E-Waste Mining

E-Waste Mining Presentation by Vennice Angella L

Electronic waste Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices.

Used electronics which are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling through material recovery, or disposal are also considered e-waste.

Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution.

CONTENT

02 09

13 15

INTRODUCTION E-Waste definition ,Time line, Amount of E Waste , E Waste in India

E-waste Mining Meaning, Process, Urban Mining in India

RELEVENCES Social, Resource and Economic and Policy

CONCLUTION Scope, Advantages and challenges

Timeline Of E-Waste Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to health of workers and their communities.

2020

2010 2000 1850-1980

1990

AMOUNT OF E WASTE E-waste is considered the “fastest-growing waste stream in the world”

44.7 million tones

2016

50 million tones

2018

Its value is at least $62.5 billion annually

4500 Eiffel towers

‘tsunami of e-waste’

IMPACT E-waste has a horrible effect on the environment and it is important to give ewaste to an R2 certified recycling facility. Why ?

Computers and most electronics contain toxic materials such as lead, zinc, nickel, flame retardants, barium, and chromium.

When e-waste is warmed up, toxic chemicals are released into the air damaging the atmosphere.

When electronic waste is thrown away in landfills their toxic materials seep into groundwater, affecting both land and sea animals.

Only 10 percent of cell phones are recycled in the United States and most Americans get new cell phones every 12 to 18 months.

In Guiyu, China, many of the residents exhibit substantial digestives, neurological, respiratory and bone problems.

The Basel Action Network (BAN) which works for prevention of globalization of toxic chemicals has stated in a report that 50 to 80 per cent of e-waste collected by the US is exported to India, China, Pakistan, Taiwan and a number of African countries. This is done because cheaper labor is available for recycling in these countries. And in the US, export of e-waste is legal.

In India, recycling of e-waste is almost entirely left to the informal sector, which does not have adequate means to handle either the increasing quantities or certain processes, leading to intolerable risk for human health and the environment

E waste in India SCENARIO IT and telecom are two fastest growing industries in the country. India is being used as dumping ground of e-waste by many developed nations. Figure shows percentage share of e-waste imports in India from different countries.

State

E waste MT

Maharashtra

20270.59

Tamil Nadu

13486.24

Andhra Pradesh

12780.33

Uttar Pradesh

10381.11

West Bengal

10059.36

Delhi

9729.15

Karnataka

9118.74

Gujarat

8994.33

Madhya Pradesh

7800.62

Punjab

6958.46

E - W A S T E M I N I N G U r b a n

m i n i n g

o f

E - w a s t e

T R E A S U R E h u n t i n g f r o m E l e c t r i c W a s t e

“URBAN MINING,� which is simply defined as the process of reclaiming raw materials from spent products, buildings and waste.

At the University of New South Wales (UNSW), she extracts materials from electronic gadgets instead of from rocks. The Sydney-based expert in materials science believes that her operation will become efficient enough to be making a profit within a couple of years.

NEED

Urban mining of E-waste may support especially cities, to reduce the pressure on natural resources by resource recovery of metals, metal oxides, and alloys which will reduce air and water pollution from the leachates of the landfills.

FINDING

Among recovered materials, nanometals play a major role due to their unique properties and worthiness. E-waste contains precious and base metals and the recovery may support conservation of natural resources.

PROCESS

. Reuse of nanometals extracted from Ewaste may encourage their use in electronic and electrical equipment. This chapter focuses on techniques that deal with resource recovery with an emphasis on nanoscale metals, the challenges, and future research needs.

Urban Mining is simply defined as the process of reclaiming raw materials from spent products, buildings and waste.

Sintef Industry's areas of expertise within raw materials recycling cover the following metal groups: • Rare metals (RE, In, Ta, Li) • Light metals (Al, Mg, Ti) • Precious metals (PGM, Ag, Au) • Base metals (Cu, Zn, Pb)

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Acid Treatment The combination of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid have been found to be useful chemicals in the extraction of gold from e-waste.

