Thesis - Deputy Commissioner Office Complex

Candidate Declaration 30th July 2020

The thesis titled Deputy Commissioner Office Complex, Saitual, Mizoram a requisite of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, was completed by the undersigned in January – May 2020.

The supervisors were Prof. Manoj Mathur and Prof. Shiriesh Malpani. The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.

Wendy Lalnunpari Halliday A/2888/2015 V year Section B

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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synopsis The study for this thesis began with the search for a democratic type of administrative space i.e. one that is welcoming to the public and diverts away from the normal character of office buildings and complexes. Through the course of the semester, designing a wellfunctioning administrative space that also manages to reflect the culture, geography of the place and aspirations of the public became the core idea. The thesis thus investigates the types of administrative spaces best suited for the work involved, the different types of democratic public spaces and figure out which will be the best option to exist alongside with the administration, the needs of the public and the requirements of different stakeholders involved in this project.

The state of the administrative and public spaces alike has been a poor affair in the state for a long time, witnessing a change only in the recent years where there has been attempts of making our shared spaces more friendly and designing our administrative spaces to e more considerate of the plight of the workers. The resulting area program is an attempt to include all these factors and reconcile these diversities. Thus, it involves a number of components – the administrative, the public and the residential. The architecture is thus a hybrid space – providing spaces for relaxation and rejuvenation, a medium for communication between the state and the public and in whatever ways possible, it tries to incorporate the traditions and the habits of the people of Mizoram and to come up with a fabric that will continue the trend of a closely-knit community.

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acknowledgements This thesis would not have been put into fruition without the endless support and guidance of many.

First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my guides Prof. Dr. Jaya Kumar, Prof. Shiresh Malpani and Prof. Manoj MathUr for their constant guidance, insightful suggestions, endless encouragement and for clearing my doubts without which my thesis would be a lost cause.

I am grateful again to our studio co-ordinator Prof. Dr. Jaya Kumar for taking such great care for the flawless execution of the design studio even during difficult times. Thank you for allowing me to take this challenge and for the consistent guidance throughout the semester.

My sincere thanks to all the esteemed people of various architecture practices back home for providing me with all the information and base drawings without which my thesis would have never started, much less been complete. A special thank you is necessary for Jacinta who, from the very beginning has put up with my endless enquiries and needs regarding the previously mentioned.

I am forever grateful and thankful for my parents, siblings, my grandmother (who will always be missed) for their prayers and being absolutely brilliant support systems through the years, and to my dogs and both my nieces for always making my heart lighter.

To Emily, Faka, Sarah and Zorini – thank you for helping me in dire times.

To my friends who have helped me to go through not only this semester but the entirety of college, I would like to express the highest degree of gratitude and joy for your company, love and for never allowing me to spiral into my endless cycle of procrastination, laziness and over-thinking - Elaine, Preethi, Nonie, Ugyen, Rozanne, Rachana, Megha, Ananya, Gayathri, Tenzin, Emily and Peljor you all made college feel like home.

Lastly, I thank the Lord Almighty for his endless grace.

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contents 01 / 01.1 01.2 01.3 01.4 02 / 02.1 02.1.1 02.1.2 02.1.3

02.1.4 02.1.4 02.1.5 02.1.6 02.2 02.2.1 02.2.2.

02.2.3 02.2.4 02.2.5 02.2.6 02.2.7 02.2.7.3 02.2.7.2 02.2.7.1 03 / 03.1 03.2 03.3 03.4

introduction introduction administrative and government buildings – then and now thesis proposition need of the project research areas of research Primary Research area-Democratic and Civic Spaces inferences based on primary area of research Secondary Research area-Types and Requirements of Administrative Spaces Different Typologies of Workspaces Whole Building Design Guide inferences based on secondary area of research inferences based on secondary area of research Integrating the Built and the Unbuilt inferences from tertiary area of research case studies Deputy Commissioner Complex, Siaha, Mizoram The Secretariat, Capital Complex, Aizawl, Mizoram The Senedd, Cardiff, Wales Administration of the Municipal Water Supply, Lamia, Greece Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Building, Rancagua, Chile Matrix for Case Studies case examples – government housing in Mizoram Staff Quarters at Raj Bhawan, Treasury square, Aizawl, Mizoram Staff Quarters at Gauhati High Court, Aizawl Bench, Luangmual, Mizoram Government Staff Housing for Lower Staff Quarters, Mamit design project what is expected from the government? defining user group and area breakdown area breakdown functional relationship diagram

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03.5 04 / 04.01 04.02 04.03 04.04 04.05 04.06 04.07 04.08 04.09 04.10 04.11 05 / 06 / 07 / 08 / 09 / 09.2

detailed area program site national and state level climate precinct level figure ground land use mapping Precinct Photos site plan site 3d slope analysis site photos site information and development guidelines technology design concept and drivers design evolution and stages design evolution and stages final design jury comments bibliography

