Walking Through New Orleans

Walking Through New Orleans Isidore Newman School Class of 2014

Table of Contents Proud to Call it Home

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Our Protection

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Writhing Wetlands

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Jazz it up With New Orleans Seafood

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Dining in New Orleans

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Sweets on our Streets

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Music Gumbo

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Fabulous Festivals

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Only in New Orleans

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When the Saints Go Marching In

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Geaux Hornets!

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Works Consulted

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Proud to Call it Home In New Orleans, there are many buildings and homes. Many of the homes existed over 300 years ago. The city has many different styles of homes, and much of it is a mixture of French, Spanish, and American architecture, creating its own unique appearance. Scores of the styles of homes cannot be found anywhere else in America. Many of the most famous styles originated in New Orleans. Also, in the always looming threat of hurricanes, most homes have special protection systems to protect them from flood waters.

The city has always had the threat of hurricanes ever since New Orleans was founded in 1718. Since people have lived here, they have made special protection systems to protect their homes. One way people do this is by raising their homes. All over the city, people put cement and cinder blocks underneath their homes so the floodwaters will not reach their actual living quarters.

Jack Sawyer, an eco-friendly architect from the area, says‌ As a standard, raised homes are normally three feet above the highest point on the property.

Since Hurricane Katrina, many New Orleanians are trying new ways to make their houses flood resistant. Few people do this however, because it is expensive and has not been tried before.

During Hurricane Katrina in 2005, many New Orleanians’ homes were destroyed. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) provided 35,000 FEMA trailers for refugees to live in. A FEMA Trailer is a small 230.22 square foot trailer with a bedroom and a living area. Each trailer is equipped with running water (provided by a garden hose normally), and propane tanks to heat the water. For over two years many people lived in these portable homes, but in 2008, it was found out that the trailers produced five times more formaldehyde, a toxic gas, than a normal home. FEMA moved 348 people out of trailers to hotels or motels. In April of 2008, they made everyone who called FEMA trailers their homes move out to find their own way in the reality of life.

In New Orleans, there are many unique styles of homes. The shotgun home is a style of home found almost nowhere else in the country. 85% of the shotgun homes in the country are in New Orleans. It is a long rectangular home with a door in the front and back. The name shotgun house was given to this home because you could shoot a shotgun through the house from the front and the BBs would go all the way to the back of the house and pass through every room. The shotgun home does not have a lot of space, which led to the camelback shotgun homes, which add more space in the back. When you look at a camelback shotgun home, the extra space makes it look like a shotgun home with a hump on the back. The shotgun house is one of the most unique homes in the country.

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In the fancier districts of New Orleans, there are houses called villas. These are very common homes in the Garden District, a district where there are many fancy homes. The homes are made of wood and are one and a half stories. They are raised on bricks normally between two to eight feet above ground level. They have big front galleries framed by normally six columns. These are some of the fanciest homes in New Orleans.

The Creole Cottage is one of the very first styles of New Orleans homes. They are found normally in the oldest part of town, called the French Quarter. These homes were built mostly between 1790 and 1850. A Creole Cottage is a single story home. They are set at ground level and have a steep roof.

They have stucco, which is a common wall cover in New Orleans, or wood exteriors. They are also normally very close to the property line. This is a very common type of home in New Orleans.

In the 1700s, people did not have access to house alarms and other modern protection systems. In the old days, citizens would pour cement over the wall of their homes. Before the cement dried, they would break glass and put the broken glass in the cement. After the cement dried, burglars could not climb the walls because they would hurt their hands on the broken glass. Also, some people put spikes on their fences. Back then, robbers would climb over the fences and be in the property. By sharpening the tops of the fences, people could not climb over the fence. People in New Orleans had very interesting ways of protection back then.

Hurricane Katrina was most likely the worst disaster that New Orleans or the whole country ever experienced. Many people died, and homes were also destroyed. The calculation of all the homes destroyed is approximately 850,791. Not only were families’ properties wiped out, but old New Orleans architecture that was critical to the city was much abolished. Although Hurricane Katrina brought much grief to the city, it brought more determination to rebuild this vital part of the United States. All that is needed is some hope and courage to find the city’s architecture.

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Our Protection Flood and hurricane protection are essential to the city of New Orleans. This is because New Orleans is below sea level, which makes it more vulnerable to floods and hurricanes. There are many ways of protecting the city from floods and hurricanes, such as levees, evacuation plans, and elevation of homes. Levees and elevation of homes protect people from flooding, while evacuation plans protect citizens from the hurricanes. The flood and hurricane protection plays an important role in New Orleans. Flood and hurricane protection is important to the city of New Orleans.

Levees play an important role in hurricane protection. A levee is simply earth mounded into a hill to contain water. Levees are made from Louisiana clay. Man-made levees are made with dirt, clay, and some reinforced metal or stone. Their surface must be protected from erosion, so they are planted with vegetation such as Bermuda grass.

