Jharkhand State Brief

Jharkhand Indicators at a Glance

JHARKHAND

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

21

27

33

1211

Urban share (%)

22

22

24

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

61

63

65

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

979

965

948

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

14

14

13

270

All

61

47

37

22

Rural

66

52

41

25

Urban

42

24

25

14

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

16,043

20,453

27,779

42,647

Agriculture

23

15

17

14

Industry

49

52

40

28

Services

28

33

43

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

2.2

4.5

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

May 20, 2016

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

60

65

54

56

Male

84

85

82

80

Female

34

44

25

31

Agriculture

68

62

50

49

Industry

14

21

29

24

Services

18

16

22

27

Self-Employed

56

68

64

52

Salaried

11

9

10

18

Casual Wage

33

24

26

30

Jharkhand Indicators at a Glance

JHARKHAND

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

400

312

208

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

62

49

37

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

50*

47~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

39

52

62

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

14

17

28

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

22

37

69

80

Rural

9

26

62

73

Urban

72

87

95

96

2008

2012

2012

All

22

29

56

Rural

14

19

46

Urban

65

66

77

All

75

74

44

Rural

84

91

60

Urban

25

18

9

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

619

783

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

226

330

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

23

22

24

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

1.4

2.2

2.4

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

4.5

7.4

8.9

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

All

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

Connectivity

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

May 20, 2016

Jharkhand

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Jharkhand is the 14th most populous state in India and home to 33 million people, 13 million of who are poor. There was rapid poverty reduction in the state between 1994 and 2005. Thereafter, the state has lagged behind other Low Income States in reducing poverty. Poverty is among the highest in the country today, particularly in the state’s southern and eastern districts. Growth, which is driven mainly by industry, is slow and volatile. Consumption inequality in the state increased marginally after 2005, but remains lower than in most other states.

Jharkhand has one of the highest poverty rates in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty is higher in Jharkhand’s southern and eastern districts District level poverty, 2012 Patna ★ Ranchi

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) Ranchi

N N

1

May 20, 2016

22-29 0.6-5.2 29-35 5.3-13.2 35-37 13.3-17.2 37-47 17.3-22.6 0.6-5.2 47-79 22.7-62.8 5.3-13.2 No data 13.3-17.2 17.3-22.6 22.7-62.8

Jharkhand

Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction in Jharkhand was slower than in most other states after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty reduction in Jharkhand was faster between 1994 and 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 Rural 60

Total

66

61

52

50

40

47

Urban

41

42 37

30

20

24

25

2005

2012

10

0 1994

2

May 20, 2016

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Jharkhand

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Jharkhand is-3lower than in most other states JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

BH

All India

Leading OD

GJ

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

5

Low poverty, UP declining fast

-17 Lagging

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

OD CGHP MP

-15

4

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Growth in Jharkhand is driven mainly by industry and is highly volatile Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)

20 20

25 25

15 15

20 20

10 10

15 15

5

5

4.8 16.2

14.7

6.6 8.5

10 10

8.5

0

0

-5 -5 200520052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012

■ Jharkhand GSDP

■ All India GDP

5

5

0

0

0.3

2.7

3.3

0.5

2.0

-5 -5

1.0

2.6

-2.9

-1.2 -6.4

1.1

3.2 2.8

0.7

-1.1

3.7 -0.2

-7.5

-10 -10 200520052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 2009201020102011201120122012

■ Services

3

May 20, 2016

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Jharkhand

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Jharkhand is the slowest among Low Income States Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

Jharkhand is among the Low Income States where a disproportionate share of India’s poor live bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

May 20, 2016

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Jharkhand

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased only marginally in Jharkhand, mainly in urban areas Gini coefficient 0.4 0.34 0.34 0.31

0.3 0.25

0.26

0.27 0.21 0.21

0.22

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Jharkhand is lower than in most states Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

May 20, 2016

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Jharkhand Jobs

People in Jharkhand are increasingly moving off the farm and into other kinds of work. Overall job creation in the state however lags behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Unlike other Low Income states, job growth was negative in the state after 2005. Half the population is still on the farm. Only a tenth of the working adults have salaried jobs, which is among the lowest in the country. There are even fewer job opportunities for women who have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.

