Rajasthan State Brief

Rajasthan

Indicators at a Glance RAJASTHAN

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

44

57

69

1211

Urban share (%)

23

23

25

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

61

62

67

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

916

909

888

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

18

21

10

270

All

38

34

15

22

Rural

41

36

16

25

Urban

30

30

11

14

0.25

0.26

0.26

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

13,573

20,926

33,034

42,647

Agriculture

34

26

21

14

Industry

27

31

33

28

Services

39

44

46

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

4.0

6.7

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

May 20, 2016

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

72

69

60

56

Male

85

83

76

80

Female

57

54

43

31

Agriculture

68

61

50

49

Industry

16

20

30

24

Services

16

18

20

27

Self-Employed

73

73

63

52

Salaried

11

11

13

18

Casual Wage

16

16

24

30

Rajasthan

Indicators at a Glance RAJASTHAN

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

501

388

244

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

79

67

47

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

44*

36~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

38

48

59

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

12

16

25

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

53

58

82

80

Rural

41

47

77

73

Urban

89

89

98

96

2008

2012

2012

All

43

51

56

Rural

26

40

46

Urban

88

83

77

All

64

58

44

Rural

82

74

60

Urban

13

16

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

2,461

3,569

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

438

726

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

20

21

20

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

0.9

1.8

3.5

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

8.3

6.4

4.8

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

May 20, 2016

Rajasthan

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Rajasthan is the 7th most populous state in India, home to 69 million people of whom 10 million are poor. Since 2005, the state has made tremendous progress in poverty reduction supported by faster growth that had a stronger than usual impact on poverty reduction. In addition, consumption inequality increased only marginally in this period. As a result, Rajasthan stands out among India’s low-income states. However, some areas within the state have yet to benefit from progress and growth tends to be volatile.

Poverty in Rajasthan is lower than in India’s other Low Income States.

Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty is higher in Rajasthan’s western and southern districts District level poverty, 2012 Jaipur

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

May 20, 2016

0.6-5.2 5.3-13.2 13.3-17.2 17.3-22.6 22.7-62.8

Rajasthan

Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Rajasthan was among the fastest in India after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty declined sharply in both rural and urban areas of Rajasthan after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 50

40

Rural

41

Total 38

36 34

30

Urban 30

30

20

16 15

10

11

0 1994

2

May 20, 2016

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Rajasthan

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Rajasthan was -3 faster than most of India’s Low Income States JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

BH

All India

Leading OD

GJ

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

5

Low poverty, UP declining fast

-17 Lagging

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

OD CGHP MP

-15

4

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Rajasthan’s growth led by services, but agriculture adds to its volatility Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)

20 20

15 15 5.9

15 15

4.4

10 10

5.9

10 10 5 5

0

5

5

2.7 3.9

0

0

-5 -5 2005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012

■ Rajasthan GSDP

■ All India GDP

0

4.0

5.5

May 20, 2016

7.1

3.9 2.6

1.8

0.1

2.3 0.9 0.4

2.7 5.9

3.4

0.9 -0.6

-0.3

-5 -5 -8.5

2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 -10 -10 2005

■ Services

3

1.4 3.9

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Rajasthan

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Slower poverty reduction in Low Income States. Rajasthan, an exception Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

Rajasthan has separated from other Low Income States where most of India’s poor live bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

May 20, 2016

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Rajasthan

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased marginally in Rajasthan Gini coefficient 0.4

0.32

0.3 0.25

0.31

0.27

0.26 0.26 0.23

0.22

0.23

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Rajasthan is lower than in most states Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

May 20, 2016

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Rajasthan Jobs

People in Rajasthan are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Since 2005, growth in non-farm jobs has been among the highest in India, led by construction. Despite this, overall job creation in the state lags behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school and there is a growing jobs deficit. What’s more, half the population is still on the farm, and there are very few salaried jobs and even fewer job opportunities for women.

