iNTA Abstracts

6th International Network of Tropical Architecture Conference 2017 “Tropical Storms as a Setting for Adaptive Development and Architecture”

Editors Nancy Clark Nawari O. Nawari

December 1st -3rd, 2017 UF Emerson Alumni Hall University of Florida

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This conference was made possible through the generous support of the UF College of Design Construction and Planning UF Office of Research Ivan Smith Endowment UF Center for Hydro-Generated Urbanism UF Center for Latin American Studies UF Center for African Studies

Copyright © 2017 by 6th International Network of Tropical Architecture Conference 2017.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the conference chair, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, email the conference chair:

nnawari@ufl.edu OR nmclark@ufl.edu

Printed in the United States of America.

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Conference Chair  

Nancy Clark (co-chair), Director CHU, Associate Professor, University of Florida, USA Nawari Nawari (co-chair), Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Assistant Dean for Graduate Education, University of Florida, USA

Organizing Committee          

Nancy Clark (co-chair), Director CHU, Associate Professor, University of Florida, USA Nawari Nawari (co-chair), Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Assistant Dean for Graduate Education, University of Florida, USA Vandana Baweja, Ph.D., University of Florida, USA Frank Bosworth, Ph.D., AIA, Professor, University of Florida, USA Martha Kohen, Director CHU, Professor, University of Florida, USA Michael Kuenstle, AIA, University of Florida, USA Abel Tablada De La Torre, Ph.D., National University Singapore, Singapore.

Johannes Widodo, Ph.D., National University of Singapore, Singapore Tilson William, Professor, University of Florida, USA Ayad Almaimani, PhD student. School of Architecture, College of Design, Construction & Planning | University of Florida,

iNTA Scientific Advisors (Note: the list may be incomplete, names and designations may need corrections. Please inform akijw@nus.edu.sg for any addition, updating, and correction) Abel TABLADA DE LA TORRE (National University Singapore, Singapore) Alexander TZONIS (Delft University of Technology, Netherlands) Antonio ISMAEL (Indonesian Development Consultants Association, Indonesia) BAEK Nam-Choon (Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea) Bart LAMBREGTS (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Baruch GIVONI (Professor Emeritus, UCLA, USA) BAY Joo Hwa (Philip) (University of Western Australia) Belkacem ZEGHMATI (Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, France) Bruno STAGNO (Institute for Tropical Architecture, Costa Rica) CHANG Jiat Hwee (National University Singapore, Singapore) CHEAH Kok Ming (National University Singapore, Singapore) Cuttaleeya JIRAPRASERTKUN (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Dean HAWKES (Darwin College, University of Cambridge, UK) Donald WATSON (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, USA) Edna SHAVIV (Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel) Edward NG (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China SAR) 4

Eko Agus PRAWOTO (Yogyakarta, Indonesia) Fergus NICOL (London Metropolitan University, UK) Frank Bosworth (University of Florida, USA) Han VERSCHURE (KULeuven, Belgium) Hans ROSENLUND (CEC Design, Sweden) Hari SRINIVAS (United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)) Hartwig M. KUNZEL (Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik, Institutsteil, Germany) Henry FERIADI (Duta Wacana Christian University, Indonesia) HO Yoon Jong (Hanbat National University, Korea) Hokao KAZUNORI (Saga University, Japan) Hsien-Te LIN (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan) HUANG Shen-Yuan (Yilan, Taiwan) HUANG Yi Chun (National University Singapore, Singapore) Johannes WIDODO (National University of Singapore, Singapore) Jongjit HIRUNLABH (King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thailand) Joseph KHEDARI (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Ken YEANG (TR Hamzah and Yeang, Malaysia) Kevin Mark LOW (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) Koen STEEMERS (University of Cambridge, UK) L. Q. WANG (University of Hong Kong, China SAR) LAM Khee Poh (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) LIN Hsien-Te (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan) LO Shih-Wei (Tung Hai University, Taiwan) Luke YEUNG (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Malek RAHMAN (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia) MALONE-LEE Lai Choo (National University of Singapore, Singapore) Martha Kohen (University of Florida, USA) Martin LIDDAMENT (The International Journal of Ventilation, UK) Matheos SANTAMOURIS (University of Athens, Greece) Michael Kuenstle (University of Florida, USA) Mike JENKS (Oxford Brookes University, UK) Nancy Clark (University of Florida, USA) Nalanie MITHRARATNE (National University Singapore, Singapore) NG Wai Keen (National University Singapore, Singapore) Nirmal Tulsidas KISHNANI (National University Singapore, Singapore) Nawari Nawari (University of Florida, USA) ONG Boon Lay (University of Melbourne, Australia) Ornsiri PANIN (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Paisarn TEPWONGSIRIRAT (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Parames KAMHANGRITTIRONG (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Pasinee SUNAKORN (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Pattaranan TAKKANON (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Rosangela TENORIO (University of Auckland, New Zealand) Ross KING (University of Melbourne, Australia) S P RAO (University of Malaya, Malaysia) Saithiwa RAMASOOT (Kasetsart University, Thailand) 5

Sam C M HUI (University of Hong Kong, China SAR) SHIN U-Cheul (Daejeon University, Korea) Singh INTRACHOOTO (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Siradech SURIT (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Sopa VISITSAK (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Steffen LEHMANN (University of New Castle, Australia) Steven V. SZOKOLAY (University of Queensland, Australia) Supaporn LEOPAIROJNA (Kasetsart University, Thailand) TAY Kheng Soon (Akitek Tenggara, Singapore) TSE Swee Ling (National University of Singapore, Singapore) VALE Brenda (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) VALE Robert (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) Vandana Baweja (University of Florida, USA) Veronica SOEBARTO (University of Adelaide, Australia) Wandee PINIJVARASIN (Kasetsart University, Thailand) William L TILSON (University of Florida, USA) WONG Nyuk Hien (National University of Singapore, Singapore) Yuichiro KODAMA (Kobe Design University, Japan)

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Parallel Session Abstracts 6th iNTA Conference 2017 Resiliency Framework and Initiatives: Case Study Miami Moderator: Reinaldo Borges, AIA ULI NCARB Principal and CEO Borges Architects -- 14 Panel: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Stephanie Tashiro, Ph.D., Deputy Chief Resilience Officer, Office of Resilience and Sustainability, City of Miami ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 “100 Resilient Cities: Greater Miami and the Beaches”------------------------------------------ 14 Anthony J. Abbate, Associate Provost for Broward Campuses, Director and Professor, School of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University ---------------------------------------------- 14 “Pioneering Climate Resilience through Regional Action: The Southeast Florida Regional Compact” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Carolyn Cox, Coordinator Florida Climate Institute --------------------------------------------- 14 Triumph of the Tropics Moderator: Deborah van der Platt, University of Queensland School of Architecture, Australia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Architecture as an expression of a places’ geography-------------------------------------------------- 15 Domenico Potenza1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Tropical Modernism in the Panama Canal --------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Martha Kohen1 and Vandana Baweja2 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Science, Semantics and the Queensland idiom: --------------------------------------------------------- 17 Elizabeth Musgrave1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Local Discourses on the Tropics in Twentieth-Century Australia and Climatic Architecture in post-war Queensland --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Deborah van der Plaat1.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Wind Catchers for Cross Ventilation and Hurricane Protection in Old Havana’s Courtyards ---- 19 Abel Tablada, Yueyang He1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 The 1950s elevation debate and the tropical Queensland house: ------------------------------------- 20 Cathy Keys1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 The Role of Technology in Resilience Moderator: Nawari Nawari, Ph.D. Associate Professor, School of Architecture University of Florida ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 7

The Role of BIM in Sub-Tropic Architectural Resiliency --------------------------------------- 21 Ayad Almaimani1 and Nawari. O. Nawari2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 21 The Shape of Hurricanes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Pedro Guedes1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Environmental Design Methodology for Building Spaces in the Sub-Tropics ---------------- 23 Dina Elkazzaz1, Nawari O. Nawari2, Lamis Saad Elden Elgizawi3, Mona Awad Elwazir4. --- 23 Comparison of Residential Building Performance Under Climate Changes ------------------ 24 Dong-SooKim1, Ravi Srinivasan2, Saranya Gunasingh3, Scott Schuetter4, ----------------------- 24 Impact of Natural Disaster Risk on Property Value: A Case Study of Miami-Dade County 25 Abhinav Alakshendra1, Hyun Jung Kim2, Jun Ik Sohn3 -------------------------------------------- 25 The Aftermath of Hurricane Harvey: Rehabilitation and Relocation of Houston’s Most Vulnerable Displaced --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 1

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Farah Akiely , Abhinav Alakshendra --------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Vulnerable Water-Based Communities and Informal Settlements Moderator: David Gouverneur, Professor of Practice Department of Landscape Architecture University of Pennsylvania ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Mapping, Design and Adaptive Interventions for Communities Susceptible to Flooding: -------- 27 Jacqueline Douglas Brown1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 The Convergence of Vulnerability Factors to Storm Hazards and mitigation approaches: The Jamaican Case. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Amani Ishemo1, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 Mexico City: Sinking Witnesses. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Yvonne Labiaga Peschard1------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29 1

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Silvia Aloisio , CRISTINA LUNA ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Adaptation and Adaptive Capabilities to Climate Change ------------------------------------------ 31 Michele Manigrasso1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Tropical Storms and the Legal Infrastructure of Adaptive Development Moderator: Sid Shapiro, Ph.D. Frank U. Fletcher Chair of Administrative Law, Wake Forest University ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Reaching Higher Ground ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 8

Rob Verchick1, David Flores2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Protecting Low-Lying Hazardous Facilities from Floods:--------------------------------------------- 33 David Flores1, Elena Franco2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Coastal Protection in the Red States: North Carolina and Climate Change ---------------------- 34 Sid Shapiro1, Robert Verchick2, ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Lessons from Tradition: Re gional Responses to the Tropics Moderator: Vandana Baweja, Ph.D., Associate Professor School of Architecture University of Florida -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 SIDS Caribbean Context Conservation and Restoration as Adaptation Strategies ----------------- 35 Patricia Elaine Green1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Exploration of Sembilan Island Resort Design --------------------------------------------------------- 36 Wasilah Sahabuddin1, A. Asrul Halim2 --------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Architectural Resiliency: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 A Study on the Filipino Climate Adaptive Culture ----------------------------------------------------- 37 Leah Dela Rosa 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Historic Wood Structures: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Learning From Their Sustainable Performance in The Tropics --------------------------------------- 38 Diana Luna1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Pechakucha Session Moderator: Frank M. Bosworth, Ph.D., AIA, Professor, Director CityLab Orlando University of Florida ................................................................................................................................... 39 The Impact of Climate Refugees in the Orlando, FL Metro-region ............................................. 39 Panel: ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Dakota Clifford, ........................................................................................................................ 39 Adam Fields .............................................................................................................................. 39 Jonathon Fitzgerald, .................................................................................................................. 39 Eric Hawkins ............................................................................................................................. 39 Ange Murray ............................................................................................................................. 39 Derek Trumpp ........................................................................................................................... 39 Modern living in the Subtropic: Community and ecological functionalism ................................. 40 9Â Â

Gabriella Ebbesson1, Nawari Nawari2, and Martin Gold3 ......................................................... 40 The History of Solar Architecture in the United States and Florida ............................................. 41 Gabriela Villalobos1 .................................................................................................................. 41 Learning from Puerto Rico after Maria Moderator: Martha Kohen, Director UF CHU Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism, Professor School of Architecture ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Learning from Puerto Rico after Maria ------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 1

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Diana Luna , Jonathan Marvel , Pedro Munoz , ---------------------------------------------------- 42 Resilience Education and Outreach Moderator: Stephen Bender, AIA Lecturer CityLab Orlando School of Architecture, Principal bndr Architecture ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Incorporating Climate Change into Landscape Architectural Projects in Florida ------------------ 43 Michael Volk1, Gail Hansen2, Belinda B. Nettles3--------------------------------------------------- 43 Adaptive Building Design as a Platform for Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability in Future Cities ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 Abhimanyu Goel1, Aratrika Roy2, Harn Wei Kua (Dr.)3, Mark Lam4 ----------------------------- 44 Finding SHADE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Dean Sakamoto1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Assessing the Effectiveness of the Public Education Programme on Disaster Mitigation for Community Kintyre in Jamaica --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Carol Archer1, Anna-Kay Gooden2 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 In Search of the TROPICOOL: The LAAB, an Empirical Research Tool for Design, Test and Analysis of Scale Models for Tropical Architecture --------------------------------------------------- 47 Pedro Muniz, Ph.D. AIA Director LAAB Environmental Laboratory for Bio-tropical Architecture, Professor University of Puerto Rico --------------------------------------------------- 47 Green Infrastructure Moderator: Thomas Hoctor, Director of the UF Center for Landscape Conservation Planning, Research Associate Professor, UF Department of Landscape Architecture ---------------------- 48 ADaPT: Adaptation Design and Planning Tool for Urban Areas in the Coastal Zone ------------ 48 Jeffrey Erwin Huber1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 10Â Â

