Vietnam

TABLE 7.1 Summary of the transformative innovations with high potential for country readiness and the agricultural innovation systems policy areas warranting attention in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam

COUNTRY OR SECTOR TRANSFORMATIVE INNOVATIONS WITH POTENTIALa COORDINATION AND GOVERNANCE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EXTENSION, AND INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR AND PARTNERSHIPS INNOVATION SKILLS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

precision farming, urban agriculture, e-services, food safety, traceability, sustainable agriculture practices, food loss and waste,

• Strengthen inclusive coordination for AIS • Improve strategic AIS leadership and mechanisms for province to state level coordination • Consistent use of M&E for policy and priority setting • Increase spending and cross-cutting

R&D on emerging issues • Limit public R&D on developmental research to enable private sector investment • Further enable PPP, also by foreign firms • Strengthen decentralization and coverage of extension; greater focus on sustainable practices and business support • Enable brokers to support innovation processes • Strengthen capacity for cross-disciplinary collaboration • Improve ICT skills in rural areas • Enforce IPR, biosafety, and environmental governance • Improve ICT connectivity • Create an ecosystem for venture capital; greater flexibility with FDI rules

Indonesia Varietal development, CSA, biotechnology, precision farming, e-services, food safety and traceability • Strengthen use of M&E for policy and priority setting • Support visionaries and platforms for inclusive innovation • Increase R&D spending and reduce commodity focus to allow multidisciplinary R&D • Increase incentives for co-innovation • Improve quality of extension at the decentralized level, including with e-extension • Improve ICT skills in rural areas • Enhance industry-higher education collaboration to address shortage of skills • Implement vocational training reform • Consider endorsing UPOV • Enforce IPR • Improve transport and ICT infrastructure • Address land tenure and rural finance • Increase incentives for FDI

farming, biotechnology, nutrition, food safety and traceability, food loss and waste • Consistently use M&E for policy and priority setting • Support visionaries and platforms or brokers for inclusive innovation in agriculture • Maintain or increase spending and targeted allocation (less commodityfocused) • Further enable co-innovation among public and private actors • Improve extension coverage • Strengthen capacity for cross-disciplinary collaboration • Enhance industry-researchhigher education collaboration for greater capacity and to address shortage of skills • Consider endorsing UPOV • Reform land tenure that impedes investment by farms and firms

Philippines CSA, e-services, biotechnology, food safety, precision farming • Improve coordination and fragmented governance of

AIS • Integrate M&E • Support visionaries and platforms for inclusive innovation • Continue increasing R&D spending and efficiency • Provide incentives for co-innovation through innovation funds and PPPs • Increase budget and content (sustainable practices) of extension and e-extension services • Improve ICT skills in rural areas • Enhance industry-higher education collaboration to address shortage of skills • Implement vocational training reform • Consider endorsing UPOV • Improve IPR enforcement • Improve transport and ICT infrastructure • Improve land tenure and rural finance options

continued

TABLE 7.1, continued

COUNTRY OR SECTOR TRANSFORMATIVE INNOVATIONS WITH POTENTIALa COORDINATION AND GOVERNANCE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EXTENSION, AND INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR AND PARTNERSHIPS INNOVATION SKILLS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

Thailand CSA, nutrition, precision farming, biotechnology, e-services, food safety and traceability

Vietnam CSA, livestock research, precision farming, biotechnology, food safety and traceability • Strengthen fragmented

R&D coordination • Support visionaries and platforms or brokers for inclusive innovation • Increase R&D spending, reduce emphasis on commodities • Increase incentives for co-innovation • Develop a demand-driven extension model • Improve relevance of extension advice • Strengthen ICT skills in rural areas and extension services • Continue strengthening capacity for cross-disciplinary collaboration and industryhigher education collaboration to address shortage of skills • Consider endorsing UPOV • Establish biosafety regulations • Reform land tenure • Improve ICT connectivity

• Strengthen coordination of

R&D and AIS strategies and programs • Strengthen use of M&E • Support visionaries and platforms for inclusive innovation • Increase R&D spending, further strengthen coordination across agencies and actors • Enable increase in private sector

R&D and provide incentives for co-innovation (funds, PPPs) • Improve coverage, budget, and plurality of extension services • Improve ICT skills in rural areas • Strengthen the HR pool for

R&D and other skills • Invest in HR for agriculture 4.0 • Enhance industry-higher education collaboration to address shortage of skills • Implement vocational training reform • Enforce IPR, biosafety, and environmental governance • Improve transport and ICT infrastructure • Improve financing options for firms and farms

Context specific. See chapter 5 and table 5.1. • Public leadership is necessary at the national level, strategic issues, and

M&E. Private sector leadership more prominent for, for example, specific value chains. Inclusive participation is the norm. • Context specific. See chapter 6 and box 6.7. • Public sector leadership and investment is the norm.

However, private sector inputs to curriculum development, industry-university collaboration, and internship is crucial. • Public sector leadership and investment is the norm in most contexts. Private sector interest in infrastructure and development of regulations should be encouraged.

Source: Original table for this publication. Note: The table is illustrative only, and expected to provide a basis for further work and investigation to help refine countries’ strategic attention to transformative innovations and AIS. AIS = agriculture innovation systems; CSA = climate-smart agriculture; FDI = foreign direct investment; HR = human resources; ICT = information and communication technology; IPR = intellectual property rights; M&E = monitoring and evaluation; PPP = public-private partnership; R&D = research and development; UPOV = International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. a. Transformative innovations with potential (chapters 4–5). The innovations in bold are already priorities according to the literature review. AIS elements are drawn from chapter 6 and from tables F.1 and F.3 in appendix F.

Plastic use and waste, along with inadequate recycling, have generated marine debris and become a major environmental problem constraining the green development of agriculture. Plastic is used widely in agriculture: films in greenhouses, walk-in tunnel and low tunnel covers, mulching and silage; nets for protection from birds, insects, and hail; strapping for bales; irrigation pipes; and fertilizer and agrochemical packages (Schuttelaar and Partners 2019; World Bank 2019). At present, bottlenecks on plastic reconversion and reuse are found in the high variety of mingled plastics and the cost associated with identifying and separating the different streams. Leading companies acknowledge the need to develop innovative business models for addressing the issue of marine litter. However, innovations in both technologies and financing happen in an ad hoc manner, often not to scale or not adaptable to local contexts, and with lack of opportunities for comparisons, quality control, and feasibility (World Bank 2019). In addition, the food and beverages sector relies increasingly on plastic packaging. Table A.1 summarizes plastic use, mismanagement, recycling, and main plastic sources for East Asian countries.