Endnotes

1 The Future of Jobs 2018- Key Findings. “The Future of Jobs 2018- Key Findings.” The World Economic Forum, September 2018. https://wef.ch/2NHqHKK. 2 Ibid 3 “Machine Learning: What It Is and Why It Matters.” SAS Institute Inc. Accessed December 23, 2019. https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/machine-learning.html. 4 “What Is Automation?- ISA.” The International Society of Automation, n.d. https://www.isa.org/about-isa/what-is-automation/. 5 Lund, Susan, James Manyika, Liz Hilton Segel, Andre Dua, Brian Hancock, Scott Rutherford, and Brent Macon. “Future of Work in America | McKinsey.” Electronic. Work in America. McKinsey Global Institute, July 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/featuredinsights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-and-tomorrow. 6 Autor, David, David Autor, Anna Salomons, and Anna Salomons. "Is Automation Labor Share-Displacing? Productivity Growth, Employment, and the Labor Share." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity2018, no. 1 (2018): 1- 87. doi:10.1353/eca.2018.0000 7 Lund, Susan, James Manyika, Liz Hilton Segel, Andre Dua, Brian Hancock, Scott Rutherford, and Brent Macon. “Future of Work in America | McKinsey.” Electronic. Work in America. McKinsey Global Institute, July 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/featuredinsights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-and-tomorrow. 8 “The Automation Roadmap: CMU Professors Use Machine Learning to Forecast Disruptive Tech.” Carnegie Mellon University, March 2018. https://www.heinz.cmu.edu/media/2018/March/automation-roadmap. 9 “Future of Work.” City of Seattle. Accessed January 5, 2020. https://performance.seattle.gov/stories/s/Future-of-Work/ujqhe68z/. 10 Lund, Susan, James Manyika, Liz Hilton Segel, Andre Dua, Brian Hancock, Scott Rutherford, and Brent Macon. “Future of Work in America | McKinsey.” Electronic. Work in America. McKinsey Global Institute, July 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-andtomorrow. 11 Davenport, Thomas H., and Rajeev Ronanki. “Artificial Intelligence for the Real World.” Harvard Business Review, January 1, 2018. https://hbr.org/2018/01/artificial-intelligence-for-the-real-world 12 Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Tarun Khanna, and Sarah Mehta. “The Future of Patent Examination at the USPTO,” Harvard Business School Case 617-027 April 11, 2017. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=52478. 13 Lund, Susan, James Manyika, Liz Hilton Segel, Andre Dua, Brian Hancock, Scott Rutherford, and Brent Macon. “Future of Work in America | McKinsey.” Electronic. Work in America. McKinsey Global Institute, July 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-andtomorrow. 14 Fleming, Martin, Wyatt Clarke, Subhro Das, Phai Phongthiengtham, and Prabhat Reddy. “The Future of Work: How New Technologies Are Transforming Tasks,” October 31, 2019. https://mitibm watsonailab.mit.edu/research/publications/paper/download/The-Future-of-Work-How-New-Technologies-Are-TransformingTasks.pdf. 15 Lund, Susan, James Manyika, Liz Hilton Segel, Andre Dua, Brian Hancock, Scott Rutherford, and Brent Macon. “Future of Work in America | McKinsey.” Electronic. Work in America. McKinsey Global Institute, July 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-andtomorrow. The authors define middle-wage jobs as those in the middle 40 percent of the income distribution (2017). Note that this analysis does not account for different wage growth or decline over time. High-skill and low-skill jobs are defined based on David Autor and David Dorn, “The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market” (American Economic Review, 2013). 16 Muro, Mark, Robert Maxim, and Jacob Whiton. “Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How Machines Are Affecting People and Places.” The Brookings Institution , January 1, 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/2019.01_BrookingsMetro_Automation-AI_Report_Muro-Maxim-Whiton-FINAL-version.pdf. 17 The Future of Jobs 2018- Key Findings. “The Future of Jobs 2018- Key Findings.” The World Economic Forum, September 2018. https://wef.ch/2NHqHKK. 18 Fuller, Joseph B., Judith K. Wallenstein, Manjari Raman, and Alice de Chalendar. “Future Positive: How Companies Can Tap Into Employee Optimism to Navigate Tomorrow’s Workplace.” BCG, Harvard Business School, May 2019. https://www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/research/Documents/Future%20Positive%20Report.pdf. 19 The Future of Jobs 2018- Key Findings. “The Future of Jobs 2018- Key Findings.” The World Economic Forum, September 2018. https://wef.ch/2NHqHKK. 