Waterfront Jakarta: The Battle for The Future of The Metropolis ----------------------------------- 49 Christopher Silver1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 Trees of Life: Mangroves as ‘Eco-Saviour’ of Coastal Settlements Against Tropical Storms in Natural Heritage Region of Sunderbans ----------------------------------------------------------------- 50 Dr. Swati Saha1, Prerana Chatterjee2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 A Sustainable Solution for Coastal Regions with Salt Water Intrusion in Drinking Water Sources. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 Katrina Indarawis, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida School------------------------------------- 51 Storm of Opportunity: Business Models and Urban Resilience Moderator: Ann Goodman, Author Adapting to Change: The Business of Climate Resilience, Affiliate Faculty at CUNY Advanced Science Research Center Environmental Crossroads -- 52 Storm of Opportunity: Business Models and Urban Resilience -------------------------------------- 52 Louis Ferretti1, Sophie Evans2, ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Sea Level Rise and the Future of Coastal Settlements: Evolving Concepts in Urban and Cultural Adaptation in a Changing Environment Moderator: Martha Kohen, Director UF CHU Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism, Professor School of Architecture “Florida Regional Scale as an Opportunity of Innovation” - 54 UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Urban Quality and Culture Global Perspective -------------------- 54 Lucio Barbera1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 UNESCO Workshop in Durban: beyond Tropical, tackling environmental injustice-------------- 55 Anna Irene Del Monaco1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 Transforming Flood Plain Low Income Communities into Canal Communities ------------------- 56 Silvia Aloisio1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 Adaptation Paradigms Moderator: Martha Kohen, Director UF CHU Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism, Professor School of Architecture ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 Architect Robinson O. Manguro1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 A Review of Prefabrication Benefits for Sustainable and Resilient Coastal Areas ---------------- 58 Andriel e. Fenner1, Mohamad A. Razkenari2, Hamed Hakim3, Charles J. Kibert4 -------------- 58 11

The Barrier Island Paradigm: The Case Study for Longboat Key ------------------------------------ 59 Silvia Aloisio1, Martha Kohen2------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 Floating Structures as an Adaptive Solution for Tropical and ----------------------------------------- 60 Subtropical Regions----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 1

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Nawari O. Nawari , and Mouloud Messaoudi ------------------------------------------------------- 60 Performance in Caribbean Architecture. Resilient Housing Prototype Facing Climate Phenomena. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Plinio Lora1, Jaime Rodríguez2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Migration and Housing in the Aftermath of Disaster Moderator: Stephen Bender, AIA Lecturer CityLab Orlando School of Architecture, Principal bndr llc....................................................................................................................................... 62 Mark Brewer 1, Gladys Cook 2, Jaimie Ross 3, ......................................................................... 62 1

Chartered Advisor in Philanthropy, President/CEO Central Florida Foundation.................... 62

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Technical Advisor, Florida Housing Coalition, heading up coordination efforts between disaster relief organizations and housing providers .................................................................. 62

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President CEO, Florida Housing Coalition (FHC clearinghouse for DEM and National Low Income Housing Coalition efforts) ............................................................................................ 62 Imagining Adaptive Governance in an Era of Climate Change Moderator: Alyson Flournoy, Professor, UF Levin College of Law, University of Florida ... 63 Shiva Halan 1, Tom Ankersen 2, Sasha Alvarenga 3, ................................................................ 63 Poster session Design Research for Sustainable Coastal Environments----------------------------------------------- 64 Michael W. Kuenstle, AIA 1 & Nancy M. Clark 2 --------------------------------------------------- 64 Islamic Architecture in the Subtropics and Resiliency ------------------------------------------------- 65 Ayad Almaimani1 and Nawari. O. Nawari2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 65 Challenges of Designing an Amphitheater in the Tropics --------------------------------------------- 66 Rajana Radhakrishnan1, Nawari. O. Nawari2, Frank Bosworth3 ----------------------------------- 66 Restructuring Puerto Rico --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 1

Meagan Larsen , ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 12

Re-purposing Plastic Through Efficiency in Construction and Energy ------------------------------ 68 1

Joanne Zamora , ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68 Caribbean Solar Energy Resiliency: Designing systems and protocols to protect solar assets --- 69 1

Joseph Olopade , ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 The Impact of Climate Refugees in the Orlando FL Metro Region ------------------------------- 69 Recombinant Canal Living -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Silvia Aloisio 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Visioning Resilient Miami Futures ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 UF CHU. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Securing Threatened Assets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 UF CHU. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Performance in Caribbean Architecture; Resilient Housing Prototype Facing Climate Phenomena” ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Lora, P. + J. Rodriguez. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Alternative Water Management Techniques in Puerto Rico ------------------------------------------ 71 Camacho, A. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 SunRail: A Critical Patch for Orlando in the Face of Rapid Population Growth ------------------- 71 Trumpp, D. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 71 Old Theaters of Orlando and Their Response to the Population Increase due to Climate Change ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Upasana Bhattacharyya. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Co-Living: Housing Solutions Post Irma ---------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Clifford, D. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 71 America's Affordable Housing Crisis: How the Nation's Housing Shortage Further Endangers Climate Refugees.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Fields, A. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Impact of Climate Migration on Orlando Area Parks and Recreation Facilities. ------------------- 72 Fitzgerald, J. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 Invisible Cyclists: The Changing Faces of Urban Cycling. ------------------------------------------- 72 Hawkins, E. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 Climate Migration into Central Florida: Is the School System Ready for the Influx of New Students.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 72 Murray, A.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 13

Resiliency Framework and Initiatives: Case Study Miami Moderator: Reinaldo Borges, AIA ULI NCARB Principal and CEO Borges Architects Panel: Stephanie Tashiro, Ph.D., Deputy Chief Resilience Officer, Office of Resilience and Sustainability, City of Miami “100 Resilient Cities: Greater Miami and the Beaches” Anthony J. Abbate, Associate Provost for Broward Campuses, Director and Professor, School of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University “Pioneering Climate Resilience through Regional Action: The Southeast Florida Regional Compact” Carolyn Cox, Coordinator Florida Climate Institute

Abstract: South Florida and Miami are highly vulnerable to the risks of sea level rise and climate change.

In response, the region has developed a number of important initiatives that reach across institutions and municipalities in order to begin to create a resiliency framework. Key stakeholders in the region from government, development and academia will discuss the ongoing efforts of the region to envision a future for South Florida.

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Triumph of the Tropics Moderator: Deborah van der Platt, University of Queensland School of Architecture, Australia 009

Architecture as an expression of a places’ geography Domenico Potenza1 1

Departmento of Architecture Pescara, UNIVERSITY “G. D’ANNUNZIO” PESCARA-CHIETI (Italy), domenico.potenza@gmail.com

Abstract The history of architecture taught us that there is a bound relationship between materials, building technologies and the environment’s status. This remark is not just restricted to “building culture” but sparks even tighter relations between a place’s geography and their latitudes. The shapes of contemporary architecture are the results of a historical-critical elaboration that developed in particular at the turn of “modern times”, between the ending of the First World War and the last years of the 70’s, with peaks of significant speed-growing transformations during the 50’s and 60’s. These are the decades in which the shapes of the International Style turned gradually into the contemporary language of architecture, from the development of brand new building methods and from being rooted in local traditions, to the “Critical Regionalism” skillfully theorized studies by Kenneth Frampton as results. Two peculiarly important phenomena of this transition can be spotted in the architectures of the “Case Study Houses” in California and in those of the “Sarasota School” in Florida. They were sprung from different conditions however that gave quite similar results regarding the style expression. In Los Angeles John Entenza published in his magazine “Arts & Architecture” several contests in order to design new residential buildings, with the clear intention to embody the modern American dream. An experiment in which the biggest architects of that time took part, such as Richard Neutra, Craig Ellwood, Charles and Ray Eames, Pierre Koenig and Eero Saarinen and others. During the same years in Sarasota a group of architects among Paul Rudolph, Ralph Twitchell, Victor Lundy, Philip Hiss, Gene Leedy, Carl Abbot and others, started a critical review of building methods, especially focusing on the weather conditions, supported by the use of big openings, innovative ventilation systems and a close study of the environment. Investigating these phenomena means finding the roots of modernity in order to comprehend the relationship existing between architectural languages, the building culture and the places’ geography.

Keywords: building culture, place’s geography and their latitudes, International Style modern times, Critical Regionalism, Case Study Houses, Arts & Architecture, Sarasota School, and weather conditions.

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Tropical Modernism in the Panama Canal Martha Kohen1 and Vandana Baweja2 1

Center for Hydrogenerated Urbanism, University of Florida, USA, marthakohen4@gmail.com,

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University of Florida, USA, vbaweja@ufl.edu,

Abstract: In 1914, the completion of the Panama Canal established the connection of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The French initially sought to build the Panama Canal after the successful completion of the Suez Canal in 1869. The French failed in Panama due to their inability to work in tropical climatic conditions-tropical rain, earthquakes, and landslides. Further, the French were unable to manage tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever, which proved fatal and the French abandoned the Panama Canal project in 1888. On November 18, 1903, the Isthmian Canal Convention was signed, which gave the United States of America sovereign control of the Isthmus to construct, maintain, and defend an interoceanic waterway. The treaty also allowed the U.S. to control the sanitation, architecture, and urbanism of the Panama Canal Zone and the two port cities of Panama and Colon.

Colonel Gorgas, the Canal Zone's Chief Medical Officer appointed in 1904, was an expert in tropical hygiene. Gorgas, credited for establishing mosquitoes as disease vectors, had successfully eradicated yellow fever and malaria in Havana, Cuba. Between 1910 and 1920, the canal zone along the Isthmus became the site of several innovations in Tropical Architecture- which hybridized functionalism with existing vernacular architecture in Panama. The key buildings in the canal zone-Panama Railway Station, Administration Building, Balboa School, YMCA, Gorgas Hospital, Balboa Union Church and Prado mall provide a unique perspective on how Tropical Architecture developed through culture contact between the existing vernacular architecture, emerging tropical hygiene discourses, and ideas of functionalism. This paper will examine how Panama Canal Zone became the site of experiments in American Tropical Architecture discourses, which would later inform ideas about the relationship between architecture and climate after the Second World War as Mid-Century Modern architecture developed.

Keywords: Panama Canal, Natural Disasters, Adaptation, and Modern Architecture.

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Science, Semantics and the Queensland idiom: Sources of identity in modern and post-modern (sub)-tropical Queensland architecture

Elizabeth Musgrave1 1

A|T|C|H, School of Architecture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. e.musgrave@uq.edu.au

Abstract This paper will consider the regionalist response of (sub)-tropical (post) modern architecture in South-East Queensland, Australia, through the analysis of two projects located in Brisbane; the Kelvin Grove Halls of Residence (1974) by John Dalton Architect and Associates, a practice identified with climate responsive modern design, and the Addison House (1974-75) by Rex Addison, a practice aligned with Critical Regionalism. Both projects featured in a 1984 edition of the journal UIA International Architect titled Detailing, National Identity and a Sense of Place in Australian Architecture. Their inclusion marks a development in generalist historical accounts of Australian architecture, which either overlooked entirely the sub- tropical and tropical north or presented Queensland architecture as an anomaly on the basis of its singular climate.

In Queensland in the immediate post-war era, scientifically validated principles of climate design provided a convenient justification for modern architecture and a compelling critique of the pre-existing Queensland bungalow to the extent that, by the 1970s, the two constructs, modernism and climate responsive design became conflated in practice and discourse. Post- modernism then, posed a problem for Queensland architects, particularly for the theorisation of approaches associated with the recovery of the vernacular and the myths that continued to sustain national and local identity. Was climate and climate science still important as a determinant of architectural form? A comparative analysis of these two projects presents a means of gauging how two different conceptual schemas addressed the problems posed by Brisbane’s sub-tropical climate and how they incorporated principles for climate design differently.

