Odisha State Brief

Odisha

Indicators at a Glance ODISHA

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

32

37

42

1211

Urban share (%)

13

15

17

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

66

68

72

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

967

953

941

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

20

22

14

270

All

59

58

33

22

Rural

63

61

36

25

Urban

35

38

17

14

0.25

0.29

0.28

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

13,475

20,038

30,594

42,647

Agriculture

40

23

17

14

Industry

25

34

34

28

Services

35

42

49

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

3.7

6.2

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

64

66

58

56

Male

86

87

85

80

Female

43

46

33

31

Agriculture

74

63

56

49

Industry

11

18

23

24

Services

15

19

22

27

Self-Employed

54

57

61

52

9

9

11

18

38

34

29

30

Salaried Casual Wage

1

May 20, 2016

Odisha

Indicators at a Glance ODISHA

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

424

303

222

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

90

73

51

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

45*

38~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

47

59

68

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

10

16

21

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

22

39

70

80

Rural

15

32

66

73

Urban

69

81

95

96

2008

2012

2012

All

20

27

56

Rural

14

19

46

Urban

56

72

77

All

79

73

44

Rural

88

82

60

Urban

29

18

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

5,558

6,002

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

1,382

1,636

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

32

32

32

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

-0.3

0.0

2.2

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

4.0

3.8

1.8

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

May 20, 2016

Odisha

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Odisha is the 11th most populous state in India and home to 42 million people. Poverty reduced sharply in the state after 2005, but is still very high. Districts in the south and west are among the poorest in the country and the state is home to 14 million poor. Growth is higher than in some Low Income States, but has slipped below the national average in the recent period. Consumption inequality has increased marginally after 2005, mostly in urban areas.

Poverty in Odisha is higher than in most states Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Districts in the south and west of Odisha have very high poverty

Bhubaneswar

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 2-15 15-29 29-48 48-58 58-71

N

1

May 20, 2016

Odisha

Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Odisha was among the fastest in India after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty declined sharply in both rural and urban areas of Odisha after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 Rural 60

Total

63

59

61 58

50 40 Urban

35

38

36

30

33

20

17

10 0 1994

2

May 20, 2016

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Odisha

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Odisha’s growth is higher -3 than in some Low Income States, but below the national average JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

GJ HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Services contribute the most to Odisha’s growth, which has slowed down since 2007 Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 15 15

15 15

0.4 14.2 5.3

10 10

10 10

3.8

7.1

5

0

5

5

0 2005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012

■ Odisha GSDP

■ All India GDP

0

5

0.9 0.8

0

May 20, 2016

4.9

5.4

4.0

4.1 2.8

2.0 0.4

1.0

0.4

-1.4

1.4

0.4

-1.0

2.9 1.2

-0.1 2005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012

■ Services

3

6.2

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Odisha

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Odisha’s poverty reduction is faster than most Low Income States Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

Odisha is among the Low Income States where a disproportionate share of India’s poor live bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

May 20, 2016

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Odisha

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased marginally in Odisha, mainly in urban areas Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34 0.29

0.3

0.28

0.29

0.27

0.25

0.35

0.24

0.22

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Odisha is lower than the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

May 20, 2016

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Odisha Jobs

People in Odisha are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work such as construction and transportation. Growth in non-farm jobs has been positive after 2005 but not as high as some other Low-Income states. The overall job creation in the state has not kept pace with the growing working age population that is not in school. What’s more, more than half the population is still on the farm, and there are very few salaried jobs. For women, there are even fewer jobs and many have dropped out of the labor force.

Non-farm employment in Odisha is rising, but more than half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

26

37

44

80 74

60

■ Non-farm

63

■ Farm

56

40

20

0 1994

2005

2012

Odisha’s non-farm employment share is below the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

Odisha Jobs

Jobs grew in Odisha after 2005 , but growth was not as high as in some Low Income States Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Construction led job growth in Odisha after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-1

CONS

CONS

11

THR

THR

2

MANU

-1

PUB

3

TRAN

6

FIRB

2

MINE+UTIL

0

MANU PUB TRAN FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

2

4

■ 2005 May 20, 2016

6

8

■ 2012

10

12

Odisha Jobs

Slight decrease in wage employment in Odisha after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

34

29 Wage Labor

80 11

9

60

61

57

40 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

Share of salaried jobs in Odisha is among the lowest in the country Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

May 20, 2016

Odisha Jobs

Not enough jobs in Odisha for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 30

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

30

â&#x2013; 2005

+3.2

20

20

â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school

+0.9

0.7

All Workers

+1.6 10

1.7

2.0

Male Workers

10

-0.7 Female Workers 0

0 Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-3

-3-2

-2.0

-2 -1

-10

01

12

Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Odisha after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87

88

78

78

85

80 81

Rural Male 60 46

Rural Female 35

40

20

Urban Male

49

23

28 20

0 1993-94

4

May 20, 2016

2004-05

2011-12

Urban Female

23

3

Odisha Gender

Gender disparities are high in Odisha. The child sex ratio is higher than in most states, but is declining. Maternal mortality is poor. And although more women work in Odisha compared to some Low-Income states, there has been a sharp decline in female labor force participation after 2005. There are fewer non-farm job opportunities for women in rural Odisha, and fewer salaried jobs for urban women. On a positive note, gender gaps in schooling are starting to close for younger girls.

