz covering (quartz is much harder than glass) filled with halogen gas encloses the filament. When the filament heats up, the halogen gas reacts with tungsten vapor, redepositing tungsten atoms back on the filament.

This enables the filament to last much longer, and to be heated to a hotter temperature. Thus a halogen lamp lasts longer than a standard incandescent and gives off light that is brighter and purer in color. However, halogen lamps get extremely hot, much more so than standard incandescent lamps. That means that halogen lamps are also energy wasters.

Fluorescent lamps, the other common type of electric lightbulb, are much more efficient than incandescent lamps. Fluorescents use approximately 30% of the energy of an incandescent bulb to produce the same amount of light. They are commonly found in institutional settings: schools, offices, stores, and public buildings. Lighting fixtures that use fluorescent lamps are cheaper to operate, and they produce a fair amount of light for the money.

Compact Fluorescent Lightbulbs The compact fluorescent bulb uses the same process as a traditional fluorescent tube, but uses a smaller spiral shape and a screw-in base that allows it to fit into fixtures made for incandescent bulbs. The compact fluorescent lightbulb (CFL) is one very popular option for reducing lighting costs. The CFL is a fluorescent lamp manufactured to fit the same fixtures as incandescent bulbs. This type of lamp has been available since the early 1980s but is only now catching on with consumers. The big advantage: CFLs use much less electricity—70% to 75% less, according to some sources.

CFLs have the same energy-saving advantages of standard fluorescent lamps. But only now are these lamps being used regularly. Why? The early CFLs were terrible. The light they produced was dim and dull, with an awful color. On top of that the lamps took a long time to reach full power, and even at full power, they flickered. Today’s CFLs are much better. The color has been softened, the light is no longer dim, and the lamps start up much more quickly.

The improvements have resulted in greater popularity with consumers. In fact, some countries, including Australia and Canada, have mandated that consumers switch from incandescent lamps to CFLs by specific dates. Other countries are also encouraging consumers to make the switch to save energy. CFLs are not perfect replacements for incandescent lamps. Many consumers do not like the

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light these lamps produce, despite the vast improvements in the last few years. And the lamps still take some time to warm up to full power. Like their longtube predecessors, CFLs contain a very small amount, usually 4 to 5 mg (0.00014 to 0.00018 oz), of mercury, a toxin. If the lamp breaks the mercury enters the general environment. A portion of that mercury evaporates, but so little enters the environment that researchers believe it poses little or no danger. Proper cleanup and disposal of the broken lamp takes care of the rest of the mercury.

Light-Emitting Diodes Another promising approach is the use of lightemitting diodes (LEDs) for interior lighting. LEDs are commonly used already for many things, such as digital clocks and the lights on light-up wristwatches. But now these little lights are being used in lamps, to replace incandescent bulbs for interior lighting.

The LED bulb is the newest type of lower-energy lamp projected to replace incandescent bulbs. Made from durable plastic, an LED bulb uses the movement of energy in a semiconductor material to create light.

LEDs use a different technology from incandescent and fluorescent lamps. Instead of relying on a filament that gets used up or electrodes with a limited number of starts, LEDs produce light by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor, a material or compound that allows some flow of electricity. Electricity is sent to a diode made of a semiconducting material, causing the electrons to increase in energy level. As the electrons drop back down to normal levels, they release photons, or light energy. The color of the light depends on the material used in the diode. A silicon diode produces infrared light, but other materials produce different colors in the spectrum. In addition, the semiconductor material used for the diode must be one that does not absorb the photons, but releases them outward, to produce light. The light coming from the diode goes every which way, but the lamp has a plastic cover, which concentrates the light.

Individual diodes are not bright. Thus they are grouped together in lamps, to produce the desired amount of light for the bulb.

LED lamps have many advantages over other types of lighting. They are made of durable plastic, not morebreakable glass. LED lamps do not burn out the same way as lamps that use filaments. The diode does degrade, producing less light after thousands of hours of use. But the bulbs are long-lasting, with a lifetime between 50,000 and 100,000 hours until the degradation of light becomes noticeable. The small size of LEDs fits modern electronics. Most important, LEDs are energy efficient. Much more of the energy is used to create light and not wasted heat.

LEDs are not without disadvantages. Until very recently they were prohibitively expensive, reflecting the cost of the semiconductor material. The material price has started dropping, but the lamps remain significantly more expensive than traditional lamps. For example, in

2009 a standard incandescent bulb was around US$0.75 per bulb, while a replacement LED bulb was US$45. The longer life of the LED balances out some of the expense.