Keywords: Tropical Architecture, Climate Responsive Design, and Midcentury Architecture.

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Local Discourses on the Tropics in Twentieth-Century Australia and Climatic Architecture in post-war Queensland Deborah van der Plaat1.

1

University of Queensland School of Architecture, Australia, d.vanderplaat@uq.edu.au

Abstract: In 1925, the Australian doctor and public health official Raphael Cilento (1893-1985) published White Man in the Tropics. Seeking to debunk the ‘myth’ that white communities could not acclimatise to tropical climates, Cilento adapted and modified an international discourse on western civilisation and the tropics to the specifics and peculiarities of Queensland Australia. The interest of Cilento’s writings (and that of his colleagues) is the continuity and extension into the twentieth century of colonial discourses on climate, race and settlement that predate physiological studies of environments (industrial fatigue) and the later global networks of the Department of Tropical Architecture (Architecture Academy) established in 1955 first under Maxwell Fry and followed by Otto Koenigsberger. The aim of this paper is to consider the influence of Cilento and his colleagues on climatic design in Post- War Queensland. Two examples will be considered. The writings and designs of the Austrian born and trained architecture Karl Langer (who arrived in Brisbane in 1940) and the early writings of the English born but Queensland raised, Professor of Physiology, DHK Lee. Keywords: Tropical Architecture, Modern Architecture, and Climate and Architecture.

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Wind Catchers for Cross Ventilation and Hurricane Protection in Old Havana’s Courtyards Abel Tablada, Yueyang He1 1

Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, abel@nus.edu.sg

Abstract Courtyard buildings are the most common building typology in the compact low-rise historic center of Havana (Old Havana), Cuba. The layout of courtyard buildings should priorities the efficient use of limited open spaces to provide sufficient daylight and natural ventilation indoors. However, taking into account potential risks from tropical storms and hurricanes, which are frequent in the northern Caribbean Sea, the protection from strong winds should also be considered. Therefore, this study focuses on a parametric assessment of wind catchers which both enhance indoor natural ventilation and also protect from hurricane winds. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted for two wind speeds typical for the summer time and for a hurricane category IV. The courtyard building model is generated from guidelines proposed by author, 2006 and author, 2013. The results show on the benefits of including wind catchers in new residential building design in the context of Old Havana.

Keywords: Courtyard Buildings, Wind Catchers, Storm Resilience, Natural Ventilation, and Computational Fluid Dynamics

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The 1950s elevation debate and the tropical Queensland house: Tropical storms, "Progressive” architecture" and the devaluing of “under the house”.

Cathy Keys1 1

Indigenous Design Place, School of Architecture, University of Queensland, Australia c.keys@uq.edu.au,

Abstract Hyper-elevation of detached housing has become an essential public and regulatory response to the 2010/2011 Queensland floods revealing design questions about how to manage "under the house". The ad hoc application of this house raising in suburban streets, and the increasing frequency of tropical storms since, has reignited a long-dormant debate about the role of elevation in the design of tropical housing in Northern Australia. Although the history of tropical Queensland domestic architecture is well recognised, few studies had explored the elevation debate that peaked in the early 1950s when architects used findings of the Commonwealth Experimental Building Station to discredit the climatic credentials of the vernacular Queensland house, contributing to the demise of elevation across the state. This research explores the environmental history of tropical housing raising in Queensland from the perspectives of the public, architects and the scientific community, tracing the elevation debate through newspapers, architectural journals, books and scientific reports. The preliminary findings of this research suggest that post-World War II, architects seeking to encourage an indoor-outdoor lifestyle successfully argued against elevation from the perspective of climatic performance in raised living spaces, at the cost of the publically valued spaces "under the house".

Keywords: Elevated Tropical House, Queensland House, Queensland Architecture, and Tropical Storms.

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The Role of Technology in Resilience Moderator: Nawari Nawari, Ph.D. Associate Professor, School of Architecture University of Florida 030

The Role of BIM in Sub-Tropic Architectural Resiliency Ayad Almaimani1 and Nawari. O. Nawari2 1 PhD student, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: ayadkh@ufl.edu 2 Associate Professor, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: nnawari@ufl.edu.

Abstract: The world in an era the warfare and negligence consider an issue to various peculiar and traditional architectural buildings that symbolize a particular historical architectural style. Many of these buildings architectural Islamic elements detail is not notarized. Hence, the purpose of this paper became an imperative academic orientation. This research concentrates on employing the Building Information Modeling (BIM) library for Islamic Architecture Styles (IAS). IAS elements have historically succeeded in resisting the natural factors, negligence, and other devastating factors, located in the sub-tropical regions. The aim of the library is to enhance, develop, and guide the architect toward a resilient building design. The BIM Islamic Architecture Library supports the resiliency in different ways. The significant one is, the designer learning from the organized and categorized IAS chronologically and how these components form the architectural and structural shapes of these historical buildings served in the ancient days the nations who lived in similar sub-tropical areas. Furthermore, how these elements advocate resilience via these buildings are still existed which means longevity, these elements overcome the issues of ventilations, drainage, humidity, hot weather, storms, and flood. The goal is to rehire, reuse, and revive these design concepts and materials via using the BIM IAS. Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Islamic Architecture Styles, Sub-Tropic, Islamic Architecture Library, and Resiliency.

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The Shape of Hurricanes Lieutenant Colonel Reid’s Morphology of Cyclonic Weather Systems.

Pedro Guedes1 1

School of Architecture, University of Queensland, p.guedes@uq.edu.au,

Abstract Within a generation of losing its American colonies, Britain adjusted to a new world order in which its power and influence were spread across the globe, slowly shifting focus from the Western Hemisphere to the East. Throughout its global empire, held together by the Royal Navy, much consolidation was needed in building and repairing garrisons, developing durable infrastructure and understanding exotic environments. Scattered around these fluid dominions were members of the Royal Engineers, the ‘Scientific Corps’ whose duties included designing public and military buildings and assembling useful data about the workings of nature in unfamiliar climates. This paper will focus on Lieutenant Colonel William Reid RE, FRS, his work on repairing and rebuilding structures damaged in the Barbados hurricane of 1831and his growing curiosity about these unpredictable storms. In his later collaborations with William C. Redford in the United States and Henry Piddington in Calcutta, he investigated tropical tempests and their trajectories as circulating weather systems. After the 1830’s and 40’s when the workings of storms had been established and when Reid’s theories had become widely accepted, their trajectories could be predicted and reliably communicated by telegraphy.

Keywords: Royal Engineers, Lt Colonel William Reid RE FRS, William C Redfield, Henry Piddington, Hurricane disaster mitigation, Cyclones, Typhoons, and Weather stations.

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Environmental Design Methodology for Building Spaces in the SubTropics Dina Elkazzaz1, Nawari O. Nawari2, Lamis Saad Elden Elgizawi3, Mona Awad Elwazir4.

1

Graduate Student, Mansoura University, College of Architecture, Egypt. Email: eng.dinashoukry@gmail.com

2

Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE., School of Architecture, University of Florida, Email: nnawari@ufl.edu

3

Professor, Mansoura University, College of Architecture, Egypt.

4

Lecturer, Mansoura University, College of Architecture, Egypt.

Abstract This study aims to investigate optimum energy performance using simulation tools to provide thermal and visual comfort to occupants of office spaces in subtropical regions. In addition to saving energy consumption by using sustainable materials for walls, ceilings, floors, and windows, the study focuses on enhancing natural ventilation and natural lighting, through simulations of the building behavior and analyses of the thermal performance of building materials, finishing materials and glass types. Innovative digital simulation tools that offer new conduits to integrate both digital technologies and green architecture design practices are utilized in this study. The site selected for this research is an office space at the administration building of Mansoura University, Egypt. The results reveal that the saving proportion of energy consumption was 14% in addition to the improved occupant satisfaction with indoor air quality, glare, light levels, and perceived overall physiological comfort.

Keywords: Energy performance, Simulation, Subtropics, and Sustainable material.

23

057

Comparison of Residential Building Performance Under Climate Changes Dong-SooKim1, Ravi Srinivasan2, Saranya Gunasingh3, Scott Schuetter4, 1

University of Florida, USA, dongsoo0209@ufl.edu,

2

University of Florida, USA, sravi@ufl.edu,

3

University of Florida, USA, sgunasingh@seventhwave.org,

4

University of Florida, USA, sschuetter@seventhwave.org,

Abstract: Building sector generates 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, and approximately 50% of landfill waste in United States. Buildings in urban areas alone consume half of energy generated and emit 35% of the greenhouse gases worldwide. With changes to the climate becoming more noticeable than ever before, it is crucial to study the impact on building energy use over long-term. Using advanced building energy simulation methods, this paper compares energy performance of a typical Florida single-family home under current climate conditions(year 2017) and under future climate scenario between 2041-2070.

The Florida single-family home information stemmed from the Florida Building Energy Code, which contained the information of building component, building equipment load, and Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. To quantify the impact of climate change on building energy use, we analyzed the building performance using future weather datasets from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program’s (NARCCAP). The We have also investigated methods to develop building energy codes factoring in climate resilient design.

Keywords: Residential Building, Florida Building Code, Climate Change, and Building Performance.

24

063

Impact of Natural Disaster Risk on Property Value: A Case Study of Miami-Dade County Abhinav Alakshendra1, Hyun Jung Kim2, Jun Ik Sohn3 1

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Florida, alakshendra@dcp.ufl.edu

2

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Florida, hyunkim@ufl.edu

3

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Florida, juniksohn@ufl.edu

Abstract The evidence of rapidly changing climate is irrefutable and compelling. The science required to understand this phenomenon has taken a big leap from just relying on observations to now quantifying smallest changes in the atmosphere. There are various indicators that suggest noticeable changes in the atmospheric composition. The greenhouse gases have certainly increased along with other gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. There has been rise in instances of floods and cyclones throughout the United States. In 2016 alone, the United States had 91 natural disasters resulting in the losses of more than $15 billion. As a matter of fact, the United States has lost a minimum of more than a billion dollars every year since 2007.

Also, Florida has been consistently ranked top five states with hurricane frequency, however, in the meantime the coastal city of Miami has developed into the core of tourism and business making Miami more vulnerable from the fiscal point of view. Developed coastal cities are geographically at the high-risk inundation, and high density and concentrated economic activities are increasing potential risk.

Nonetheless, a significant proportion of the population is poorly integrating with this risk, particularly at the housing front.

Existing literature on the disaster risk on property value provides two compelling schools of thought. Some experts believe that the disaster risk negatively affect the house prices in the flood risk areas, while some believe that there is no significant effect on the housing values. In this paper, we investigate the property values in flood risk areas in Miami-Dade County by utilizing the hedonic price model to better understand the impact of natural disaster in a developed coastal city. We found the negative impact of flood risk on housing values. However, we also found the positive impact of waterfront and coastal front in highrisk flood areas that partially offsets the negative impact of flood risk.

Keywords: Housing Market, House Price, Natural Disaster, Flooding Area, and Hedonic Price Model.

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085

The Aftermath of Hurricane Harvey: Rehabilitation and Relocation of Houston’s Most Vulnerable Displaced 1

Farah Akiely , Abhinav Alakshendra 1

2

Ph.D. Student, College of Design, Construction & Planning, University of Florida, P.O. Box 115702 573 Newell

Drive, Gainesville, FL 32603; Email: farah.akiely@ufl.edu 2

Assistant Professor, College of Design, Construction & Planning, University of Florida, P.O. Box 115702 573

Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32603; Email: alakshendra@ufl.edu

Abstract Hurricane Harvey, which tore through southeastern Texas, made landfall near Corpus Christi, Texas late August 2017. It resulted in a massive infrastructure destruction, and most importantly loss of lives - killing at least four dozen people. Harvey flooded more than 100,000 homes, displacing over 1 million inhabitants of the fourth-largest city in the United States. Houston is also one the fastest growing city in the United States (USA Today, 2017).

