India States Briefs – Bihar

Bihar

Indicators at a Glance BIHAR

ALL INDIA

POPULATION 1991

2001

2011

2011

Total population (million)

65

83

104

1211

Urban share (%)

10

10

11

31

Share of adults (% age 15+)

60

57

63

70

Child sex ratio (age 0-6)

953

942

935

919

1994

2005

2012

2012

POVERTY & INEQUALITY Poor (million) Poverty rate (%)

Gini coefficient

42

49

36

270

All

61

55

34

22

Rural

62

56

34

25

Urban

45

44

31

14

0.22

0.21

0.22

0.32

1994

2005

2012

2012

6,655

8,560

13,482

42,647

Agriculture

49

32

24

14

Industry

10

14

20

28

Services

41

55

57

57

All

INCOME & GROWTH Real GSDP per capita (2005 rupees) By sector (%)

Annual growth rate of real GSDP per capita (%)

1994 to 2005

2005 to 2012

2005 to 2012

2.3

6.7

6.7

JOBS Labor force participation rate (%)

Workers by sector (%)

Workers by wage-type (%)

1994

2005

2012

2012

All

55

55

45

56

Male

85

86

77

80

Female

22

22

9

31

Agriculture

80

73

62

49

Industry

5

9

16

24

Services

14

17

22

27

Self-Employed

50

60

53

52

6

4

6

18

45

36

42

30

Salaried Casual Wage

1

May 20, 2016

Bihar

Indicators at a Glance BIHAR

ALL INDIA

HEALTH 2001

2006

2013

2013

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

400

312

208

167

Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

62

60

42

40

Stunting (% age 0-5)

—

56*

49~

39~

1994

2005

2012

2012

Literate (% adults)

37

48

58

70

Secondary education and above (% adults)

13

17

24

32

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES Power

1994

2005

2012

2012

11

16

31

80

Rural

6

10

25

73

Urban

60

74

80

96

2008

2012

2012

All

63

73

56

Rural

60

72

46

Urban

83

86

77

All

74

68

44

Rural

80

73

60

Urban

28

21

9

Connectivity

2005

2012

2012

Road density - km. per million people

1,325

1,306

3,231

Road density - km. per 1,000 sq. km.

1,274

1,471

1,206

2012

2013

2014

2014

Debt to GSDP ratio (%)

12

13

14

51

Fiscal Deficit (% of GSDP)

2.4

2.2

6.3

4.4

Real GSDP growth rate (%)

10.3

10.7

9.1

6.9

EDUCATION

Electrification (% households)

All

Water and sanitation Drinking water on premises (% households)

Open defecation (% households)

RECENT GROWTH AND FISCAL PERFORMANCE

* NFHS III, ~ RSOC

2

May 20, 2016

Bihar

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Bihar is the 3rd most populous state in India. It is home to over 100 million people, 36 million of whom are poor. Bihar is one of the faster growing Low Income States. Since 2005, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has picked up. Despite this, large parts of the state remain very poor.

Consumption inequality has remained largely unchanged. Growth is driven mainly by services, but fluctuations in agricultural output put it at risk.

Poverty in Bihar is higher than in most states Population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 50

40

40 37

37

35

34

33

32

32 29

30

22

22

21

20

20

19

17

17

15

15 12

12

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

8

8

8 5

0 CG JH MN AR BH OD AS MP UP AI MZ KA WB NL MH GJ TR RJ MG TN UK HR JK DL AP SK

PJ

KL HP GA

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Pockets of very high poverty within Bihar District level poverty, 2012 Patna ★ Patna

Population below the poverty line, 2012 (%)

N

1

May 20, 2016

0.6-5.2 0-19 5.3-13.2 19-30 13.3-17.2 30-37 17.3-22.6 37-47 22.7-62.8 47-72

Bihar

Poverty, Growth & Inequality The pace of poverty reduction picked up in Bihar after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MN JH BH OD AR AS CG KA MH UP AI TN AP MP WB RJ