Colored LED lights are used to create a distinct look for modern buildings like this one in Seoul, South Korea.

The quality of light given off by LED lamps poses a more significant problem. The light tends to be diffuse—it does not focus well for spot lighting. Color also remains an issue. LED lamps produce excellent shades of red, green, blue, purple, pink, and a very bright white.

Because of this, LEDs are increasingly being used for dramatic and colorful interior and exterior architectural lighting, including holiday lights. However, LED technology thus far has not been able to produce a light similar to daylight. The very harsh light of a white LED makes colors look odd. Researchers continue to work on developing an LED lamp that can produce a color similar to daylight.

Daylighting Natural light is a very important source of energyefficient light. Architects and builders are making more use of daylight, working with lighting designers to help place windows and skylights in new homes or commercial buildings. Modern double-paned windows can keep the cold out during the winter, although not as effectively as insulated walls, and with special coatings to reflect light, they can prevent interiors from heating up too much during hot summers.

Newer buildings use natural daylight National Lab–David Joseph/The New York Times Newer buildings use natural daylight to light interior spaces as a way to save energy. Lighting designers help place windows in locations that will make the best use of light without burdening the building with extra heating or cooling costs. For example, north-facing windows let in even light year-round, while south-facing windows maximize light in winter; neither lets in much glare.

Proper roof overhang and planting of trees can prevent extra heat coming in during in the summer in windows that receive direct sunlight. West- and east-facing windows are avoided as much as possible, because they let in light and heat, as well as glare. Skylights also let in light without too much heat, if positioned and installed properly. The skylight must have a slope that maximizes winter heat and lessens summer heat.

Installation must be done carefully, to prevent leaking during rainstorms.

Down the Road Motion-detector lights have a sensor that switches on the light when movement occurs within the sensing field. When the motion stops, after a certain time the light switches off. Light fixtures with this feature are commonly used on building exteriors, as a way to have light only when it is needed. Installation of this type of fixture in building interiors for rooms that are not in regular use, such as storage rooms, is one way to save energy; this type of use is on the rise. lightexpress | May-June 2016 | 37

Japan developed two inches SCAM crystal to replace blue LED substrate

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apan Fukuda crystallization Institute of Technology has developed 50mm (2 inches) caliber of ScAlMgO4 (SCAM) crystals successfully, and plans to use this material as GaN-

based light-emitting substrate for blue LED component and blueviolet semiconductor laser. Compared with sapphire substrate, SCAM can reduce the crystal defects of the GaN-based semiconductor; it is expected to increase the brightness of the light emitting component. According to the institute reports, the team led by Professor Takashi MATSUOKA from Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University used stacked GaN semiconductor designed the LED, and confirmed the usefulness of the material.

The feature of SCAM is the lattice mismatch with GaN is only 1.8%, not prone to defect of lattice dislocations. While previous the industry find it difficult to make SCAM crystals, but Fukuda crystallization Institute of Technology produced two inches highquality SCAM crystals by CZ method successfully. According to introduction of the institute, it improves the crystal quality by improving the conditions and furnace structure of the crystal growth. When using X-ray diffraction method to assess C surface of SCAM crystal, they found its demi is 12.9 seconds, the crystal quality is equivalent to Si completely.

In addition, the Institute does not adopt cutting and grinding process, but produce wafer by cleaving SCAM crystal, this process will reduce the wafer cost. It is also a great achievement to obtain low-dislocation crystal by the use of organic metal chemical vapor deposition method to grow GaN films on the cleavage plane of SCAM crystal vertically at 1040?.

Fukuda crystallization Institute of Technology will try to increase the caliber of SCAM crystals in the future, also implement this material with commercial operations. The Institute will start to sell two inches SCAM substrates at the spring of 2015.

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Government Projects & Initiatives, Declining Prices and Domestic Manufacturing Poised to Spur Indian LED Lighting Market 40 | May-June 2016 | lightexpress

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ver the years, demand for power has increased exponentially in India that has resulted into usage of appliances or products that are power efficient in nature. In India, lighting application

consumes significant share of the country's total power.

Owing to demand-supply gap and need to conserve power, utilization of power efficient lighting source has become critically important. LED based bulbs are emerging as key viable sources of power, which can save power up-to 50%.

According to 6Wresearch, India’s LED Lighting market is projected to reach $2.2 billion by 2021. LED Lighting market in India is in its nascent stage; however, high growth is anticipated due to government initiatives to replace incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs in streetlight application.