20 For illustrative scenarios of public sector jobs that can be transformed through human-machine pairing, see Deloitte Insights: Designing Future Government Jobs- A Vision for How to Optimize Human and Technological Potential (https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ec/Documents/public-sector/DI_Govt-jobs-of-the-future.pdf) 21 Muro, Mark, Robert Maxim, and Jacob Whiton. “Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How Machines Are Affecting People and Places.” The Brookings Institution , January 1, 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/2019.01_BrookingsMetro_Automation-AI_Report_Muro-Maxim-Whiton-FINAL-version.pdf. 22 Ibid 23 “The Future of Work in Black America.” McKinsey, October 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-ofwork/the-future-of-work-in-black-america. 24 Ibid 25 Wladawsky-Berger, Irving. “The Impact of AI on Government—Opportunities and Challenges.” WSJ (blog), November 22, 2019. https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2019/11/22/the-impact-of-ai-on-government-opportunities-and-challenges/. 26 “Future of Work in Government | Deloitte Insights.” Deloitte, February 28, 2019. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/future-of-work-in-government.html. 27 America, C. for, n.d. How human-centered is our social safety net? Code for America. URL https://www.codeforamerica.org/news/how-human-centered-is-our-social-safety-net (accessed 1.11.20). 28 McKinsey, 2014. Putting Citizens First: How to improve citizen’s experience and satisfaction with public services.

29

Mckinsey, “Improving the Customer Experience to Achieve Government-Agency Goals | McKinsey,” 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/improving-the-customer-experience-to-achieve-governmentagency-goals. 30 Ibid 31 Mckinsey, “How US State Governments Can Improve Customer Service,” Mckinsey and Company, 2014. 32 Author’s interview with Seattle center on 11.01.2019 33 Kleinberg, J., Ludwig, J., Mullainathan, S., 2016. A guide to solving social problems with machine learning. Harvard Business Review. 34 Can Algorithms Predict House Fires?. Data-Smart City Solutions. URL https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/can

algorithms-predict-house-fires-990 (accessed 1.11.20). 35 Hillenbrand, K., 2016. Predicting Fire Risk: From New Orleans to a Nationwide Tool [WWW Document]. Data-Smart City Solutions. URL https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/predicting-fire-risk-from-new-orleans-to-a-nationwide-tool-846 (accessed 1.12.20). 36 Faruqui, A., Harris, D., Hledik, R., 2010. Unlocking the €53 billion savings from smart meters in the EU: How increasing the adoption of dynamic tariffs could make or break the EU’s smart grid investment. Energy Policy, The socio-economic transition towards a hydrogen economy findings from European research, with regular papers 38, 6222–6231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.06.010 37 “Technology Program - Transportation | Seattle.Gov.” Accessed December 14, 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/projects-and-programs/programs/technology-program. 38 ITS Strategic plan 2010-2020 39 Ibid 40 “Urbanalytics.” Accessed January 13, 2020. https://urbanalytics.uw.edu/projects/arrayofthings/. 41 Five Ways Chatbots Could Transform Government Services. Data-Smart City Solutions. URL https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/five-ways-chatbots-could-transform-government-services-1033 (accessed 1.11.20). 42 Krishnamurthy, K.C.D. and R., 2017. Chatbots move public sector toward artificial intelligence. Brookings. URL https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2017/06/02/chatbots-move-public-sector-towards-artificial-intelligence/ 1.11.20). 43 3-1-1, 2019. . Wikipedia. 44 Federal News Network. “New Patent or Not? USPTO Builds AI Tools to Help Employees Decide,” July 26, 2019. (accessed