● 1994

● 2005

GJ MG HR HP UK TR SK KL JK

● 2012

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Poverty declined in both rural and urban areas of Bihar more rapidly after 2005 Population below poverty line, (%) 70

60

Rural 62 Total 61

56 55

50 Urban 40

45

44

30

34

34

31

20

10

0 1994

2

May 20, 2016

2005

2012

PJ

GA NL DL MZ

Bihar

Poverty, Growth & Inequality 0

10

20

30

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2005 - 2012 (%)

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

Growth in Bihar was faster -3 than in most of India’s Low Income States JH

Annual growth 2005- 2012 - 2012 Annual growthrate, rate, 2005 (%) (%)

11

CG

-5

9 8 7 6

WB

-9

All India

GJ HR

-11 KL PJ RJ

BH -13

OD CGHP MP

-17 Lagging

4

BH

Leading OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

TN

-15

5

MP

KA

-7

Improving

10

UP

UK

Low poverty, UP declining fast

GJ

AP MH RJ

MH

KL HP

TN

HR

Interpreting the graph

KA

UK

Improvement from 2005 to 2012

12

PJ

WB AP

JH AS

Weakening

3 2

0

Leading High income, high growth

Lagging Low income, low growth

Weakening High income, low growth

Standard of living, 2005

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

per capita, (2005 RealReal GSDPGSDP per capita, (2005 Rupees)

Improving Low income, high growth

Rupees) All India

Bihar’s growth is driven by services, agriculture adds to its volatility Annual growth rate, (%)

Components of GSDP growth rate, (%)

20 20

20 20

15 15 6.7

15 15

5.8

6.7

10 10 4.7

10 10 5

2.5

5 4.5

0

5

0

3.0

-5 -5 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010201120112012 2012 2005

0

7.0

5

0

0.6 1.3 -3.6

■ Bihar GSDP

■ All India GDP

6.7 4.8

5.4

6.7

2.8 5.0

3.0

2.5

3.8

0.7 2.9

-2.3 -3.8

-5 -5 2005 2006 2006 2007 20072008 20082009 20092010 2010 20112011 2012 2012 2005

■ Services

3

May 20, 2016

■ Industry

■ Agriculture

Bihar

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Bihar’s poverty reduction is faster than some Low Income States Poverty rate, 2005

Annual decline in poverty rate, 2012 Annual decline in poverty rate,2005 2005 --2012 (%)(%)

0

10

20

30

-1

40

50

60

70

80

High poverty, declining slowly

AS

-3

JH CG UP

-5

MP

KA

-7

WB

-9

BH

All India

OD

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in orange.

GJ HR

-11

RJ KL PJ

-13

TN

HP

-15

Low poverty, declining fast

MH

UK AP

-17

A disproportionate share of India’s poor live in Bihar bubble size: number of poor (millions)

UP

20

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low Income States are highlighted in yellow.

BH

15

What % of India’s poor lives in this state?

Stateshare share in poor, 20122012 (%) (%) State in India’s India’s poor,

25

MP

10

MH

JH

5

OD

HP

0

WB

RJ

CG GJ

AS

0

KA

HR KL UK PJ

5

TN

AP

10

15

20

State sharein inIndia’s India’s population, 20122012 (%) (%) State share population,

4

May 20, 2016

25

Interpreting the graph Share of poor > share of population

e ar Sh

or po of

e ar sh

of

n io at ul p po

=

Share of poor < share of population

What % of India’s population lives in this state?

Bihar

Poverty, Growth & Inequality Consumption inequality has remained stable in Bihar Gini coefficient 0.4

0.32

0.3

0.28 0.22

0.21

0.22

0.21

0.2

0.19

0.29

0.21

0.1

0.0 Total

Rural

■ 1994

■ 2005

Urban

■ 2012

Consumption inequality in Bihar is lower than in most states Gini coefficient, 2012 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1 KL DL KA MH AR TN AI HR WB MP CG UP

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

5

May 20, 2016

PJ

HP GA UK AP GJ MZ OD JK JH RJ AS TR NL BH SK MG MN

Bihar Jobs

People in Bihar are beginning to move off the farm and into other kinds of work. That said, the workforce remains largely tied to agriculture, more so than in most other states in the country.