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list of figures Figure 3 news coverage of Saitual District on a local channel (source: Zonet Youtube) ...................................................................... 14 Figure 4 typologies of workspace (Source: https://www.wired.com/2009/03/pl-design-5/).................................................................. 21 Figure 5 Workspace (source: reenya on depositphotos) ...................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 6 Biophilic Design (source : plantscrapers) ........................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 7 Nature in the Space (source: architectus.com) ...................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 8 Road Level Plan showing entrance and circulation (source: PWD Mizoram, author) ............................................................ 32 Figure 9 Ground Floor Level Plan showing entrance and circulation (source: PWD Mizoram, author) ............................................... 32 Figure 10 Road Level Plan (source: PWD Mizoram, author) .............................................................................................................. 33 Figure 11 Ground Floor Level Plan (source: PWD Mizoram, author) ................................................................................................. 33 Figure 12 First Floor Level Plan showing Functional Planning (source: PWD Mizoram, author) ........................................................ 34 Figure 13 Second Floor Plan showing functional planning (source: PWD Mizoram, author) .............................................................. 34 Figure 14 Internal Garden (Source: author) ........................................................................................................................................ 35 Figure 15 Entrance (Source: Mizoram Secretariat Website) ............................................................................................................... 35 Figure 16 Location of Secretariat in Capital Complex (source: PWD Mizoram) ................................................................................. 35 Figure 17 Internal Garden (Source: Mizoram Secretariat Website) ..................................................................................................... 36 Figure 18 Entrance, Circulation (source: PWD Mizoram, author) ....................................................................................................... 36 Figure 19 Functional Planning of Office (source: PWD Mizoram, author) .......................................................................................... 37 Figure 20 Location of Senedd (source: google maps)................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 21 Front Elevation of Senedd (source : https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/)..................... 38 igure 23 Floor plans (source: https://naifalghamdi.wordpress.com/2011/10/09/national-assembly-for-wales/) .................................... 39 Figure 22 Section through Senedd (source : https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/) ....................................... 39 Figure 24 Viewing Gallery of Cabinet – Transparency (source: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/) ......... 40 Figure 25 Public Café (source: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/) .......................................................... 40 Figure 26 Public Café (source : https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/) ......................................................... 40 Figure 27 Entrance (source: archdaily) ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 28 Ground Floor plan showing circulation (source: archdaily) ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 29 First floor plan showing circulation (source: archdaily) ...................................................................................................... 42 Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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Figure 30 outdoor landscape spaces (source: archdaily) ...................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 31 ampitheatre (source: archdaily) ........................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 32 interaction of ampithatre with the outside (source: archdaily) ............................................................................................. 43 Figure 33Entrance (source: archdaily) ................................................................................................................................................ 45 Figure 34Ground Floor plan circulation and core (source: archdaily) .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 35First floor plan circulation and core (source: archdaily) ....................................................................................................... 45 Figure 36 Isometric View of Front Side of Building (source: archdaily) ............................................................................................. 46 Figure 37 Isometric View of Back-side of building (source: archdaily) .............................................................................................. 46 Figure 38 Green Spaces right outside the building (source: archdaily) ................................................................................................ 46 Figure 39 Site Plan (source: PWD Mizoram) ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 40 Typical Floor Plan and Roof Plan(source: PWD Mizoram) ................................................................................................. 56 Figure 41 Elevation and Section (source: PWD Mizoram) .................................................................................................................. 56 Figure 42 Elevation and Section (source: PWD Mizoram) .................................................................................................................. 57 Figure 43 Typical Floor plan, roof plan (source: PWD Mizoram) ....................................................................................................... 57 Figure 44 Site Plan (source: PWD Mizoram) ...................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 45 Typical Floor Plan (source: PWD Mizoram) ....................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 46 Section (source: PWD Mizoram) ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Figure 47 Typical Floor Plan (source: PWD Mizoram) ....................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 48 Site Plan (source: PWD Mizoram) ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 49 Section (source: PWD Mizoram) ........................................................................................................................................ 60 Figure 50 Elevation (source: PWD Mizoram) ..................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 51 Principles (source: author)03 / defining user group and area breakdown ............................................................................. 63 Figure 52 Location at National Level ................................................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 53 map of district (source: MIRSAC)....................................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 54 Location at State Level (source: google maps, author) ........................................................................................................ 80 Figure 55 Humidity source : worldweatheronline ............................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 56 Rainfall source : worldweatheronline.................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 57 Wind source : worldweatheronline ..................................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 58 Temperature source : worldweatheronline .......................................................................................................................... 81 Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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Figure 59 Location with Tam Dil (source: googlemaps, google photos)............................................................................................. 82 Figure 60 precinct map (source: googlemaps, author) ........................................................................................................................ 82 Figure 61Precinct with site (source: google maps, author) ................................................................................................................. 83 Figure 62 Figure Ground (source: googlemaps, author) .................................................................................................................... 84 Figure 63 Land use Mapping (source: googlemaps, author) ............................................................................................................... 85 Figure 64 Photos of Saitual Town (source: google photos) ................................................................................................................. 86 Figure 65 Site Plan (source: author) ................................................................................................................................................... 87 Figure 66 Slope Analysis (source: author) .......................................................................................................................................... 89 Figure 67 drainage on site (source: author) ........................................................................................................................................ 90 Figure 68 Site Photos (source: PWD Mizoram, author) ...................................................................................................................... 91 Figure 69 Bamboo detail (source: Lalbiakthangi Pautu) ..................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 70 RCC framed structure(source: author) .............................................................................................................................. 102 Figure 71 Bracing for earthquake-resistance (source: author) ........................................................................................................... 102 Figure 72 seismic bands (source: author) .......................................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 73 quadrangular roof truss (source: google) ........................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 74 roof-lighting (source: Brett Martin) .................................................................................................................................. 103 Figure 75 light and air circulation (source: author) ........................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 77 Roof Plan ......................................................................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 78 local rainwater collection system (source: author)............................................................................................................. 105 Figure 79 Concept (source: author).................................................................................................................................................. 106

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01 / introduction 01.1 introduction In earlier days, buildings of governance were built in a manner to showcase their power and authority. However, with the changing times and nature of government where it is now for the people, of the people and by the people, there is a need for change in the form and nature of administrative buildings.

