Kerala State Brief

Kerala

Indicators at a Glance KERALA

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

29

32

33

1211

Urban share (%)

26

26

48

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

72

75

77

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

958

960

964

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

9

6

3

270

All

31

20

8

22

Rural

34

20

9

25

Urban

24

18

5

14

0.29

0.36

0.38

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

21,024

36,744

59,868

42,647

Agriculture

30

17

10

14

Industry

21

23

22

28

Services

49

60

68

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

5.2

7.2

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

June 20, 2017

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

57

59

53

56

Male

82

80

77

80

Female

35

41

32

31

Agriculture

48

36

26

49

Industry

22

27

32

24

Services

30

37

43

27

Self-Employed

44

44

38

52

Salaried

15

19

22

18

Casual Wage

41

36

40

30

Kerala

Indicators at a Glance KERALA

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

149

95

61

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

11

15

12

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

25*

19~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

90

91

94

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

25

33

43

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

62

83

96

80

Rural

56

79

96

73

Urban

78

93

97

96

2008

2012

2012

All

76

76

56

Rural

75

73

46

Urban

81

82

77

All

4

2

44

Rural

5

3

60

Urban

1

1

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

5,227

6,423

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

4,362

5,544

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

27

25

22

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

4.1

4.3

3.3

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

5.9

5.9

6.3

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

June 20, 2017

Kerala

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Kerala has experienced a steady decline in poverty since 1994. As a result, poverty levels in the state are among the lowest in the country. After 2005, Kerala grew and reduced poverty faster than many other states, with growth being driven mainly by services. But, while Kerala is home to a small share of India’s poor, pockets within the state record a high incidence of poverty. In addition, Kerala has the highest levels of consumption inequality in the country.

Poverty in Kerala is among the lowest in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Some districts in Kerala, such as in the north, have more poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

June 20, 2017

3−4 4−5

0.6-5.2 3-4 5.3-13.2 4-5 13.3-17.2 5-7 17.3-22.6 7-10 22.7-62.8 10-37

Kerala

Poverty, Growth & Inequality There has been a steady decline in poverty in Kerala since 1994 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty declined at a faster rate in urban areas of Kerala after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 40

Rural 30

Total

34

31

Urban 24

20

20 20 18 9

10

8 5

0 1994

2

June 20, 2017

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Kerala

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

40

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Kerala is higher -3 than the national average JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

GJ HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Kerala’s growth mainly driven by services Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)

15 15

12 12 10 10

10 10

8

8

6

6

6.0

6.9 7.4

7.7

7.2

4.8

5

0

4.4

5.2

5

0 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012

■ Kerala GSDP

■ All India GDP

4

4

2

2

0

0

3.4

0.5

2.3 0.9

2.9 1.5 -1.0

1.5

0.1 0.3

-0.2

1.7 -0.2

1.0 0.5 -0.7

-2 -2 2005200520062006200720072008200820092009201020102011201120122012

■ Services

3

June 20, 2017

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Kerala

Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Kerala after 2005 has been faster than in many other states Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

The share of India’s poor in Kerala is small bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

June 20, 2017

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Kerala

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality in Kerala increased largely in the period between 1994 and 2005 Gini coefficient 0.4 0.36

0.40 0.40

0.38 0.35

0.36 0.32

0.3

0.29

0.27

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Kerala has the highest consumption inequality in the country Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

June 20, 2017

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Kerala Jobs

Most people in Kerala work off the farm, with nearly two-thirds of the workforce engaged in wage employment. But, many among them earn casual wages. This is not surprising since most of the new jobs created in Kerala were in construction. Still, overall job creation in the state has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Moreover, Kerala faces a growing deficit of jobs, especially for women, who have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.