Also, with growing awareness and reduction of prices the market for LED Lighting is exhibited to attain tremendous growth in the forecast period. Additionally, with government initiatives to promote domestic manufacturing, prices are expected to decline further, thus boosting the growth of the market. In 2015, the Government of India announced the distribution of LED bulbs at subsidized rate would further drive the adoption in the country.

Amongst all applications, streetlight is one of the key growing applications in India’s LED lighting market. Central and State governments have taken initiatives to deploy LED bulbs at various locations.

For the same, several pilot projects are under process or in planned phase, where traditional streetlights would be replaced by LED bulbs.

Chandigarh, Delhi, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttrakhand, and Punjab are some of the states where such initiatives have been taken.

Also, in the coming years, as the concept of green building and smart homes increases, demand for LED bulbs is exhibited to surge, which would bolster growth of the market especially in outdoor and indoor applications.

In India’s LED lighting market, Philips has captured key share of the market pie in 2014. Through the forecast period, share of Philips is expected to increase further. Other key players of the market include- Syska, Havells, GE and OSRAM. “India LED Lighting Market (2015–2021)”provides in-depth analysis of the report with 50 figures and 16 tables covered in 112 pages. The report estimates and forecast LED Lighting market by revenue, by applications and regions. The report also gives the insights on competitive landscape, market share by companies, company profiles, market drivers and restraints. lightexpress | May-June 2016 | 41

Where now for the LED domestic market?

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he lighting industry got its fingers burnt trying to persuade householders to replace incandescent bulbs. Can the transition to LED lighting be smoother?

Many were 'incandescent' when the EU banned their favoured white-hot lightbulbs. The energy-efficient replacements, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), were unpopular because many took a while to light up from cold, had unflattering light tones and cost more.

The fact that they tended to last longer was little compensation to a public used to the gratifying effects of incandescent lightbulbs, though they were cheap enough for hoarders to buy in bulk ahead of the ban, which was announced by the UK government and implemented EU-wide from 2009.

Light-emitting diode (LED) lightbulbs are becoming increasingly popular, but claims made by some manufacturers on longevity have been disputed. The EU brought in directives to increase the quality of LED construction as the lamps are more complex to manufacture and there are varying levels of quality. But there are anecdotal stories about poor quality construction.

There are two distinct markets: the retail market, which is still relatively small because of the high price of LED bulbs; and the new build market, specifically builders who are incentivised to make new build homes as energy efficient as possible. The new build market is the larger of the two, although the retail market is expected to catch up.

LED lamps have greater energy-

efficient advantages over CFLs but without the problem of unflattering tones and uncomfortable flicker.

However, unlike CFLs and incandescent products, the weakest component of LEDs is not the lamp, which can often last a great deal longer than some of the other intricate components.

One point of contention is with the claims made on the packaging for some LED products. A manufacturer may claim, for example, that their LED light would be expected to last for 50,000 hours. In practice, this would mean that the product would last for more than 17 years on the assumption that the light was on for approximately eight hours a day.

The reality is far more nuanced.

Firstly, LED lights do not burn out suddenly like incandescent bulbs.

Their efficiency decreases over time.

The confusion is at what point should the efficiency drop before the product is deemed to have failed?

"The performance characteristics of an LED chip will change once it is incorporated into a lamp or luminaire, potentially impacting lifetime. Therefore, it is important to understand which lifetime is being quoted – the chip or the system," says Steve Wrapson, product marketing manager for Philips. "Our lifetime statements are based on a moment that LEDs reaches 70 per cent of their light output."

To resolve many of these matters, the EU brought in a new directive that came into force in September of last year. The EcoDesign DIM2 Regulation, created to improve the accuracy of information on the packaging of LED lamps, will help consumers make better-informed

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choices. There are now tougher performance requirements and the new regulation states that directional lamps, such as spots and reflectors, need to meet a certain lumen level to claim a certain wattage replacement.

"Historically, lightbulb purchases have been based on wattage, which actually refers to the energy

consumed rather than the bulb's brightness. Now consumers need to understand lumen output to help them make the adjustment," says Wrapson, who points out that Philips' packaging gives Lumen equivalent to existing wattage measurements.

Additionally, 90 per cent of the lamps must survive and still have at

least 80 per cent of their initial lumen output after 6,000 burning hours; and 95 per cent of the lamps must survive for at least 1,000 hours.

Making the switch to LED Will this level of transparency be enough to persuade more consumers to switch to LED luminaires? Visit your local DIY

superstore and you will still see rows and rows of CFL-based lighting and perhaps just a small space devoted to LED lighting.