While administrative and civic spaces have to reflect the dignity of the government housed within, they need to be inclusive. Instead of giving off a formidable atmosphere, such spaces must be open and welcoming for each and every person.

The other problem faced is the lack of consideration given to the context – most government buildings are similar, irrespective of the land they sit on, be it the climate, the topography or the history and culture. It is safe to say that most government buildings found in the hills will not look out of place if they were to be suddenly moved to the plains. Such is a lack of consideration given to the context.

Mizoram is a place where a majority of the buildings that have sprung up in the last few decades have little to no traces of the local architecture and culture and furthermore, are quite lacking in their response to the local context. Previously, government buildings were also spread out across the city making it hard for people to run from one department to the other and also missing the sense of dignity and authority that a well-designed government complex would otherwise have.

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

Drawing from this, can an administrative space for a branch of the government be designed in such a way that it integrates into the context while being welcoming to the people it is meant to serve?

01.2 administrative and government buildings – then and now By controlling architectural symbols and manipulating the structures used to envisage the world, leaders create buildings as great symbols of vision and in the present day, democracy, to reflect, in whatever ways possible, the local traditions and culture. This includes being up to par with technology, sustainability and new innovations that the modern world has to offer while maintaining the very essence of the culture and heritage of its surroundings.

Democratic Public Space, as defined as an ideal for all public spaces, is a place that is publicly owned, universally accessible, both physically and in perception; allows for a diversity of voices and users in all stages of design and occupancy; allows for flexibility of use; is freely used by all individuals and encourages freedom of speech and expression.

The government administration takes place at different levels.

There is the national level, the state level which comprises of the state government then the state is divided into different districts. Each district then has its own deputy commissioner who takes care of the administration of the whole district which may comprise of a number of villages and towns and even

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cities. Each administrative power needs to have its own seat, its working place for the ease of execution and administration. In most cases, these seats of power are not designed properly and do not reflect the purpose they stand for. It is also seen that the administrative spaces for the district levels are not given much thought and the buildings are scattered and have no coherent design to them because of which it is difficult for the users to access with ease.

01.3 thesis proposition To create a space of governance that will reflect the dignity of the government housed within and inclusive of the people it is built for. It is to be an open public space for the people and suitable and homogenous to the context and to reflect, in whatever ways possible, the local traditions and culture.

In the recent year, three new districts have emerged in the state of Mizoram - Hnahthial, Saitual and Lawngtlai. The thesis is to design the deputy commissioner complex in Saitual District.

Saitual District is one that lies between Aizawl district and Champhai district, the former which houses the capital and the latter a growing commercial and tourist hub that shares borders with Burma (known for its trade). Saitual district therefore sees a large footfall with its strategic location and is ideal for building a civic space which can be a symbol of democracy that interacts with the public in different ways and also fits right into the context against the backdrop of the hills surrounding it.

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

Further research will be done on the democratic and civic spaces, the types and requirements of admin spaces, integration of the built and unbuilt and the architectural transformation of the Mizos to have better understanding of how the project should proceed in terms of design.

01.4 need of the project The various departments under the deputy commissioner are presently located in various areas of the precinct. There is no ease of accessibility and coherence to the placement, making people travel lengths which they wouldn‘t have to if there is a properly designed integrated office complex. There is also a lack of congregation and public spaces that can be used for official events in the town Saitual and in the district as well.

The need for an office complex that combines the administrative spaces with the congregation spaces and public spaces is prevalent in the present day scenario. As previously stated, the architecture in most places in Mizoram do not adhere to the context in terms of geography, terrain and culture.

The integrated office complex thus needs to reflect all these points as well.

Saitual district consists of 37 villages and all the villages will be under the administration of the deputy commissioner who will have its centre in the town Saitual. As such, the complex will be having a large footfall of residents living in the 37 villages.

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Figure 1 news coverage of the formation of the new district (source: telegraphindia)

Figure 1 news coverage of Saitual District on a local channel (source: Zonet Youtube)

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02 / research literature and case studies This chapter explores existing literature on democratic, civic spaces, the requirements of administrative and office spaces, the integration of the built and the unbuilt and the architectural transformation of the Mizos.

It further encompasses case studies of buildings and complexes around the world that will give an insight on the nature of democratic office spaces.

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02.1 areas of research 02.1.1.

Primary Research area Democratic and Civic Spaces Civic spaces can be the settings where celebrations are held, where social and economic exchanges take places, where friends run into each other and where cultures mix. They are the ‗front porches‘ of public institutions- post offices, courthouses, federal office buildings where the public can interact with each other and with the government. When cities and neighbourhoods have thriving civic spaces, residents have a strong sense of community.

02.1.2 Secondary Research Area Types and Requirements of Administrative Spaces It is recognized that the quality of the workplace environment plays a significant role on efficiency and effectiveness. A welldesigned workspace will better support day to day operations and aid the process of change and improvement.