A large majority of the people in Kerala work off the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

52

64

74

80

■ Non-farm

60

■ Farm 48

40

36

20

26

0 1994

2005

2012

Kerala’s non-farm employment is among the highest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

Kerala Jobs

Little job growth in Kerala after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Most new jobs in Kerala after 2005 were created in construction Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-5

THR

1

MANU

-1

PUB

1

CONS

CONS

7

TRAN

TRAN

2

FIRB

4

MINE+UTIL

-4

THR MANU PUB

FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

1

2

■ 2005 June 20, 2017

3

■ 2012

4

5

Kerala Jobs

Wage employment increased in Kerala after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

36

40

80

Wage Labor

60

19

40

44

22

38 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of workers with salaried jobs in Kerala is slightly above the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

June 20, 2017

Kerala Jobs

Not enough jobs for the size of the working age population in Kerala, especially for females Million 25

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

25

+1.1 20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

â&#x2013; 2005

â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school

0 Working age population not in school

-0.1

All Workers

+0.1 +0.2

0.3

Male Workers -0.3 Female Workers

0

0.7

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-1.5

-1.5-1.0

-1.1

-0.5 -1.0

-0.5 0.0

0.00.5

0.51.0

Since 2005, fewer women are participating in the labor force in Kerala Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 83

81

80 81

79

77 75

60

Urban Male Rural Female

42

40

36 39 33

33

28

20

0 1993-94

4

June 20, 2017

Rural Male

2004-05

2011-12

Urban Female

1.01.5

1.5

Kerala Gender

Kerala stands out from the rest of India for its achievements on gender. The state has a high child sex ratio and the lowest incidence of maternal deaths in the country. Kerala’s women are also among the better educated in India. Moreover, unlike other states, both boys and girls are almost at par in educational attainment. But, surprisingly, fewer women work in Kerala than men. What’s more, female labor force participation in the state is declining. While rural men and women do similar kinds of jobs, women living in cities tend to have more salaried jobs than men.

Kerala’s child sex ratio is higher than in most other states Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Child sex ratio has been gradually increasing in Kerala Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 958

960

964

1991

2001

2011

950

900

850

800

1

June 20, 2017

PJ HR

Kerala Gender

There has been a steady decline in maternal mortality in Kerala Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200

110

100

81 61

0 2003

2009

2013

Kerala has the lowest incidence of maternal deaths in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

June 20, 2017

Kerala Gender

Secondary school attainment among Kerala’s women is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Similar education outcomes for men and women in Kerala, urban women more educated than rural Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 43

43

Rural Females

40 10

32

30

23

28

40

27 21

21

Urban Females

20

6

9

10

17

26

50

4

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

June 20, 2017

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Kerala Gender

There are hardly any gender gaps in schooling for the young in Kerala Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 21-23

4

15

11

Female

Male 42

45

18-20 15-17

-3

Age 12-14

99

9-11

100

-5

81

86

100

-2

98

-1

95

96

6-8

-3

96

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 21-23

Age

-2

Male 64

7

95

-3

92

12-14

99

99

0

9-11

99

100

1

95

6-8 100

4

21

57

18-20 15-17

23

Female

June 20, 2017

95

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

0 100

Kerala Gender

Female labor force participation in Kerala is close to the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Female labor force participation has dropped in Kerala after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 83

81

80 81

79

77 75

60

Urban Male Rural Female

42

40

36 39 33

33

28

20

0 1993-94

5

June 20, 2017

Rural Male

2004-05

2011-12

Urban Female

Kerala Gender

Similar kinds of jobs for men and women in rural Kerala Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

28

33

23 39 23

24

15

■ Farm - All

Rural Females

15

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When urban women work in Kerala they tend to have more salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

Urban Females

8

16

10

28 32 32

■ Farm - All

6

June 20, 2017

■ Non-farm Self Employed

28 46

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Kerala

Social Inclusion Some groups in Kerala have made more progress than others. The Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in particular stand out for higher levels of poverty. They also lag behind in schooling and access to salaried jobs. Moreover, while very few households in Kerala practice open defecation, this practice continues among most Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste households. These groups also have lower access to drinking water than others in the state.