Though there has been an increase in the number of jobs after 2005, job creation has lagged behind the expansion of the working age population that is not in school. Very few workers have salaried jobs. Very few women work in Bihar. Worse still, women have exited the labor force in large numbers after 2005.

Non-farm employment is rising in Bihar, but over half of the workforce is still on the farm Employment share by sector, (%) 100

27

19

38

80 80

73

60

â&#x2013; Non-farm

62

â&#x2013; Farm

40

20

0 1994

2005

2012

Non-farm employment share in Bihar is amongst the lowest in the country Non-farm employment share, 2012 (%) 100

80

100

96

74

73 65

60

64

61

61

58

57 51

51

40

51

51

50

50

50

48

47

45

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

38 32

27

20

0 DL GA KL TR TN PJ MN WB JK HR GJ UK AI MH JH KA RJ UP AP MZ OD AS MG HP MP NL SK BH AR CG

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

Bihar Jobs

Job growth positive in Bihar after 2005, but growth was not as high as in some Low Income States Number of jobs added, 2005-2012 (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

WB UP RJ MH CG BH OD AP DL MP GJ TN

WB

1.8

UP

0.8

RJ

1.1

MH

0.5

CG

1.6

BH

0.5

OD

0.7

AP

0.3

DL

2.2

MP

0.4

GJ

0.3

TN

0.2

PJ

PJ

0.5

TR HP SK MG GA MZ MN AR AS KL JH HR NL UK KA

TR

4.4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

HP

1.3

SK

3.9

MG

0.7

GA

1.3

MZ

1.1

MN

0.1

AR

-0.1

AS

0.0

KL

-0.1

JH

-0.2

HR

-0.3

NL

-3.6

UK

-1.0

KA

-0.5

5

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Construction led job creation in Bihar after 2005 Number of jobs, (mn)

Annual job growth, 2005-2012 (%)

FARM

FARM

-2

CONS

CONS

20

THR

THR

2

MANU

-1

PUB

6

TRAN

2

FIRB

10

MINE+UTIL

-6

MANU PUB TRAN FIRB MINE+UTIL

0

2

5

10

■ 2005 May 20, 2016

15

■ 2012

20

25

Bihar Jobs

Increase in wage employment in Bihar after 2005, largely for casual wages Employment by wage type, (%) 100

36

42

80

Wage Labor

4

60

6

60

53

40 Self Employed

20

0 2005

■ Casual Wage

2012

■ Salaried

■ Self Employed

Share of salaried jobs in Bihar is the lowest in the country Salaried jobs share, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

60

50 40 30

28

27

26

25

24

24

23

22

22

22

20 10

21

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

14

14

13

13

11

11

11

10

10 6

0 DL GA PJ MH TN GJ NL HR KA KL MZ SK JK AR HP AP AI UK WB MG MN AS RJ TR MP UP OD JH CG BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

3

May 20, 2016

Bihar Jobs

Not enough jobs in Bihar for the size of the working age population not in school, particularly for females Million

Annual growth, 2005-2012 (%)

60 60

â&#x2013; 2005

+9.3

50 50

â&#x2013; 2012

Working age population not in school

2.5

40 40

0.5

All Workers 30 30

+0.9 +4.0

2.4

Male Workers

20 20

10 10

-3.1

Female Workers

Female Workers

-15 -15

-10.8

0 0

Working age population not in school

All Workers

Male Workers

-10-10

-5 -5

0 0

Low and falling female labor force participation in Bihar Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87

88 78

80 73

74 67

60

Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female

40 23

23

20 9 11

11

1993-94

2004-05

0

4

May 20, 2016

8

2011-12

5 5

Bihar Gender

Bihar’s performance in closing gender gaps is mixed. Adult women are twice as likely to be illiterate than adult men. The state has the lowest rate of female labor force participation in the country.