Retailers appear to be unconvinced about stocking too vast a range of LED alternatives, possibly driven by market confusion and uncertainty. In the meantime, consumers are left with what many consider a poorer alternative in CFL lights.

lightexpress | May-June 2016 | 43

One way the government is managing to increase the uptake of LED lighting for businesses is by offering tax incentives and warranties. The Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) energy scheme provides tax allowances for a variety of energy-saving products.

It offers a 100 per cent First Year Allowance (FYA) for investments in certain energy-saving plant and machinery including energy-efficient LED lighting systems, of which 100 per cent of the cost could be written off against that year's taxable profits. This has enabled many businesses to save money, as well as reduce energy use, carbon footprint and climate change levy payments. But no similar scheme exists for consumers, in the UK at least.

In the US, however, State Public Utility Commissions (PUCs) have been set energy-saving goals by state and federal government to provide an alternative to the capital expense of expanding power plant capacity. Utilities in almost every state offer rebates for LED lighting.

The majority of these are a predetermined monetary amount for each fixture replaced, most of which is reliant on the products being bought with a US Energy Star rating scheme.

Low-energy, high-cost lighting Cost is still the main issue for many home owners. With prices of up to £25 per bulb, some consumers currently consider LED lighting too costly. Rising electricity prices and falling LED costs mean that, for homes with a large number of halogen bulbs at least, the new generation of low-energy lighting finally makes financial sense.

Concerns over the weak or cold quality of LED lightbulbs have abated. Despite usually costing more than five times as much as CFLs, the payback for LEDs now comes in 15 months or less – and for homeowners changing dozens of halogen bulbs, the savings can be in the hundreds of pounds every

year thereafter.

A typical 35W halogen replacement LED could use as little as 4W, which is considerably less than the 10W or so a CFL would use to produce the same level of light.

Dimmable versions cost significantly more, and while 35W halogen replacements are available for just £10 pounds each for the newest perfect fit bulbs, that price jumps dramatically for higher wattage replacements – this will delay the payback by a couple of years.

Manufacturers are looking at other methods to reduce the cost of production and to pass on those savings to consumers. One such company is Plessey Semiconductor, which has a manufacturing plant for LEDs in Plymouth.

"Our aim is to get the bill of materials down for the high-end companies such as Philips or Osram," says Neil Harper, product group director for Plessey.

Harper explains that many LEDs are manufactured using expensive substrates such as sapphire on wafers, which are only 2in in diameter. Plessey's answer is to look into manufacturing on cheaper substrates – such as silicon, without compromising on quality, and increasing yields by increasing the diameter of the wafer to 6in.

"We've just commissioned a test production line," says Harper, although he remains tight-lipped on when these new LEDs will be available.

There are other ways prices could drop. New competition is likely as big manufacturers from the AsiaPacific market enter the UK and European market. Companies such as Toshiba in Japan and LG from South Korea have an excellent reputation in their native countries but are relatively unknown in Europe. Toshiba, for example, has a history in the lighting industry going back more than 120 years. Additionally, there are cost savings available

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in the other components that make up a modern LED lightbulb. The driver houses a microcontroller to provide the correct output current and voltage for powering the LED chips to emit light at the required level of brightness.

This is a significant cost on the overall bill of materials, but the semiconductor industry is relatively dynamic compared to the lighting industry overall and therefore the cost of microcontrollers are like to drop massively over the next few years.

Other components, such as housings, connectors and the heat sink, are also expected to drop as manufacturing efficiency improves – but at a smaller rate to the silicon.

The business has set high expectations with LED lighting and hopes it has done enough to avoid the controversies of the recent past.

Wireless flexibility and bus-based reliability

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he new bidirectional KNX EnOcean gateway series 63x brings EnOcean and KNX closer together. The gateways now make it possible to control EnOcean actuators from KNX.

By Dr. Thomas Weinzierl, Managing Director, WEINZIERL ENGINEERING GmbH A gateway connects different technologies together - and with the new three-headed gateway family KNX ENO 63X (630, 632 and 634) Weinzierl offers the perfect combination of reliability and configurability of a mature bus system (KNX) and the flexibility of an innovative radio system with batteryless sensors (EnOcean ).

Based on a new platform is the device family in a subtly designed casing for wall mounting and allows an integrated illuminated display and three buttons with easy and convenient on-site programming.

While the smallest model, the KNX ENO 630, as unidirectional gateway sends sensor values in one direction from EnOcean to the KNX bus the

two larger units operate 632 and 634 bi-directional and so also EnOcean actuators KNX from now can be directly controlled. By the new gateways supported EnOcean Equipment Profiles (EEP) compatibility is achieved with virtually all EnOcean devices.