There is higher poverty among the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala Population below poverty line, (%) 60

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)

54

All India

Kerala

Scheduled Tribe

9

2

Scheduled Caste

19

9

Other Backward Caste

43

63

General

29

26

Pace of poverty reduction

50

39 -4% per year

40 31

30

-9% per year

21

20

16 10

10

-14% per year 7

6 -8% per year

0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the Scheduled Castes in Kerala is lower than in many other states SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40

51

47

44

41

40

40

39 33

30

33

29

29

24

20

21

20

19

19

19

19

18

18

16

16

16

10

15

15

13

10 0

0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

16

June 20, 2017

JK

GJ SK KL HP NL

0

PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ

Kerala

Social Inclusion Stark contrast in schooling by social group in Kerala Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 33

Scheduled Tribe

13

Scheduled Caste

16

0

28

31

23

3

General

18

24

6

Other Backward Caste

21

32

32

39

24

20

57

40

■ Illiterate

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

More casual wage jobs for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

16

18 61

20

16

67

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste

General

■ Self-employed

25 38

41

21

2

June 20, 2017

46 29

Kerala

Social Inclusion Some households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala practice open defecation Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 69 59

60

48

44

40 21

20

14 8 2

1

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Kerala

Scheduled Caste

1

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Lower access to drinking water for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Kerala Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100 86

80

76

76 69 56

60

58

53 44

40

34 27

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Kerala

3

June 20, 2017

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Kerala

Health and Education 18

16

14 12

Kerala outperforms most states on health and education. Infant mortality is among the lowest 10 in the country, and open defecation is very low compared to other states. As for education, two 8 in every five adults has6 completed secondary school, which is higher than in most other states.

4 What’s more, the learning outcomes of Kerala’s children are among the highest in the country, and 2 enrollment in higher education has increased since 2005. Notwithstanding these achievements, 0 however, there is room for improvement inRural the nutritionUrban levels of lower income families.

Total Infant mortality rate is low and declining in Kerala Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

16

15

13

12

12 9

■ 2006 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Kerala’s infant mortality is among the lowest in the country Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

50

46

40 31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

24

24

31

32

32

35

35

36

26

26

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Kerala

Health and Education Malnutrition in Kerala is the lowest in the country Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Higher malnutrition among the lower income households in Kerala Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60

60

54 48

50

50

50

41

39

40 30

49

25

25

25 18

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Kerala Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

â&#x2013; All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Kerala

Health and Education Kerala has very few households that practice open defecation compared to the rest of the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

2

1

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 98

96

97

99

97

99

2

1

3

1

3

1

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

80

60

40

20

â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine

June 20, 2017

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

There is no difference in the practice of open defecation by income level in Kerala

3

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

0

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

â&#x2013; Open defecation

Kerala

Health and Education Secondary school attainment among Kerala’s adults is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

39

40

43

41

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Since 2005, significant progress in secondary schooling and above in Kerala Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

80 80 68

70 70

13

21-23

60 60

43

18-20

60

30 30

+10

93

Age

37

+17

83

15-17 40 40

26

20 20

12-14

98

99

+1

9-11

99

100

+1

11

10 10 2

6

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

■ 2005 June 20, 2017

96

6-8

1

Illiterate Illiterate

4

+9

50

50 50

00

22

100 100

■ 2012

95

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

-1 100 100

Kerala

Health and Education Enrollment in public schools in Kerala is lower than in most other states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

PJ MN KL GA

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Higher public school enrollment among children from low income families in Kerala Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 80 67

64

60 52 46

55

46

50

46

40

36

38 26

24

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Kerala

Health and Education Learning outcomes in Kerala are among the highest in the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes in Kerala have been consistently above the rest of the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Kerala

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

6

June 20, 2017

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

3

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

4

May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

5

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

6

May 20, 2016