The Mississippi Levee System is one of the biggest levee systems in the world. It is comprised of over 3,500 miles of levees extending some 1,000 miles along the Mississippi River. Natural and man-made levees are very important because they protect us from floods and hurricanes.

The levees are still under construction today. The United States Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintaining the levees. At banks where there are levees, the Corps is raising the hurricane protection higher. Levees cause land loss because they make it hard for sediment to get through to make more land, which is causing our wetlands, which also protect us, to disappear. The Mississippi River creates levees that protect us from natural disasters. When the Mississippi River overflows, it deposits the heaviest sediment first, thus building up land closest to the river. The levees are made to protect us from natural disasters.

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans as a category four hurricane. The levees failed to protect us because they breached, which means that parts of the levee broke off, thus flooding the city. Katrina did not hit New Orleans directly, but east of it. The winds were only categories one and two, but the walls of canals and levees broke due to human errors. The fault of the levee breaching was mostly on Congress and the Army Corps of Engineers. The reason Eastern New Orleans flooded so badly was because 10% of the levees were made of sand, which erodes much Walking Through New Orleans

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faster than Louisiana clay. Sandy Rosenthal, the executive director of levees.org, said…

The biggest reason the levees breached in New Orleans was because the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not treat our hurricane protection systems and levees as one big system.

Hurricane Katrina caused 75 billion dollars worth of damage, which is the most of any hurricane in United States history. New Orleans has recovered 63% of its pre-Katrina residents.

The state evacuation plan calls for people to evacuate 50 hours before the hurricane is predicted. There are also buses that evacuate people who do not have their own automobiles to safer places. When a hurricane strikes, there is “contraflow” which is instead of two interstate lanes, one entering and one leaving the city, there are two lanes leading out of the city of New Orleans.

Sometimes when big hurricanes hit, there is a mandatory evacuation. If you do not evacuate when there is a mandatory evacuation, you can go to prison if you survive the hurricane. Evacuation plans help people in New Orleans evacuate to safer places. Some people elevate their homes, or raise their homes to help prevent flooding.

Flood and hurricane protection is vital to our city because it keeps us safe. The levees, evacuation plans, and elevation of homes help protect the city from floods and hurricanes. Without our protection, New Orleans would probably be completely destroyed. After the disastrous Hurricane Katrina, the city of New Orleans has recovered 63% of its pre-Katrina residents. The levees protect us from category three, but cannot protect us from category four and five hurricanes.

The United States Army Corps of Engineers is mainly to blame for the destruction of the New Orleans area. Our flood and hurricane protection is very important, and without it New Orleans would be a disaster.

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Writhing Wetlands What are wetlands? The definition in the dictionary says that wetlands are “swamps, marshes, barrier islands, or other land that is soaked with water from time to time or permanently.”

However, our definition of wetlands is areas of marshes, swamps, and estuaries that are vanishing everyday in New Orleans. The Mississippi River has built up the Louisiana coast for 6,000 years, and man has washed away one-third of the coast in 75 years. There are multiple reasons for losing so many wetlands in our vicinity. These include the problems of saltwater intrusion, subsidence, erosion, cold fronts pushing water out of wetlands, draining of wetlands, cutting of canals, oil industry, invasive species, building, and population. During an interview on the wetlands, our science teacher, Jennifer Williams said…

We have a very special ecosystem, and we need it for the future.

She means that the wetlands must be saved in order for Louisiana’s wildlife, economy, people, and seafood to survive.

There are four different types of wetlands. They are called swamps, marshes, bayous, and barrier islands. Swamps and bayous are very wet areas with trees and muddy water with many types of wildlife. Marshes are very big grasslands with very muddy water and soil under the plants.

Barrier islands are long, skinny islands with sand and trees. Another part of wetlands is the estuary.

An estuary is part of the mouth or lower course of a river in which the river's current meets the sea's tide. The wetlands in Louisiana are beautiful and helpful.

The Louisiana wetlands are important for Americans. What do they provide? They provide ports, food, seafood, fishing, oil, gas, and protection from hurricanes. Wetlands help boats travel to bring 27 percent of America’s oil and 30 percent of its gas travel. 56 percent of the nation’s grain shipment goes through the Port of New Orleans and the Port of South Louisiana. Estuaries of Louisiana produce half of America’s wild shrimp crop and about a third of its oysters and blue claw crabs. The wetlands protect 103,000,000,000 dollars in resources. Louisiana wetlands are essential for America’s economy.