The new gateways are of particular interest due to their additional logic and control functions. So now stand alongside the simple logic and time functions, complex algorithms for light control and heating control available. Here are two examples: Save energy with the windows open Everybody knows this situation: no matter whether residential or office complex, once you get in cold weather and you open a window while heating you literally heat "out the window" and must be in complete control of the heating system before and after ventilation.

In addition, most heating systems rely on to be automatically or manually turned on and shut down when the rooms are used by people.

This can be solved by a heating control through a combination of EnOcean and KNX. Both the actual temperature and the set point temperature is sent from a room control unit via EnOcean. The controller in the KNX ENO Gateway 632 calculates the variable and sends it via the KNX bus to the heating valve which adjusts the temperature by opening or closing.

The HMI device can be mounted on almost any location thanks to EnOcean technology and by the simple configuration of the KNX ENO 632 gateways via the ETS and the device itself, the setup is done quickly.

Integrate a presence detector or window/door contact additionally into the system and their values can be also considered by the regulation for optimum heating efficiency. The presence detector registers the presence of people in the room and adjusts the heating accordingly. No longer empty rooms and offices which are unnecessarily heated only because the last employee or resident had forgotten to regulate the heating down. The EnOcean window contact also supports those people who do not think about the heater when they open a window for

ventilation. You no longer have to manually turn down the radiator and turn it up again, but you can rely on the automatic thanks to EnOcean and KNX when venting now.

Let there be light (and shadow) Another example of energy saving is the networked lighting control with the KNX ENO 632, as shown in Figure 2. Via the Gateway the user can manually turn on and off the light with an EnOcean switch. In conjunction with an EnOcean presence detector with light sensor a simply and easy power saving function can be realized with the user still being able to turn on the light when needed.

However, the automatic function via the KNX ENO 632 turns off the light when it was obviously forgotten to be switched off. For example, if the lighting conditions have improved significantly or the presence detector noted that no one is in the room.

Thus, this deluxe automatic subtly works in the background and the residents or employees may still decide to turns lights on or off if needed. In addition, an automatic switch on and off can be configured additionally.

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Smart Cities Require Smart Streetlights

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anaging a city today can be especially challenging.

Making cities attractive for companies and residents, while still offering security and comfort requires city officers to carefully manage budgets so they can create opportunities and services to compete with neighboring cities.

The term “Smart City� is often used to describe the cities that adopt and leverage innovative technologies that provide: safety and comfort for residents, lower operating costs and energy usage, deploy security cameras and safety sensors, reduce traffic, enhancing parking options and improving traffic management systems. More information is available now than ever before from smart sensors, while less energy is being consumed thanks to advanced building management systems and innovative streetlight control systems.

Startups and established high-tech companies are increasingly rushing to provide cities with new solutions, more often proposing their own proprietary sensors, communication networks and software. On the other hand, the smartest cities are purchasing a standardized communication platform with central management software, so they can share a citywide communication network. This open, standardized approach allows all sensors and other smart city devices to communicate with each other and/ or with the central management software to provide more value to the city and its residents.

Decision makers within these smart cities are asking what applications they should be deploying for such a city-wide network at a budget that will be able to support both current requirements and future enhancements? The answer is in what you see when looking through the window last time you landed by plane at night. With a light pole every 30 meters or so, networking streetlights are ideal to provide such

a city-wide network. These new streetlight networks pay for themselves by enabling cities to save energy by adapting light level to the time and the activity. These streetlights also save on maintenance because they enable automatic failure identification instead of receiving hundreds of thousands of calls from unhappy residents. Also, if the cities choose the right open and standardized networking technology, they can remotely communicate with parking sensors, traffic sensors, environmental sensors, safety sensors, electrical vehicle charging stations, advertising panels, trash bins, water/gas/energy meters and other communicating devices, while receiving live data for city officers to make smarter decisions.

Many cities including Oslo, Paris, Berlin, Brasov, Lyon, Dongguan and GuangZhou, already understand the benefits their streetlight networks offer their cities. More of them are replacing conventional highpressure sodium outdoor lights with networked LEDs to drastically reduce their energy and maintenance OPEX budgets. A large part of the networked streetlight projects are based on open and standardized networking technologies that allow many manufacturers and startup companies to provide additional smart devices that can be used with existing streetlight networks.

With more than 500 projects in 17 countries, the ISO/IEC14908 networking standard is probably the most widely adopted standard for networked streetlights. This open networking standard, managed by LonMark International, is the choice for many manufacturers of light point controllers because it provides cities with a competitively priced solution.

