Chhattisgarh State Brief

Chhattisgarh Indicators at a Glance

CHHATTISGARH

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

17

21

26

1211

Urban share (%)

19

20

23

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

63

65

68

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

984

975

969

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

9

11

10

270

All

51

51

40

22

Rural

56

55

45

25

Urban

28

28

24

14

0.22

0.30

0.31

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

16,966

21,174

31,993

42,647

Agriculture

31

21

19

14

Industry

39

44

44

28

Services

29

34

37

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

2.0

6.1

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

76

74

69

56

Male

88

85

82

80

Female

64

63

55

31

Agriculture

82

77

73

49

Industry

7

10

13

24

Services

11

13

14

27

Self-Employed

59

52

54

52

7

8

10

18

34

40

36

30

Salaried Casual Wage

1

May 20, 2016

Chhattisgarh Indicators at a Glance

CHHATTISGARH

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

407

335

221

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

76

61

46

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

53*

43~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

42

58

71

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

13

16

24

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

44

67

87

80

Rural

37

62

85

73

Urban

80

93

92

96

2008

2012

2012

All

25

27

56

Rural

18

17

46

Urban

52

62

77

All

73

68

44

Rural

82

80

60

Urban

32

25

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

3,210

2,915

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

535

560

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

23

27

26

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

0.6

1.6

2.7

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

5.7

8.8

5.0

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

May 20, 2016

Chhattisgarh

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Chhattisgarh is India’s 18th most populous state and home to 26 million people, 10 million of who are poor. The state has the highest poverty rate in the country. After a decade of status quo poverty started declining in the state post 2005. The pace of poverty reduction however has been slower than in other Low Income States. The state has lagged behind in growth as well. Uneven performance by industry puts growth at risk. In addition, consumption inequality has increased, particularly in urban areas.

Chhattisgarh has the highest poverty rate in the country Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

10

12

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There is high poverty in the eastern and southern districts of Chhattisgarh District level poverty, 2012

Patna ★ Raipur

Population below the poverty line, 2012Raipur (%)

N

1

May 20, 2016

N

21-33 0.6-5.2 33-36 5.3-13.2 0.6-5.2 36-43 13.3-17.2 5.3-13.2 13.3-17.2 43-47 17.3-22.6 17.3-22.6 47-71 22.7-62.8 22.7-62.8

KL HP GA

Chhattisgarh

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Chhattisgarh has lagged the rest of India in the pace of poverty reduction Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

After a decade of no change, poverty declined in Chhattisgarh after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 50 Rural Total 40

56

55

51

51

45

40

30 Urban

28

28 24

20

10

0 1994

2

May 20, 2016

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Chhattisgarh

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Chhattisgarh is -3 lower than the national average, but higher than in some Low Income States JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

GJ HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD TN

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Growth in Chhattisgarh is volatile due to uneven performance of industry Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%) 20 20

20 20

4.0

15 15

15 15 13.5

10 10

10 10

5

5

5

5

3.3

0 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005

■ Chhattisgarh GSDP

■ All India GDP

0

0

3.4

2.2 2.7

0

5.7

3.9 9.0

-1.4

-1.7

1.0

-2.0

6.5 3.3

1.9 -2.0

1.1 3.8

1.5 -1.3

1.0 4.2 0.6

-5 -5 2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005

■ Services

3

May 20, 2016

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Chhattisgarh

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Poverty reduction in Chhattisgarh is slower than in most other Low Income States Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

Chhattisgarh is among the Low Income States where a disproportionate share of India’s poor live bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

May 20, 2016

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Chhattisgarh

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has increased in Chhattisgarh, more significantly in urban areas Gini coefficient

0.40

0.4

0.37

0.30

0.3

0.31 0.26

0.22

0.25

0.27

0.20

0.2

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Chhattisgarh is lower than the national average Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

May 20, 2016

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Chhattisgarh Jobs

A majority of Chhattisgarh’s people are in farming. The share of non-farm employment in the state is the lowest in the country. Half the workforce is self-employed and of the remaining, very few have salaried jobs. Job growth in the state has been better than in most advanced states after 2005.

Despite this, the number of jobs created has not been sufficient, particularly for women. There was a significant drop in female labor force participation in rural areas after 2005. By contrast, participation amongst urban women has increased.