The child sex ratio in Odisha is higher than the country average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Odishaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s child sex ratio is deteriorating Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 967 953

950

941

900

850

800 1991

1

May 20, 2016

2001

2011

PJ HR

Odisha Gender

Maternal health is improving in Odisha Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 400 358

300 258 222

200

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Maternal mortality ratio in Odisha is higher than in most states Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

May 20, 2016

Odisha Gender

Secondary education attainment among adult females in Odisha is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Lower levels of schooling among adult women in Odisha, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 41

Rural Females

40

43

30 23

24

27

20

24

20

13

27 23

20

Urban Females

16

29

10

19

20

32

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

May 20, 2016

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Odisha Gender

Gender gaps in schooling narrowing for younger groups in Odisha Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 3

21-23

5

8

Female

Male 9

18-20 15-17

8

17

Age

32

43

11

67

12-14

77

10

87

9-11

81

6-8 100

4

91

80

7

88

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 3

21-23

13

10

Female

Male 21

18-20 15-17

Age

4

67

20

88

9-11

97

6-8

96

May 20, 2016

7

47

12-14

100

28

93 97 95

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

5 0 -1 100

Odisha Gender

Female labor force participation in Odisha is close to the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

30

33

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Odisha after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87

88

78

78

85

80 81

Rural Male 60 46

Rural Female 35

40

20

Urban Male

49

23

28 20

0 1993-94

5

May 20, 2016

2004-05

2011-12

Urban Female

Odisha Gender

Majority of the women in rural Odisha work in farming, more non-farm jobs for men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

15

10

3

8

17 59

18

■ Farm - All

■ Non-farm Self Employed

69

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Urban women in Odisha have fewer salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

13

Urban Females

10

12

22 27

37

39 41

■ Farm - All

6

May 20, 2016

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Odisha

Social Inclusion There is uneven progress across social groups in Odisha. Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Odisha is the highest in the country. Open defecation is high and access to drinking water is poor for most households, but Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes are the worst off. These groups also lag behind in schooling and in having salaried jobs.

Higher poverty rate and slower poverty reduction for Scheduled Tribes in Odisha Population below poverty line, (%) 100

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)

83

All India Odisha Scheduled Tribe

9

22

Scheduled Caste

19

22

Other Backward Caste

43

36

General

29

21

Pace of poverty reduction

80 67

60

63 -4% per year 51

40

39 -8% per year

33

24

20

-10% per year 12 -14% per year

0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha is the highest in the country ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

May 20, 2016

0

PJ GA DL

Odisha

Social Inclusion Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Odisha Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50

Scheduled Tribe

24

40

Scheduled Caste

25

28

Other Backward Caste

15

General 0

23

24

26

22

20

■ Illiterate

18

13

23

25

40

8

38

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Odisha have more casual wage jobs Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

35

Scheduled Caste

39 61

51

4

10

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

General

■ Self-employed

15 25 10

2

May 20, 2016

22 65

63

Odisha

Social Inclusion Higher open defecation among all social groups in Odisha compared to rest of country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80

87

86

90 73

69

69

70

59

60 50

48

44

50

40 30 21

20 10 0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Odisha

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Poor access to drinking water for most households in Odisha, Scheduled Tribes are the worst off Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 80 69

60

58

56

48

44

40 27

28

27 20

20

14

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Odisha

3

May 20, 2016

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Odisha

Health and Education There is mixed progress on health and education in Odisha. Infant mortality in the state is high, but has seen improvement. Malnutrition is particularly high for the poor. There is very high open defecation, even among the rich. Most adults only have a few years of schooling. There are however gains in schooling for the young. Most of them attend public schools. Although learning outcomes are better in Odisha than in other states, they have stagnated in recent times.

Infant mortality rate is declining in Odisha Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 80

76

73

70 60

53

53

51

50

38

40 30 20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Odisha’s infant mortality rate is among the highest in India Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

80

50

60

46

40

40

20

31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

024

24

26

31

32

32

35

35

36

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

26

Total

Rural

Urban

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Odisha

Health and Education Malnutrition in Odisha is close to the national average Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

21

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is particularly high for the poor in Odisha Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 80

60

60

60 54 49

48

45

42

40

41

40

25

21

20

13

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Odisha Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Odisha

Health and Education Open defecation in Odisha is among the highest in the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 17

20

18

80

82

59

94

80

83 73

60

40

41

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Access and use of latrine

3

May 20, 2016

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

High open defecation among richer households too in Odisha

6

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

27

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

■ Open defecation

Quintile 5

Odisha

Health and Education Secondary school attainment among Odisha’s adults is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

39

40

43

43

41

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in Odisha Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

40 40

30 30

30

29 25

20 20

22

5

18-20

13

7 +2

23

24

37

15-17

+11 56

+19

Age

21

21-23 31

18

72

12-14 9-11

10 10

91

89

6-8

84

100 100

80 80

+19

97

+8

96

+12

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

■ 2005

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May 20, 2016

■ 2012

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Odisha

Health and Education Public school enrollment in Odisha is higher than in most low income states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

PJ MN KL GA

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in public schools has remained high for most income groups in Odisha Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 96

100 89

99

95

96

94

88

92

91 85

80

73 63

60

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

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May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Odisha

Health and Education Learning outcomes in Odisha are better than in most Low Income states Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes have shown little improvement in Odisha Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Odisha

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

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May 20, 2016

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

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May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

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May 20, 2016