Asolekar the role, actions and projects of the ngos

The Role, Actions and Projects of the NGOs

Dr. Shyam R. Asolekar Professor Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay asolekar@iitb.ac.in

Scraps and reusable materials to be sold in the market 1

2

3

4

Risk Assessment Workshops Conducted by IIT Bombay

7

Risk Assessment Workshops Workshop No.

Topic

Participants Present

GMB Officials SafetyOfficers

Supervis ors

Managers

Total

1

Risk Assessment and Minimization Part – I

5

27

20

8

60

2

Risk Assessment and Minimization Part – II

5

30

23

5

63

3

Risk Assessment and Minimization Part – III

5

20

15

3

43

Plate 1: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – I at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Plate 2: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – I at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Plate 4: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – II at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Plate 5: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – II at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Plate 6: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – II at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Plate 7: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – III at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Plate 8: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Minimization – III at Safety Training & Labour Welfare Institute, Alang

Outcome of the Risk Assessment Workshops

• Establishment of relationship and formed a communication channels with ship recyclers and Regulatory Authorities • We have identified the good practitioners and skilled technical individuals among the safety officers and workforce at Alang

Outcome of the Risk

Contd….

• Skilled technical individuals and owners of steel re-rolling mills have helped us through our on-going work of visiting steel re-rolling mills and provided us logistic support • Regulatory Authority also took initiative to support our on-going activity to study the process and issues related to steel re-rolling mills 17

1 ď Žâ€Ż Health, Safety and Environmental issues are not directly related to any particular type of ship or facility layout but they depend on how workers perform their activities with effective use of personal protective equipment and follow safety measures for the benefit of fellow workers and the environment

“Green Alang Initiative” User Workshops Conducted by IIT Bombay

Green Alang Initiative Workshops Wor ksho p No.

Durati on (hrs)

Topic

1

8

2

3

4

5

Participants

GMB Officials

SafetyOfficers

Supervisors

Managers

Total

How do we make Ship recycling greener at Alang?

5

34

25

6

70

8

Environmental Laws part-I Maritime Laws part-I

5

31

26

9

71

8

Environmental Laws part-II Maritime Laws part-II

5

31

32

9

77

8

Environmentally Sound and Safe Handling of Asbestos and Glass wool

5

33

28

8

74

8

Paint Removal and Disposal Bilge and Ballast Water Disposal

5

32

29

10

76 20

Workshop I How do we make Ship recycling greener at Alang?

1

2

21

Workshop II Environmental Laws part-I and Maritime Laws part-I 1

2

22

Workshop III Environmental Laws part-II and Maritime Laws part-II 1

2

23

Workshop IV Environmentally Sound and Safe Handling of Asbestos & Glass wool 1

2

24

Workshop V Paint Removal and Disposal and Bilge and Ballast Water Disposal 1

2

25

Outcome of the User Workshops

Outcome of the User Workshops • Establishment of relationship and formed a communication channels with ship recyclers and Regulatory Authorities • Identification of various aspects related to worker’s safety during the ship dismantling processes • Identification of health aspects of workers at the ship dismantling site • Various environmental aspects and issues at the ship dismantling

27

Outcome of the User Workshops

Contd….

• We have identified the good practitioners and skilled technical individuals among the safety officers and workforce at Alang • As a result of five workshops, discussions and dissemination to stakeholders, the officials of GMB agreed to allow us to perform the Risk Assessment Exercise by imposing certain conditions and code of conduct • Skilled technical individuals from yards have helped us through our Risk Assessment Exercise on their yards and provided us logistic support • The workshops brought us closer to the workforce and yard owners in Alang 28

Outcome of the User Workshops

Contd….

• It appears that the Government and Industry Association have been more conscientious about the issues of workers’ health and safety • It is obvious that in the recent past massive changes have occurred. The overall trend of the industry is towards following more and more HSE norms and has commitments with them • In fact, present Indian law is already satisfying the most of the Hong Kong Convention requirements

29

2  Mutually accepted international conventions and regimes on sustainable ship recycling will hopefully create a level playing field for all the stakeholders in terms of their responsibility towards enhancing workers’ health and safety as well as protecting the environment

3  More importantly, ship owners will have to assume responsibilities and become a partner in the solution  Remember: Polluter pays!