Though Bihar’s child sex ratio is more favorable than the national average, it is declining. On a positive note, gender gaps in elementary schooling have narrowed, and maternal mortality is declining. And although few women work, women workers have the same types of jobs as their male counterparts.

Child sex ratio in Bihar is above the national average Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969

964 962

957 957 956

950

948 948

943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918

900

909

902

894 890 890 888 871

862 846

850

834

800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Bihar’s child sex ratio is declining Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000

950

953

942

935

900

850

800 1991

1

May 20, 2016

2001

2011

PJ HR

Bihar Gender

Maternal mortality ratio in Bihar is improving Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 400

371

300

261 208

200

100

0 2003

2009

2013

Biharâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maternal mortality ratio is above the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300

285 285

300

244 208 208

221 221 222

200 167

112 113

100 61

68

79

127 133

141

92

0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ

AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS

Data for 19 large states and All India.

Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India.

2

May 20, 2016

Bihar Gender

Secondary education attainment among adult females in Bihar is among the lowest in the country Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60

57 52

50

46

43

40

41

38

38

35

34

34

33

31

30

30

28

28

26

26

26

26 22

20

21

21

20

20

20 16

16

16

15

14

10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI

GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Significant gender disparity in education attainment among adults in Bihar, urban women fare better than rural Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 57

60

Rural Females

50

59

40

19

9

12

33

30

29

Urban Females

22

20

16

19 15

31

10

10

19

13

36

0

Males

■ Illiterate

3

Females

■ Literate or primary school completed

May 20, 2016

0

20

■ Middle school completed

40

60

80

100

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Bihar Gender

Gender gaps in schooling are narrowing for younger groups in Bihar Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2005 16

2

21-23

14

Female

Male 31

11

18-20 15-17

20

65

Age

56

6-8 80

60

11

79

68

9-11

17

81

64

12-14

100

10

57

47

40

20

0

20

40

9

60

80

100

Enrolled in education institutes, (%)

2012 10

21-23

32

22

Female

Male 24

18-20 15-17

Age 100

79

May 20, 2016

88

80

10

76

81

6-8

4

22

66

12-14 9-11

46

88

9

89

1

-3

78

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Bihar Gender

Bihar has the lowest female labor force participation in the country Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63

60

63 55

55 49

50

47 43

40

41

40

38

38

37

37

36

33

30

33

32

32

31

31

30

27

25

25

25

24 19

20

17

15 9

10 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ

PJ

JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Sharp decline in female labor force participation in Bihar after 2005, mainly in rural areas Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 87

88 78

80 73

74 67

60

Rural Male Urban Male Rural Female Urban Female

40 23

23

20 9 11

11

1993-94

2004-05

0

5

May 20, 2016

8

2011-12

Bihar Gender

Farming is the main activity for males and females in rural Bihar Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males

4

Rural Females

3

7

12 12

17 67

■ Farm - All

■ Non-farm Self Employed

77

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

When urban women work, they have similar types of jobs as urban men in Bihar Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males

15

Urban Females

8

9 22 28

22 54

■ Farm - All

6

May 20, 2016

■ Non-farm Self Employed

41

■ Non-farm Salaried

■ Non-farm Casual Wage

Bihar

Social Inclusion There is uneven progress across social groups in Bihar. There are stark differences in education attainment and types of jobs across social groups. The poverty rate for Scheduled Castes in the state is the highest in the country. Open defecation is high across social groups, particularly for the Scheduled Castes. And though households in Bihar have better access to drinking water than the rest of the country, Scheduled Castes lag behind other social groups within the state.