Why is Louisiana losing wetlands? Levees, jetties, subsidence, and saltwater intrusion are some of the reasons we are losing wetlands. The government built levees to protect communities from Mississippi River floods. They also built jetties at the river’s mouth to prevent sand bars from forming and blocking shipping traffic. Those projects worked, but they also increased the speed of Walking Through New Orleans

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land loss by cutting off sediment flow to the wetlands that once kept up with subsidence. Subsidence is the natural sinking of soft marsh soils. The Louisiana coast might have been preserved another one thousand years or more if we had not done those projects. Saltwater intrusion is a major cause of wetland loss and is increased by the cutting of canals through the wetlands. Each day Louisiana loses one football field or soccer field of wetlands, which equals about 100 meters by 46 meters of wetlands.

Since 1989, Louisiana has spent 600,000,000 dollars to prevent 95 square miles of vanishing coastline, barely making a dent in the 2500 square miles lost in the past 70 years. In August of 2005, Hurricane Katrina destroyed 217 square miles of Louisiana marsh. Coastal restoration is a huge job and is very expensive. Coastal restoration is the rebuilding of wetlands and barrier islands with dredged material and sediment. The government’s Coastal Impact Assistance Program will provide 523,000,000 dollars from oil and gas revenues for restoration projects for the wetlands. Most of the money will not be ready until 2017, which may be too late to save the wetlands.

Louisiana has the most wetlands in the entire continental United States. Forty percent of the United States’ wetlands are in Louisiana. Wetlands are important for Louisiana’s economy and protection for the cities from hurricanes. The wetlands are vanishing rapidly from a combination of saltwater intrusion, subsidence, erosion, cold fronts pushing water out of the wetlands, draining of wetlands, cutting of canals, oil industry, invasive species, building, and population. Restoration projects have not been successful in saving the wetlands. Time is running out. Wetlands, wildlife, and our homes in Louisiana are going to be lost forever unless we do something as soon as possible.

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Jazz It Up With New Orleans Seafood Seafood is very important in New Orleans. From the great redfish to the delicious crawfish, they all have a place in New Orleans. There are many different types of seafood in New Orleans, but we are only going to focus on crawfish, alligator, shrimp, and seafood in general. We have entire festivals around seafood, such as the Crawfish Fest, and the Alligator Fest. To top that off, fishing is one of greatest pastimes in Louisiana. Accordingly, seafood is major business in New Orleans.

Crawfish are a very old and delicious native seafood. Crawfish have been part of New Orleans culture since early European settlers arrived. Crawfish are a Cajun delicacy, and they have been that way since the French controlled Louisiana.

There are over 30 different species of crawfish in Louisiana. That means that there are millions of pounds of crawfish in Louisiana, and to help you believe that, the annual yield of crawfish is from 75,000,000 to 105,000,000 pounds. Many people depend on crawfish to earn a living, but unfortunately after Hurricane Katrina, many people in the seafood industry lost their jobs. That is why crawfish are important to New Orleans.

Alligators are dangerous and delicious. Alligator is also considered a delicacy in Louisiana.

Alligators are very heavy -- up to 600 pounds. Since alligators can kill you, stay away from live ones.

Shrimp is also popular in Louisiana. There are two types of shrimp caught and served in Louisiana: brown and white shrimp. Shrimp go through many stages before they can be eaten. Shrimp can be eaten many ways, but the most common way is boiled.

Hurricane Katrina caused extensive damage to New Orleans’ seafood industry -- over $1,000,000,000 to be exact. However, here is a bit of good news. Twenty-six percent of the seafood in the United States is from Louisiana. The availability of seafood is a problem because gas prices are rising, and catches are less numerous. That means less people are out fishing for seafood because they have to catch a certain amount to break even. Since people cannot always break even, they have to sell their boats to recover the loss. That means that the number of people who fish has decreased.

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There was concern after Hurricane Katrina that Louisiana’s seafood was contaminated, but three months after the storm, the seafood was fine. The Bonnet Carré Spillway is a relief valve that is opened when the Mississippi River is going to flood our city. The Bonnet Carré Spillway is connected to Lake Pontchartrain. The recent opening of the Bonnet Carré Spillway killed soft shell crabs in Lake Pontchartrain, so the availability of soft shell crabs is even more of a problem. Soft shell crabs live in brackish water, and because the Mississippi is fresh water, it upset the balance, killing soft shell crabs. Most people think seafood is very expensive, but to quote Katy Casbarian, the vice president of Arnaud’s…

The prices vary on season and weather.

As you can see, seafood plays a major role in both New Orleans and Louisiana. Tourism increases the need for seafood in Louisiana. Many people come down to New Orleans to have great Cajun crawfish and alligator dishes. New Orleans sells billons of dollars in seafood a year.

Additionally, in spite of rising gas prices, fishing for seafood still keeps many people employed. So if you ever get a chance to try crawfish, alligator, or shrimp, make sure it is from Louisiana.