Hurricane Harvey’s impact was quite widespread and it affected majority of Houston. However, areas in the floodplains were badly hit. There is no doubt that residents of floodplains are the most vulnerable group in the event of flooding and they remain at risk in future too. Floodplains are flood prone marginal land and this research attempts to investigate the extent of damage to property given the socio-economic status of the residents. “In all regions of the world, those who are poor and marginalized often suffer disproportionately from the effects of disasters, in part because they tend to live on marginal land and their houses are weakly constructed.” Brookings, 2015.

This paper will explore the issue of rehabilitation strategies of Houston’s most vulnerable population who were displaced. The burden of displacement is usually high for low income people. We also explore some feasible alternative strategies of relocation.

This marginalized group of Houstonians will be identified through mapping Houston’s poverty pockets using GIS, and by matching the resulting map with the floodplain map during and after hurricane Harvey. This will guide authorities and the city of Houston to construct informed and targeted strategies to alleviate the status of those residents and develop effective policies to prevent, respond to, and recover from displacement caused by disasters and floods. The result of this research will facilitate to provide proactive development strategies, preventing further deterioration of flood-affected areas, becoming unmaintained cheap housing alternative.

Keywords: Houston, Hurricane Harvey, Floodplains, Housing, Displacement, Poverty Pockets, Rehabilitation, and GIS.

26

Vulnerable Water-Based Communities and Informal Settlements Moderator: David Gouverneur, Professor of Practice Department of Landscape Architecture University of Pennsylvania 015

Mapping, Design and Adaptive Interventions for Communities Susceptible to Flooding: A Case Study of Select Communities Along the Hope River in St. Andrew, Jamaica.

Jacqueline Douglas Brown1 1

Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Technology, Jamaica.jdbrown@utech.edu.jm

Abstract The Hope River, partly located at the foothills of the Blue Mountains and running parallel to the Gordon Town road in St. Andrew, Jamaica has seen increased intensity in settlement patterns along its river banks and within the river bed. As experienced in the past, in the event of tropical storms, existing communities are at risk from river flooding and erosion. Using a variety of mapping exercises and virtual imagery, this research explores the current settlement patterns in select locations within the river bed and on its banks, estimating the number of existing households and businesses at risk from flooding during tropical storm events.

Settlement patterns and diagrams derived from mapping exercises carried out in the study area, propose and demonstrate alternate settlement solutions before, during and after the threat of tropical storms, with a view to improving the adaptive capacity of those settlements that are prone to flooding. Vehicular and pedestrian points of ingress and egress from the communities to proposed shelter facilities are assessed, and identified to determine the best routes for evacuation during tropical storm threats.

Keywords: Adaptive Interventions, Mapping, Settlement Patterns, and Evacuation.

27Â Â

027

The Convergence of Vulnerability Factors to Storm Hazards and mitigation approaches: The Jamaican Case.

Amani Ishemo1, 1

PhD. Faculty of the Built Environment, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Technology, Jamaica. aishemo@utech.edu.jm

Abstract Over the years Jamaica had experienced a multitude of hazards but mainly storms. The major challenge associated to storm hazards is the multiple dimensions of vulnerability. This paper seeks to examine the primacy of the socio-economic vulnerability in Jamaica in the context of ecological and developmental perspectives. Two case studies, one in Kingston and the other in Runway bay in St. Ann are examined to expound the discussion. The results suggest that the assessment of vulnerability in Jamaica had been broadly focused on site or area specific approach. But this paper suggests that for assessment and mitigation purposes the impact of storm hazards in Jamaica should be examined from both the micro and the broader perspective of the built environment.

Keywords: Vulnerability, Socio-Economic, Assessment, Mitigation, and Jamaica

28Â Â

033

Mexico City: Sinking Witnesses.

WATER, CITY AND SUBSIDENCE.

Yvonne Labiaga Peschard1 1

TALLER HÍDRICO URBANO (THU), ARCHITECTURE FACULTY. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO, MEXICO CITY, yvonnelabiaga@yahoo.com

Abstract Mexico City has been transformed drastically from its water geography to an urban expansion that does not take advantage of rainwater and does not contemplate the adequate recharge of aquifers. It is estimated that currently only 18% of the city's surface remains permeable while surfaces and pavements favor rapid runoff from storm water, especially during the rainy season, which saturate the services of the drainage system causing heavy flooding. In spite of this, there is the potential to incorporate infrastructure for catchment, distribution and temporary storage of water in public spaces and other basic infrastructures.

On the other hand, the city depends on at least 50% of the drinking water supply by extraction and this is what causes subsidence. To dispense from this source, coupled with the cessation of construction of new buildings, would be the only way to stop the sinking of the basin. During the next few years, with the worldwide trend of repopulation of the cities, neither of these situations seems to stop. So, from the point of view of architecture and urban design, while being able to propose solutions to the most pressing problems of the city, we ask ourselves: How can we deal with this condition of instability and continuous mutation? What are the strategies for understanding sinks and adapting to them? What is the image of subsidence? And how do we design a city in permanent collapse?

Keywords: Mexico, Subsidence, Urban Development, Flooding, and Water Management

29

084

“Ahogado Basin: Redevelopment Options for a Flood Vulnerable Settlement in San Pedro Tlaquepaque, Mexico” Flood vulnerable partially informal settlements: redevelopment options for social cohesion and water management advancement 1

Silvia Aloisio , CRISTINA LUNA 1

2

Sapienza - Università di Roma, UNAM– Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, email:

silvia.aloisio@uniroma1.it 2

Sapienza - Università di Roma, UNAM– Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, email: xt.luna@gmail.com

Abstract This project was developed and designed during the workshop “Taller Internacional San Pedro Tlaquepaque” (TAU).

Cuenca del Ahogado Basin is the recipient of the runoff from the south of Guadalajara's metropolitan area.

This feature gives it a crucial importance in the metropolitan drainage system, and the natural water cycle.

In addition, the area is a recharge zone of very extensive underground aquifers, from which supply water is withdrawn for the residential areas. The area is populated by 32.000 people that live in formal and informal low-income settlements.

The plan is a proposal for urban and landscape regeneration that relies on natural elements to give a new urban identity to the site and to the community. By the introduction of a green infrastructure axis, not just a Linear Park, designed along the creek course and consistent of water, green areas, public spaces and facilities, we can control water overflows and determine new residential areas, sensitive to the hydrological and ecological realities of the Basin. It is the begging of a process that can establish enhanced urbanity, where, by urbanity, we understand a better quality of life for the inhabitants.

Therefore, the aim of the design proposal is reconciling two inescapable facts; urban and population growth, on the one hand, with the risk of overflows during flood periods in the basin of the Ahogado. The proposed solution considers landscape studies, environmental impact, sanitation and ecological recovery, in addition to propose future urban density.

The water structure becomes the main actor of new urban structure, giving the area an independent system in terms of economic development and ecology. The vision aims to complete the ring structure of water and roads with a new axis to promote local industry, housing and mobility for future developments in the site.

30

047

Adaptation and Adaptive Capabilities to Climate Change The “Minimal Urban Structure” as strategic devise to reduce the vulnerability of informal settlements

Michele Manigrasso1 1

University G . d’Annunzio, Department of Architecture of Pescara. Italy michelemanigrasso@gmail.com

Abstract Environmental risks connected to climate change frequently demand the integration of prevention measures in its own urban strategies to local authorities. This is to increase the resilience and guarantee security to the Architectural Heritage and to the populations during extreme events.

Tropical areas and ocean coastal cities are particularly sensitive; here the relationship with the nature and in particular with the water - is often critical. The richer countries will be less vulnerable from climate change and will benefit more as they are less densely populated and have more resources to prevent and adapt. These risks are amplified for those who do not have the resources to adapt or live in informal settlements and areas at risk, suffering from lack of both infrastructure and essential services.

Meager countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change due to a vulnerability stemming from the high population density, the scarcity of basic resources and the weak social and political structures to accommodate adaptation to change.

The favelas are very complex and dense realities. There is a high amount of self-constructions made of low-resistance materials and spontaneous building settlements. Make the whole city secure is utopian and unrealistic idea. This is a very difficult and unrealistic possibility. Above all, this is quite difficult to accomplish quickly due to economic issues, to the size of the busy territory and to the amount of existing architectures. This project wants to highlight the important gap between rich and poor countries from the point of view of their adaptation capability, by investigeting on the possibilities to increase the adaptive abilities of an informal settlement through a Minimal Urban Structure. In fact, M.U.S. is encoded in planning and programming seismic risk prevention and it is now also introduced to mitigate the impacts of climate change on populations. This strategy represents the start of a process of regeneration by incorporating strategic adaptations to the security of people.

Keywords: Informal Settlement, Adaptation, and Resilience.

31

Tropical Storms and the Legal Infrastructure of Adaptive Development Moderator: Sid Shapiro, Ph.D. Frank U. Fletcher Chair of Administrative Law, Wake Forest University 013

Reaching Higher Ground Relocating Communities in Response to Climate Change*

Rob Verchick1, David Flores2 1 2

Loyola University New Orleans; Center for Progressive Reform, verchick@loyno.edu Loyola University New Orleans; Center for Progressive Reform, dflores@progressivereform.org

Abstract According to government reports, a least seventeen communities in the United States have explored or begun plans to relocate from lands threatened by sea level rise, eroding shores, and other climate impacts.

The work is complicated and expensive. Communities must find and acquire new land, plan land-use and governing structures for the new location, and decide what to do with the land left behind. Of communities now considering climate relocation, all are predominantly Native American, though they differ in terms of federal status, legal authority, and geographic conditions. In this paper, we identify the property issues relevant to climate relocation and investigate the legal strategies and funding mechanisms that might be used to address them. To make matters more concrete, we will draw from a range of past and current relocation efforts (most involving climate impacts, although not all), paying visits to icy landscapes in the Arctic Circle, the Hoh Reservation near Washington’s temperate rainforests, and migrants’ shanties in the ailing mangrove swamps of San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Keywords: Law, Environment, Policy, Climate Change, Relocation, and Land Use.

32

014

Protecting Low-Lying Hazardous Facilities from Floods: How Can the Law Protect Communities from Exposure to Climate-Induced Industrial Spills?

David Flores1, Elena Franco2 1

Center for Progressive Reform, DFlores@progressivereform.org

2

American University Washington College of Law, ef4128a@student.american.edu

Abstract Rising sea levels, destructive storm surge, more frequent and heavier rainfall - the impacts of climate change are present and projected to amplify over the next several decades. Researchers assert that the largest Atlantic-bound storms are likely to occur five times more often each season and will dump up to 70 percent more rain with each occurrence by 2100. With more water and harsher storms, U.S. shorelines and riverfronts are likely to experience devastating flooding. Industrial facilities – oil and gas, manufacturing, chemical, and agricultural – are often sited within floodplains to permit access to water for transport and industrial process, and these facilities are ill-equipped to prevent spills or leaks of hazardous materials caused by extreme precipitation, flooding, and storm surge. As a result, neighboring communities are at particular risk of exposure to these dangerous substances during and following extreme weather events. The actual work of addressing this regulatory challenge remains incomplete, but there opportunities to adapt existing federal law and adopt new state and local laws to prevent or mitigate the growing risk of climate-induced industrial spills.

Keywords: Flood Hazards, Storm Surge, Law, Policy, Environment, Baltimore, Disaster Preparedness and Planning, and Pollution.

33

069

Coastal Protection in the Red States: North Carolina and Climate Change Sid Shapiro1, Robert Verchick2, 1

Ph.D. Frank U. Fletcher Chair of Administrative Law, Wake Forest University

“Anatomy of a Red State’s Response: North Carolina and Climate Change”, email: shapirsa@wfu.edu.

2

Loyola University New Orleans, USA, verchick@loyno.edu.

Abstract The implementation of public policy occurs at the intersection of law and politics. There are legal options at both the federal and state levels that can be used to address the risks of sea level rise and storm surges in coastal areas, but the options are problematic in light of the political resistance to climate change regulation at the national level and in red states. This paper explores the available legal responses and why they are problematic in light of political opposition It then explores whether the federal government can force states to adapt to sea level rise and coastal storm surges if the political climate at the national level changes.

Keywords: Law, Politics, and Coastal Adaption.

34

Lessons from Tradition: Regional Responses to the Tropics Moderator: Vandana Baweja, Ph.D., Associate Professor School of Architecture University of Florida 019

SIDS Caribbean Context Conservation and Restoration as Adaptation Strategies

Patricia Elaine Green1 1

Head of School, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Technology, Jamaica, e-mail: patgreen2008@gmail.com,

Abstract: The Caribbean region is classified within the grouping of Small Island Developing States (SIDS).

