India States Briefs : Gujarat

Gujarat

Indicators at a Glance GUJARAT

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

41

51

60

1211

Urban share (%)

34

37

43

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

66

69

73

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

928

883

890

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

17

18

10

270

All

38

33

17

22

Rural

43

39

22

25

Urban

28

20

10

14

0.25

0.30

0.29

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

21,134

37,403

63,734

42,647

Agriculture

22

16

13

14

Industry

39

40

40

28

Services

39

44

47

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

5.3

7.9

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1

June 20, 2017

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

67

68

58

56

Male

86

87

83

80

Female

46

48

30

31

Agriculture

60

58

49

49

Industry

19

21

27

24

Services

20

21

25

27

Self-Employed

47

50

51

52

Salaried

16

17

25

18

Casual Wage

37

32

24

30

Gujarat

Indicators at a Glance GUJARAT

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

202

160

112

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

60

53

36

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

52*

42~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

59

68

73

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

21

26

32

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

75

86

95

80

Rural

68

80

95

73

Urban

90

96

94

96

2008

2012

2012

All

65

70

56

Rural

48

58

46

Urban

89

84

77

All

44

35

44

Rural

67

59

60

Urban

7

6

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

2,645

2,660

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

732

832

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

19

20

20

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

1.8

2.5

2.1

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

6.7

6.1

8.8

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

June 20, 2017

Gujarat

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Gujarat is home to 60 million people, of whom one-sixth are poor. Since 2005, the state has made significant progress in reducing poverty, supported by high growth and low inequality in consumption. Despite being one of India’s fastest growing states, poverty reduction in Gujarat was slower than in other advanced states in the country. As a result, some parts of Gujarat continue to face high levels of poverty.

Poverty in Gujarat is lower than the national average Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Parts of Gujarat, especially the districts in the east, have high poverty District level poverty, 2012 Patna

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

June 20, 2017

0.6-5.2 3-6 5.3-13.2 6-12 13.3-17.2 12-20 17.3-22.6 20-33 22.7-62.8 33-73 No data

Gujarat

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Gujarat is similar to many other states in reducing poverty at a faster pace after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty declined sharply in both rural and urban areas of Gujarat after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 60

50 Rural 40

43 39

Total 38

30

Urban

33 28

22

20 20 17

10 10

0 1994

2

June 20, 2017

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Gujarat

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Gujarat was among the fastest growing states in the country after 2005 -3 JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD

GJ HR

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Gujarat’s growth is driven mainly by services and industry Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)

20 20

16 16 5.4

14 14 15 15

12 12 10 10

10 10

5

0

5

0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005

■ Gujarat GSDP

■ All India GDP

8

8

6

6

4

4

2

2

0

0

5.6

4.8

5.9

6.0 4.8

5.3

8.5 4.1

4.4 3.7

1.4

3.8 1.4

-1.5

2.8

5.3

-0.1

2.6 -1.1

2.6

1.9 0.7

-0.1

-2 -2 -4 -4 2005 2006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005

■ Services

3

June 20, 2017

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Gujarat

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Gujarat was faster than the national average, but lagged other advanced states Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

Gujarat has a smaller share of India’s poor relative to its population bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

June 20, 2017

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Gujarat

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality decreased marginally in Gujarat after 2005 Gini coefficient 0.4

0.30

0.3

0.31

0.29

0.27

0.25

0.25

0.27

0.29

0.22

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Gujarat is lower than the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

June 20, 2017

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Gujarat Jobs

People are moving off the farm and into other kinds of work in Gujarat. Gujarat is one of the few states where the share of salaried jobs increased after 2005, led by manufacturing and services.

Despite this, overall job growth in the state has been slow. Half the workforce is still on the farm and women have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers.