The controllers based on this popular standard can save up to 50 percent in energy costs, while providing cities with Big Data resources to help with future planning. Christophe Orceau,

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Chairman Outdoor Lighting LonMark committee To learn more about LonMark International and its street lighting initiative, please visit http://www.lonmark.org/connection/solutions/lighting/ streetlighting.

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The worldwide standard for home and building control

Web visualization for display and operation of KNX plants IP Control Center – control of lighting, solar protection, heating, ventilation and air conditioning via web-compatible end devices

Ease of operation thanks to straightforward, full-graphic visualization The IP Control Center is a visualization controller of compact design. It features a freely configurable user interface, offering intuitive operation and display of KNX devices. Lighting, solar protection, heating, ventilation and air conditioning can be displayed via web-compatible end devices such as PCs, laptops, smart phones or tablets – matched to user profiles with different access authorities. To handle comprehensive building and room functions, up to 1250 KNX objects are available. In addition, there are powerful application modules for scene control, scheduler programs, alarm reporting and logic functions for use in connection with central control. These modules can be easily matched to holiday schedules, user needs, occupancy times, etc., and can be changed at any time.

Web editor for flexible and intuitive engineering Engineering is straightforward via ETS and the web editor, which is preinstalled for display by any browser. So, no extra software is required. Using the web editor, a wide choice of symbols and operating elements can be arranged per drag-anddrop. The user interface can be configured to meet individual needs by embedding own elements or elements provided by an extensive library. There is a choice of six different styles.

Efficient maintenance and commissioning via KNX interface The built-in KNX interface facilitates commissioning of KNX plant. Using an extra router, KNX plant can be maintained from a remote location.

Highlights ■

Ease of operation thanks to full-graphic and individually configurable user interface

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Convenient remote control via web-compatible end devices such as tablets or smart phones

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Straightforward and intuitive engineering via web editor without additional software

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Cost benefit thanks to builtin commissioning interface to KNX plants

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Reduced effort owing to remote maintenance and remote commissioning

www.siemens.com/ip-control-center

UAE’S AMBITIOUS NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND SUSTAINABLE CITY PROJECTS DRAW INTERNATIONAL LIGHTING MAJORS TO VIBRANT MIDDLE EAST

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overnment-backed pavilions from UK and Italy to lead large global turnout at Light Middle East 2015 Dubai, UAE: Recent announcements of major developments across the UAE coupled with ambitious sustainable lighting projects have drawn the attention of the international lighting community to the Middle East, with global manufacturers from the UK and Italy among the big names gearing up to participate at Light Middle East 2015.

Dubai has put in place plans that include the installation of sustainable lighting in parks and streets and the implementation of green building codes across new projects in the city, in order to make it among the top ten sustainable cities in the world by 2020.

Abu Dhabi Municipality also recently revealed a major sustainability initiative, whereby the UAE Capital will install LED lighting across public spaces and thoroughfares, bringing down the cost of public lighting by up to 75% over 20 years, while reducing carbon emissions by 75% and maintenance costs by up to 80%.

Additionally, the announcement of spectacular new developments such as Meydan One in Dubai – which on completion will house 78,000 residents, includes the world’s tallest residential tower, a 5star hotel, a marina yacht club, and a shopping mall – will create fresh demand for state-of-the-art lighting technology and design.

The latest innovative systems and equipment will be under the spotlight when more than 350 exhibitors from 27 countries showcase 430 brands at Light Middle East 2015, the region’s

dedicated exhibition for lighting design and technology.

Taking place from 6-8 October 2015 at the Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre, the three-day event is organised by Messe Frankfurt Middle East, and will be the launch-pad for new products leading sustainable and contemporary lighting design.

“The UAE’s commitment to sustainability and energy conservation is transforming the way the country uses energy, while driving demand for environmentally-friendly lighting systems and technology,” said Ahmed Pauwels, CEO of Messe Frankfurt Middle East.

“This sustainability shift is continuing to spread into the wider Middle East, making it one of the more attractive markets for leading names in the international lighting industry, and every year we’re a seeing growing interest in the region from global players at Light Middle East.”

At the forefront of the robust international participation at Light Middle East 2015 are more than 30 brands from Italy and the UK, many of which are exhibiting at the countries’ Government-backed pavilions.

A total of 14 UK exhibitors will be on board the British Pavilion supported by the UK Lighting Industry Association, including Bell, Collingwood, LED Flex, Luxonic, Mike Stoane, and Whitegoods. Standalone UK exhibitors include acdc, Luceco, Abacus, and Orlight.

The Italian Pavilion will feature more than 10 companies, including Futura Progetti, Ilmas, Living Light, Paber, while standalone exhibitors include C Luce, Fivep, PUK Italia, Civic, and Targetti.