02.1.3 Tertiary Research area Integration of the Built and Unbuilt To achieve an architectural vocabulary that symbolizes the coexistence of the built and the unbuilt- an approach that builds with nature and not against it.

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02.1.1 Democratic and Civic Spaces According to Molly Glenn in her paper ―Architecture Demonstrates Power‖, if architecture demonstrates power, then that power should be evident from the architecture. If the impact of power upon buildings is visible, one should be able to discern information about that power. There are two cases where there is axiality in building and non-axiality. Archetypal examples of axial buildings include Egyptian temples, Roman basilicas, and the Christian basilicas that evolved from the Roman and the users are directed to walk longitudinally through it to reach the other end of the building where something of significance is located.

On the other hand, non-axial buildings are without any dominant orientation and examples are the Ziggurats, Persian hypostyle halls, Buddhist stupas, and Arabic style mosques, as well as most centralized buildings. Non-axiality denotes equality, not privilege.

She further says that there is another point to be considered that is the path. The path can become the most important - it can be the access to all the spaces and buildings. Axial buildings lead one to the source of power. Non-axial buildings equate their different users by creating non-hierarchical spaces. Paths give access to buildings and relate them to each other; they create direction and orient people within the landscape. Paths to goals are like axially oriented buildings; they lead to seats of authority. Paths away from a point of departure emphasize the personal freedom of the traveler. (Glenn, 2006)

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

The act of participating can be seen as bringing spaces to life as well as carving out new spaces and creating new social forms.

Spaces for participation can be thought, then, in abstract terms as the ways in which opportunities for engagement might be conceived or perceived and more concretely in terms of the actual sites that are entered and animated by citizens.

Empowerment is, in spatial terms, about expansion: about moving out of constrained places and isolated spaces, widening the scope for action and multiplying the potential sites for engagement and about growing in an organic, self-realising, way – in confidence, in capacity in wellbeing. According to Focault, being constructed as ―beneficiaries‖, ―clients‖, ―users‖ or ―citizens‖ influences what people are perceived to be able to contribute or entitled to know or decide, as the perceived obligations of those who seek to involve them. This frames the possibilities for engagement, circumscribing what can be said and what cannot by defining the contours of what is up for discussion or decision-making and shunting other considerations out of the frame.

According to Cornwall, there are four clusters of spaces through which there can be an understanding of the dynamics of participation in different kinds of spaces.

Regularised Relations Serve as an interface between people and authorities of various kinds, generally those of the state. In these spaces, citizens become part of the machinery of governance. These institutions may be created by the state or by actors assuming some of the

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functions of the state. If not of the state, they are often for the state: aimed at enhancing the state‘s performance, whether in terms of accountability and responsiveness or equity and democracy. Examples are the kinds of local level institutions created as consultative or co-management committees to assist implementation and administration that have been discussed earlier in this paper. All of these spaces are bounded: only certain members of the public are able to participate within them.

Fleeting formations The second cluster is of more transient institutions: on-off meetings, events or exercises aimed at opening up deliberation over policies or service delivery priorities, rather than making decisions. In some cases, they may give rise to more lasting institutionalized structures in which there is regularized, repeated use of participatory processes; this has been an important challenge for participatory development (J & J, 1998). The events that produce these spaces are in themselves, however, fleeting time-spaces, opened up at particular moments for particular purposes, and then closed again. Some of these spaces are instigated, mediated and supported by agencies external to the state; some take place completely outside the ambit of the state, used at another level to inform policies and enhance leverage elsewhere. Others may be initiated from within government, backed by visionary bureaucrats or progressive political parties, assisted by NGOs, supported and advocated by foreign government donors and supranational banks.

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

Acting as, acting on, acting up: Alternative Interfaces Rather than arenas for citizen participation with/ in the state, these are spaces in which citizens act without and on it. These are spaces that are more often chosen that offered. They can be sites of radical possibility but may also be deeply conservative, maintaining dominant exclusions, norms and values. In this cluster would fall associations of various kinds through which individuals gain a collective presence and a collective voice, producing the ―civil society representative‖ that speak on behalf of particular interest groups.

Movements and moments Such spaces exist as a locus of identification, fading away without the issues around which these identifications are shaped. They lack the durability to be considered public institutions. Yet they steal into and from public spaces and provide arenas for popular protest and resistance, as well as for forms of leverage. Its distinctness lies in the very polarity of the activities associated with it with the necessarily impromptu nature of the forays into public space that arise from it and from which oppositional voices speak and gain resonance.

These four kinds of spaces for participation have different perspectives on participation and citizenship, as well as on the nature of public involvement in governance. As such, these spaces intersect. Active engagement and links into other spaces- to social movements, associations, interest groups – bolsters citizen voice, strengthening the preconditions for being able to speak out as well as to be heard in intermediary spaces in which statutory or supra-state actors are involved. Enhancing

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citizenship participation requires more than inviting people, making spaces available for expression – it requires giving people access to information, active engagement in nurturing voice, building critical consciousness, advocating for the inclusion of women, children, illiterate, poor and excluded people, etc. (Cornwall, Making Spaces, Changing Places : Situating participation in development, 2002)

02.1.2 research

inferences based on primary area of

According to the researchThe Deputy Commissioner Complex falls into the regularised relations category where the space serves as an interface between people and authorities of various kinds, generally those of the state. However, the design of the complex can also encourage spaces used for fleeting formations and invite organisations that are not by the state. This is particularly important in the case of Mizoram where the community has quite a number of large NGO‘s which help the government in taking care of the state matters. This can be done with the help of outdoor congregation spaces and built public places like the auditorium.