https://federalnewsnetwork.com/artificial-intelligence/2019/07/new-patent-or-not-uspto-builds-ai-tools-to-employees-decide/. 45 Japan trials AI for parliament use, 2016. . GovInsider. URL https://govinsider.asia/innovation/japan-trials-ai-for-parliament-use/ (accessed 1.11.20). 46 Can Algorithms Predict House Fires?. Data-Smart City Solutions. URL https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/canalgorithms-predict-house-fires-990 (accessed 1.11.20). 47 Ibid 48 Sam Corbett-Davies and Goel Sharad, “The Measure and Mismeasure of Fairness: A Critical Review of Fair Machine Learning,” 2018. 49 Julia Angwin, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirshner, “Machine Bias: There’s Software Used across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased against Blacks.,” ProPublica (blog), 2016. 50 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2019. Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic Effects. 51 Glaser, A., 2019. Do Tech Companies Really Need to Snoop Into Private Conversations to Improve Their A.I.? Slate Magazine. URL https://slate.com/technology/2019/08/big-tech-ai-conversation-snooping-siri-alexa-google.html (accessed 1.11.20). 52 The US House Committee on Energy and Commerce has been conducting regular hearings on data privacy and collection. There has been similar regulatory attention across the globe. 53 The City of Seattle, 2018. Open Data Plan 2018. The City of Seattle. 54 Privacy Reviews of City Technology - Tech | seattle.gov URL https://www.seattle.gov/tech/initiatives/privacy/privacy-reviews (accessed 1.11.20). 55 Winston, A., 2018. Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology [WWW Document]. The Verge. URL https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd (accessed 1.11.20). 56 Anteby, Michel, Elena Corsi, and Emilie Billaud. "Automating the Paris Subway (A)." Harvard Business School Case 413-

061, September 2012. (Revised May 2013.) 57 “Seattle City Light - Advanced Metering | Project Overview.” Accessed December 15, 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/light/ami/. 58 The City of Seattle, 2017. City of Seattle Privacy Impact Assessment. The City of Seattle. 59 “Privacy - Tech | Seattle.Gov.” http://www.seattle.gov/tech/initiatives/privacy. 60 U. S. Census Bureau. “American FactFinder - Results.” Accessed December 22, 2019. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk. 61 “Workforce Equity Update Report.” Seattle, WA: Seattle Department of Human Resources and Seattle Office of Civil Rights. Accessed December 21, 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/personnel/resources/pubs/2019_WFE_Update_Report_v5_Final.pdf. 62 We also found evidence of a city-wide, experience-adjusted sex wage gap. In a regression model, we find that adding a number of department-specific controls covering less than half of the city workforce renders both the "main effect" of gender and all excluded departments collectively, statistically insignificant. Because controlling for job titles eliminates any sex wage gap, this is most consistent with women sorting into both lower wage occupations as well as lower wage departments, an issue many cities struggle with. We also find evidence of several Department-specific gender wage gaps, most of which appear to be driven by

occupational sorting. Similarly, our analysis does not show significant differences in representation for people of color (POC) and white employees compared to the city’s population, but we do find evidence of a race wage gap. 63 U. S. Census Bureau. “American FactFinder - Results.” Accessed December 22, 2019. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk. 64 We define statistically significant as heaving less than a 1/20 probability of occurring by chance. 65 Office of the Mayor. “Seattle Mayor-Elect Jenny Durkan Announces Seattle’s Most Diverse, Inclusive Transition Committee Representing All Parts of the City,” November 14, 2017. https://durkan.seattle.gov/2017/11/seattle-mayor-elect-jenny-durkanannounces-seattles-most-diverse-inclusive-transition-committee-representing-all-parts-of-the-city/ 66 Government Alliance on Race and Equity. “Advancing Racial Equity and Transforming Government: A Resource Guide,” October 22, 2015. https://www.racialequityalliance.org/2015/10/22/resource-guide/, 29. 67 “Race and Social Justice Initiative - RSJI | Seattle.Gov.” Accessed December 22, 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/rsji. 68 Government Alliance on Race and Equity, 23. 69 “Race Equity and Inclusion Action Guide.” The Annie E. Casey Foundation, January 8, 2015. https://www.aecf.org/resources/race-equity-and-inclusion-action-guide/, 5. 70 “City of Seattle Employer of Choice Initiative.” Seattle, Washington: Seattle City Leadership Academy, June 12, 2019. 71 Government Alliance on Race and Equity, 23. 72 NPR.org. “Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism.” January 2017 Accessed December 23, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2015/07/31/427990392/remembering-when-driverless-elevators-drew-skepticism. 73 The Financial Times calculator is based on a 2017 McKinsey Report on automation. 74 Madgavkar, Anu, James Manyika, Mekala Krishnan, Kweilin Ellingrud, Lareina Yee, Jonathan Woetzel, Michael Chui, Vivian Hunt, and Sruti Balakrishnan. “The Future of Women at Work: Transitions in the Age of Automation.” McKinsey Global Institute, June 2019. