West Bengal State Brief

West Bengal Indicators at a Glance

WEST BENGAL

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

68

80

91

1211

Urban share (%)

27

28

32

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

64

69

73

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

967

960

956

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

28

29

19

270

All

40

35

20

22

Rural

42

38

23

25

Urban

31

24

15

14

0.27

0.31

0.32

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

14,719

24,709

34,976

42,647

Agriculture

32

24

18

14

Industry

24

22

19

28

Services

43

54

64

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

4.8

5.1

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

June 20, 2017

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

58

56

55

56

Male

87

84

83

80

Female

27

25

25

31

Agriculture

51

48

39

49

Industry

23

22

31

24

Services

27

30

30

27

Self-Employed

51

53

46

52

Salaried

18

15

17

18

Casual Wage

32

32

37

30

West Bengal Indicators at a Glance

WEST BENGAL

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

218

141

113

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

51

38

31

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

45*

35~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

61

67

72

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

15

19

25

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

28

49

78

80

Rural

11

34

70

73

Urban

71

87

96

96

2008

2012

2012

All

35

36

56

Rural

28

30

46

Urban

53

49

77

All

32

30

44

Rural

42

40

60

Urban

6

5

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

2,322

3,418

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

2,205

3,554

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

0

0

0

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

3.3

3.2

3.1

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

4.7

7.5

6.9

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

June 20, 2017

West Bengal

Poverty, Growth & Inequality West Bengal is India’s 4th most populous state in India with 91 million people, a fifth of who are poor. Although poverty reduction in the state was faster after 2005, pockets of high poverty still persist within the state. What’s more, after 2005, the state’s economic growth, which is driven mainly by services, has been weak. So much so that West Bengal grew at an even slower pace than the country’s other low income states. Furthermore, consumption inequality, which increased marginally after 2005, is close to the national average.

Poverty in West Bengal is close to the national average Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Some districts in West Bengal have very high poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

June 20, 2017

0.6-5.2 4-9 5.3-13.2 9-20 13.3-17.2 20-26 17.3-22.6 26-31 22.7-62.8 31-38

West Bengal

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Like many other states, poverty reduction in West Bengal was faster after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There was faster poverty reduction in both rural and urban areas of West Bengal after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 60

50

40

30

Rural Total

42 38 40 35

Urban 31

23 24

20

20 15

10

0 1994

2

June 20, 2017

2005

2012

West Bengal

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty,

AS

12

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

Leading OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

GJ

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

slowly states in India, including the Since 2005, West Bengal’s growth has lagged behinddeclining most other -3 Low Income States JH CG

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Services contribute the most to West Bengal’s growth Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)

15 15

10 10

8

8

4.5

5.5

10 10 6

5

0

5

0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005

■ West Bengal GSDP

■ All India GDP

6

4

4

2

2

0

4.7

5.0

5.0

3.9 1.8 0.7 0.5

0

5.0

5.8

1.9

1.5 1.4

0.5

-1.5

5.0

1.4 -0.4 -0.5

1.2 -0.4

0.1 -0.4

-2 -2 2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005

■ Services

3

June 20, 2017

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

West Bengal

Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in West Bengal after 2005 was similar to the national average Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

A substantial share of India’s poor live in West Bengal bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

June 20, 2017

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

West Bengal

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Since 2005, consumption inequality has increased marginally in West Bengal Gini coefficient 0.4

0.37 0.31

0.3

0.39

0.33

0.32

0.27 0.24

0.26

0.24

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in West Bengal is close to the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

June 20, 2017

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

West Bengal Jobs

Since 2005, West Bengal has outperformed most of India’s states on job growth, with jobs increasing for both men and women. Many of the new jobs were created in manufacturing and construction, resulting in a rise in wage employment. On a more somber note, one in every five of the state’s workers has a salaried job. In addition, with less than a third of its women working, female labor force participation in the state is very low.