Poverty rate is high across social groups in Bihar, especially for the Scheduled Castes Population below poverty line, (%) 90

Households by Social Group, 2012 (%) All India Scheduled Tribe

9

2

70

Scheduled Caste

19

18

60

Other Backward Caste

43

62

General

29

18

Pace of poverty reduction

77

80

Bihar

59

56 -1% per year 51 -6% per year

52

50 40

34

32 -7% per year

30

23 -5% per year

20 10 0 2005

■ Scheduled Tribe

2012

■ Scheduled Caste

■ Other Backward Caste

■ General

Poverty rate of Scheduled Castes in Bihar is the highest in the country SC population below poverty line, 2012 (%) 60 50 40

51

47

44

41

40

40

39 33

30

33

29

29

24

20

21

20

19

19

19

19

18

18

16

16

16

10

15

15

13

10 0

0 BH CG MN UP JH MP OD KA GA AI AS HR WB MH DL TN RJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

16

May 20, 2016

JK

GJ SK KL HP NL

0

PJ UK AR AP TR MG MZ

Bihar

Social Inclusion Stark contrast in educational attainment across social groups in Bihar Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 58

Scheduled Tribe

15

12

59

Scheduled Caste

44

Other Backward Caste

20

General 0

17

20

21

21

8

14

12

21

15

47

40

■ Illiterate

15

60

80

100

■ Literate or primary school completed

■ Middle school completed

■ Secondary school or higher completed

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Bihar have more casual wage jobs compared to other social groups Share of employed, 2012 (%) Scheduled Tribe

Scheduled Caste

29

34 61

66

5

5

■ Casual Wage ■ Salaried Other Backward Caste

General

■ Self-employed

18 40

56

12 70

4

2

May 20, 2016

Bihar

Social Inclusion Open defecation is high across all social groups in Bihar, especially among the Scheduled Castes Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100 85

80

73

68

71

69 59

60

48

44

40

35 21

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Bihar

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

General

■ All India

Better access to drinking water in Bihar, but Scheduled Castes lag behind other social groups Households with drinking water on premises, 2012 (%) 100 85

80

76

73

69

65 58

56

56

60

44

40 27

20

0 All

Scheduled Tribe

■ Bihar

3

May 20, 2016

Scheduled Caste

Other Backward Caste

■ All India

General

Bihar

Health and Education Bihar has a lot of ground to cover in improving health and education outcomes. The state has one of the highest incidence of malnutrition in the country. Infant mortality is declining, but is still high. Open defecation is widely practiced, even among the rich. Most adults have only a few years of schooling. Learning outcomes are low and show a declining trend over the years. On a positive note, there are gains in schooling for the young. Enrollment in public schools remains high.

Infant mortality rate is declining in Bihar Infant mortality rate Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 70 62

60

60 50

42

40

45

42

33

30 20 10

â&#x2013; 2006

0 Total

Rural

â&#x2013; 2013

Urban

Infant mortality rate for Bihar is close to the national average Infant mortality rate, 2013 Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births 60

80

50

60

46

40

40

20

31

30

18

20

10

9

10

21

22

024

24

26

31

32

32

35

35

36

37

37

39

40

41

47

47

50

51

54

54

42

26

Total

Rural

Urban

12

0 GA MN KL NL TN SK MH DL

PJ

TR KA WB AR UK HP MZ GJ

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

1

May 20, 2016

JK JH AP AI HR BH CG MG RJ UP OD AS MP

Bihar

Health and Education Malnutrition in Bihar is amongst the highest in the country Stunting in children <5 years, 2014 (%) 50

47

40

30

20

27

19

21

28

28

29

29

32

33

34

34

34

35

35

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

42

43

49

50

43

31

31

PJ

TR JK MN UK HP KA WB AP MH RJ HR OD AI AS MP GJ MG CG JH BH UP

23

10

0 KL GA TN MZ SK AR DL NL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Malnutrition is high across most income groups in Bihar Stunting in children <5 years, 2006 (%) 70 60

63

60

56

59 54

56 49

48

50

41

41

40 30

24

25

20 10 0

All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Bihar Latest stunting data by wealth class available for 2006.