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Gender%20Equality/The%20future%20of%20women%20a t%20work%20Transitions%20in%20the%20age%20of%20automation/MGI-The-future-of-women-at-work-Report-July2019.ashx. 75 Ibid. 76 The number of regular (non-temporary) municipal positions grew by 2.4% since 2016. The number of regular (non-temporary) information technology positions (proxied by counting all positions that have "info" in their job title) grew by about 7.0% over the same period. 77 de Brey, Cristobal, Lauren Musu, Joel McFarland, Sidney Wilkinson-Flicker, Melissa Diliberti, Anlan Zhang, Claire Branstetter, and Xiaolei Wang. “Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018.” Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, February 2019. https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2019038, 156. 78 de Brey, Cristobal, et al., “Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018”, 156. 79 “Innovation Measurement: Tracking the State of Innovation in the American Economy.” The Advisory Committee on Measuring Innovation in the 21st Century Economy, U.S. Department of Commerce. January 2008. http://users.nber.org/~sewp/SEWPdigestFeb08/InnovationMeasurement2001_08.pdf. 80 Eisenmann, Thomas, Eric Ries, and Sarah Dillard. “Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship: The Lean Startup.” Harvard Business School 9-812–095 (July 10, 2013). 81 “Autonomous vehicles: Boston’s approach.” City of Boston. January 4, 2017. https://www.boston.gov/transportation/autonomous-vehicles-bostons-approach. 82 “Reshaping Urban Mobility with Autonomous Vehicles Lessons from the City of Boston”. World Economic Forum, June 2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Reshaping_Urban_Mobility_with_Autonomous_Vehicles_2018.pdf. 83 Wiseman, Janet. “Lessons from Leading CDOs.” Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, January 2017. https://datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/lessons-from-leading-cdos-966. 84 Ibid. 85 Ibid. 86 Jacobs, Ronald, and Joshua D. Hawley. Emergence of Workforce Development: Definition, Conceptual Boundaries, and Implications. In R. MacLean and D. Wilson, International Handbook of Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Amsterdam: Springer, 2009. 87 “2018 Workforce Equity Update Report.” City of Seattle, March 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/personnel/resources/pubs/2019_WFE_Update_Report_v5_Final.pdf 88 Blakely, Edward J., and Nancey Green Leigh. Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice. 6th edition. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2017. 89 Gramise, Shari O. People and the Competitive Advantage of Place: Building a Workforce for the 21 st Century. Cities and Contemporary Society. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2006. 90 Blakely, Edward J., and Nancey Green Leigh. Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice. 6th edition. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2017. 91 “2018 Workforce Equity Update Report.” City of Seattle, March 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/personnel/resources/pubs/2019_WFE_Update_Report_v5_Final.pdf 92 Seattle.gov. “Career Development Training Program Map,” January 1, 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/economicDevelopment/workforce/Training%20Program%20Map%2001.18.pd f. Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light offer entry-level employees a tuition assistance program; Seattle Parks and Recreation and Seattle Public Library offer entry-level employees a mentorship program. 93 Ibid 94 Seattle.gov. “Personnel Rule 3.5 –Out-of-Class Assignments.” Accessed December 19, 2019. https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/HumanResources/personnel%20rules/Personnel%20Rules%203.5%2019051 0.pdf. 95 BCG. “Cultural Change –What Drives Culture Change?” Accessed December 20, 2019. https://www.bcg.com/enus/capabilities/people-organization/seven-crucial-levers-culture-change.aspx. 96 Seattle Colleges. “Corporate Training –Specialized Workforce Training.” Accessed December 21, 2019. http://corporatetraining.seattlecolleges.edu. 97 Deloitte Insights. “The Automation of Jobs and the Future of Government Work.” Accessed December 21, 2019. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/public-sector/job-automation-future-of-work-in-government.html. 98 Code for America. “Community Fellowship” Accessed December 21, 2019. https://www.codeforamerica.org/programs/fellowship.