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Many are launching new product lines and looking for large-scale growth in what they perceive as a very active market. LED Flex, for example, is launching a range of LED Pro Panels and High CRI (colour rendering index) LED Flex's at Light Middle East 2015.

Anthony Kerr of LED Flex said: “The futuristic vision that the UAE is built on is something we really want to be a part of. We are at the forefront

of the lighting industry and there is no better place in the world to show our technologies to the key decision makers to see our products in the buildings of the future.”

lighting industry. Situl Jetha, Design Director at Orlight, said: “Currently the value of business we undertake in the Middle East is set to expand tenfold with the inclusion of a direct base in Dubai.

Further underlining the positive market sentiment is Orlight, which is looking to expand within the Middle East region, and will launch at Light Middle East 2015 its innovative LED Linear Product that is unique to the

“Within this region, it’s apparent that finding low energy solutions is paramount, but what we can offer as a company is unparalleled customer service with innovative and unique products that allow us

to provide turnkey solutions all the way from design through to the supply of our products.”

UK and Italian brands also have strong representation at Light Middle East among regional suppliers, including the show’s Gold Sponsor Huda Lighting, which has British luminaire and systems brands Lucent, KKDC, njo LEDs, and Radiant, along with Italian brands Luce & Light, 3f-Filippi, and Slamp as part of

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its product line-up. UAE-based Lightitude will showcase UK brands Alphaled, Photonstar, and Precision Lighting, while Speclight will represent Blight from Italy.

Light Middle East 2015 will also feature a country pavilion from Korea, while the international flavour will be complemented by exhibitors from Australia, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Kuwait, Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, and the USA. Now in its 10th edition, Light Middle East 2015 returns with the fastgrowing Future Zone, a special section dedicated to innovative products and technologies and trend-setting lighting solutions previously unseen in the region.

Other returning features include the Light Middle East Conference on 7-8 October, highlighting key issues impacting the regional lighting industry, while the prestigious Light Middle East Awards will celebrate the region’s most outstanding

lighting projects and designers.

Light Middle East Light Middle East is the Middle East’s premier conference and exhibition for lighting design and technology. It is the region's unique platform for exhibitors to network with one another and meet major clients, industry experts, leading lighting designers and architects involved in the delivery of major public and private development projects. A focused event where key industry decision makers, involved in the design and build of the region's major projects and initiatives, come to meet major international manufacturers and solution providers.

Show website: www.lightme.net Background information on Messe Frankfurt Messe Frankfurt is one of the world’s leading trade fair organisers, generating around €554 million in sales and employing 2,130 people. The Messe Frankfurt Group has a global network of 29 subsidiaries and 57 international

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Sales Partners, allowing it to serve its customers on location in more than 160 countries. Messe Frankfurt events take place at more than 30 locations around the globe. In 2014, Messe Frankfurt organised a total of 121 trade fairs, of which more than half took place outside Germany.

Comprising an area of 592,127 square metres, Messe Frankfurt’s exhibition grounds are home to ten exhibition halls. The company also operates two congress centres. The historic Festhalle, one of the most popular venues in Germany, plays host to events of all kinds. Messe Frankfurt is publicly owned, with the City of Frankfurt holding 60 percent and the State of Hesse 40 percent.

For more information, please visit our website at: www.messefrankfurt.com About Messe Frankfurt Middle East GmbH The portfolio of events for Messe Frankfurt Middle East in Dubai includes Automechanika Dubai, Automechanika Jeddah, Beautyworld Middle East, Hardware+Tools Middle East,

Intersec, Leatherworld Middle East, Light Middle East, Materials Handling Middle East and Paperworld Middle East. The subsidiary also organises a series of conferences and seminars including the BOHS Worker Health Protection Conference, the Beautyworld Spa and Wellness Management Summit, the Light Middle East Conference, and Smart Traffic Middle East. For more information, please visit our website at www.messefrankfurtme.com

Key Steps In Lighting Design Process Structured Design Process To achieve the best overall outcome in a lighting installation, it is important to avoid the tendency of rushing straight into luminaire selection before determining more broadly what is required from the system.

The use of a structured design process helps to avoid this.

The key steps in the design process are: Identify the requirements Determine the method of lighting Select the lighting equipment Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the design as required Determine the control system Choice of luminaire Inspect the installation upon completion (and if possible, a few months after occupation, to determine what worked and what didn’t. This is the only way to build up experience to

apply to future designs) The five initial stages are considered in more detail in the following lines.