Many more non-farm jobs in West Bengal after 2005 Employment share by sector, (%) 100

49

52

61

80

■ Non-farm

60

■ Farm

51

40

48 39

20

0 1994

2005

2012

West Bengal’s share of non-farm employment is higher than the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

West Bengal Jobs

Job creation in West Bengal after 2005 was the highest in India Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Job creation in West Bengal after 2005 was driven mainly by manufacturing and construction Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-1

MANU

MANU

6

THR

THR

0

PUB

PUB

2

TRAN

TRAN

2

CONS

CONS

10

FIRB

FIRB

5

MINE+UTIL

5

MINE+UTIL

0

2

10

5

■ 2005 June 20, 2017

15

■ 2012

20

West Bengal Jobs

Wage employment, especially those paying casual wages, increased in West Bengal after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

32

37

80

Wage Labor

15

60

17

53 46

40

Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of workers with salaried jobs in West Bengal is low, but similar to the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

June 20, 2017

West Bengal Jobs

High job growth for both males and females in West Bengal after 2005 Million

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

7070

â&#x2013; 2005

â&#x2013; 2012

6060 +7.0

Working age population not in school

1.8

All Workers

1.8

5050 4040

+4.2

3030

+2.9

1.6

Male Workers

2020

+1.3

10 10

2.6

Female Workers

0 0

Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

0.00.0

0.50.5

1.01.0

1.51.5

2.02.0

Low female labor force participation in West Bengal Labor force participation rate, (%) 100

90

87

85

80 82

79

78

Rural Male 60

Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female

40 29

20

27

22

21

1993-94

2004-05

26 23

0

4

June 20, 2017

2011-12

2.52.5

3.03.0

West Bengal Gender

West Bengal has shown mixed progress on gender. On the one hand, maternal mortality in the state is low and declining. On the other hand, West Bengal’s child sex ratio, which is still above the national average, is declining. Moreover, only a fifth of West Bengal’s women have completed secondary school, which is lower than in most other states in the country. What’s more, female labor force participation in West Bengal is among the lowest in India. On a more positive note, more girls than boys attend primary and secondary school in the state today. Interestingly, there is more non-farm employment for women than men in rural areas. In urban areas, by contrast, both men and women have similar types of jobs.

West Bengal’s child sex ratio is higher than the national average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Child sex ratio is declining, albeit at a slow rate, in West Bengal Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 967

960

956

1991

2001

2011

950 900 850 800

1

June 20, 2017

PJ HR

West Bengal Gender

Maternal mortality is decreasing in West Bengal Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

194

200

145 113

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Maternal mortality in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

June 20, 2017

West Bengal Gender

The share of women with secondary schooling in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Less schooling for adult women than men in West Bengal, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 40 35

33

Rural Females 29

30

27

42

21

20

17

18

31

16

11

20

Urban Females 18

10

19

20

42

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

June 20, 2017

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

West Bengal Gender

More girls than boys in primary and secondary school in West Bengal after 2005 Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 3

13

10

21-23 Female

Male

15-17

13

31

18

18-20

52

Age

48

4 0

78

78

12-14

100

2

84

82

6-8

0

89

89

9-11

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 12

21-23

22

10

Female

Male 28

18-20 15-17

Age

73

100

June 20, 2017

65

-8 1

86

95

92

91

6-8

4

14

85

12-14 9-11

42

90

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

-3 -1 100

West Bengal Gender

Female labor force participation in West Bengal is below that of many other states in India Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Low female labor force participation in both rural and urban areas of West Bengal Labor force participation rate, (%) 100

90

87

85

80 82

79

78

Rural Male 60

Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female

40 29

20

27

22

21

1993-94

2004-05

26 23

0

5

June 20, 2017

2011-12

West Bengal Gender

Majority of the rural men in West Bengal work in farming, more self employment among rural women Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

15

7

8

7 42

57 21

43

■ Farm - All

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When women urban work in West Bengal, they have similar jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

Urban Females

2

3 13

16

44 41

37

■ Farm - All

6

June 20, 2017

45

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

West Bengal Social Inclusion

Progress across social groups in West Bengal has been uneven. The state’s Scheduled Tribes, in particular, record very high levels of poverty, and the pace of poverty reduction among them has been slow. In addition, more of their people work for casual wages than others . What’s more, levels of educational attainment and open defecation vary starkly between social groups. While most households in the state have poor access to drinking water, the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes are particularly worse off than others.