2

May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ All India

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

Bihar

Health and Education Open defecation in Bihar is higher than in most states Households practicing open defecation, 2012 (%) 100

80 68 58

60

40

34

30

20

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

4

7

12

16

16

16

17

35

35

39

42

44

61

Households practicing open defecation, 2012(%)

80

60

18

81

82

30

70

68

33

51

67

49

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ Access and use of latrine

3

May 20, 2016

61

JK AP TN AI KA RJ MP UP BH CG OD JH

Open defecation is high across all income groups in Bihar

19

74

45

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

32

73

22

NL DL SK MZ MN TR KL MG GA AS AR PJ UK HR HP WB MH GJ

100

68

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

■ Open defecation

Quintile 5

Bihar

Health and Education Bihar has one of the lowest rates of secondary school completion among adults Secondary education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 70 62 58

60 52

50

47 38

40 30 20

18

21

24

24

25

25

25

26

26

27

28

30

32

32

32

32

34

40

39

41

43

43

48

43

34

10 0 TR OD CG BH WB RJ SK MP AS UP JH MZ GJ AR MG AI AP JK UK TN KA PJ MH KL HR HP MN NL GA DL

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

There are gains in schooling for the young in Bihar Education attainment, (% age 18-30) 50 50

Enrollment by age cohort, (%)

46 9

21-23

21

+12

40 40

20

20 20

22

12

+16

53

15-17 23

37

+19

72

Age

30 30

21

18-20

33

31

13

10 10

12-14

73

9-11

74

89 61

6-8

+11

84

79

+15

+18

00 Illiterate Illiterate

Literateoror Middle Literate Middle primaryschool school completed completed primary completed completed

Secondary Secondary andabove above and

â&#x2013; 2005

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May 20, 2016

100 100

â&#x2013; 2012

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

00

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 80

100 100

Bihar

Health and Education Public school enrollment in Bihar is amongst the highest in the country Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% TR BH AR AS OD WB CG JH MZ SK HP MP GJ

■ All education levels

JK UK AI DL KA MG TN RJ MH HR AP UP NL

● Elementary

● Secondary and above

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Enrollment in public schools has increased marginally for most income groups in Bihar Enrollment in public educational institutes, 2012 (%) 100

94

94

98

88

93

97

97 89

88

93 81

80

85

60

40

20

0 All

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

■ 2005

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May 20, 2016

Quintile 3

■ 2012

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

PJ MN KL GA

Bihar

Health and Education Learning outcomes in Bihar are close to the national average Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%) 80

75

70

67

60 50 39

40 33

34

42

43

46

47

NL

SK AR UP TR

GJ

44

45

52

52

52

53

54

56

58

67

67

68

60

47

47

47

48

48

RJ

TN KA

AI

BH OD MZ CG WB MH AP MG UK KL MN PJ

34

30 20 10 0 AS MP JH

JK

Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India.

Learning outcomes in Bihar are low and have declined Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, (%) 100

80

60

40

20

■ Bihar

■ All India

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

*Data on learning outcomes available for rural areas only.

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May 20, 2016

2012

2013

2014

HR HP

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Demographics

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Population

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Urban Share

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

Child Sex Ratio

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Defined as the number of girls per 1,000 boys in the 0-6 age group.

Adults

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above are classified as ‘adults’.

• The NSSO conducts employment and unemployment surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

Working age population not in school

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Individuals of age 15 years and above that are currently not attending any educational institutes

Poor

Poverty lines based on the ‘Tendulkar’ poverty lines published by the former Planning Commission of India

• Households whose monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below the poverty line are classified as ‘poor’.

• Poverty rate is the proportion of population that is counted as poor.

• The number of poor is calculated by applying poverty rates, estimated using NSS data, to population estimates.

Population for 1994 has been estimated by interpolating the 1991 and 2001 census population to January 1st of 1994. Similarly, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012.

Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to noncensus years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• The NSSO conducts consumption expenditure surveys once every 5 years. The most recent survey data is available for the year 2011-12.