Bioleaching Microbiological processes have been proposed over the last decade as possible alternatives to extracting precious metals such as copper, gold, palladium and silver from e-waste.

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02 EnviroLeach’s Eco-Friendly Formula EnviroLeach’s patent-pending formula is a water-based extraction technique that will eliminate any potential harm that could be caused to the environment or human health during its operation.

It is clear that as the demand for raw materials increases, greater efforts will have to be made on recycling. Higher recycling rates will: • reduce the pressure on demand for primary raw materials • help to reuse valuable materials which would otherwise be wasted • reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other negative environmental impact from extraction and processing

VARIOUS MINING PROCESSES

URBAN MINING IN INDIA Resource consumption is increasing rapidly in India due to several interlinked factors: population growth, rapid urbanization, economic and industrial growth, and rising incomes. While per capita consumption of materials in India is still low compared to the rest of the world, India's total resource consumption is quite high and is expected to increase rapidly as per the given trends. India has already become the world's third largest consumer of materials. If current trends continue, India's material requirements are projected to be 25 billion tons by 2050, with the biggest increases in the shares of fossil fuels, metals and minerals

Social relevance

India currently meets most of its material requirements domestically, and domestic resource extraction is likely to increase to meet future demands.

While techno-economic constraints have hindered effective utilization of domestic mineral resources, the environmental and social issues associated with mining are bigger concerns.

Resource and economic relevance At present, around 97% of all materials consumed in India are extracted within India, while only 3% are net imports. However, net imports have increased substantially over the past few decades, at a faster rate than that of domestic extraction. As a net importing country, India had a negative trade balance of USD 161 billion in 2011.

Environmental degradation, displacement, and loss of livelihood associated with mining expansion have resulted in serious conflicts in many parts of India, and may be exacerbated with expanded mining (CSE, 2008).

Further, since mining is an energy intensive industry with a high carbon intensity, a massive expansion of mining may conflict with India's greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction commitments under international climate change agreements.

Several vital minerals including 95% for Extremely high import dependence copper, and 100% each for cobalt and nickel Since over-extraction and over-dependence on imports both have significant associated risks, it is essential to make resource efficiency a major part of India's economic strategy.

In recent decades, India has made improvements in resource productivity but not as much as leading countries (GIZ-IGEP, 2013); a stronger commitment to resource recovery and reuse is essential to meet future social, economic, and environmental goals.

India currently has an impressive number of environmental regulations, centred on the Environment Protection Act (1986) as an umbrella act, with Water Act (1974) and Air Act (1981) to deal with increasingly hazardous pollution levels.

FOCUS Get a modern Specifically with regard to waste management regulations, the focus of the Government of India (GoI) recently shifted from the “Polluter Pays Principle” to its application by introducing “Extended Producer Responsibility” (EPR).

RESULT Extended Producer Responsibility as a policy approach not only reduces the environmental impacts of the products put on market but also introduces the concept of the producer being responsible for the entire life cycle of the product.

ADVANTAGE Integrates the costs, improves waste management by reducing disposal, increases closed loop economy by ensuring take back and recycling of end of life products to foster urban mining, and reduces the burden on municipalities.

SUSTAINABILITY

RECOGNITION OF THE RESOURCE

Indian government's focus on smart cities and GHG mitigation commitments, urban mining becomes an important approach

India recently launched the Indian Resource Panel (InRP), comprising 10 leading environmental experts, to develop the framework for resource efficiency and secondary resource utilisation

Scope for urban mining Is there room for UM next to what already happens in the C&DW processing chain?

History can be helpful in this respect, as enthusiasm for UM is not new; it is a recurring theme in times of extreme need like war Analyses of wartime UM suggest that there are inherent limitations that cannot be ignored:

During the first world war in Austria, up to 80% of copper for the munitions industry came from secondary sources but perhaps as little as 10% of the total amount of copper in use was amenable to extraction due to reasons like high cost or significance for other critical uses (Klinglmair and Fellner, 2010).