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Dining in New Orleans Restaurants are an integral part of New Orleans tradition. Many restaurants have been around for more than a century, and a few others that are not that old soon will be. The food served in New Orleans restaurants is also very reflective of the city’s culture. Many dishes found in our city are unique to it or were invented in the city. Some of the arguably best restaurants in the country, or even the world, are found right here in the Crescent City (a nickname for New Orleans). The restaurants in New Orleans are an important part of the city’s culture.

Multiple restaurants in the city are very old.

Antoine’s is one of the best examples. It was founded in 1840 by Antoine Alciatore, making it the oldest familyowned restaurant in the United States. Other historic restaurants are Commander’s Palace, since 1880, Galatoire’s, since 1905, and Arnaud’s, since 1918. Some of these restaurants, like Antoine’s and Galatoire’s, have moved the restaurant’s location down the block soon after they opened. Arnaud’s, on the other hand, has stayed in the same place but has expanded through 11 buildings. Some famous restaurants are even owned by the same family, such as the Brennan family, which owns Commander’s Palace, Brennan’s, and other restaurants. The restaurants in New Orleans all have a story to tell.

The food served at the restaurants here is no less interesting than the restaurants themselves. Some foods served around the world were invented here in New Orleans. Oysters Rockefeller was invented at Antoine’s. It is named Oysters Rockefeller because the sauce is so rich, and when it was invented, John Rockefeller was the richest man in America. Turtle soup is Commander’s Palace’s most popular dish and has gained a reputation as a Commander’s tradition.

Many dishes that were created in New Orleans restaurants have gained fame.

There are other foods that are unique to New Orleans and served in our restaurants. These foods, though, are traditional to the city, and are not unique to one restaurant. An example is gumbo, a soup made with okra, some type(s) of seafood (usually shrimp, crawfish, or crab) or meat (chicken or andouille sausage) and anything else you want to put in it. Étouffée is also a dish with seafood or meat over rice, but is not meant for experimentation like gumbo is. Others are jambalaya, a dish made with rice, meat, and all kinds of spices, and red beans and rice, traditionally served on Walking Through New Orleans

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Mondays. Po’ boys are a type of sandwich made with French bread and some type of seafood or meat, and can be dressed (with condiments and lettuce) or not dressed. Many foods are unique to the whole city and are used by its restaurants to marvelous results.

Creole restaurants (those that serve food from a blend of different cultures in the city) make up some of the culture in New Orleans. Around two-thirds of the restaurants in New Orleans have at least one Creole dish on their menu. One of the Creole restaurants in our city is Arnaud's. Some of their dishes are Shrimp Arnaud's, Alligator Sausage and Oysters Ohan. Shrimp Arnaud's is Gulf Shrimp marinated in tangy Creole Remoulade Sauce. Alligator Sausage is seasoned and served with smoked onion, apple relish and Creole mustard. Oysters Ohan is oysters with eggplant and andouille sausage. It is one of the most popular restaurants here because it serves delicious Creole food, and it is in the heart of New Orleans, the French Quarter.

The income of restaurants in New Orleans is impacted highly by tourists. It is estimated by the owner of the famous restaurant Commander's Palace that half of their income comes from tourists. Although tourism has gone down since Hurricane Katrina the even balance of locals and tourists has not changed much for most restaurants that serve foods native to New Orleans. Many tourists come to New Orleans for the food. They come to the restaurants in New Orleans because of the unique culture of the city’s food. Keeping tourists coming to New Orleans is very important to many restaurant owners.

There are many restaurants in New Orleans, but not all of them are native. There are over 30 native restaurants in the city. These restaurants are important because they have been here a long time and serve food that is unique to our city. Many local restaurants sell New Orleans-based food, like seafood. Here in New Orleans, you can easily get fresh seafood. On the other hand, 90% of seafood eaten in the rest of the country is frozen. All of the restaurants here make New Orleans even more unique in its own way.

Restaurants are an important part of our city and set us apart from other cities in multiple ways. As said by Ti Martin, managing partner of Commander’s Palace…

New Orleanians know that life is meant to be lived, not endured.

The restaurants in New Orleans help us do this. To know that the greatest dining experiences in the world are only a reservation away makes our city unique. We are proud to be living life, not enduring it. And we are proud to be a part of a city with such unique culture.

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Sweets on Our Streets We love to eat. Food is very important to the culture of New Orleans. Some of the most important foods are sweets. They help define the people and the city of New Orleans. Some of the most important sweets are King Cake, Bananas Foster, and Roman Candy. Behind all of these sweets, there is lots of love, history, and culture of New Orleans.