Interventions for Preventive Environmental Management

Interventions for Preventive Management Following are the interventions identified for improvement in processes: 1.  Line scraping of paint for lowering exposure 2.  Collection, solidification, stabilization and disposal or reuse paint flakes and chips for the minimization of emissions of heavy metals to inter-tidal zone

Interventions

Contd….

3. Solidification, stabilization and disposal asbestos and glass wool for minimizing the emissions to primary and secondary zone 4. Complete recycling of steel and objects for minimizing carbon footprint (LCA study) 5. Risk based diffusion of technology is the real answer

Intervention 1: Line scraping of paint for lowering exposure • The purpose of dismantling ships is to recover steel • The main issue in cutting of these steel objects is the paints that are applied on the surface • Paints applied on ships contain heavy metals to which workers are exposed include lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, etc • The best preventive method that can be followed is scrapping of paint surface • There are manual and simpler ways to perform this activity of removing paint

Intervention 1: Line scraping of paints for lowering exposures contd….

• While conducting the three step risk assessment at the Gotaverken ship repair yard from Gothenburg, Sweden, by IVF, MM and IITB, it was observed that the line scrapping was done accidentally to make the tack-welding properly • We insisted and encouraged them to make this as a standard of operating practice (SOP) for avoiding any kind of burning and exposure of paint as a preventive approach

Line scrapping

Line scrapping of paint of paint

Provision of protective steel angle section so as to avoid any water flow from the surface of the deck towards the inside working area

Intervention 2: Collection, solidification, stabilization and disposal or reuse paint flakes and chips for the minimization of emissions of heavy metals to inter-tidal zone • Line scrapping of paint is the way of preventing the release of heavy metals into atmosphere while cutting the steel sections • But, once the paint chips, flakes fall over the ground at any of the cutting zone like, primary, secondary zones etc. the sediment, soil and ground water may get contaminated if the paint chips are not managed properly • To eliminate or reduce the environmental impact due to paint chip wastes, an appropriate method for disposal is necessary

Intervention 2: Paint flakes and chips - collection, solidification and stabilization and disposal or reuse Contd….

• The solidification and stabilization is the widely accepted treatment process for immobilization of hazardous substances like heavy metals contained in wastes • It entails mixing of waste materials with binders and reagents in order to reduce the leaching of contaminants

Intervention 3: Solidification, stabilization and disposal asbestos and glass wool for minimizing the emissions to primary and secondary zone • The disposal of asbestos and glass wool waste matrix should also be given the priority and preventive approach can also be applied to reduce the pollution • The solidification and stabilization of asbestos and glass wool matrixes can be the best possible technical solution to manage these wastes and to reduce the pollution • The material used for solidification/stabilization (S/S) not only solidifies the hazardous waste by chemical means but also insolublizes, immobilizes, encapsulates, destroys, sorbs, or otherwise interacts with selected the waste components

Intervention 3

Contd….

The advantages of treating hazardous waste by S/S are: • It improves the physical characteristics of the waste, that helps in handling of wastes • It decreases the surface area across which transfer or loss of contained pollutant occurs • It decreases the solubility of pollutants present in the waste • It detoxifies the pollutants • It confirms long term stability • It withstands seasonal variations

Intervention 3

Contd‌.

Issues Associated with Paint-chip Wastes Paint-chips generated from ship breaking activity may contain toxic compounds, such as: heavy metals (tin, lead, chromium, zinc & cadmium), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides. For example: lead compounds including red lead tetraoxide (Pb3O4) and lead chromate, have been used extensively in marine paint In general, metal-based paints, some containing as much as 30 % heavy metals, were intended to protect ship surface from corrosion due to exposure to the elements and been used on the hull of ships to prevent the built-up of sea organisms (e.g., bacteria, protozoa, and algae).

Intervention 3

Contd….

• Approximately 9,500 tones of steel is used in a ship of 10,000 tones, which is coated by paints.

• Around 100,000 m2 of the ship surface area (both inside and outside) could be covered by paint, which generates around 50 to 100 tones of paints assuming thickness of 500µm to 1mm • Thus, around 1,000 to 2,000 tones/ship of sandpaint waste matrix is generated in the sand blasting process assuming 5% of paint in the sand-paint waste matrix.

43

Intervention 3

Contd….