A world summit on sustainable development held in Montego Bay, Jamaica, 9-10 May 2002 examining vulnerability and SIDS to explore mechanisms for partnerships, reinforced SIDS territories as vulnerable because of their small size, isolation, susceptibility to natural disasters, and ecological fragility. This paper posits that Caribbean life revolves around the intimate dynamics between land and sea, and that vulnerability would therefore affect development and architecture. It therefore argues that adaptation strategies in Caribbean built environment should include the historic urban landscape bearing a direct relationship of harbours with their port towns thereby necessitating conservation and restoration as adaptation strategies for these. Frequent occurrences of Tropical storms, even outside of the Caribbean designated June to November hurricane season heighten the need for such strategies.

Using the historic core of selected Caribbean port cities, this paper will outline how history has shaped local settlement patterns and evolved a traditional architecture that over time created cultural landscapes that may be likened to an endemism on SIDS territories. Interpretation of these are intended to inform development and architecture and help with mitigating natural disaster effects from the occurrences of Tropical storms especially in the face of climate change.

How would this be able to inform contemporary practices as adaptation strategies will be argued, especially to address UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 “Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. Are there linkages to traditional practice?

Keywords: Historic Urban Landscapes, Climate Change, and Heritage.

35

054

Exploration of Sembilan Island Resort Design Wasilah Sahabuddin1, A. Asrul Halim2 Lecturer of Architecture Department, Science and Technology Faculty, Islamic State of Alauddin University, wasilah@uin-alauddin.ac.id 2 Student of Architecture Department, Science and Technology Faculty, Islamic State of Alauddin University, ihasrulalim@yahoo.com

Abstract There is a challenge in combining the Indonesian Archipelago architecture design with the classical architecture of Europe. Some alternative questions arise in the end of lecturer study are how to presenting the architecture design that represent a modern of the Archipelago Architecture of Indonesia, how to represent architecture design from Indonesian Archipelago identity, how to represents the design of Indonesian Archipelago cultural symbol or representing the design architecture with the characteristic of Indonesia country.

Sembilan Island is one of the interesting tourism destinations that located in Sinjai Regency, Southern Sulawesi. The accessibility of Sembilan Island is 15-20 minutes with the sea transportation, motorboat. The tourism potencies of Sembilan Island are the coral reefs and numerous beautiful ornamental fish that lived in the area of the Sembilan sea water. The people can enjoy fine white sand and natural bonsai trees along the coastal of Sembilan Island. Additionally, the area of the Sembilan Islands supported by small and quite roll of wave. Most of the current are small wave. These conditions are appropriate as water sport arena, such as diving, water skiing, rowing boat, and fishing (www.sinjai.go.id).

Aim of this research is how to explore the design of the resort with vernacular architecture approach. The design concept method are include site selection, footprint layout, building orientation, mass layout, form philosophy, space program, interior layout, exterior layout, utility system, structure and the construction system. The result of this research will describe content and shape of the Indonesian Archipelago architecture that applied the design principles with the basic of green and environmental friendly architecture.

Keywords: Vernacular, Construction System, Utility System, Form Philosophy, and Footprint Orientation,

36Â Â

068

Architectural Resiliency: A Study on the Filipino Climate Adaptive Culture

Leah Dela Rosa 1 PhD, University of Santo Tomas, lmpr_333@yahoo.com.ph

Abstract Remembering after the tremendous strongest storm that ever hit the country, Anderson Cooper from CNN, witnessed the strong Filipino attitude of never giving up and courage. He saw the effects of the devastation done by hurricane Katrina in the United States but he said that what he saw in the Philippines remained unequal till today. As such he thanked Filipinos for showing the world how to live (Cooper2013). It was also said that when the world looks at the Philippines, they won’t remember the worst typhoon to hit the earth—they will recall how strong Filipinos are, too.

Beyond Yolanda Prior to Yolanda a super typhoon that hit the country last November 08, 2013, Philippines, due to its geographical location and geological characteristics have been experiencing tremendous impacts from all types of natural calamities leading to loss of lives and properties. With an average of 20 typhoons a year and recurrent exposure to other natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and drought; it would be rational to conclude that the Philippines is a highly disaster-prone country (Santos 2012) Building Back Better After the assessment of the damages into the affected structures, it is but proper to recognize the need to come up with more resilient approach in building designs. Designs that will incorporate features and elements that will assure adaptability to other similar events that may occur in the future.

This will also entail profound understanding of the Filipino as the users and their behavior during the said calamities.

Resilient Designs To design any building with resiliency means to start the design process by thinking carefully about the typical use scenarios of the building, common points of stress due to normal use, as well as the most likely disaster situations in the environment that could challenge the integrity of the building and/or endanger its occupants. The local environment and microclimate always play a critical role in determining the factors that make a building resilient, and so resilient design is always locally specific. Knowing climate change brings rising sea levels and more extreme weather events, architects or building designers need to focus extra attention on the challenges of weather – especially strong winds and flooding.

Therefore in designing buildings, special attention is needed to designing to resist severe wind load, as well as heavy precipitation, and ground-level flooding. Buildings in disaster prone areas need to be very well-sealed, have adequate drainage solutions for roofs, terraces, basements, and any other areas which may collect water.

Keywords: architectural resiliency, climate adaptive design, build back better

37

073

Historic Wood Structures: Learning From Their Sustainable Performance in The Tropics

Diana Luna1 1

Architect, Associate Dean University of Puerto Rico School of Architecture, e-mail: dianalunaserbia@gmail.com

Abstract Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean with a tropical climate all year round. Hurricanes, storms and earthquakes are common to the island. Most of our historic architecture is wood buildings from 18th and 19th centuries. They are still standing due to good construction processes, design and quality of materials.

Original architectural design and construction methods were simple and based in actual sustainable concepts, which helped these structures to perform and survive regardless of the climate and human impact through centuries.

In the historic wood buildings the basic themes of: water management, energy conservation, agriculture, safety, waste disposal, construction materials, and other needs were addressed efficiently.

Architectural components that minimize the impact of nature were integrated in the building.

The documentation and investigation of the sustainable components and topics as: materials, energy and water conservation, cross ventilation, construction details, structural details, maintenance, restoration, reuse, retrofitting and human knowledge and sensibility, is very important for actual sustainable processes and economy. In the historic buildings, every component of the structure was designed and built for a purpose. At the same time that efficiency was important; beauty and detail were relevant to human occupation and social status. The natural interior lighting prevails in many ways through particular elements such as “montantes” or transoms.

As an architect for 24 years and owner of an 1882 wood historic house in an urban center, I have lived the process of restoration, understand and respect how the house necessities were addressed originally. I dedicate that knowledge to the restoration, reuse and retrofit of historic wood structures based on the process of my own house. Learning from the past is essential to get into the present and future economy of sustainable restoration. It is not optional is a moral responsibility.

Keywords: Historic preservation, Sustainable performance, and Tropical Architecture

38

Pechakucha Session Moderator: Frank M. Bosworth, Ph.D., AIA, Professor, Director CityLab Orlando University of Florida

089

The Impact of Climate Refugees in the Orlando, FL Metro-region Panel: Dakota Clifford, Adam Fields Jonathon Fitzgerald, Eric Hawkins Ange Murray Derek Trumpp

Abstract This session will feature six short presentations followed by a discussion on the effect of climate migration in the Orlando Florida Metro-region.

The Orlando Metro-region is the fastest growing of the country’s 30 largest metro-regions. For the year ending July 1, 2016, the net growth of the region was 60,000, a growth rate of 2.6%; approximately 40% of the increase was from domestic migration and 34% from international migration (U.S. Census Bureau). Since hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico (September 20, 2017) it is estimated that 80,000 Puerto Ricans have migrated to the Orlando metro-region, and as reported in a recent Orlando Rising article Orange County Mayor Teresa Jacobs stressed that the influx of evacuees arriving in Central Florida is expected to approach 200,000 by the end of the year, and there is little planning and coordination of services on a statewide level. (http://orlando-rising.com,11.01.2017) The combination of a rapid “natural” growth rate and migration due to disaster are overburdening the infrastructure of the region, exacerbating an already existing affordable housing shortage, stressing a primitive public transportation system, and burdening a school system unprepared for rapid population increase, and that is just the beginning of the list. Each of the six presentations will address the anticipated impact of this growth on a specific component of the infrastructure, and the consequences of unanticipated population growth from climate refuges on the quality of life in the Orlando Metro-region. The presentations and posters for this session are the work of the UF CityLab-Orlando Seminar: The American City. The full versions of the papers will be published in the annual CityLab Journal.

39

071

Modern living in the Subtropic: Community and ecological functionalism Gabriella Ebbesson1, Nawari Nawari2, and Martin Gold3 1

Gabriella Ebbesson, CityLab-Sarasota, School of Architecture, University of Florida, USA, gebbesson@ufl.edu.

2

Nawari Nawari, Associate Professor, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of

Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: nnawari@ufl.edu.

3

Martin Gold, Associate Professor and CityLab-Sarasota Program Director, College of Design, Construction &

Planning, School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702, mgold@ufl.edu.

Abstract Through the exploration of animal structures, valuable sustainable building strategies can be extracted and applied to our own buildings to achieve ecological functionalism and an improved relationship with nature. This thesis seeks to adapt these strategies toward sustainable housing that is affordable and accessible to the majority of community residents while advancing environmental stewardship and ensure not only our survival but also the richness of our culture.

To approach these problems, a variety of animal species have been studied, including their building methods and lifestyles to learn what makes their communities successful. Through the research and analysis, a set of guidelines have emerged suggesting applicable building methods appropriate for the subtropical climate of Florida while considering the impacts of a changing climate. Utilizing the single-family home typology ubiquitous in Florida (3 bedroom 2 bath with yard and garage), this work reconsiders the introverted nature of current housing by extending living into the nominally temperate subtropical landscape – akin to animal inhabitation – toward more sustainable and resource efficient living.

The research aims to broaden our knowledge about resilient construction concepts, methods, and resource cycling to discover improved ways of making housing more affordable, flexible, inspiring and durable while building a stronger community as an opportunistic response to the potentially threatening climate conditions we are being faced with. keywords: Ecological Functionalism, Animal Architecture, and Community Design.

40

080

The History of Solar Architecture in the United States and Florida Gabriela Villalobos1 Â 1

University of Florida, USA, gvillalobos@ufl.edu,

Abstract Solar architecture, a movement that focuses on using the sun as an alternative resource at homes, was born in the late 1930s. The orientation of a house, its exposure to the sun, the material with which it was built, solar collectors, heat exchangers, and more, assisted in using the sun as energy. This paper explores the origins and developments of solar architecture in the United States and explains important inventions made in this field. To do so, salient figures and their work are studied in chronological order as they have established the path in which solar architecture evolved. Improved designs and technological inventions helped accomplished using the sun as the main source of heat and energy, but its developments have not ceased, as the same concerns that lead people to study renewable resources still exist to the day.

Keywords: Solar Architecture, History, United States, Passive and active solar systems, MIT solar Houses, Fred Keck, Maria Telkes, George Lof, Steve Baer, and Solar Architecture Movements.

41Â Â

Learning from Puerto Rico after Maria Moderator: Martha Kohen, Director UF CHU Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism, Professor School of Architecture 090

Learning from Puerto Rico after Maria 1

2

3

Diana Luna , Jonathan Marvel , Pedro Munoz , 1

Architect, Associate Dean University of Puerto Rico School of Architecture FAIA Founding Principal at Marvel Architects 3 Ph.D. AIA Director LAAB Environmental Laboratory for Bio-tropical Architecture, Professor University of Puerto Rico 2

Abstract Many challenges face those designing law and policy reforms to protect public health, safety and the environment from adverse effects of climate change. Although there is broad agreement about the need for “adaptive governance,” there is no universal definition for what constitutes adaptive governance. In addition, anticipating how well different measures will address threats we have not yet experienced limits how much past experience or data can tell us. Finally, developing public support for investments and decisions made today to anticipate and prevent future harm is challenging.

This panel highlights some novel techniques for both identifying what law and policy tools will prove adaptive in an era of increasingly severe tropical storms and other effects of climate change, and for communicating the value of such measures to the public who might be affected. What these techniques have in common is that they engage imagination and immersion rather than just analytic thinking, a somewhat novel approach in the realm of law and policy development.