A sweet that is popular during the Mardi Gras season in New Orleans is the King Cake. It is a ring of twisted bread topped with sugar or icing colored purple, green and gold, which are the traditional Carnival colors. It is very similar to a coffee cake. There are many kinds of King Cake, such as Jelly King Cake, Cream Cheese King Cake, and Plain King Cake. The King Cake is named after the Three Biblical Kings. The season for King Cake starts on January sixth (Twelfth Night, the traditional start of the Carnival season), and then stops the day after Mardi Gras (Ash Wednesday). Out of 40,000 King Cakes, 30-40% stay in the state of Louisiana. King Cake is a sweet with a very big history behind it.

Roman Candy is a very popular taffy that is sold in the streets of New Orleans. Roman Candy started as a family venture and has lots of history behind it. First, the grandmother of a family started making Roman Candy for other families and friends. Then her son thought they tasted really good, so he sold the leftover Roman Candy on his fruits and veggies stand. He then found that he was not the only one who thought they tasted good. Many other people started buying his grandmother’s Roman Candy. The problem was that his grandmother could not make enough candy, so his Roman Candy could survive as a business. He then went to a wheelwright and designed a cart for his candy to be sold on. Today Roman Candy is still sold, and the cart can be found roaming the streets of New Orleans.

Bananas Foster is a common favorite among locals here in New Orleans. Bananas Foster is a dessert made from bananas and vanilla ice cream with a sauce that can be made in different varieties. This sweet was created in New Orleans at Brennan’s Restaurant. Bananas Foster was created by Paul Blange. He got the idea of Bananas Foster when he was challenged by Chef Owen to create a banana-based recipe in the 1950's. New Orleans was the major port of entry for bananas shipped from Central and South America. Thirty-five thousand pounds of bananas are used each year at Brennan's. Bananas Foster can also be altered to fit any the time of the day.

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These sweets are some of the most popular desserts. King Cake is twisted bread topped with icing or sugar that is colored purple, green, and gold. Bananas Foster is bananas with a scoop of vanilla ice cream. It also has a sauce that can be made in many different ways. Roman Candy is very popular taffy in New Orleans. The business began as a family affair. All of these sweets are very well-known throughout New Orleans.

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Music Gumbo In New Orleans, music is very important. Jazz is the soul of locals, and tourists come here to listen to the classic, one-of-a-kind music. We have a wide variety of music, including Jazz, Blues, Zydeco, Swing, and Ragtime. New Orleans music often has a story to tell that the song writer wants to say, just not in words. Jazz is not the only kind of music that locals use to express themselves, though. Music is very important to New Orleans citizens; Dan Storper, a local music business owner said‌ I gave up my old job to be in the music business.

These next few paragraphs will tell you how locals and musicians use music in their everyday lives.

Since Katrina, two-thirds of New Orleans musicians are still living in temporary housing scattered across the country. Without musicians around, there is a chance of less kids playing music and more kids playing music video games like Guitar Hero instead of playing an actual instrument like the saxophone. This is bad for New Orleans’ tradition. This is bad because more kids are virtually playing music than actually playing instruments. If kids are not playing actual instruments, there will be no future of New Orleans music or traditions. One way we are trying to fix this is by sending money to the musicians so they can return to New Orleans.

New Orleans is a city rich with culture. Music is one of the main aspects of the culture. Many famous musicians were born in New Orleans. There are about 350,000,000 musicians in the world, and five percent (1,800 people) of them are in New Orleans. Street performers are commonly found in the streets of the French Quarter playing Zydeco, Jazz, Blues, Cajun, and many other types of music. New Orleans is a musical city.

Music is one of our big tourist attractions, and tourism brings in tons of money to New Orleans. A poll at neworleansonline.com compared the top 25 best tourism cities. New Orleans averaged a four out of five rating in 55 categories. It ranked a 4.91 out of five in live music. From Jazz Fest, to Essence Fest, to Mardi Gras, people come from all over to listen to music. Without music, New Orleans' economy would fall.

The number of musicians that left Musicians Village after Hurricane Katrina was about 2,500. Musicians Village is a large neighborhood full of musicians. The total number of residents that left was about 250,000. They are only building 72 homes, so it would not seem that they are expecting most of the people to come back. The percentage of musicians that left Musicians Village would be one percent. People have come back after the Hurricane to Musicians Village. Harry Connick, Jr. is a famous New Orleans musician that is trying to help those people come back.

Jazz is an American musical art that originated around the beginning of the 20th century in the Southern states. It originated from African-American and European music traditions. Some Walking Through New Orleans

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famous Jazz musicians are Louis Armstrong, Charles Bolden, George Vetiala Laine, and Sydney Bechet. The first Jazz recording was made in 1917 by the original Dixie Land Jazz Band, and ever since, Jazz has been a hit in New Orleans. Culture, ethnicity, neighborhoods, and families all helped in shaping each musician’s contribution to Jazz. In the 1960’s and the 1970’s there were three main kinds of Jazz: Latin Jazz, Soul Jazz, and Jazz Fusion. Jazz is a kind of music that can be used at any time or any place. Jazz can be used at funerals and other occasions, so the locals are very attached to it. Because of this, Jazz will always be popular.