Non-farm employment is increasing in Rajasthan, but half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

32

39

50

80

■ Non-farm

68

60

61

■ Farm 50

40

20

0 1994

2005

2012

Non-farm employment share in Rajasthan is below the national average, but higher than most Low Income States Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

Rajasthan Jobs

Job growth in Rajasthan was among the highest in India after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Construction drove job growth in Rajasthan after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-2

CONS

CONS

11

MANU

MANU

1

THR

THR

2

PUB

PUB

2

TRAN

4

MINE+UTIL

1

FIRB

8

TRAN MINE+UTIL FIRB

0

2

5

10

■ 2005 May 20, 2016

15

■ 2012

20

Rajasthan Jobs

More wage employment in Rajasthan after 2005, mostly for casual wages Employment by wage type, (%) 100

16

80

24 Wage Labor

11 13

73

60

63

40 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

Fewer salaried jobs in Rajasthan than in other states Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

May 20, 2016

Rajasthan Jobs

Not enough jobs in Rajasthan for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 40 35

40 +5.8 35

30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0 Working age population not in school

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

â&#x2013; 2005

â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school

2.2

+2.1 1.1

All Workers +2.3

2.0

Male Workers -0.2 Female Workers

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-0.5

-0.50.0

-0.3

0.00.5

0.51.0

1.01.5

1.52.0

Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Rajasthan after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 88

85 78

80 78

60

67

78 71 63

20

Urban Male 50

40

24

28 20

0 1994

4

May 20, 2016

2005

Rural Male

2012

Rural Female Urban Female

2.02.5

2.5

Rajasthan Gender

Women and girls in Rajasthan face persistent barriers to progress. The child sex ratio is among the lowest in India, and is declining. Maternal mortality is high, but has seen improvement. And although more women work in Rajasthan compared to other states, there has been a sharp decline in female labor force participation since 2005. There are fewer non-farm job opportunities for women in rural Rajasthan, and very few urban women work. On a positive note, gender gaps in schooling are starting to close for younger girls.

Child sex ratio in Rajasthan is among the lowest in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Child sex ratio is getting worse in Rajasthan Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000

950 916

900

909 888

850

800 1991

1

May 20, 2016

2001

2011

PJ HR

Rajasthan Gender

Maternal mortality ratio is improving in Rajasthan Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 500 445

400 318

300 244

200

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Maternal mortality ratio in Rajasthan is higher than in most states Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

May 20, 2016

Rajasthan Gender

Secondary education attainment among adult females in Rajasthan is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Rajasthan has high gender disparity in education attainment of adults, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 57

60

Rural Females

50

65

40

16

9

10

34

30

25

22

Urban Females 18

20

17

16

34

10

10

19

14

34

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

May 20, 2016

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Rajasthan Gender

Gender gaps in schooling narrowing for younger groups in Rajasthan Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 5

21-23

12

7

Female

Male 11

18-20 15-17

19

30

Age

34

65

31

63

12-14

87

78

9-11

100

80

14

92

76

6-8

24

8

84

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 14

21-23

23

9

Female

Male 28

18-20 15-17

Age 100

May 20, 2016

17

80

80

92

91

12 5

96

88

6-8

4

23

63

12-14 9-11

51

80

89

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

1 100

Rajasthan Gender

Female labor force participation in Rajasthan is higher than the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Female labor force participation in Rajasthan has dropped substantially after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 88

85 78

80 78

60

67

78 71 63

20

Urban Male 50

40

24

28 20

0 1993-94

5

May 20, 2016

2004-05

Rural Male

2011-12

Rural Female Urban Female

Rajasthan Gender

Majority of the women in rural Rajasthan work in farming, more non-farm jobs for men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

24

16

3 4 50

10

77 16

■ Farm - All

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Urban women in Rajasthan are less likely to have salaried jobs compared to urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

Urban Females

4 12

16

39

27

41

■ Farm - All

6

May 20, 2016

■ Non-farm Self Employed

19

42

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Rajasthan Social Inclusion

Despite overall progress in poverty reduction in Rajasthan, many social groups have been left behind. Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in particular continue to lag behind in schooling and salaried jobs. Scheduled Tribes stand out not only for the slow pace of poverty reduction among this group, but also for high open defecation rates and poor access to drinking water.