The design of the complex has to show that there is power housed within but at the same time, it should not be imposing and rigid. Rather, it should be inviting and easily accessible for the public. For this, the path that they follow through the different departments is important and should be properly thought out.

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02.1.3 Types and Requirements of Administrative Spaces It is recognized that the quality of the workplace environment plays a significant role on efficiency and effectiveness. A welldesigned workspace will better support day to day operations and aid the process of change and improvement. Functional planning is an ideal concept of planning a building based on the principles of architecture and in accordance with the function served by it. It includes various factors to be considered such as orientation of the building according to its location, ventilation, lighting, and space planning with proper circulation space, and ensuring linkage between rooms. Sizes of rooms are decided according to the requirements in accommodation and different rooms are grouped in their functional sequence. Thus every element may express its own function and altogether, the function of the building as a whole.

Office building incorporates a number of space types to meet the needs of staff and visitors. These may include: Office Spaces  Offices: May be private or semi-private acoustically and/or visually.  Conference Rooms  Administrative Offices: May be private or semiprivate acoustically and/or visually.

      

Lobby: Central location for building directory, schedules, and general information Atria or Common Space: Informal, multi-purpose recreation and social gathering space Cafeteria or Dining Hall Private Toilets or Restrooms Child Care Centres Physical Fitness Area Interior or Surface Parking Areas

Operation and Maintenance Spaces  General Storage  Food Preparation Area or kitchen  Computer/information technology closets  Maintenance closets

Employee/visitor support spaces  Convenience Store, Kiosk, or Vending Machine

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Different Typologies of Workspaces: 1 Taylorism American engineer Frederick Taylor was obsessed with efficiency and oversight and is credited as one of the first people to actually design an office space. Taylor crowded workers together in a completely open environment while bosses looked on from private offices, much like on a factory floor.

(Wired Staff, 2009) 2 Bürolandschaft The German "office landscape" brought the socialist values of 1950s Europe to the workplace: Management was no longer cosseted in executive suites. Local arrangements might vary by function—side-by-side workstations for clerks or pinwheel arrangements for designers, to make chatting easier—but the layout stayed undivided.

3 Action Office Bürolandschaft inspired Herman Miller to create a product based on the new European workplace philosophy. This was the first modular business furniture system, with low dividers and flexible work surfaces or in other words, cubicles.

4 Cube Farm It's the cubicle concept taken to the extreme. As the ranks of middle managers swelled, a new class of employee was created: too important for a mere desk but too junior for a window seat. Facilities managers accommodated them in the cheapest way possible, with modular walls. The sea of cubicles was born.

During the past decade, furniture designers have tried to part the sea of cubicles and encourage sociability. Knoll, for example, created systems with movable, semi-enclosed pods

Figure 2 typologies of workspace (Source: https://www.wired.com/2009/03/pl-design-5/)

and connected desks whose shape separates work areas in lieu of dividers. Most recently, Vitra unveiled furniture in which privacy is suggested if not realized. Its large tables have low dividers that cordon off personal space but won't guard personal calls.

5 Networking

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Figure 3 Workspace (source: reenya on depositphotos)

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According to the Whole Building Design Guide, there have been a few suggestions in order to keep up with the changing nature of the workspace in order to make it most efficient and comfortable for the users.

Design For Flexibility / Accessibility 

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Provide flexibility for delivering power, voice, and data. Ensure that these systems are also designed to meet accessibility requirements or needs.

Provide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous spaces to ensure technical, spatial, and environmental quality in the rapidly changing electronic office.

Provide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without burdensome reliance on outside contractors and are accessible to internal users or contractors.

Support Mobility 

 

Incorporate wireless technology and mobile phones to enable workers to move effortlessly among spaces as their needs change or to accommodate teleworking.

Provide a multiplicity of spaces for individual and collaborative work.

Provide connections to internal networks and to the Internet throughout the workplace.

Enable Informal Social Interaction

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

 





Provide multiple places to meet and greet.

Consider providing informal workspaces in cafeterias, hallways, sitting areas, and other spaces that can easily be reconfigured.

When designing cafes and coffee nooks, locate them centrally along well travelled pathways to encourage use and interaction.

Design the circulation system with informal communication opportunities in mind.

Design for a variety of meeting sizes and types     

Provide enclosed rooms to support groups of different sizes.

If open informal spaces are used, make sure that they are separated from individual quiet spaces.

Consider sharing meeting spaces among private offices.

Provide visual display technologies and writing surfaces for collaborative work.

Consider the use of dedicated project rooms for collaborative work.

Support Individual Concentration 

 

If open spaces such as pods or bull pens are used, provide attractive acoustically conditioned rooms for individual concentration as needed.

Locate concentration booths close to work spaces.

Zone space for range of quiet and interactive needs.

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Support Stress Reduction and Relaxation   



Consider spaces for relaxation and playfulness.

Incorporate soft furniture, wall treatments, and lighting.

Use environmentally responsible materials and furnishings in the spaces intended for stress reduction and relaxation.

Provide views to nature or images of nature scenes.