Blues celebrates recovering from a broken heart and overcoming obstacles. It emerged from African-American communities of the United States from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.

The original lyrical form of Blues was one line repeated four times. Some famous Blues artists are B.B. King, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Bessie Smith, and Lightning Hopkins. Although they may celebrate overcoming obstacles and recovering from a broken heart, Blues lyrics are often depressing.

Some types of Blues are Slow Blues, Electric Blues, Chicago Blues, Mississippi Blues, and Swamp Blues.

Zydeco is a special, exciting music style. It was created by the Creoles. Zydeco is usually listened to at parties and other happy occasions. Zydeco has a fast tempo and was created from an instrument called the rub board. Zydeco bands may consist of guitars, bass guitars, fiddles, drums, horns, and keyboards. A man named Clifton Chenier was called the “King of Zydeco”.

Some of the most famous musicians in the world are from New Orleans. Others that are not world famous are still locally famous. Musicians from New Orleans are very inspiring and have influenced many people to become musicians. New Orleans is a landmark of its very own because of its influence on young musicians who are striving to be the best. Everywhere in the French Quarter, a musician is waiting around the corner to greet you with the sound of his instrument. New Orleans is a musician’s paradise.

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Fabulous Festivals New Orleans is known for its music, art, food, and culture. When you go to a festival in New Orleans, you get all four and more. Some of New Orleans’ biggest festivals are the Jazz and Heritage Festival and the French Quarter Festival. There are also many other smaller festivals in the Big Easy. The reasons that festivals can thrive in New Orleans are because of its rich culture and it is the birthplace of jazz. If you plan a trip to New Orleans, make an effort to plan it during a festival, and be sure to go.

The Jazz and Heritage Festival of New Orleans, also known as Jazz Fest, is an outdoor festival overflowing with music, crafts, food, and culture. Those things are not the only things Jazz Fest is overflowing with. In 2001, six hundred thousand people attended. Jazz Fest makes about half a billion dollars in two weekends. Jazz Fest is held at the Fairgrounds, which is a horse racing track during the rest of the year. It is a seven-day festival which takes place during the last weekend of April and the first weekend of May. It was founded in 1970 by Quint Davis and some of his friends. Mandy Decker of the Jazz Fest explains the history of Jazz Fest…

It [Jazz Fest] was held at Louis Armstrong Park, which was called Congo Square at the time, and it was Mahalia Jackson, who was an old gospel singer, and the Eureka Brass Band, so that was the combination of jazz and heritage that created the Jazz Fest.

The Jazz Fest’s music is performed both by local artists and nationally-known artists. The types of music played are anything from jazz to rock to gospel. The food at Jazz Fest is put on by local restaurants and catering services. The crafts are displayed and sold by artists from around the world. The Jazz Fest is really a great experience and lots of fun!

The French Quarter Festival is a three-day festival that takes place in the French Quarter of New Orleans. The French Quarter Fest is a festival with food, music, and more. The French Quarter is free to attend, while Jazz Fest costs fifty dollars a person. In fact, the French Quarter Festival is the largest free music festival in the southern United States! The French Quarter Fest Walking Through New Orleans

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has 150 musical performances in only 250 hours. It also houses almost 60 food and beverage booths put on by local restaurants and caterers. It is a big deal for something that is free!

New Orleans houses many other festivals besides the Jazz Fest and French Quarter Fest.

The reason that there are so many festivals here is probably because of the mixed culture. Another pretty large festival is the Essence Fest. The Essence Fest is an African-American music festival.

One other festival in New Orleans is the Freret Street Festival. The Freret Street Festival is a festival that is made to bring neighborhoods together. Some other festivals in the Big Easy are Bayou Boogaloo, the Greek Festival, Saint Patrick’s Day Parade, the Satchmo Fest, and the Congo Square Fest. That is a lot of festivals!

New Orleans’ festivals are a major contributor to tourism. For example, Jazz Fest fills 95% of the hotel rooms in the city of New Orleans. That is tons of hotel rooms! When asked what would happen if New Orleans did not have festivals, Laura Claverie of the Tourism Bureau replied, First of all, we would lose a couple billion dollars in business, but we would lose something that makes us unique; our joie de vivre; that’s French for our joy of life.

About two billion dollars a year are spent by tourists in New Orleans at festivals. As you can see, festivals are a big market in New Orleans.

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Only In New Orleans In New Orleans, festivals are big parts of the culture. There are many festivals in the city every year. Festivals are celebrations to commemorate events and people. Festivals in New Orleans are traditions that will last forever. Some festivals are Voodoo Fest, French Quarter Fest, Jazz Fest, Essence Fest, St. Patrick’s Day Parade, Haunted New Orleans, and Satchmo Fest honoring Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong, a famous jazz artist.