Experiments • Compressive Strength Test • Batch Leaching Experiments • Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure

44

Intervention 3

Contd‌.

Heavy Metal Composition

Heavy Metal

Concentration (mg/kg)

Pb

13, 987

Cd

24

Zn

35, 457

Ni

134

Cr

9, 862

45

Intervention 3

Contd….

Batch Leaching Experiments

Characteristics of Batch Leaching Extraction Fluid • • •

pH = 12.5 Hardness = 1800 mg/L as CaCO3 Alkalinity = 2200 mg/L as CaCO3

46

Intervention 3

Contd‌.

47

Intervention 3

Contd‌.

Results of Solidified/Stabilized Cubes Using Paint Chips Blasting Sand* : Cement

Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/L) Pb

Cd

Zn

Ni

Cr

100 : 30

0.34

0.02

0.04

0.83

0.46

100 : 20

0.475

0.055

0.06

0.985

0.72

100 : 15

0.57

0.15

1.047

1.09

0.86

* Paint chips (5% of sand volume) 48

Intervention 3

Contd‌.

Results of the solidification / stabilization of paint-chips experiment

It is observed from the results of S/S experiments that Pb and Cr shows different leaching behaviour after S/S treatment. The lead concentration in various combinations in both the leaching tests (batch teaching test and TCLP) was below the limits prescribed by USEPA. However, Cr concentration in various combinations in both the leaching tests (batch teaching test and TCLP) exceeds the prescribed limits, except for the combination with high cement content (30 parts of cement per 100 parts of blasting sand) and low Cr concentration (0.5 gm per kg of blasting sand).

The study carried out with actual paint chips and blasting sand reveals that the degree of retention or fixing of various heavy metals present in paint chips by Portland cement is very high, demonstrating a very good immobilization of heavy metals in paint chips - blasting sand mix.

Intervention 4: Complete recycling of steel and objects for minimizing carbon footprint

• Ship-recycling industry produces huge quantity of re-rollable steel without exploiting natural resources • Thus it saves non replenishable natural resources and energy • Steel scrap from the demolished ships is a major source of raw material for the re-rolling mills in India

Comparative flow chart for the processes of manufacturing of steel Process 1 Step 1

Potential Global Warming Contributions of Iron Ore Mining Activities

+ Potential Global Warming Contributions of Step 2 Manufacturing of steel from virgin Iron

Total Potential Global Warming Contributions of Manufacturing of steel from virgin Iron ore

Process 2 Potential Global Warming Contributions of Ship breaking Activities

+ Potential Global Warming Contributions of Rolled steel manufacturing Activities

Total Potential Global Warming Contributions of Manufacturing of steel from scrap obtained from ship breaking

Intervention 4

contd….

• High quality of steel that comes in the form of rerollable scrap from ships as ships are manufactured with acute specifications • Ship Recycling Industry provides balance to the steel sector of the India • At Alang where the beaching method is followed, there are systems and markets to recycle not only the steel plates and sections, but also all items of furniture, machinery, equipment, cables and various other materials • Recycling is done in the true sense of the word

Work is in progress…

Intervention 5:

Risk based diffusion of technology is the real answer

Challenge To Handle Continuously Changing Working Procedures with a wide range of Hazards due to different types of ships

Need Develop a User-friendly Risk Assessment Method usable for a continuous Systematic Risk Reduction Work at Ship Yards Risk Assessment Methods for use in Ship Recycling Yards must be: • Easy to understand • Easy to implement • Facilitate employee and employer participation • Pedagogic in nature

Identified Health and Safety Issues Hazardous Work Activities § Steel plate cutting operation. § Lifting the steel plates using cranes and storing it to storage place using cranes, ropes. § Releasing of various kinds of gases present on ship. § Entry into confined and enclosed spaces. § Paint removal. § Powered industrial truck operations. § Work on elevated surfaces, particularly near deck & edges. § Bilge and ballast water removal. § Oil and fuel removal and tank cleaning. § Removal and disposal of ship’s machinery. § Activities involving scaffolds, ladders, and working services. § Fire and explosion: explosives, flammable materials

Occupational Diseases § § § § §

Asbestosis Diseases related to PCBs Diseases related to Tributyl tin Heavy metals and issues to exposure Diseases due to oil, dust, fume/gas components