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02.1.4 research

inferences based on secondary area of

Co-location of related functions This approach places people in related jobs close to one another of the office floor. Reducing the need for travel has a positive impact on time efficiency and productivity

Shared spaces Spaces like meeting rooms, conference rooms, pantries, photocopy / printing rooms, reception areas, break rooms that can be shared by all personnel in the building should be designed with great care and placed at intersections where majority will pass through

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02.1.5 Integrating the Built and the Unbuilt The workplace environment has a huge impact on how the users feel, perform and interact with their colleagues.

Therefore, the spaces must support the well-being, creativity and productivity. For this, biophilia is a growing field to help tackle this challenge.

Biophilia as a concept was first popularized by Edward O Wilson, an American biologist in the 1980‘s when he noticed that urbanization was leading to a disconnection with nature.

He describes it as the innate relationship between humans and nature, and the basic human need of continuously being connected to a natural environment.

Much of today‘s built environment lacks adequate natural light, natural ventilation, natural materials, vegetation, views, environmental shapes and forms, and other evolved affinities for the natural world. Biophilic design is an applied solution to appease this desire for nature by integrating natural elements and processes into the built environment.

The introduction of plants to office spaces has been there for a long time. In the 1950‘s, Ebergard and Wolfgang Schnelle sought to enrich office spaces with plants and used indoor plants and partitions for privacy and enrichment of the workspace environment. They felt that plants would also make the environment more humane and collaborative.

Studies of living plants in the workplace have indeed suggested that they can have a range of beneficial influences. According to research done by a number of experts, exposure to plants and

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natural settings can improve positive mood and reduce negative mood. Findings also indicate that physiological stress is often lower after exposure to plants and nature as compared with urban settings. In addition, exposure to nature has been shown to have the capacity to improve attention. Plants exert a beneficial influence on the climate of the working and living environment. They improve the air quality and when introduced in sufficient quantity, indoor potted plants have been shown to remove most types of air-borne pollutants.

Enrichment of the workspace also signals that attempts are being made to enhance staff well-being and ―environmental comfort‖. This communicates care and attention from the managers which in turn leads to increased attention and work engagement among employees.

Figure 4 Biophilic Design (source : plantscrapers)

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Biophilic design can be organized into three categories – Nature in the Space, Natural Analogues, and Nature of the Space – providing a framework for understanding and enabling thoughtful incorporation of a rich diversity of strategies into the built environment.

Nature in the Space: It addresses the direct, physical and ephemeral presence of nature in a space or place. This includes plant life, water and animals, as well as breezes, sounds, scents and other natural elements. Common examples include potted plants, flowerbeds, bird feeders, butterfly gardens, water features, fountains, aquariums, courtyard gardens and green walls or vegetated roofs.

Nature in the Space encompasses seven biophilic design patterns: 1. Visual Connection with Nature.

A view to elements of nature, living systems and natural processes.

2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature.

Auditory, haptic, olfactory, or gustatory stimuli that engender a deliberate and positive reference to nature, living systems or natural processes.

3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli.

Stochastic and ephemeral connections with nature that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely.

4. Thermal & Airflow Variability.

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

Subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin, and surface temperatures that mimic natural environments.

5. Presence of Water.

A condition that enhances the experience of a place through seeing, hearing or touching water.

6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light.

Leverages varying intensities of light and shadow that change over time to create conditions that occur in nature.

7. Connection with Natural Systems.

Awareness of natural processes, especially seasonal and temporal changes characteristic of a healthy ecosystem.

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Natural Analogues encompasses three patterns of biophilic design: 8. Biomorphic Forms & Patterns.

Symbolic references to contoured, patterned, textured or numerical arrangements that persist in nature.

9. Material Connection with Nature.

Materials and elements from nature that, through minimal processing, reflect the local ecology or geology and create a distinct sense of place.

10. Complexity & Order.

Rich sensory information that adheres to a spatial hierarchy similar to those encountered in nature.

Figure 5 Nature in the Space (source: architectus.com)

Natural Analogues: It addresses organic, non-living and indirect evocations of nature. Objects, materials, colors, shapes, sequences and patterns found in nature, manifest as artwork, ornamentation, furniture, dĂŠcor, and textiles in the built environment. Mimicry of shells and leaves, furniture with organic shapes, and natural materials that have been processed or extensively altered (e.g., wood planks, granite tabletops), each provide an indirect connection with nature: while they are real, they are only analogous of the items in their ‗natural‘ state.

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Nature of the Space: It addresses spatial configurations in nature. This includes our innate and learned desire to be able to see beyond our immediate surroundings, our fascination with the slightly dangerous or unknown; obscured views and revelatory moments; and sometimes even phobia inducing properties when they include a trusted element of safety.

Nature of the Space encompasses four biophilic design patterns: 11. Prospect.

An unimpeded view over a distance, for surveillance and planning.

12. Refuge.

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A place for withdrawal from environmental conditions or the main flow of activity, in which the individual is protected from behind and overhead.

13. Mystery.

The promise of more information, achieved through partially obscured views or other sensory devices that entice the individual to travel deeper into the environment.

14. Risk/Peril.

An identifiable threat coupled with a reliable safeguard.

Locally Appropriate Design Climate, ecology and the vernacular Historically, humans have built shelters from locally available materials and the form and function were in response to the topography and climate. Employing vernacular architecture where you use the local materials, the local plants and vegetation can be effective in designing for a resilient, biophilic experience.