This panel will focus on two related projects spearheaded by faculty at the University of Florida which harness immersion and imagination with the goal of improving our ability to design and communicate the impact of adaptive governance measures. These are: (1) a scenario analysis exercise used in an interdisciplinary workshop setting that employed storytellers to bring four alternate futures to life; and (2) an immersive and interactive virtual reality (VR) experience designed and developed by a team of students working with faculty from UF’s Media Effects and Technology Lab that built on the narratives from the workshop, to explore VR’s power to help people envision the impacts of adaptive versus reactive governance in the context of sea-level rise.

42

Resilience Education and Outreach Moderator: Stephen Bender, AIA Lecturer CityLab Orlando School of Architecture, Principal bndr Architecture 006

Incorporating Climate Change into Landscape Architectural Projects in Florida Michael Volk1, Gail Hansen2, Belinda B. Nettles3 1

Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Florida, mikevolk@ufl.edu Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, ghansen@ufl.edu 3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Florida, bbnettles@ufl.edu 2

Abstract Landscape architects in Florida are, and will be, very influential in addressing the impact of climate change on the built and natural environment. The knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs of landscape architects about climate change will determine the extent to which they commit to design practices that mitigate climate change impacts such as flooding, temperature and precipitation changes, and salt water intrusion. It is important to understand what landscape architects’ perceptions and beliefs are about climate change, to what degree these beliefs influence design practices, and what information and strategies are needed and relevant to landscape architectural practice today, and in the future, to help address the impacts of climate change on the natural and built environment. This paper describes results from a recent survey on attitudes and perceptions of Florida landscape architects toward climate change to identify information gaps, potential strategies, and possible barriers to adoption of climate-smart design practices by landscape architects. Initial results indicate that the strong majority of landscape architects surveyed (81%) believe that climate change is relevant for current and future projects, with an additional 6% agreeing that it isn’t relevant for current projects but could be important in the future. However, landscape architects also believe that more information is needed regarding climate change, and many are unsure of specific approaches when considering climate change in projects. keywords: Landscape Architecture, Climate Change, Descriptive Survey Analysis.

43

008

Adaptive Building Design as a Platform for Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability in Future Cities Abhimanyu Goel1, Aratrika Roy2, Harn Wei Kua (Dr.)3, Mark Lam4 1 Abhimanyu Goel, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore bdgagoel@nus.edu.sg.

2 Aratrika Roy, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore royaratrika37@gmail.com.

3 Harn Wei Kua (Dr.), Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore bdgkuahw@nus.edu.sg.

4 Mark Lam, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore.

Abstract Rapid urbanization and climate change are two of the major issues challenging many cities today.

Recent studies concluded that if cities do not adapt to changes caused by these challenges, the total costs of damage to cities could rise up to USD 1 trillion a year. Even without the effects of climate change, usability of buildings may become obsolete even before they physically deteriorate. In other words, many buildings are not resilient in a changing environment. Designing buildings for adaptive reuse can thus potentially improve cities’ resilience by transforming these buildings to function under changing environment.

In case of school buildings, changes in functional criteria or improvement in facilities undergo major renovations or even demolitions after less than 30 years of service. The objective of this study is to identify patterns in the renovations or demolitions of 12 school buildings in Singapore, and propose design guidelines that create alternate designs for these schools that reduce the need or extent of future renovation and demolition. For each alternate design method, the potential net amount of construction and demolition wastes that could be avoided were estimated; by using life cycle assessment, the net decrease in life cycle impacts (global warming potential and acidification potential) and resource requirements (energy and water) were quantified. Savings in life cycle costs and social benefits were also studied and quantified.

It was found that adaptive reuse of school buildings can reduce environmental impacts and costs by 10-20%; case studies by us also indicated that adaptive reuse of buildings enhances the quality of life of communities utilizing these buildings.

Keywords: Adaptive Building Design, Construction & Demolition Wastes, Urban Sustainability &Resilience, and Life Cycle Assessment.

44Â Â

032

Finding SHADE Dean Sakamoto1 1

FAIA, LEED AP, shade group, USA, deans@dsarch.net

Abstract SHADE is a Hawaii-based interdisciplinary collaborative practice and training institute. SHADE stands for sustainable, humanitarian, architecture and design for the earth. This paper will speculate upon SHADE as an environmental design practice and service-based training organization which can collaborate with and serve governments, institutions and communities in the rapidly urbanizing and vulnerable torrid zones. Since 2015, the SHADE Institute, began its intern training and mentorship program to provide lowcost community planning and design services. Two community-based projects on Oahu island were initiated: 1) Chinatown Urban Acupuncture Project 2) Kapili Waipahu. Both communities are historically significant and have new immigrant, homeless populations, vulnerable to coastal hazards, and are impacted by the construction of the city’s rail mass transit project. The Chinatown Urban Acupuncture Project will be discussed in this paper.

In 2017, SHADE will continue to work in these communities in collaboration with the respective area legislators, land and business owners, residents, neighborhood leaders, community organizations, state and local governments; and the interns and mentors of local design firms and from universities across the U.S. SHADE Institute is funded by grants from the State of Hawaii, City and County of Honolulu, and numerous private donors and partners.

Keywords: Tropical Architecture, Sustainable Architecture, and Technology.

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016

Assessing the Effectiveness of the Public Education Programme on Disaster Mitigation for Community Kintyre in Jamaica Carol Archer1, Anna-Kay Gooden2 1

University of Technology, Jamaica, carcher@utech.edu.jm

2

University of Technology, Jamaica,

Abstract Jamaica’s vulnerability to natural disasters is one of the main challenges to attaining sustainable development. Over the last two decades Jamaica’s economic growth and development has been persistently hampered by the impact of natural hazards. For example, between May and September 2002, flood rains in Jamaica caused cumulative damage of about $6 billion. Over 90 percent of this damage was done to the country’s fragile infrastructure and failing agriculture sector. Placed in perspective, that $6 billion was approximately 26.3 percent of the total budget for education in 2003 and could have built 12,000 low income houses to shelter the poor for that budget year. Were these monies not spent on disaster recovery, they could have reduced fiscal deficit and advance growth (ODPEM, 2005).

Scholarly works on disaster management indicate that mitigation is arguably the most critical activity of the four phases of emergency management. Preparedness, response and recovery are the other three phases.

Unfortunately, mitigation is the least studied of the phases and by extension, effective disaster mitigation has been overlooked in the research. Concomitantly, the effectiveness of public education programmes and their effectiveness as a mitigating measure need to be examined further, particularly for recurrent natural disasters whose general location are predictable.

This paper will explore the effectiveness of public education programmes designed and administered by the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) for flood hazard mitigation in the community of Kintyre located in the Municipality of Kingston and St. Andrew.

The Kintyre community was chosen because it is one of the most vulnerable communities in Kingston— the capital of Jamaica. Kintyer, located along the banks of the Hope River is home to several hundred students and other low income residents due to the availability of low cost rental units. The Jamaican government spent millions of dollars annually on disaster mitigation in communities such as Kintyre.

Despite these efforts the level of preparedness at the community level has fallen short of expectations leaving households vulnerable The paper will also highlight how residents perceive public education as a means of disaster mitigation and give attention to ways in which public education information can be better tailored to reach residents at their local level thus alleviating the financial, emotional and physical damage to lives and properties.

Keywords: Storm Hazards, Flooding, Low Income Housing, Social Vulnerability, Public Education, Disaster Mitigation.

46

In Search of the TROPICOOL: The LAAB, an Empirical Research Tool for Design, Test and Analysis of Scale Models for Tropical Architecture Pedro Muniz, Ph.D. AIA Director LAAB Environmental Laboratory for Biotropical Architecture, Professor University of Puerto Rico

47

Green Infrastructure Moderator: Thomas Hoctor, Director of the UF Center for Landscape Conservation Planning, Research Associate Professor, UF Department of Landscape Architecture 002

ADaPT: Adaptation Design and Planning Tool for Urban Areas in the Coastal Zone Jeffrey Erwin Huber1 1

AIA, NCARB, LEED AP, School of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University, huberj@fau.edu,

Abstract The integration of design practice, speculative studio environments and interdisciplinary research may provide a robust framework for designing resilient coastal communities in the wake of natural disasters and rising seas. Many coastal regions have recognized their ill-preparedness and vulnerability to extreme climatic events. Coastal communities are starting to understand that current protections are merely shortterm mitigation strategies that only begin to address symptoms of blue-sky flooding and storm surge, but do not capitalize on the long-term solutions that adaptation strategies which bridge ecological infrastructure and urban design can deliver when solving for future challenges of sea level rise and climate instability. An adaptation framework for resilient urbanism that solves for a more salty, acidic, hot and saturated future is needed in order to adapt to a shifting climate and ecosystem network.

Awarded a NOAA Florida Sea Grant titled, ADaPT: Adaptation Design and Planning Tool design research is being developed for resilient coastal urbanism framework, referred to more simply as Salty Urbanism. The design-led and interdisciplinary research provides a deployable framework and toolkit for urban regions addressing urgent challenges along vulnerable coastlines. Working with the City of Fort Lauderdale, faculty with students and professionals are developing urban adaptation plans with performative-based ecosystem modeling that demonstrate the effectiveness of innovative architectural and urban design strategies utilizing North Beach Village in Fort Lauderdale. Within this work, Salty Urbanism is formulating urban and ecological solutions with cost/benefit calculations at the scales of individual lots, public rights-of-way, and neighborhood. The novel set of techniques and tactics provide a robust vocabulary to aid various stakeholders seeking to gain political support and public buy in when implementing adaptation solutions across multiple and nested scales of retrofit and new development.

Keywords: Adaptation Resilience, Urban Design, Flood-Adaptive Urbanism, and Salty Urbanism.

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045

Waterfront Jakarta: The Battle for The Future of The Metropolis Christopher Silver1 1

Professor, Urban and Regional Planning, , College of Design, Construction & Planning, University of Florida, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: silver2@ufl.edu

Abstract Southeast Asia’s dominant megacity, Jakarta, was founded by the Dutch in 1619 as the waterfront city of Batavia to advance its commercial aspirations in the region. Up through the early 19th century, this compact city interlaced with canals maintained a symbiotic relationship with its vast river network. From the early 19th century through independence after 1950, however, city development moved away from the waterfront, filled in many of the canals and allowed its rivers to become dysfunctional owing to over development. The search for an alternative to continued urban sprawl and new development opportunities led to plans to revitalize the dilapidated waterfront area into a new waterfront city in the 1990s. But this would require massive displacement of its low-income residents. Moreover, Jakarta’s leadership also recognized that its development processes over the previous three decades had served to exacerbate the problem of flooding throughout the city. Historic floods in 1996, 2002, 2007 and nearly every year thereafter, added another rationale to revitalization of the waterfront region, namely to find a way to mitigate the incidence of flooding, and to counter what was recognized as a serious problem of land subsidence because of excessive reliance on ground water extraction to sustain the city. This led to modification of 1990’s waterfront plan to serve as the Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy. As with the earlier waterfront plan, this also generated substantial concerns from an array of stakeholders who were not part of the planning process.

Keywords: Flood Management, Subsidence, Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy, Suharto, Joko Widodo, Batavia, Ciliwung River, Land Reclamation, Planning, and Jakarta Bay.