Higher poverty rate and slower poverty reduction for the Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan Population below poverty line, (%) 58

60

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Rajasthan Scheduled Tribe

9

15

Scheduled Caste

19

20

Other Backward Caste

43

46

General

29

19

Pace of poverty reduction

49

50

40 -5% per year

40 28

30

19 -13% per year

19

20

9 -15% per year

10

4 -21% per year

0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan is lower than in other Low Income States ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

May 20, 2016

0

PJ GA DL

Rajasthan Social Inclusion

Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Rajasthan Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 58

Scheduled Tribe

19

48

Scheduled Caste

22

42

Other Backward Caste

21

General 0

17

20

■ Illiterate

10

14

20

13

17

15

23

16

46

40

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Rajasthan have more casual wage jobs compared to other social groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

38

43

53

51 12

4

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

General

9

16 11

28 72

2

May 20, 2016

■ Self-employed

63

Rajasthan Social Inclusion

Open defecation in Rajasthan is higher than the national average, especially among the Scheduled Tribes Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100 90

90 80

69

70 60

68 59

58

50

56 48

44

40 28

30

21

20 10 0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ Rajasthan

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Access to drinking water is the lowest for the Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 80

74 69

60

56

54

51

47

58

44

40 27

20

17

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Rajasthan

3

May 20, 2016

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Rajasthan

Health and Education Health and education outcomes in Rajasthan have been improving, but progress is slow. Infant mortality remains well above the national average, and malnutrition and open defecation rates are high even among the rich. Most adults only have a few years of schooling. While improvements in school enrollments for the younger generation are a bright spot, better learning outcomes have not followed. Enrollment in private schools is higher than in most other states.

Infant mortality rate is declining in Rajasthan Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 80

74 67

70 60

51

47

50

41

40

30

30 20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Rajasthan’s infant mortality rate is among the highest in India Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

80 50

40

40

31

20

30

18

20

10

46

60

9

10

21

24 22 0

24

26

31

32

32

35

35

36

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

26

Total

Rural

Urban

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Rajasthan

Health and Education Malnutrition in Rajasthan is lower than in other Low Income States Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is high across most income groups in Rajasthan Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60

60

54

52

50

48

48

44

49 45 40

40

41

30

24

25

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Rajasthan

2

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Rajasthan

Health and Education Open defecation in Rajasthan is higher than the national average Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 28

30

72

70

47

73

85

80

60 58

53

40

27

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Access and use of latrine

3

May 20, 2016

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

Open defecation is high in Rajasthan for richer households too

15

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

42

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

â&#x2013; Open defecation

Quintile 5

Rajasthan

Health and Education Fewer adults in Rajasthan have completed secondary school when compared to other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

40

39

41

43

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in Rajasthan Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

50 50

40 40

35

22

20 20

21 16

40

+19

50

15-17 23

+10

21

18-20

27

18

73

+23

Age

30 30

8

21-23

41

75

12-14

87

+12

15

9-11

10 10

6-8

94

85 80

88

+9 +8

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

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May 20, 2016

100 100

â&#x2013; 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Rajasthan

Health and Education Public school enrollment in Rajasthan is lower than in most low income states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

PJ MN KL GA

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in private schools has increased in Rajasthan, but mostly for the top 40 percent Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100 88

86 76

80 69

71

73 67 61

57

60

45

47

40 26

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Rajasthan

Health and Education Learning outcomes in Rajasthan are below the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes have shown little improvement in Rajasthan Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Rajasthan

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

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May 20, 2016

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

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May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

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May 20, 2016