Character and density In rural environments, human-nature interactions are abundant, and this regular exposure to nature has restorative qualities that we perhaps take for granted. Suburban settings are typically rife with intuitively applied biophilic design; the suburban yard with shade trees, grass, low shrubs, and beds of flowers is essentially an analogue of the African savanna. Land in urban

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environments is limited and at a premium, so it may be unrealistic to replicate features more suitable to a rural environment in terms of scale or abundance. As such, biophilic design strategies will differ depending on the local political climate, zoning, geography, land availability and ownership.

What‘s important is that the strategy be integrative and appropriate to the character and density of the place, and not just another word for ecosystem restoration that does not reflect the human biological relationship with nature.

Scale and feasibility Biophilic design patterns should be scaled to the surrounding environment and to the predicted user population for the space.

Patterns can be applied at the scale of a micro-space, a room, a building, a neighborhood or campus, and even an entire district or city. Each of these spaces will present different design challenges depending on the programming, user types and dynamics, climate, culture, and various physical parameters, as well as existing or needed infrastructure. Size and availability of space are two of the most common factors influencing feasibility of biophilic design patterns. The psychological benefits of nature actually have been shown to increase with exposure to higher levels of yet these benefits do not necessarily increase with greater natural vegetative area. From this we can derive that small, micro-restorative experiences that are also biodiverse are likely to be particularly effective at engendering a restorative biophilic experience.

Culture and demographics Current evolutionary hypotheses and theories state that contemporary landscape preferences are influenced by human

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evolution, reflecting the innate landscape qualities that enhanced survival for humanity through time. While empirical research has shown that there is a degree of universality to landscape preferences among humans, preferences have been modified by cultural influences, experiences and socioeconomic factors. Cultural constructs, social inertia and ecological literacy suffuse differing perspectives on what constitutes natural, nature, wild, or beautiful. And while ethnicity can play a role in influencing an individual‘s landscape preferences, cultures and groups across the world utilize landscapes and space in different ways (Forsyth & Musacchio, 2005). Frequency of use, nature of use, participation rates and purpose of visit all vary drastically between nationalities, cultures and sub-groups. These factors do not mean that certain ethnic groups have a lower appreciation for landscape or a less significant connection with nature. These groups simply utilize and interact with nature in ways that are compatible with their culture and needs.

Identifying early on what those needs may be will help define parameters for appropriate design strategies and interventions.

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02.1.6

inferences from tertiary area of research

As mentioned, there are three ways in which nature can be incorporated into the built environment 1. Direct and physical presence of nature in a space – eg. Potted plants, gardens, water features, etc.

2. Objects, materials, colours, shapes, sequences and patterns found in nature which manifest as artwork, ornamentation, furniture, dĂŠcor, and textiles in the built environment.

3. Views of and shelter from natural elements that could wreak havoc.

The type of nature that is incorporated into the built also depends on the place, the users and the scale. Since the DC Complex is situated in a remote part of a suburban area, views and outdoor spaces can be easily incorporated.

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02.2 case studies

01

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saiha, Mizoram (primary case study)

Aspect of Analysis To understand the functioning of a deputy commissioner complex and the needs and linkages of administrative spaces

02

The Secretariat, Aizawl, Mizoram (primary case study)

Investigating the different functions of different departments of the government and the requirements of administrative spaces

03

The Senedd, Cardiff, Wales (secondary case study)

Investigating democratic, civic spaces and how they cater to the public

04 Administration of the Municipal Water Supply, Lamia, Greece (secondary case study)

Investigation of the design of administrative, civic spaces and the incorporation of the built and unbuilt.

05 Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Building, Rancagua, Chile (secondary case study)

Investigation of the design of administrative, civic spaces and the incorporation of the built and unbuilt.

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02.2.1 Mizoram

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Siaha,

Architect: Architecture Branch, PWD Mizoram Siaha District is the senior-most district in the state of Mizoram. The Deputy Commissioner is the head of the district administration. The DC is the executive head of all government offices within the district.

The new complex was designed in the year 2019. Previously, the various departments of the district were located in different places making it hard for the public to access.

Horizontal Circulation Vertical Circulation Services

Figure 6 Road Level Plan showing entrance and circulation (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

Fig: Ground Floor Plan Figure 7 Ground Floor Level Plan showing entrance and circulation (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

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Functional

Planning

of

Administrative

Figure 8 Road Level Plan (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

Spaces

Figure 9 Ground Floor Level Plan (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

Open Plan Offices Private Offices Private Secretaries

Private offices

Horizontal Circulation

Open Plan offices

Vertical Circulation Services

Private Secretaries

Public/waiting room

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Figure 10 First Floor Level Plan showing Functional Planning (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

Open Plan Offices Private Offices Private Secretaries

Horizontal Circulation Vertical Circulation Services

Figure 11 Second Floor Plan showing functional planning (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

/ inferences The building is narrow and large windows along the singleloaded corridors for interaction with the outdoors. Depending on the position of the person, the office spaces are divided into single rooms and big offices (either cubicles or open plan) hosting a number of people. The semi-public spaces like the conference halls and meeting rooms are kept at the upper levels for privacy.

Public/waiting room

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02.2.2.The Secretariat, Capital Complex, Aizawl, Mizoram Architect: Architecture Branch, PWD Mizoram The Secretariat houses the ministers of the state, administrative heads and workers who are needed to carry out the different administrative tasks. Different departments under the government are located here. It sees a large footfall, from the users and the public.