Non-farm employment is increasing in Gujarat, but half the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

42

39

51

80

â&#x2013; Non-farm

60 60

â&#x2013; Farm

58 49

40

20

0 1994

2005

2012

The share of non-farm employment in Gujarat is similar to the national average Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

Gujarat Jobs

Job creation was modest in Gujarat after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Manufacturing and services led job creation in Gujarat after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-2

MANU

MANU

4

THR

THR

3

PUB

PUB

1

CONS

CONS

3

TRAN

TRAN

1

FIRB

7

MINE+UTIL

12

FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

10

5

■ 2005 June 20, 2017

15

■ 2012

20

Gujarat Jobs

The share of salaried jobs increased in Gujarat after 2005 Employment by wage type, (%) 100

24

32

80

Wage Labor

25 17

60

51

50

40

Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of workers with salaried jobs in Gujarat is higher than the national average Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

June 20, 2017

Gujarat Jobs

There are not enough jobs in Gujarat for the size of the working age population, especially for females Million

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

50 50

â&#x2013; 2005 40 40

â&#x2013; 2012

Working age population not in school

+5.9

30 30

2.3

0.3

All Workers

+0.6 +2.9

20 20

2.3

Male Workers -2.3

10 10

Female Workers

-4.4

0 0

Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

-5 -5

-1 -1

-3 -3

1 1

3 3

There was a sharp decline in female labor force participation in Gujarat after 2005, mainly in rural areas Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 89

89

81

82

80

60

58

85

80

62

Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female 38

40

20

22

21

1993-94

2004-05

18

0

4

June 20, 2017

2011-12

Urban Female

5 5

Gujarat Gender

Women in Gujarat record mixed progress. Maternal health, already better than in most other states, is improving. And, today, more of Gujarat’s girls are in school. Nonetheless, the ratio of girls to boys in the state is among the lowest in the country. Secondary school attainment among adult women is close to the national average, but it remains below many other advanced states. While farming dominates employment for both men and women in rural areas, urban men have more salaried jobs than urban women. What’s more, women have withdrawn from the labor force in large numbers after 2005.

Child sex ratio in Gujarat is among the lowest in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969 964 962 957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

After a decline in the 1990s, the child sex ratio has increased marginally in Gujarat Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000

950

928

900

883

890

850

800 1991

1

June 20, 2017

2001

2011

PJ HR

Gujarat Gender

Maternal health has been improving in Gujarat Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200 172 148

150

112

100

50

0 2003

2009

2013

Maternal mortality ratio in Gujarat is below the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

June 20, 2017

Gujarat Gender

Secondary education attainment among adult women in Gujarat is similar to the national average Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are more educated adult men than women in Gujarat, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 40

37

36

35

Rural Females

30 25

25 20

18

26

25

47

28

11

14

20

Urban Females

14

15

20

10

19

19

42

5 0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

June 20, 2017

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Gujarat Gender

Gender gaps in schooling have narrowed for the young Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 11

21-23

13

2

Female

Male 15

18-20 15-17

8

23

52

Age

39

13

9-11

87

6-8

88

100

80

15

87

72

12-14

7

94

2

90

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 10

21-23

8

18

Female

Male 23

18-20 15-17

Age 100

June 20, 2017

14

77

88 98

80

3

91

94

6-8

4

12

63

12-14 9-11

35

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

95

-3

96

2 100

Gujarat Gender

Labor force participation among women in Gujarat is below many other states in India Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Gujarat after 2005, especially in rural areas Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 89

89

81

82

80

60

58

85

80

62

Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female 38

40

20

22

21

1993-94

2004-05

18

0

5

June 20, 2017

2011-12

Urban Female

Gujarat Gender

Farming is the dominant source of work for both men and women in rural Gujarat Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

6 6

13

5

4

11 70

■ Farm - All

85

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

More salaried jobs for urban men in Gujarat, more self-employment for urban women Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

6

Urban Females

3

10

8

38 38

52

■ Farm - All

6

June 20, 2017

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

44

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Gujarat

Social Inclusion Progress across social groups has been uneven in Gujarat. Scheduled Tribes in particular have a very high incidence of poverty and slower poverty reduction than other social groups in the state.