Majority of Chhattisgarh’s workforce continues to be employed on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

18

80

23

82

27

77

73

60

■ Non-farm ■ Farm

40

20

0 1994

2005

2012

Non-farm employment share in Chhattisgarh is the lowest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

Chhattisgarh Jobs

Job growth was higher in Chhattisgarh than in most advanced states after 2005 Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Faster job growth in construction and services in Chhattisgarh after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

1

CONS

CONS

8

THR

THR

2

MANU

1

PUB

5

TRAN

0

FIRB

9

MINE+UTIL

12

MANU PUB TRAN FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

2

4

■ 2005 May 20, 2016

6

■ 2012

8

10

Chhattisgarh Jobs

Half of Chhattisgarh’s workforce continues to be self-employed, the rest earn mostly casual wages Employment by wage type, (%) 100

40

36

80

Wage Labor

60

10

8

54

52

40 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

The share of workers with salaried jobs in Chhattisgarh is among the lowest in the country Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

May 20, 2016

Chhattisgarh Jobs

Not enough jobs in Chhattisgarh for the size of the working age population not in school, especially for females Million 20

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

20

â&#x2013; 2005 15

â&#x2013; 2012 Working age population not in school

15 +2.3

+1.2 10

1.6

All Workers

10

+1.0 5

2.3

2.1

Male Workers +0.2

5

0.8

Female Workers 0

0 Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

Female Workers

0.0

0.00.5

0.51.0

1.01.5

1.52.0

Female labor force participation declined from high levels in rural Chhattisgarh after 2005, but increased in urban areas Labor force participation rate, (%) 100

80

90 78

72

88

84

74 71

76

60 61

Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female

40 34

20

22

25

0 1993-94

4

May 20, 2016

2004-05

2011-12

2.02.5

2.5

Chhattisgarh Gender

Chhattisgarh has made mixed progress on gender. While the child sex ratio in the state is higher than in most other states, it is declining. Maternal health is poor, but has seen improvement. Adult women have fewer years of schooling than adult men. Although the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s female labor force participation rate is among the highest in the country, there has been a sharp decline in rural areas after 2005. On a positive note, gender gaps in elementary schools are closing and female labor force participation is increasing in urban areas.

Chhattisgarhâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s child sex ratio is higher than in most states Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Child sex ratio is declining in Chhattisgarh Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000

984

975

969

2001

2011

950

900

850

800 1991

1

May 20, 2016

PJ HR

Chhattisgarh Gender

Maternal health is improving in Chhattisgarh Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 400

379

300

269 221

200

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Maternal mortality ratio in Chhattisgarh is above the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

May 20, 2016

Chhattisgarh Gender

Secondary education attainment among adult females in Chhattisgarh is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

High gender disparity in education attainment of adults in Chhattisgarh, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 40

40

31

29

30

Rural Females 29 44

32

13

11

22

20

18 14

16

Urban Females 27

10

19

19

35

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

May 20, 2016

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Chhattisgarh Gender

Gender gaps in schooling are closing for younger groups in Chhattisgarh Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 15

9

21-23

6

Female

Male

15-17

23

36

13

18-20

Age

13

59

46

100

80

4

85

81

6-8

6

93

87

9-11

18

87

69

12-14

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 11

21-23

14

3

Female

Male 28

18-20 15-17

Age 100

May 20, 2016

81

93

4 95

98

2 1

99 93

6-8

4

17

77

12-14 9-11

45

93

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

0 100

Chhattisgarh Gender

Female labor force participation in Chhattisgarh is higher than in most states Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Female labor force participation declined from high levels in rural Chhattisgarh after 2005, but increased in urban areas Labor force participation rate, (%) 100

80

90 78

72

88

84

74 71

76

60 61

Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female

40 34

20

22

25

0 1993-94

5

May 20, 2016

2004-05

2011-12

Chhattisgarh Gender

A majority of both men and women in rural Chhattisgarh work on the farm Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

Rural Females

5 3 2

7

5 6

81

■ Farm - All

90

■ Non-farm Self Employed

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When urban women work, they have similar types of jobs as urban men in Chhattisgarh Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

Urban Females

12 24

22

24 29

18 35

■ Farm - All

6

May 20, 2016

■ Non-farm Self Employed

35

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Chhattisgarh Social Inclusion

There is uneven progress across social groups in Chhattisgarh. Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in particular have very high poverty levels. In addition, there are wide differences in schooling and access to salaried jobs across social groups. Apart from households that belong to the General category, there is high open defecation and poor access to drinking water for most households in the state.