• The population census is conducted once every 10 years.

The most recent population census data available is for the year 2011.

Poverty Poverty rate

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

Inequality Gini coefficient

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Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The Gini coefficient measures the extent to which the distribution of consumption expenditure among households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution.

• Gini coefficient of 0 represents perfect equality, 1 implies perfect inequality.

• Gini coefficient is estimated using survey data on monthly per capita consumption expenditure. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS Welfare distribution

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Consumption expenditure quintiles

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Survey data on household consumption is used to estimate consumption expenditure quintiles within each state in India. Expenditure is adjusted for price differences between rural and urban areas within a state using the Tendulkar poverty lines.

Wealth Index quintiles

National Family Health Survey, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Survey data on asset ownership is used to construct a ‘wealth index’ which forms the basis for estimating wealth quintiles within each state in India.

Real GDP/GSDP growth rate

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Real GDP/GSDP per capita

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• 2014 All-India estimate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) corresponds to the 2011-12 base year (new series). All other All-India GDP and state GSDP estimates correspond to 2004-05 base year and 2004-05 prices (old series).

• All estimates of GDP/GSDP are as of March 31st of the corresponding financial year. For e.g. the Real GSDP for the financial year 1993-94 is as on 31st March 1994.

• Population for the years 1994 to 2011 has been estimated by interpolating census population to March 31st of the corresponding year. For example, population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to March 31st of 2005. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to March 31st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Growth rate of GSDP/ GDP across any two consecutive years is the simple growth rate. Growth rate over multiple years is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Composition of 3 main sectors of the economy (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Components of GSDP growth rate represent the contribution of a sector to overall GSDP growth rate. This is estimated by the ratio of increase in value added in a sector to increase in overall value added and multiplying the ratio with the GSDP growth rate.

Income & Growth

Components of GSDP growth rate

Fiscal

2

Debt

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

Fiscal Deficit

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

May 20, 2016

• Debt is the government’s outstanding liabilities.

• Fiscal deficit is the difference between the total revenue and total expenditure of the government in the financial year.

• Both are expressed as a ratio of the nominal GDP/ GSDP (market prices).

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Jobs Labor force participation rate

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Adult individuals are classified as part of the labor force if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) or if they have been seeking work or have been available for work for a minimum of 6 months during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the labor force.

Workers/Employed/Number of jobs

Population Census, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Members of the labor force are classified as ‘workers’ if they are working (i.e. engaged in economic activity) for a minimum of 30 days during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. This is otherwise known as the “usual status” definition of the work force.

• The number of jobs/workers is arrived at by applying worker participation rates to population estimates. The ‘number of jobs’ estimate corresponds to the ‘number of workers’. • Population for 1994 and 2005 has been estimated by interpolating census population to January 1st of the corresponding year. Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Job growth over a certain period is the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR).

• Classification of workers by sector (i) Agriculture/Farm - Agriculture, forestry and fishing (ii) Industry - Mining, manufacturing, utilities, construction (iii) Services – Trade, transport, storage, communication, financial services, real estate, professional services • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

• A further disaggregated classification of workers by sector FARM – Agriculture/ farming CONS – Construction THR – Trade, hotels and restaurants MANU – Manufacturing PUB - Community, social and personal services TRAN - Transport, storage and communication FIRB - Financing, insurance, real estate and business services MINE+UTIL – Mining & quarrying + Utilities • Classification of workers by wage-type (i) Self-employed – Own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers (ii) Salaried –workers with regular salary (iii) Casual wage – workers with causal wages • The categories - ‘farm all’, ‘non-farm self’, ‘non-farm salaried’, ‘non-farm casual’ are a combination of the sector of work and the type of wage earned.

Job growth Workers by sector/wage-type

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Education Literacy Education attainment

Enrollment Public educational institutes

Learning: Children in Std V who can read Std II level text*, 2014 (%)

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May 20, 2016

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Literate’ – includes those who have received both formal and informal schooling.