Case Study of RA at Ship Repairing yards in Alang and, Ship Repair Yard at Gothenburg, Sweden Three Step Method for Safe Ship Recycling FIRST STEP Make a Safe Ship Breaking Plan

Document B

The Base For Safe Ship Recycling Document A

SECOND STEP Work Procedure: 1. Identify the most hazardous Work Activities 2. Start with the most hazardous Work Activity (e.g. work in confined space) and identify its detailed Job Tasks (Document C) 3. Use Screening Tool (Document D) 4. Fill in all Job Task No. (use letters) and Job Task Names in the two first columns. Put the Job Tasks in sequential order (Document D) 5. Use the Checklist Job Task Hazards for Hazard Screening (Document E). Assess each Job Task Name, fill in horizontally OK/NOK/NA from 1-18.

(Document D)

Gotaverken ship repair yard, 19th and 20th May, 2009

THIRD STEP Deeper Risk Assessment and Action when assessed NOK Document F

Use Risk Matrix Document G

Go back to 2nd step and continue with the next hazardous Work Activity and so on

First Step Make a Safe Ship Recycling Plan (Ship Specific) - Document B

Second Step

Risk Assessment Screening Tool, Document D Do a screening assessment of potential hazards in each job task 18 Hazards (ok or not ok)

Jo b Ta sk

Job Task Name

A

Slice section falls by gravity in the inter-tidal zone when water recedes completely

B

Major cuts of the slice with gas cutter to make liftable pieces by cranes

C

Cleaning of wastes emerged from slice (oil, rags, paint chips, tins, etc.)

D

Loading for transportation using cranes (wire ropes)

Work Activity 9: Cutting of Slice and Description transportingHazard to workplace 1

NOK

2

OK

3

NA

4

OK

5

NOK

6

7

OK

NOK

57

8

N A

9

OK

10

11

12

13

1 4

15

16

NA

NA

OK

OK

N A

OK

OK

17

OK

18

OK

Third Step

Deeper Risk Assessment and Action Plan, Document F Coordinat e of Job Task and Hazard Descrip tion B1

Causal risk factor

• Uncoated tools when there is a risk for sparks • Inadequate fire protection measures • Lack of tanks being properly ventilated,

Locati on in ship or ship yard

Potential effects, e.g. harm

Work area

Disability death

Risk Level (R) before risk reduction

S

P

R

5

3

4

Hazard control / Safety measure

• Inspection

by S.O. • Training of Gas Cutter, • Check the area by Gas detector • Fuel oil clean up

Risk Level (R) after risk reduction

S

P

R

2

2

2

Respo nsible and Finish Date

Safety Officer

58

Risk Index

Three-step Risk Assessment in Alang

Discussion at one of the ship recycling yards, Alang

Three-step Risk Assessment in Alang

Intervention 5

Contd..

• The Three Step Risk Assessment is Easy to understand and Easy to implement • Require to follow few number of steps and supportive assessment documents • Applicable on different Subsystems at the Yard • Generates relevant questions and quantifies the risk • Supports systematic working procedures • Helps in fulfilling laws, standards and recommendations

4  Recycling-oriented dismantling will likely be the only sustainable way of dismantling of ships in the 21st century  It is important to recycle ferrous and nonferrous metals by putting them back into gainful economic cycle – hence careful dismantling by human hands is the only sustainable alternative if we want to recycle everything on the ship

Summary

63

1 ď Žâ€Ż Health, Safety and Environmental issues are not directly related to any particular type of ship or facility layout but they depend on how workers perform their activities with effective use of personal protective equipment and follow safety measures for the benefit of fellow workers and the environment

2  Mutually accepted international conventions and regimes on sustainable ship recycling will hopefully create a level playing field for all the stakeholders in terms of their responsibility towards enhancing workers’ health and safety as well as protecting the environment

3  More importantly, ship owners will have to assume responsibilities and become a partner in the solution  Remember: Polluter pays!

4  Recycling-oriented dismantling will likely be the only sustainable way of dismantling of ships in the 21st century  It is important to recycle ferrous and nonferrous metals by putting them back into gainful economic cycle – hence careful dismantling by human hands is the only sustainable alternative if we want to recycle everything on the ship

Thank You !

Prof. Shyam R. Asolekar Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology – Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076 Phones: 022-2576 7867 or 2576 7851 E-mail: asolekar@iitb.ac.in