One of the main festivals in New Orleans is Mardi Gras. Mardi Gras means “Fat Tuesday” in French.

Lundi Gras is the day before Mardi Gras. Ash Wednesday is the day after Mardi Gras. Mardi Gras is a celebration before the fasting season called Lent. Mardi Gras is celebrated all over the world. Mardi Gras was first brought to New Orleans from Europe in 1718 by Jean the Baptiste Le Moyne. Mardi Gras is also known as “Carnival Season”. Mardi Gras is celebrated with people by dressing up and parades. Parades consist of floats, school marching bands, and groups from all over the world. Carnival Krewes are organizations of people that get together and have parades to celebrate Mardi Gras. There are many different parades in New Orleans. Out of the 70 parades in the surrounding New Orleans area, roughly 42 percent are in New Orleans. Some major parades in New Orleans are Bacchus, Endymion, Tucks, and Orpheus. There are other parades on the other side of the Mississippi River such as Cleopatra, Alla, and Aladdin. These parades are up to 100 years old! Others are less than 15 years old. Mardi Gras is a billion dollar industry that tourists and locals love.

Other parts of Mardi Gras are floats and costumes. Every year, floats are decorated in many different varieties. A float is a vehicle bearing a display, usually a nicely decorated statue on wheels in a parade. Each float must be at least 50% decorated. Every float has a different theme each year.

Every parade has a king and queen that ride on special floats. Floats are a tradition in Mardi Gras parades. Costumes are important during Mardi Gras as well. There is one specific group that wears costumes and they call themselves the "Mardi Gras Indians". They march in huge costumes decorated with feathers, sparkles, sequins, buttons, and other tribal decoratives. People on the floats wear costumes to match their float’s specific theme, meaning 100% of the people are wearing costumes in the parades. Even people who are not in the parades wear costumes just for the fun of it.

Costumes make Mardi Gras so much more colorful and fun.

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Voodoo Fest is a music festival and not a festival about the religion voodoo. Voodoo Fest is a music festival where bands from all over the country come to play. Voodoo is more of a local festival, but still attracts many tourists. Voodoo Fest is always on the very last week of October. It lasts three days and was started in 1998. Voodoo Fest has been around for ten years so far. Some of the past artists include Green Day, My Chemical Romance, and Sum 41.

Tourism is very important here in New Orleans. In 2007, 7.1 million tourists came to the city. The total amount of visitor spending last year was 4.8 billion dollars. Just about 4.3% of visitors came to New Orleans for hurricane-related reasons, and 25.1% came for meetings, conventions, and trade shows. About 70.6% came for leisure travel. Still, with millions of tourists coming to New Orleans a year, it still is not what it used to be since Hurricane Katrina. New Orleans is slowly coming back. It takes a lot of ingredients to make a pot of gumbo perfect. Laura Claverie of New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation said, Many people still think New Orleans is under water; that’s just sad.

To get people to come visit the city, the New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation is advertising by ads in magazines, commercials, and the radio. With all of this advertising, New Orleans will be back in no time.

So as you can see our great city has a lot to offer and is making a comeback. One day you should come and see our beautiful city and what it has to offer. New Orleans has many tours like voodoo tours, haunted cemetery tours, vampire tours, the haunted Garden District tours, and French Quarter tours. When coming to visit New Orleans, you must always visit the French Quarter, the River Walk, and take a ride on the famous steamboat down the Mississippi River. The only question is, “When are you coming?” New Orleans is the place you want to be.

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When the Saints Go Marching In On November 1, 1966 the New Orleans Saints football team became the sixteenth franchise in the National Football League (NFL). The Saints are in the Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC). The Saints got their name because the day that they were awarded the sixteenth franchise it was All Saints’ Day. All Saints’ Day is when Christians honor all the saints, known and unknown. The Saints’ uniform colors are black and gold, and their logo is a fleur-de-lis.

The Saints’ first head coach was Tom Fears. He was the head coach from 1967-1970. The city of New Orleans and the Saints football team went through many changes over the years. In 1971, the Superdome was built for the New Orleans Saints football team.

The Superdome is an indoor entertainment center that serves as a football field for the Saints and also holds many conventions and concerts. The Superdome can hold up to 72,000 fans for football games. Some of the conventions that are held at the Superdome are the boat show and sometimes the hunting and fishing show. When the Superdome serves as a field for the Saints, it is always packed and filled with fans waiting for an exciting football game. During Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Superdome also served as a major shelter for people who were stranded in New Orleans that needed to be protected from the floods. The Superdome suffered major roof damage due to the hurricane, but was repaired just in time for the Saints’ 2006 football season. The Superdome plays a big role in the New Orleans community.