• Education levels explained (i) ‘Illiterate’ – individuals who are not literate. (ii) ‘Literate or primary school completed’ – includes individuals who have completed primary school as well as those are literate but have not completed primary school. (iii) ‘Middle completed’ – individuals who have completed middle school. (iv) ‘Secondary and above’ – individuals who have completed secondary schooling or any level higher. Includes individuals who have completed higher secondary, diploma or certificate course or a graduate, postgraduate or higher degree.

Employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• Includes all those currently attending formal primary schooling and above.

• Public educational institutes include those that are run by the state/ central governments or by local bodies. This excludes any kind of privately owned and run institutes including private aided institutes.

Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Trends over time 2006-2014, ASER Centre/ Pratham

• Data available for rural areas only

Technical Appendix

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

REMARKS

Health Maternal mortality ratio

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Maternal mortality ratio is derived as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births reported.

• Data for 3 years is pooled to enhance sample size and yield more reliable estimates.

• For states split after the year 2000, i.e. Bihar and Jharkhand; Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, MMR is estimated jointly.

Infant mortality rate

Sample Registration System, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (children aged 1 year or less) per 1,000 live births.

Malnutrition: Stunting

National Family Health Survey (NFHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• ‘Stunting’ defined as percentage of children below age 5 who are short for their age.

• Data for 2006 is from the NFHS and for 2014 is from the RSOC. Though both provide stunting estimates for children below age 5 the numbers for 2006 and 2014 may not be strictly comparable due to differences in survey methodology.

Rapid Survey on Children (RSOC), Ministry of Women and Child Development

Infrastructure & Amenities Electrification

Consumption expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• ‘Electrification’ defined as the proportion of households using electricity as primary source of energy for lighting.

Road density

Basic Roads Statistics, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

• Road density has been defined as road length per million people and road length per 1,000 sq. km.

• Road length estimates correspond to ‘total road length’ data published in the Basic Roads Statistics report.

• Population for 2005 has been estimated by interpolating 2001 and 2011 census population to January 1st of 2005.

Population for 2012 has been estimated by extrapolating 2011 census population to January 1st 2012. Census data have been interpolated/ extrapolated to non-census years using the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

• Land area estimates have been taken from the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

Drinking water on premises

Survey of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

• The most recent survey data is available for the year 2012.

Open defecation Access to latrine

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May 20, 2016

Technical Appendix

LABEL Data labels

29 STATES AND ALL INDIA

LABEL

SOCIAL GROUP

ST SC OBC General

‘scheduled tribe’ ‘scheduled caste’ ‘other backward class’ ‘others’

(7 ‘low income states’ highlighted)

AI AP AR AS BH CG DL GA GJ HP HR JH JK KA KL MG MH MN MP MZ NL OD PJ RJ SK TN TR UK UP WB

All India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Meghalaya Maharashtra Manipur Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Adjustments for split states In the year 2000, 3 large states namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh were each split to form two states each.

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were the 3 new states created. The NSSO survey data allows us to separately estimate variables for ‘split’ states, enabling us to construct a consistent and comparable series of variables for the pre-split and post-split period.

A consistent and comparable series for population and growth data is not available. Specifically - 1991 population census data for ‘split’ states is not available and GSDP series for ‘split’ states is only available for years after 2000. In order to create a consistent population series, the 1991 population estimates for the parent state have been divided in a way that mirrors the relative shares of the new states’ population in the parent state population in 2001.

In order to create a consistent GSDP series, pre-2000 GSDP figures for the parent state have been divided in a way that preserves the relative shares of the new ‘ GSDP in the parent state GSDP for a ten year period after the year 2000.

In the year 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out of Andhra Pradesh (AP), with the remaining portion of AP retaining the name of the parent state. Separate estimates for Telangana have not been published in the States Briefs. All state-level estimates for Andhra Pradesh correspond to AP and Telangana combined.

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May 20, 2016