Non-farm employment is increasing in Jharkhand, but half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

32

38

50

80 68

60

â&#x2013; Non-farm

62

â&#x2013; Farm 50

40

20

0 1994

2005

2012

Non-farm employment share in Jharkhand is close to the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

Jharkhand Jobs

Negative job growth in Jharkhand after 2005, unlike in other Low Income States Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Job creation in Jharkhand after 2005 was led by construction Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-3

CONS

CONS

8

THR

THR

6

MANU

-2

PUB

1

TRAN

2

FIRB

9

MINE+UTIL

4

MANU PUB TRAN FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

1

2

3

■ 2005 May 20, 2016

4

5

■ 2012

6

7

8

Jharkhand Jobs

Little change in wage employment in Jharkhand after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

24

26 Wage Labor

80 9

10

68

60

64

40 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of adults with salaried jobs in Jharkhand is among the lowest in the country Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

May 20, 2016

Jharkhand Jobs

Not enough jobs in Jharkhand for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 20

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%) 20

â&#x2013; 2005

+2.2 15

â&#x2013; 2012

Working age population not in school

15

-0.1 10

1.8

-0.2

All Workers

10

+1.1 1.9

Male Workers 5

-1.2

5

Female Workers 0

0 Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-6

-5.4

-2-4

-4-6

0-2

20

Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Jharkhand after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 86

88

85

80 75

73

73

60

Urban Male

49

40

Rural Female

39

Urban Female 30

20 19 13

10

0 1993-94

4

May 20, 2016

Rural Male

2004-05

2011-12

42

Jharkhand Gender

Women face multiple barriers to progress in Jharkhand. The child sex ratio is higher than in most Low Income States, but is declining. Maternal mortality is poor. There are few non-farm jobs for rural women. Very few urban women work, but they have more salaried jobs than urban men.

There has been a sharp decline in female labor force participation in the state after 2005. As a result, there are fewer women in the Jharkhandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workforce compared to most other states. On a positive note, gender gaps in schooling have narrowed.

Child sex ratio in Jharkhand is higher than in most Low Income States Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Child sex ratio is deteriorating in Jharkhand Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000

979 965 948

950

900

850

800 1991

1

May 20, 2016

2001

2011

PJ HR

Jharkhand Gender

Maternal health is improving in Jharkhand Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 400

371

300

261 208

200

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Maternal mortality ratio in Jharkhand is higher than the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

May 20, 2016

Jharkhand Gender

Secondary education attainment among adult females in Jharkhand is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Jharkhand has high gender disparity in education attainment of adults, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 49

50

Rural Females

40 35

30

56

20

12

12

27 22

20

17

20

19

Urban Females

12

26

10

15

11

48

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

May 20, 2016

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Jharkhand Gender

Gender gaps in schooling have narrowed for younger groups in Jharkhand Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 6

17

11

21-23 Female

Male 33

13

18-20 15-17

20 63

Age

47

16

100

80

60

4

66

62

6-8

8

81

73

9-11

14

82

68

12-14

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 17

21-23

29

12

Female

Male 28

18-20 15-17

9-11

100

May 20, 2016

75

1 1

91

90

6

99

93 87

82

6-8

4

18

74

Age 12-14

46

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

5 100

Jharkhand Gender

Female labor force participation in Jharkhand is among the lowest in the country Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Female labor force participation in Jharkhand declined substantially after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 86

88

85

80 75

73

73

60

Urban Male

49

40

Rural Female

39

Urban Female 30

20 19 13

10

0 1993-94

5

May 20, 2016

Rural Male

2004-05

2011-12

Jharkhand Gender

Majority of the women in rural Jharkhand work in farming, more non-farm jobs for men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

3 5 9 28 51 5

84 15

■ Farm - All

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When urban women work in Jharkhand, they are more likely to have salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

Urban Females

3

8

18

20 26

42 37

■ Farm - All

6

May 20, 2016

■ Non-farm Self Employed

46

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Jharkhand Social Inclusion

There is uneven progress across social groups in Jharkhand. The Scheduled Tribes stand out for chronic poverty. There are wide differences in schooling and types of jobs between social groups. Apart from households that belong to the General category, there is higher open defecation and lower access to drinking water for most households in Jharkhand compared to the rest of the country.