49

055

Trees of Life: Mangroves as ‘Eco-Saviour’ of Coastal Settlements Against Tropical Storms in Natural Heritage Region of Sunderbans Dr. Swati Saha1, Prerana Chatterjee2 1

Professor, Department of Architecture, Town and Regional Planning, Indian Institute of

Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah (India), swatisaha@arch.iiests.ac.in (official), swatisaha04@yahoo.com (personal) 2

Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Town and Regional Planning, Indian Institute

of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah (India) preranachatterjee@arch.iiests.ac.in (official), ar.prerana18@gmail.com (personal) Abstract: Sunderbans is a UNESCO natural heritage region lying to the northern coast of Bay of Bengal spreading across Bangladesh and India, whose geographical setting is characterized by a dynamically changing landform due to rapid deposition and erosion of soil aided by natural climate and tidal bore in the estuary- the unique biodiversity of flora and fauna, most particularly the mangrove forests which contribute 10,000 sq.kms area in this region and is the largest mangrove-belt in the world, control this geographical formation thereby protecting the humble human settlements along the coast from unpredictable natural hazards like tropical storms, cyclones, flooding, etc. The settlement pattern and architecture of the villages in this region is dependent on the mangrove landscape which also provide food, resin and other livelihood resources for the residing low-income communities. Since 1990s, the region has witnessed rapid rise in population and gradual urbanization which have collectively disturbed the environmental balance of the geography- clearing of vast stretches of mangroves for agriculture, shrimp farming and building new settlements have made the coast vulnerable to frequent tropical storms, tidal flooding and fluctuating salinity of water. These ill-effects are further enhanced by Global Warming which is responsible for rising waterlevels in the estuary, changing density of soil-minerals, salinity and other hydrological parameters that have endangered the eco-sensitive biodiversity of the region. This paper establishes the mangrove-belt as a landscape element responsible for structuring the coastal settlements and protecting them from natural disasters frequenting this tropical region. The paper also attempts to find possibilities of approaches to adaptive planning that considers a development strategy inclusive to the mangrove plantations, which is not only a natural heritage but an eco-saviour protecting the village settlements and conserving the biodiversity of the region from the wrath of tropical disasters.

Keywords: Resilient Planning, Natural Heritage Conservation, Eco-sensitive Landscape, Adaptive Planning, Tropical Architecture, Coastal Communities, and Mangroves.

50

A Sustainable Solution for Coastal Regions with Salt Water Intrusion in Drinking Water Sources.

Katrina Indarawis, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida School

51Â Â

Storm of Opportunity: Business Models and Urban Resilience Moderator: Ann Goodman, Author Adapting to Change: The Business of Climate Resilience, Affiliate Faculty at CUNY Advanced Science Research Center Environmental Crossroads 087

Storm of Opportunity: Business Models and Urban Resilience Louis Ferretti1, Sophie Evans2, 1 2

Project Executive Global Procurement / Transformation & Operations Programme Director Capital, Science & Policy Practice

Abstract Even as the current US federal government seeks to roll back environmental regulations and agreements, including the Paris climate accord, new partnerships are sprouting to ensure that we avoid disasters related to climate.

Nowhere is this phenomenon more visible than in the growing cooperation between companies and cities, as these institutions begin to collaborate increasingly to deter climate disasters and the potentially deadly impacts of storms and floods, which have already affected coastal cities—along with the companies that both need and support them.

Such partnering efforts have perhaps never been more evident, urgent or necessary, as the joint interests of cities and business are increasingly intertwined. Michael Bloomberg, who personifies this alliance—as businessman and former mayor—formed a cooperative enterpris almost instantly in the wake of President Trump’s renouncement of the Paris climate agreement in June of this year, which initially included 30 mayors, three governors, more than 100 companies (and, not insignificantly, 80 universities).

My own research last year culminated in the launch of my book on emerging business initiatives on climate resilience—most (perhaps unsurprisingly) in response to destructive storms, including, Katrina and Sandy, as well as related floods. Continuing research examines collaborative efforts of apparently disparate partners to quell climate crises and build resilience together in a variety of ways.

A key lesson: we have much to learn from each other—about the interests and needs of new partners, along with their different reward systems and incentives for action, as well as traditional and revisionary ways of thinking through problems and financing solutions. We need the expertise of all parties to address the daunting task of tackling climate change and its effects on our economy and life--increasingly in urban areas. As companies and cities learn they have more power together than apart, they are forging solutions that can potentially benefit all.

This panel will include leading companies in strategic industries profiled in Adapting to Change: The Business of Climate Resilience, whose pioneering work on resilience—significantly, in the wake of 52

devastating storms the world over--has helped support urban environments, while creating business, social and environmental opportunities—as partners work together to address the threat of increasing storms and floods in the face of climate change.

Such initiatives may suggest principles for others—including cities—on how to address this pressing problem.

53

Sea Level Rise and the Future of Coastal Settlements: Evolving Concepts in Urban and Cultural Adaptation in a Changing Environment Moderator: Martha Kohen, Director UF CHU Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism, Professor School of Architecture “Florida Regional Scale as an Opportunity of Innovation” 039

UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Urban Quality and Culture Global Perspective Lucio Barbera1.

1

luciovaleriobarbera@gmail.com, UNESCO Chair La Sapienza University, Italy.

Abstract Since 2014 the UNESCO Chair on Sustainable Urban Quality and Culture, especially in Africa, has focused globally on water intrusion-related issues in established urban settlements. The Chair has promoted workshops to envision to counteract Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge devastation. The Workshops have taken place in Durban, South Africa, In Florida USA and in Rome Italy. Focusing on Miami as a Paradigm, the studies have generated interdisciplinary proposals and can achieve interdisciplinary and international relevance. The UNESCO Paris authorities have acknowledged the coordination efforts for the coming years on the subject based on the work of this Chair. This group continues to promote Seminars, Conferences, Workshops, and Applied projects involving Stakeholders to enhance the response to the threat through resilient urban development strategies.

Keywords: UNESCO, Urban Settlements, and Sea Level Rise.

54

040

UNESCO Workshop in Durban: beyond Tropical, tackling environmental injustice Anna Irene Del Monaco1.

1

University of La Sapienza Rome, Italy, anna.delmonaco@gmail.com,

Abstract Focusing on the coastal city of Durban, South Africa, where infrastructural developments linked to rail and port deprived the culturally segregated populations of the millenary contact with the waterfront, the UNESCO Chair has coordinated with the University of Technology, through a workshop developed in the context of the UIA 2014 Congress, a reprogramming of the urban priorities, towards understanding the human connections with water and landscape as a condition of wellbeing , taking into consideration the changing environment. The extreme conditions of Durban open our discussions towards patterns of adaptability beyond the subtropical conditions.

Keywords: South Africa, Resilient Infrastructure, Sea Level Rise, Urban Settlement, Coastal Settlements, and Sustainability.

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042

Transforming Flood Plain Low Income Communities into Canal Communities Â

Silvia Aloisio1.

1

University La Sapienza, Italy, silviaaloisio@hotmail.com,

Abstract: Following the UNESCO Miami workshop, we developed an Interdisciplinary exploration regarding the transformation of risk prone and devalued areas into viable canal communities, that will regenerate entire areas with the application of proven technologies of dredge and fill in other areas of the conurbation. Environmental and hydraulic engineers collaborated with architects in the prefiguration and viability study of the acceptance of a new paradigm for the Miami River vast endangered low income residential settlement. It illustrates a resilient attitude towards enabling transformation in place with the retention of the present population. Allowing the rising levels of water to be accommodated in the fabric, while increasing the density and sustainability of the residential typologies would create a new vision for vast areas of the basin. These neighborhoods, though not exposed directly to Storm Surge, are settled on porous limestone over the Florida Aquifer, and though inland, will be affected by Sea Level Rise conditions.

Keywords: Resilient Infrastructure, Coastal Settlements, Residential Architecture, and Sea Level Rise.

56Â Â

Adaptation Paradigms Moderator: Martha Kohen, Director UF CHU Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism, Professor School of Architecture 026

Overcoming Barriers to Green Building Technology For Smallscale Buildings in Kenya.

Architect Robinson O. Manguro1 1

Project Manager, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya rmanguro@gmail.com, +254721286228

Abstract Green building technology is an aspect of sustainable design that is becoming popular all over the world but its uptake in Africa is still low due to various factors. This can also be seen as true in the case of Kenya where small scale buildings are not embracing the green technology options. Architects are trained and are aware of the green building technologies but this is not being implemented. The importance of such technology and their long term effect on the building industry and the environment must be underscored. The research will identify the particular aspects of green technology that are applicable to small scale buildings in Kenya. These include but are not limited to solar power, rain water harvesting, north south orientation, water recycling as well as appropriate materials. It will also seek to discuss the reasons why these technologies are not being implemented in small scale buildings in the country. These can be listed as lack of sensitization amongst the owners, cost of such technologies, failure to involve building professionals among others. Once such issues are pointed out, there must be suggestion of any relevant interventions so as to ensure an increase in the uptake of such technologies.

Keywords: Green Technology, Barriers. Interventions, Small scale buildings.

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028

A Review of Prefabrication Benefits for Sustainable and Resilient Coastal Areas Andriel e. Fenner1, Mohamad A. Razkenari2, Hamed Hakim3, Charles J. Kibert4 1

Powell Center for Construction and Environment, University of Florida, fenner@ufl.edu, Powell Center for Construction and Environment, University of Florida, mahmadzade@ufl.edu, 3 Powell Center for Construction and Environment, University of Florida, hamedhakim@ufl.edu, 4 Powell Center for Construction and Environment, University of Florida, ckibert@ufl.edu 2

Abstract Prefabricated construction is widely known for employing construction techniques that minimize construction time and project costs. This construction method is defined as “A factory-produced preengineered building unit that is delivered to the project site and assembled as a building component.” In addition to their construction benefits, prefabricated modules are also recognized as having superior environmental and social benefits. In times of climate change and intensified natural disasters, prefabrication has emerged as an alternative method of construction and an example of resilient design. In the past few years, the use of prefabricated homes has increased substantially along coastal areas devastated by hurricanes or tropical storms. Owners and construction companies have found that prefabricated construction allows the rebuilding of homes affordably, efficiently, and quickly. In addition, new prefabricated units can be as wind- or earthquake-resistant as site-built buildings, minimizing the effects of strong climate events. With that in mind, the main goal of this paper is to review resilient prefabricated construction practices and analyze their role in the development of a sustainable and resilient built environment. Based on the analysis, prefabricated construction techniques will be shown to offer an affordable and durable alternative for replacing damaged buildings more rapidly while providing environmental benefits, improving community resilience, and incentivizing innovation.

Keywords: Modular Construction, Sustainable Practices, Coastal Resilience, and Adaptability to Climate Change.

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043

The Barrier Island Paradigm: The Case Study for Longboat Key Silvia Aloisio1, Martha Kohen2 1

University La Sapienza, Italy, silviaaloisio@hotmail.com,

2

Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism University of Florida, USA, marthakohen4@gmail.com,

Abstract: Sponsored by the Town of Longboat Key, and as part of a multidisciplinary team grant, a Graduate studio at the School of Architecture developed analysis and proposals for the Longboat Key Barrier Island on the Gulf of Mexico. The initial research into the wider Western Florida context revealed the recurrence of similar conditions to be found across from Naples to Clearwater, defining the study to be applicable to other similar areas in the coast, though compounded by the very specific socio-economic conditions of each location. Four highlighted proposals (out of sixteen) portray, an Amphibious Development for today and tomorrow (Mantohac), the Beach front resiliency on the wake of continuous beach erosion (Nightingale), the substitution of vulnerable Mobile Home Communities with a Resilient Podium Community, and the conception of Institutional Magnets for adaptation as in Aquaponica (Phillips). The sixteen projects exemplify and clarify the ideas for discussion with the stakeholders towards generating social and economic resiliency.

Keywords: Coastal Settlement, Sea level Rise, and Resilient Infrastructure.

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056

Floating Structures as an Adaptive Solution for Tropical and Subtropical Regions 1

Nawari O. Nawari , and Mouloud Messaoudi

2

1 Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE., School of Architecture, University of Florida, Email: nnawari@ufl.edu 2 Ph.D. student, School of Architecture, University of Florida, Email: mmessaoudi@ufl.edu

Abstract In the era of rapid tropical and subtropical urban center growth, the impact of the climate changes on water-front structures is especially problematic. Architects and engineers are working to prepare for these realities and respond to these new challenges. Within the theoretical discourse related to such responses, a floating architecture movement has emerged. This perspective considers building on water as part of solution to the urban congestion and as an alternative to the classic static buildings approach. The history of this movement extends back to floating structures such as pontoon bridges used in ancient China as early as 9th century BCE. Moreover, urban expansions in some tropical and subtropical countries are often accompanied by slum developments at the peripheries along water bodies such as rivers, seas, and/or floodplains. Such wet-slums are always vulnerable to severe weather and floods as well as a general lack of basic services associated with palatable water and sanitation. In this research, the author explores the potential of floating structures, different components related to such structures, and how such structures might provide possible solutions for different urban, social, and economic changes threatening tropical and subtropical cities.

Keywords: Floating structures, climate change, urban congestion, Tropical, and Subtropical.

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065

Performance in Caribbean Architecture. Resilient Housing Prototype Facing Climate Phenomena.