Higher poverty rate and slower poverty reduction for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in Chhattisgarh Population below poverty line, (%) 70

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Chhattisgarh Scheduled Tribe

9

34

Scheduled Caste

19

16

Other Backward Caste

43

42

General

29

8

Pace of poverty reduction

63

60 48

50

51 -3% per year 47 0% per year

48

40

35 -5% per year

30

26

20 10 -13% per year

10 0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty of Scheduled Tribes in Chhattisgarh is among the highest in the country ST population below the poverty line, 2012 (%) 70 60

63 56

54

53

50

51

50

49 43

40

43

40

39

36

30 20 10

33

32

31

26

26

25

23

20

19

15

13

13

9

9

8

0

0 OD BH MH MP CG JH WB AI MN RJ KL GJ AR AS KA TN UP TR AP MZ NL JK UK MG HP HR SK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

6

May 20, 2016

0

PJ GA DL

Chhattisgarh Social Inclusion

Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Chhattisgarh Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 33

Scheduled Tribe

32

35

Scheduled Caste

29

27

Other Backward Caste

11

General

20

20

20

24

14

56

40

■ Illiterate

17

16

29

19

0

17

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Stark contrast in the types of jobs across social groups in Chhattisgarh Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

28 66

6

50

41

9

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried

Other Backward Caste

General

■ Self-employed

13

42

48

10

2

May 20, 2016

34

53

Chhattisgarh Social Inclusion

Open defecation across most social groups in Chhattisgarh is higher than the national averages Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100 84

80

73

69

68

59

60

63 48

44

40 24

20

21

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ Chhattisgarh

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

There is poor access to drinking water in Chhattisgarh, particularly for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 80 65

60

69

58

56 44

40 27

31

27 18

20

14

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

■ Chhattisgarh

3

May 20, 2016

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Chhattisgarh Health and Education

There is mixed progress on health and education in Chhattisgarh. Infant mortality rate is declining, but is still high. Malnutrition and open defecation rates are high, even among the rich. Most adults have only a few years of schooling. While improvements in schooling for the younger generation are a bright spot, better learning outcomes have not followed. Enrollment in public schools remains high.

Infant mortality rate is declining in Chhattisgarh Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 70 62

61

60 50

50

47

46

38

40 30 20 10

■ 2006

0 Total

Rural

■ 2013

Urban

Chhattisgarh’s infant mortality rate is higher than the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

80

50

60

46

40

40

20

31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

024

24

26

31

32

32

35

35

36

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

26

Total

Rural

Urban

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Chhattisgarh Health and Education

Malnutrition in Chhattisgarh is higher than in most states Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

33

32

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is high across most income groups in Chhattisgarh Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 57

60

60

59 54

53

49

48

50

49

47 41

40 30

25 21

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Chhattisgarh Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Chhattisgarh Health and Education

Open defecation in Chhattisgarh is among the highest in the country Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%)

88

80

17

25

28

66

83 75

60

68

72

40 34

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Access and use of latrine

3

May 20, 2016

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

Open defecation is high in Chhattisgarh for richer households too

12

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

32

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

■ Open defecation

Quintile 5

Chhattisgarh Health and Education

Fewer adults in Chhattisgarh have completed secondary school when compared to other states Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

40

39

43

41

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in Chhattisgarh Education attainment, (% age 18-30)

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

50 50 12 13

21-23

+1

40 40 34

25

18-20

+13

30

27

53

15-17 23

23

19

20 20

38

79

+26

Age

30 30

31

77

12-14

94

+17

14

9-11

10 10

6-8

99

90 83

+9

93

+10

80 80

100 100

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

4

May 20, 2016

100 100

â&#x2013; 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

Chhattisgarh Health and Education

Public school enrollment in Chhattisgarh is higher than the national average Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in private schools has slightly increased in Chhattisgarh, mainly for the rich Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 99

100 88

94

95

93

93

98

86

92 84

80 68

60

56

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

5

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

PJ MN KL GA

Chhattisgarh Health and Education

Learning outcomes in Chhattisgarh are better than in other Low Income States Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes have shown little improvement in Chhattisgarh Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Chhattisgarh

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

6

May 20, 2016

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

1

May 20, 2016

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

3

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

4

May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

5

May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

6

May 20, 2016