Higher poverty rate for the Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand Population below poverty line, (%) 70

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%)

60

60

Pace of poverty reduction

60

All India Jharkhand Scheduled Tribe

9

27

Scheduled Caste

19

14

Other Backward Caste

43

44

General

29

15

50 -3% per year

50 43

40 -5% per year

40

35 -3% per year 27

30

23 -2% per year

20 10 0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand is lower than in other Low Income States ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

May 20, 2016

0

PJ GA DL

Jharkhand Social Inclusion

Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Jharkhand Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 44

Scheduled Tribe

22

47

Scheduled Caste

20

37

Other Backward Caste

22

General 0

21

15

20

■ Illiterate

15

19

14

19

15

27

12

51

40

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Scheduled Castes in Jharkhand have more casual wage jobs compared to other social groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

22 45

6

46

72 8

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

General

15

24 10

2

May 20, 2016

■ Self-employed

65

23

62

Jharkhand Social Inclusion

Open defecation in Jharkhand is higher than the national average across all social groups Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100 86

80

85 77

74

69 59

60

48

44

40

35 21

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ Jharkhand

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Poor access to drinking water in Jharkhand, particularly for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 80 67

60

69

58

56 44

40 29

29

27 19

20

14

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Jharkhand

3

May 20, 2016

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Jharkhand Health and Education

There is slow progress on health and education in Jharkhand. Infant mortality is lower than in other Low Income States, and falling. However, malnutrition and open defecation are among the highest in the country, even among richer households in the state. Most adults only have a few years of schooling. While there are gains in schooling for the young, learning outcomes are among the lowest in the country, and worse still, are deteriorating. Enrollment in public schools remains high.

Infant mortality rate is declining in Jharkhand Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60 52

49

50 40

38

37

32

30

27

20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Jharkhand’s infant mortality rate is lower than in other Low Income States Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

80

50

60

46

40

40

20

31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

024

24

26

31

32

32

35

35

36

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

26

Total

Rural

Urban

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Jharkhand Health and Education

Malnutrition in Jharkhand is among the highest in the country Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

36

35

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is high in Jharkhand among the richer households too Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60

60 50

55 50

54

54 49

48 43

47 41

40 30

25

20 13

10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

â&#x2013; Jharkhand Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

â&#x2013; All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Jharkhand Health and Education

Open defecation in Jharkhand is the highest in the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 11

91

89

80

18

82 74

23

52

77

60

48

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Access and use of latrine

3

May 20, 2016

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

Open defecation is high among richer households too in Jharkhand

9

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

26

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

■ Open defecation

Quintile 5

Jharkhand Health and Education

Fewer adults in Jharkhand have completed secondary school when compared to other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

39

40

43

41

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in Jharkhand Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

50 50 14

21-23

30 30

37

36

22

37

23

18-20

+8 +14

29

20 20

23

22

75

56

15-17 22

+19

Age

40 40

18 13

10 10

12-14

76

9-11

77

96 85

64

6-8

+15

91

+19

+21

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

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May 20, 2016

100 100

â&#x2013; 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Jharkhand Health and Education

Public school enrollment in Jharkhand is higher than in most other states Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

PJ MN KL GA

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in private schools has increased only for some rich households in Jharkhand Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100

80

94

94

94

95 89

92

83

82

85 74

60

55

60

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

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May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Jharkhand Health and Education

Learning outcomes in Jharkhand among the lowest in the country Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes are deteriorating in Jharkhand Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Jharkhand

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

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May 20, 2016

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

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May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

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May 20, 2016