Plinio Lora1, Jaime RodrĂ­guez2 1

Catholic and technological university of cibao, Dominican Republic, pliniolora@gmail.com.

2

Catholic and technological university of cibao, Dominican Republic, ajaimerz@gmail.com.

Abstract The research develops performative and resilient design strategies in a housing prototype that can prevent, correct and mitigate the effects of climatic phenomena, through the ability of certain components to return to their original state when they have sustained impacts that deform them. For the development of the project, communities in the middle basin of the Ozama River in Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic were considered as an experimental context, which included: climatic data, tributary behavior and flood types; In turn the conditions of the houses that were slaughtered during the last phenomena were analyzed, and three groups of characteristics were identified to which to answer: - Undefined and inadequate structural system - Weak materials - Incorrect use of space The project consists of a prototype dwelling of 46 m2, useful area in ordinary time, and during the passage of a phenomenon the user uses protection strategies such as floatage and aerodynamics, transforming through manual mechanisms the structure and use of the Space, reducing to 21 m2 useful. The prototype is divided into three: - Floating body: it rises during a flood by means of a vertical movement guided by masts that bend and avoid the horizontal displacement of the structure.

- Aerodynamic body: it dodges the winds by its oval geometry, it works when the user looks for its maximum security, using mechanisms of intuitive use it lowers the ceiling that in turn folds the walls turning them in defense for the interior.

- Structural body: structure that supports the floating body and also contains a system of columns that carry all the mechanisms for the aerodynamic body.

This experimental project will always be a tool to discover new ways to improve human habitat by bringing innovative forms of optimization that start from the earliest stages of design.

Keywords: Performance, Aerodynamic, Floating, prevent correct and mitigate the effects of climatic phenomena, Resilient, experimental project, and Caribbean Architecture

61Â Â

Migration and Housing in the Aftermath of Disaster Moderator: Stephen Bender, AIA Lecturer CityLab Orlando School of Architecture, Principal bndr llc.

Mark Brewer 1, Gladys Cook 2, Jaimie Ross 3, 1

Chartered Advisor in Philanthropy, President/CEO Central Florida Foundation

2

Technical Advisor, Florida Housing Coalition, heading up coordination efforts between disaster relief organizations and housing providers 3

President CEO, Florida Housing Coalition (FHC clearinghouse for DEM and National Low Income Housing Coalition efforts)

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086

Imagining Adaptive Governance in an Era of Climate Change Moderator: Alyson Flournoy, Professor, UF Levin College of Law, University of Florida Shiva Halan 1, Tom Ankersen 2, Sasha Alvarenga 3, 1

Postdoctoral Fellow, Media Effects and Technology Lab, UF College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603; 2 Professor, Director Conservation Clinic, UF Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603; 3 Ph.D. candidate, UF Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603;

Abstract Many challenges face those designing law and policy reforms to protect public health, safety and the environment from adverse effects of climate change. Although there is broad agreement about the need for “adaptive governance,” there is no universal definition for what constitutes adaptive governance. In addition, anticipating how well different measures will address threats we have not yet experienced limits how much past experience or data can tell us. Finally, developing public support for investments and decisions made today to anticipate and prevent future harm is challenging.

This panel highlights some novel techniques for both identifying what law and policy tools will prove adaptive in an era of increasingly severe tropical storms and other effects of climate change, and for communicating the value of such measures to the public who might be affected. What these techniques have in common is that they engage imagination and immersion rather than just analytic thinking, a somewhat novel approach in the realm of law and policy development.

This panel will focus on two related projects spearheaded by faculty at the University of Florida which harness immersion and imagination with the goal of improving our ability to design and communicate the impact of adaptive governance measures. These are: (1) a scenario analysis exercise used in an interdisciplinary workshop setting that employed storytellers to bring four alternate futures to life; and (2) an immersive and interactive virtual reality (VR) experience designed and developed by a team of students working with faculty from UF’s Media Effects and Technology Lab that built on the narratives from the workshop, to explore VR’s power to help people envision the impacts of adaptive versus reactive governance in the context of sea-level rise.

63

Poster session 007

Design Research for Sustainable Coastal Environments Michael W. Kuenstle, AIA 1 & Nancy M. Clark 2 1

Associate Professor, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction and Planning, School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, Gainesville, Fl, 32611-5702; email kuenstle@ufl.edu 2

Director, University of Florida Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism (CHU), P.O. Box 115702, Gainesville, Fl, 32611-5702; email nmclark@ufl.edu

Abstract: Developing an integrated design approach to sustainable housing in the Caribbean region poses many challenges and opportunities for design research and innovation. The beauty of the maritime environment, the natural landscape, and the island culture of the Caribbean region remain desirable to many, yet approaches to housing design on the islands pose many difficulties. This research based design project was developed as part of an ongoing research initiative focused on the application of sustainable building design strategies that integrate emergent construction materials and technologies with local island materials and construction techniques developed for the harsh environments found in sub-tropical coastal areas.

Unique to this project is the integration of a novel storm shutter proto-type design utilizing computer modeling linked to a digital fabrication process to mill high strength synthetic panels as part of a storm shutter system.

Keywords: Caribbean architecture, sustainable design, hurricane shutter, proto-typing, adaptive surface, “HIMACS” CNC milled panels.

64

060

Islamic Architecture in the Subtropics and Resiliency Ayad Almaimani1 and Nawari. O. Nawari2 1

PhD student, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: ayadkh@ufl.edu 2 Associate Professor, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: nnawari@ufl.edu.

Abstract Many peculiar and traditional architectural buildings in the subtropics suffers from negligence, even though, most of them still maintain their shape, structure, and did not demand intensive annual maintenance. The Fatimid Islamic architecture character, located in Cairo, Egypt is a good example. The style was developed during the Abbasid Khilafa. Most of the Islamic architectural elements details are not attested. Hence, the purpose of this research became an imperative academic orientation. This research concentrates on display and manifests the resiliency on Fatimid public buildings in Cairo. Those Fatimid Islamic Architecture elements historically succeeded in resisting the natural factors, and other devastating effects due to wars, located in the sub-tropical regions. The aim of the study is to understand and depict resilieny aspctects of the Fatimid Islamic structural elements such as the domes and minarets (spires). This includes how the architectural and structural components of these historical buildings served in the ancient days the people, who lived in that region in terms of longevity and resiliency.

Keywords: Islamic Architecture Styles, Subtopic Architecture, and Resiliency.

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Challenges of Designing an Amphitheater in the Tropics Rajana Radhakrishnan1, Nawari. O. Nawari2, Frank Bosworth3

1

University of Florida, USA, arkrajana@gmail.com

2

Associate Professor, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture,

P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: nnawari@ufl.edu.

3

University of Florida, USA, fbosworth@ufl.edu

Abstract There are various challenges of designing an informal outdoor venue in tropical and subtropical areas to promote art and music. An informal venue here refers to outdoor venues with partial or non-existent fixed seating. People using open lawn as seating area to watch a show, thus creating their own space to connect and enjoy nature. This study aims at analyzing the main aspects of designing an amphitheater in Orlando, Florida.

Lake Eola Park, which is one of the most visited destinations in the city of Orlando, houses the Walt Disney Amphitheater. It is a free, outdoor venue and was donated by Disney World to the park in 1892. Since then, it has undergone several renovations. But recent studies states that the theater is underutilized and needs to be replaced. One of the issues mentioned is the limited seating capacity.

Moreover, there is no protection to patrons and performers from rain, sun and other environmental conditions. The area is closed to the public and remains deserted in the absence of an event. to make it a regional and more unique destination.

The purpose of this project is to conduct research on the current issues and propose a new design for an iconic amphitheater, an informal venue. The existing location cannot accommodate the current city requirements. Site analysis and further studies were conducted using digital design practices to proactively operate within a field of real-world indeterminacy that results in relocating the theater to the North East lawn of the park. The outcomes are illustrated in a contemporary design that would solve the existing problems and harmonically activate the park along with the surrounding areas.

Keywords: Amphitheater, Space Activator, Orlando, Lake Eola Pa

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081

Restructuring Puerto Rico Adopting Sustainable Energy Sources 1

Meagan Larsen , 1

Graduate student, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture, P.O.

Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: mlarsen@ufl.edu

Abstract In spite of the current disastrous state of living in Puerto Rico due to hurricanes Irma and Maria, the territory is past due for a redesigned infrastructure. The biggest issues that Puerto Rico is facing is due to their reliance on PREPA, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, and the inability to import enough resources to rebuild their communities. The damage that has been done to the island has left roads blocked, rivers polluted, power lines disconnected, and the inability to communicate with family. An increasing amount of debt has left the islands power sources poorly maintained and susceptible to damage with any mild storm. The purpose of this paper is to determine if it is financially beneficial for home owners to invest in sustainable electric and water collection systems and renovate their homes on the path to net-zero buildings or nearly net-zero buildings.

Keywords: Sustainable, Electric, Water, Infrastructure, and Net-Zero.

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082

Re-purposing Plastic Through Efficiency in Construction and Energy 1

Joanne Zamora , 1

Graduate student, University of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School of Architecture, P.O.

Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702; email: joannez22@aol.com

Abstract As a lightweight and durable material the production of plastic has exponentially increased far within less than the last 50 years. However the rapid growth of new collection technologies and the reduce of carbon dioxide emissions, it becomes mere to the unknown unsustainable origins used in the waste disposal industry. The origins of plastic have been deciphered with fossil fuels, making the implications of production make plastic more unaccomodating. By redefining the conversion of plastic into sustainable design, the implication of recycling can be imposed in a seamless transition.

Keywords: Efficiency, Recycling, and Energy.

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Caribbean Solar Energy Resiliency: Designing systems and protocols to protect solar assets 1

Joseph Olopade , 1

Ph.D. Student, School of Building Construction, College of Design, Construction & Planning, University of

Florida, P.O. Box 115702 573 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32603; Email: Jolopade@ufl.edu The Impact of Climate Refugees in the Orlando FL Metro Region

Abstract Over the past few months, several hurricanes have ripped through the Caribbean with devastating force. Its excess of 185 mph winds tore apart buildings, trees, power lines and other amenities. Its storm surge also turned streets into raging rivers and destroyed communities indiscriminately. Due to the persisting rain from the storm, dams and levees got flooded causing landslides and more destruction to communities.

This series of disastrous event highlights how vulnerable countries like Puerto Rico are to disruption. One of the most evident area is its electrical grids which are exposed, centralized, and powered by fossil fuel. As seen from current events, if a storm shuts down the island’s power plant, the entire island is plunged into darkness. Destruction to seaports by storm surges also make it hard and expensive to deliver needed fuel for energy generation and the extensive use of power lines on the island are very vulnerable and very expensive to rebuild.

One of the solution being proposed to counter this is the installation of solar power assets. These systems are very susceptible to high winds as seen from the damage caused to the few solar arrays on several islands. This destruction calls for the design of a structural system that can withstand high winds and help restore power to these islands.

Keywords: Caribbean, Solar asset, Photo-voltaic system, Mounting Structure, and Resiliency.

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Recombinant Canal Living Silvia Aloisio 1, 1

Sapienza - Università di Roma, UNAM– Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, email:

silvia.aloisio@uniroma1.it

UF Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism + UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Urban Quality and Urban Culture; notably in Africa " Visioning Resilient Miami Futures", UF Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism Securing Threatened Assets"

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Visioning Resilient Miami Futures UF CHU.

Securing Threatened Assets UF CHU.

Performance in Caribbean Architecture; Resilient Housing Prototype Facing Climate Phenomena” Lora, P. + J. Rodriguez.

Alternative Water Management Techniques in Puerto Rico Camacho, A.

SunRail: A Critical Patch for Orlando in the Face of Rapid Population Growth Trumpp, D.

Old Theaters of Orlando and Their Response to the Population Increase due to Climate Change Upasana Bhattacharyya.

Co-Living: Housing Solutions Post Irma Clifford, D.

America's Affordable Housing Crisis: How the Nation's Housing Shortage Further Endangers Climate Refugees.

Fields, A.

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Impact of Climate Migration on Orlando Area Parks and Recreation Facilities.

Fitzgerald, J.

Invisible Cyclists: The Changing Faces of Urban Cycling.

Hawkins, E.

Climate Migration into Central Florida: Is the School System Ready for the Influx of New Students.

Murray, A.

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