1. IDENTIFYING THE REQUIREMENTS This involves gaining a full understanding of what the lighting installation is intended to achieve.

This includes the following: Illuminance Glare Mood of the space Relation to shape of space Things to be emphasised Things to hide Direction of light Interaction of daylight 2. DETERMINE THE METHOD OF LIGHTING At this stage, consideration is given to how the light is to be delivered,

e.g. will it be recessed, surface mounted, direct or indirect, or will up-lighting be used, and its primary characteristics, e.g. will it be prismatic, low brightness or mellow light.

Consideration should be given at this stage to the use of daylight to minimise the need for artificial light.

A number of factors also affect luminaire choice:

3. SELECT THE LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Once the method of lighting has been selected, the most appropriate light source can then be chosen followed by the luminaire.

The following attributes should be studied when choosing the light source: Light output (lumens) Total input wattage Efficacy (lumens per Watt) Lifetime

Physical size Surface brightness / glare Colour characteristics Electrical characteristics Requirement for control gear Compatibility with existing electrical system Suitability for the operating environment

Characteristics of the light source and control gear Luminaire efficiency (% lamp light output transmitted out of the fixture) Light distribution Glare control Finish and appearance Size Accessibility of components for maintenance Ability to handle adverse operating conditions Aesthetics Thermal management

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4. CALCULATE THE LIGHTING PARAMETERS Lighting calculation methods fall into three broad categories: Manual calculation methods Three dimensional modelling Visualisation Photometric data for light sources and luminaires is commercially available to contribute to these calculations.

4.1 MANUAL CALCULATION METHODS There are a wide range of manual computation methods for the calculation of different lighting aspects. These include complex methods for calculating the illuminance from a wide variety of shapes of luminous objects. The majority of these have now been superseded by computer programs (check our free software).

The Lumen Method was the mainstay for interior lighting and has remained in use as a quick and relatively accurate method of calculating interior illuminance.

The Lumen Method calculates the average illuminance at a specific level in the space, including an allowance for the light reflected from the interior surfaces of the room. The calculation method has a set of assumptions that, if followed, gives a reasonable visual environment.

Inadequate attention to the assumptions will produce poor results.

number of luminaires required to achieve a specific average illuminance, can be calculated by means of utilization factors (UF), a UF being the ratio of the total flux received by a particular surface to the total lamp flux of the installation.

5. DETERMINE THE CONTROL SYSTEM The effectiveness and efficiency of any lighting installation is affected as much by the control system as by the light sources and fixtures chosen.

Give consideration to: Providing multiple switches to control the number of lights that come on at any one time. Using one switch to turn on all the lights in a large room is very inefficient.

Placing switches at the exits from rooms and using two-way switching to encourage lights to be turned off when leaving the room. Using ‘smart’ light switches and fittings which use movement sensors to turn lights on and off automatically.

These are useful in rooms used infrequently where lights may be left on by mistake, or for the elderly and

The basic assumptions are: All the luminaires in the room are the same and have the same orientation The luminaires do not have a directional distribution and are aimed directly to the floor The luminaires are arranged in a uniform array on the ceiling and have the same mounting height The luminaires are spaced less than the maximum spacing to mounting height ratio nominated in the coefficient of utilisation tables The average illuminance produced by a lighting installation, or the 54 | May-June 2016 | lightexpress

disabled. Make sure they have a built-in daylight sensor so that the light doesn’t turn on unnecessarily. Models which must be turned on manually and turn off automatically, but with a manual over-ride, are preferable in most situations. Be aware that the sensors use some power continuously, up to 5W or even 10W in some cases.

Using timers, daylight controls and motion sensors to switch outdoor security lights on and off automatically. controls are particularly useful for common areas, such as hallways, corridors and stairwells, in multi-unit housing.

Using solar powered lighting for garden and security lights Using dimmer controls for incandescent lights (including halogens). This can save energy and also increase bulb life. Most standard fluorescent lamps cannot be dimmed, but special dimmers and lamps are available. If lamps are to be dimmed it is important to ensure that the correct equipment is used, especially when retrofitting more energy efficient lamps.

6. CHOICE OF LUMINAIRE The performance of a luminaire should be considered just as carefully as its cost. In the long term a well designed, well constructed luminaire will be cheaper than a poor quality unit; and the salient features of a good quality luminaire are: Sound mechanical and electrical construction and a durable finish Adequate screening of high luminance lamps to minimise discomfort and glare Adequate heat dissipation to prevent over-heating of the lamp, wiring and ancillary equipment High light output ratio with the appropriate light distribution Ease of installation, cleaning and maintenance