99 Academy of Management. “Why Organizational and Community Diversity Matter: Representativeness and the Emergence of Incivility and Organizational Performance.” December 2011. https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2010.0016 100 City of Seattle. City of Seattle Employer of Choice Initiative Report, June 12, 2019 101 Public Service Division. “White Paper-Salaries for a Capable and Committed Government.” January 10, 2012. https://www.psd.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/white-paper---salaries-for-a-capable-and-committedgovt.pdf 102 Seattle Jobs Initiative. Employment Pathways and Workforce Diversity Report. 2018. 103 Kimbrough, Carla. “Local Governments Hiring Chief Diversity Officers to Lead Equity and Inclusion Work.” National Civic Review. 2017. http://www.nationalcivicleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Kimbrough-2017-National_Civic_Review-1.pdf 104 Ibid. 105 Jobvite. Recruiting Funnel Benchmark Report: Analysis and Actionable Tips to Improve Recruiting Performance Report. May 2017. https://www.jobvite.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Jobvite_2017_Recruiting_Funnel_Benchmark_Report.pdf 106 Seattle Jobs Initiative. Employment Pathways and Workforce Diversity Report. 2018. 107 Berry, Richard. “Taking Talent ABQ’s Skills-Based Hiring to National Stage,” Albuquerque Journal, April 6, 2018, https://www.abqjournal.com/1155261/taking-talent-abqs-skillsbased-hiring-to-national-stage.html 108 Government of Canada. Building a Diverse and Inclusive Public Service: Final Report-Joint Union/Management Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion. December 15, 2017. http://oaresource.library.carleton.ca/wcl/2018/20180119/BT22-184-2017-eng.pdf 109 UK Government Chief Social Researcher’s Office. “Trying it out: The role of Pilots in Policy-Making.” 2003. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/498256/Trying_it_out_the_ro le_of_pilots_in_policy.pdf. 110 “The Risks of Outdated Technology: Why Legacy Systems Cost You More Than You Realize,” July 26, 2017. https://www.alvareztg.com/the-risks-of-outdated-technology-why-legacy-systems-cost-you-more-than-you-realize/. 111 “Class Specifications.” Accessed January 11, 2020. https://www.governmentjobs.com/careers/seattle/classspecs. 112 “Layoff Guide.” Seattle Department of Human Resources, October 2014. https://www.seattle.gov/personnel/services/pubs/layoff_guide_management.pdf. 113 “2018 Salary Schedule Schedule and Compensation Plan.” Seattle Department of Human Resources, 2018. https://www.seattle.gov/personnel/resources/pubs/2018salaryschedule.pdf. 114 “2019-20 Seattle Proposed Budget: Glossary.” Seattle City Budget Office, 2019. http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/FinanceDepartment/19proposedbudget/glossary.pdf. 115 Harvard Graduate School of Education. “Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21 st Century.” February 2011. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb2011-1.pdf 116 Ibid. 117 City of Seattle. “Internships.” Employment Opportunities: Career Center. https://www.seattle.gov/personnel/employment/internships.asp 118 Ibid.