High poverty and slow poverty reduction for the Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal Population below poverty line, (%) 60

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India

West Bengal

Scheduled Tribe

9

5

Scheduled Caste

19

27

Other Backward Caste

43

9

General

29

59

Pace of poverty reduction

54 49 -1% per year

50 38

40

-8% per -6% year per 21 year

32

30

27

18

20

18 -8% per year

10 0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal is higher than in many other states ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

June 20, 2017

0

PJ GA DL

West Bengal Social Inclusion

Schooling levels vary between social groups in West Bengal Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 45

Scheduled Tribe

31

34

Scheduled Caste

34

21

Other Backward Caste

0

17

32

25

General

20

28

14

15

22

24

17

40

■ Illiterate

10

30

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Tribes than other groups in West Bengal Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

25 46

62

40

13 13

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

44

16

June 20, 2017

■ Self-employed

30

39

2

General

52 19

West Bengal Social Inclusion

While open defecation is low on average in West Bengal, it is high among some social groups Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 69

60

59

54

48

44

42

40

33

30

22

20

21

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ West Bengal

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Access to drinking water is poor in West Bengal, especially among the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100

80 69 58

56

60

44

40

42

36 27

40

27

20

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ West Bengal

3

June 20, 2017

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

West Bengal Health and Education 45

40 35

West Bengal has a lot of ground to cover on health and education. While on average, West Bengal’s 30 rates of infant mortality, malnutrition and open defecation are lower than in other Indian states, 25 the state’s low income20households record a high incidence of malnutrition and open defecation.

On education, only one 15 in four of the state’s adults have completed secondary school - among the lowest rates of secondary school completion in the country. On the positive side, the younger 10 generation is staying 5longer in school, learning outcomes have improved, and today, these outcomes rank above0 the national average. A large majority of West Bengal’s children attend Total Rural Urban public schools.

Infant mortality is declining in West Bengal Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 40

38

40

32

31

30

29

26

20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Infant mortality in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

50

46

40 31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

24

24

31

32

32

35

35

36

26

26

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

West Bengal Health and Education

Malnutrition in West Bengal is below the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

More malnutrition among the low income groups in West Bengal Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 59

60 50

60 54

48

45

49

48

41

39

40

28

30

25

20 9

10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; West Bengal Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

â&#x2013; All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

West Bengal Health and Education

Open defecation in West Bengal is lower than in many other states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 59

63

78

94

80

60 55

40

20

41

37

30 22 6

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine

3

June 20, 2017

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

More open defecation among the low income groups in West Bengal

45

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

70

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

â&#x2013; Open defecation

Quintile 5

West Bengal Health and Education

Secondary school completion among adults in West Bengal is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

40

39

43

43

41

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in West Bengal Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

50 50 12

21-23

17

+5

40 40 35

30 30 24 18

36

+11

50

15-17

69

+19

Age

24

20 20

25

18-20

33

33

78

12-14

18

86

+8

15

9-11

10 10

6-8

93

89 83

90

+4 +7

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

4

June 20, 2017

100 100

â&#x2013; 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

West Bengal Health and Education

Enrollment in public schools is high in West Bengal in comparison to other Indian states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in public schools is high across income levels in West Bengal Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100

95 86

85

89

89

90

92 86

86

83

80

72

68

60

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

PJ MN KL GA

West Bengal Health and Education

Learning outcomes of children in West Bengal is higher than the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes have increased, albeit marginally, in West Bengal after 2012 Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ West Bengal

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

6

June 20, 2017

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

4

May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

5

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

6

May 20, 2016