Gujarat’s Scheduled Tribes also stand out for high levels of open defecation and poor access to drinking water. In addition, there are wide differences between social groups in schooling and access to salaried jobs.

Higher poverty rate and slower poverty reduction for the Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat Population below poverty line, (%) 60

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Gujarat Scheduled Tribe

9

18

Scheduled Caste

19

6

Other Backward Caste

43

39

General

29

37

55

Pace of poverty reduction

50 40

40

40 36 -6% per year

-11% per year

30

18

20

18 -11% per year

12

10

5 -11% per year

0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty among the scheduled Tribes in Gujarat is below the national average ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

June 20, 2017

0

PJ GA DL

Gujarat

Social Inclusion Education levels are the highest for those belonging to the General category in Gujarat, illiteracy is highest among the Scheduled Tribes Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 44

Scheduled Tribe

29

Scheduled Caste

24

25

14

General 0

30

19

20

■ Illiterate

18

18

31

Other Backward Caste

14

28

17

22

18

48

40

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Striking differences in the types of jobs by social groups in Gujarat Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

36

33

35

54 32

10

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

General

■ Self-employed

6 30 50 20

2

June 20, 2017

38

55

Gujarat

Social Inclusion Open defecation is higher among the Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat than rest of the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80

74

69 59

60

45

44

40

48

39

35

21

20 8

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Gujarat

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Barring the Scheduled Tribes, those living in Gujarat have greater access to drinking water than rest of India Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100 87

80

73

70

69 58

56

60

69

44

40 30

27

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Gujarat

3

June 20, 2017

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Gujarat

Health and Education 70 60 50 on health and education in Gujarat. While Gujarat’s infant mortality rate There is mixed progress is declining, malnutrition remains high, even among the rich. Moreover, open defecation — again 40 close to the national average — is more prevalent among the poor. As for education, only a third 30 of all adults have completed secondary school. And, while schooling for the younger generation 20 is a bright spot, with a larger share of children now in school, better learning outcomes have not 10 followed. Enrollment in public schools remains high.

0 Total

Rural

Urban

Infant mortality rate is declining in Gujarat Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 70

62

60

53

50

43

37

36

40 30

22

20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Infant mortality rate in Gujarat is below the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60 50

46

40 31

30 18

20 10

9

10

21

22

24

24

31

32

32

35

35

36

26

26

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

June 20, 2017

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Gujarat

Health and Education Malnutrition in Gujarat is higher than in most other Indian states Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is high across most income groups in Gujarat Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 67

70

60

60

63 54

52

55 49

48

50

52 41

40

36

30

25

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Gujarat Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

■ All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Gujarat

Health and Education Open defecation in Gujarat is below the national average Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%) 45

59

77

94

80 74

60 55

40

41 35

20

23 6

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Access and use of latrine

3

June 20, 2017

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

Open defecation is higher among low income households than the rich in Gujarat

26

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

65

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

■ Open defecation

Quintile 5

Gujarat

Health and Education Fewer adults have completed secondary school in Gujarat than in other Indian states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

39

40

43

41

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in Gujarat Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

50 50

36

30 30

19

18-20

30

+11 70

+23

Age

23

+2

47

15-17

26 22

20 20

12 14

21-23

40

40 40

22

19

80

12-14 12

10 10

90

+10

9-11

90

96

+6

6-8

89

95

+6

100 100

80 80

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

4

June 20, 2017

â&#x2013; 2012

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Gujarat

Health and Education Public school enrollment in Gujarat is close to the national average Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

PJ MN KL GA

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Little change in public school enrollment in Gujarat, private schools attended mostly by the rich Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100

80

94

72

94

90

88 73

71

75

57

60

56 41

40

36

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

June 20, 2017

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Gujarat

Health and Education Learning outcomes in Gujarat are close to the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes have stagnated in Gujarat Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Gujarat

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

6

June 20, 2017

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

3

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

4

May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

5

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

6

May 20, 2016