Since 1966, the New Orleans Saints and their fans have been on a roller-coaster ride because of both successful and unsuccessful seasons. During the 1990’s, the Saints lost so many games that the fans wore paper bags on their heads and called themselves the “Aints.” When Hurricane Katrina hit, it caused a lot of damage to the Superdome, and the Saints had to relocate to San Antonio, Texas. They had to practice on a high school football field until the Superdome was repaired. The Saints’ first home game after Hurricane Katrina on September 25, 2006 lifted the spirits of the people of New Orleans. During the game against the Atlanta Falcons, a major rival, the Saints blocked a punt to start things off. They played great for the rest of the game and won with a final score of 23-3. After the first game of the 2006 season, Saints fans did not give up on them, and they had a successful 10-6 season. Now, 90.2% of the people who attend a sold-out Saints game have season tickets. Let’s hope the paper bags don’t come back.

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Tom Benson, the Saints’ owner, bought the Saints on June 3, 1985. In 2006, he hired Sean Payton as his Head Coach and Joe Vitt as his Assistant Head Coach. Gary Gibbs was chosen as the Defensive Coordinator, and Doug Marrone was selected as the Offensive Coordinator. In 2005, Benson signed Drew Brees, a quarterback from the San Diego Chargers, and drafted Reggie Bush, a running back from the University of Southern California. The star quarterback, Drew Brees, makes 70 million dollars a year. The small, quick, and famous running back Reggie Bush, who was the second overall pick in the 2006 NFL draft, makes 52.5 million dollars a year. The rough, tough, and strong running back Deuce McAllister had his salary reduced to 3.6 million dollars this year because of a knee injury. Although Deuce McAllister did not make a large amount of money this year because of his injury, this was a lot of money compared to what players made in the past. Archie Manning, a Saints quarterback in 1971, signed with the Saints for $125,000. This is a $3,475,000 difference.

The Saints have been a big part of New Orleans since 1966. Lee Zurik, a news anchor in New Orleans said‌ This is a football town. I think football is number one here.

The Saints have done so much for New Orleans over the years. They lifted the spirits of New Orleans when they returned to their home and had a successful 10-6 season. New Orleans is much more of a football city than it ever was. Now, the people of New Orleans have something exciting to watch every Sunday during football season. Without the Saints, New Orleans would not be the same city that many people know and love.

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Geaux, Hornets!

Sports improve the quality of life in New Orleans. One professional sports team in New Orleans is the Hornets Basketball Team. The Hornets are thrilling to watch, and they raise the spirits of the people who are recovering from Hurricane Katrina. It is something for the people to do and to look forward to. Basketball is not only a favorite in New Orleans -- it is a favorite throughout the nation. The NBA and the Hornets have helped New Orleanians coping with their devastation.

Basketball is one of America’s favorite games. The team that scores the most points wins.

You shoot a leather ball and each time you make it in, you get two points; if you shoot it behind the three point line, it is three points, and a free throw is one point. The NBA stands for National Basketball Association, where there is a team in almost every state and they compete, so half the teams make it to the playoffs. The game starts off with five starters, and the other players are sitting, waiting to be called into the game. Once you make the playoffs, you have to win the best out of seven games in a round, but not all the teams make the playoffs. This game is very popular in the United States.

The 2007-2008 season was the best season yet in history for the Hornets. The Hornets were established in Charlotte, North Carolina as the Charlotte Hornets in 1988 and started their first season in 1989; they started in New Orleans in 2002. The starters for the Hornets are Peja Stojakovic, Morris Peterson, David West, Tyson Chandler and Chris Paul; they care for one another and work as a team. Chris Paul averages 2.14 steals per game and 12.1 assists per game, which leads the NBA. Tyson Chandler averages 11.7 rebounds per game, so these five starters average 90.9 points per game. All of this helps the Hornets win.

The Hornets have a statement called “Fan Up.” It means for Hornets fans to be the best fans that they can be. About 90% of the fans wore their gold shirts that were on their chairs before a recent game. The statement "Fan Up" has helped New Orleans fans be louder during the games and stand up, get up on their feet, and cheer for the Hornets players. The fans build more confidence in themselves that the Hornets are going to win.

Because of this, all the fans wear their shirts that are given out to them. All of this helps the Hornets players win and gain more confidence, but this also makes the people participate. Lee Zurik is a former sportscaster from New Orleans, and here is his thought…

The reason why the Hornets have kept on going is because they have had no injuries, and their starters have played well throughout the season.

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The Hornets have gone way farther than any sportscaster predicted for this season. The Hornets are favored this year to go to the championship, and Chris Paul was runner-up for MVP (Most Valuable Player). Chris Paul is probably the nicest player in the NBA and one of the youngest.

He is a great ambassador for the city. Sports is a vital part of living in New Orleans; it improves the quality of life for anyone who supports and participates in it.

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