LITERATURE AND THE LOCAL

Moreover, the initial drive and performance appear to have waned after the first year, presumably because the low-hanging fruit had been already picked.

ANALYSIS CONCLUSION • • •

One could therefore put forward that UM may become a similarly short-lived bandwagon unless structurally embedded in AECO processes, where its economic contribution, however small, cannot be negligible.

Relegate buildings to long-term urban mines, in contrast to short-term ones like WEEE (Arora et al., 2017), confine UM to hibernating stocks, which for some reason are not part of traditional C&DW handling processes (Krook and Baas, 2013) Prolong the life span of buildings as an alternative to UM towards improving sustainability and reducing waste

The age of cheap, abundant raw materials is over

The way the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, which promotes the so-called circular economy, tells it, the age of inexpensive and easy-to-extract raw materials is coming to a close.

the attention for all these valuable materials is growing. And logically so, because it appears that in electrical and electronic waste one can find an up to 50 times higher concentration of valuable metals and minerals than in the ores extracted from mines.

Urban mining avoids a substantial amount of pernicious effects on human beings and the environment Urban mining approaches the processing of ewaste in a much cleaner manner than was the case until recently, with all the positive consequences thereof for people and the planet.

Urban mining can reduce the demand for conflict minerals

In cities all over the world there are still millions of appliances waiting to be recovered Worldwide, scientists have recently calculated, around 50 million tonnes of electrical and electronic waste remain to be recuperated.

Classic mining alone cannot meet the rising demand for electrical and electronic appliances There’s no way that we’ll be able to acquire the raw materials for all these new appliances from classic mining alone.

For some rare metals, urban mining is gradually becoming the only source

The business community and investors are jumping on board the urban mining train

A sizeable amount of these precious materials are mined exclusively in China and exported only in small quantities. That´s why 30 to 40% of the demand for that type of rare metals today is already met by urban mining.

In this way, the so-called throw-away economy is yielding to what is called the circular economy.

Raw material recuperation from e-waste can be done increasingly cost-efficiently

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Volume of E-waste generated -

India stands fifth in e-waste generation producing around 1.7 lakhs metric tones per annum

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Ineffective Legislation

There is absence of any public information on most SPCBs/PCC websites. 15 of the 35 PCBs/PCC do not have any information related to Ewaste on their websites, their key public interface point. Even the basic E-waste Rules and guidelines have not been uploaded.

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CHALLENGES

Health hazards

E-waste contains over 1,000 toxic materials, which contaminate soil and ground water. Exposure can cause headache, irritability, nausea, vomiting, and eye pain.

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Involvement of Child Labor

In India, about 4.5 lakh child laborers in the age group of 10-14 are observed to be engaged in various E-waste activities and that too without adequate protection and safeguards in various yards and recycling workshops.

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Lack of infrastructure

There is huge gap between present recycling and collection facilities and quantum of E-waste that is being generated. No collection and take back mechanisms are in place. There is lack of recycling facilities.

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Lack of incentive schemes

No clear guidelines are there for the unorganized sector to handle E-waste.

Also no incentives are mentioned to lure people engaged to adopt formal path for handling E-waste.

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Poor awareness and sensitization

E-waste imports

Limited reach out and awareness regarding disposal, after determining end of useful life. Also Only 2% of individuals think of the impact on environment while disposing off their old electrical and electronic equipment.

Cross-border flow of waste equipment into India- 80 percent of E-waste in developed countries meant for recycling is sent to developing countries such as India, China, Ghana and Nigeria.

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Reluctance of authorities’ involved

Lack of coordination between various authorities responsible for E-waste management and disposal including the non-involvement of municipalities.

CHALLENGES

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Security implications

End of life computers often contain sensitive personal information and bank account details which, if not deleted leave opportunity for fraud.

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