It is located on the fringes of the city, maintaining its distance so that it doesn‘t cause traffic congestion while being easily accessible through vehicular roads and public transport. The whole locality has been set up for the different departments of the government.

Figure 14 Location of Secretariat in Capital Complex (source: PWD Mizoram)

Figure 13 Entrance (Source: Mizoram Secretariat Website) Figure 12 Internal Garden (Source: author) Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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Figure 15 Internal Garden (Source: Mizoram Secretariat Website)

Figure 16 Entrance, Circulation (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

The building entrance is a huge triple-height lobby. It leads straight to the internal garden and on its left and right are the offices. The cores are placed in the lobby for easy access with other cores placed at specific distances along the building.

The internal garden serves as a rejuvenation space. It can be seen from the different blocks of the building and provides good views into nature.

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The open-plan / cubicle offices are placed together for easy access for the public. The higher-ranking officers‘ offices are in different wings from these rooms.

The rooms are not too deep, allowing natural light to filter in during the day while the corridors are naturally lit at certain intervals with the help of cut-outs in the building.

Ministers/Commissioners (private rooms) Direct Connection

Conference Rooms Private Secretaries (private rooms)

Shared spaces

Internal Garden

Other Staff (Open Plan)

Figure 17 Functional Planning of Office (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

/ inferences The high-ranking officials have windows with views of the outdoor garden or the outside

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02.2.3

The Senedd, Cardiff, Wales

Architect : Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners LLP Location The Senedd building is in the former Cardiff Docks, about 3 kilometres south of Cardiff Castle.

The Senedd, like politics, is designed to be open and transparent. Richard Rogers and RSHP‘s lead partner Ivan Harbour were determined to make public space integral to the structure.

The building faces south west over Cardiff Bay, it has a glass façade around the entire building and is dominated by a steel roof and wood ceiling. It has three floors, the first and second floors are accessible to the public and the ground floor is a private area for officials.

Figure 18 Location of Senedd (source: google maps) Figure 19 Front Elevation of Senedd (source : https://www.rshp.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/)

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The building is more than simply the place where the process of parliamentary democracy takes place – the Neuadd and Oriel gives visitors a sense of openness and they are drawn to the central chamber and want to look down into the debating chamber.

The Welsh Assembly Building does more than accommodate a legislature. The ground floor, Neauadd is essentially an indoor piazza for public use, with cafes, meeting spaces and a gallery that enables citizens to view the assembly chamber, where their representatives make decisions.

The main area in the building is the debating chamber, called the Siambr, including a public viewing gallery.

1.

Debating Chamber

2.

Reception

3.

Public Gallery

4.

Public Event Area

5.

CafĂŠ

6.

Members Tea Room

z

Figure 20 Section through Senedd (source : https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/nationalassembly-for-wales/)

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Figure 22 Viewing Gallery of Cabinet – Transparency https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales/)

(source:

Figure 23 Public Café (source: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/nationalassembly-for-wales/) Figure 24 Public Café (source : https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/nationalassembly-for-wales/)

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/ inferences The Senedd is a new typology of legislative buildings where the public can view the space where decisions are made, in real time. The design brings the word transparency into full effect.

The space, even though it is a legislative building, is open and inviting to the public because of the cafĂŠ and gallery.

The glass façade and wide entry steps are architectural elements that make it the building even more inviting and open.

The use of local materials makes it fit into the context and reflects the culture of the place.

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02.2.4 Administration of the Municipal Water Supply, Lamia, Greece Architects: VTria Architects The designing process aimed to create an iconic, interactive and extroverted building that is open, accessible and welcoming to all of its users. The powerful east-west axis that connects the building to the urban centre penetrates into the building‘s volume and it constitutes the main design axis that turns its orientation to the South.

Figure 25 Entrance (source: archdaily)

Figure 26 Ground Floor plan showing circulation (source: archdaily)

Horizontal Circulation Vertical Circulation

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Figure 27 First floor plan showing circulation (source: archdaily)

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Figure

28

outdoor

landscape

spaces

(source:

arch

Figure 29 ampitheatre (source: archdaily)

Figure 30 interaction of ampithatre with the outside (source: archdaily)

The atrium is comprised of several sitting spaces, water surfaces and falls, vegetation and areas for social activities. At the same time, it contributes to the optimal performance of the sustainable character of the building by creating micro-climate conditions that cool down the working areas during summer.

One of the main purposes of the designing process was to create areas that can be used by the public for all kinds of cultural events. The architectural interactivity between the atrium and the amphitheatre, gives the sense of continuity and connects these two areas, adding to the public character of the building. daily)

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/ inferences The voids on the concrete faรงade make the building open and inviting for the public, without which the building would have been imposing and rigid.

The courtyard, the water elements as well as green spaces make it rejuvenating and refreshing for the users of the building.

Making the amphitheatre visible from outside creates a feeling of connectivity between the outside and the inside.

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02.2.5 Ministry of Housing and Development Building, Rancagua, Chile

Urban

Architect: CarreĂąo Sartori Arquitectos The building is to be a civic urban complex. As headquarters for the ministry in charge of planning and territorial development, it was relevant to complement paths and public spaces of the place, in order to improve them. The future building included two independent units: SERVIU and SEREMI. The lot subdivision strategy was part of the proposal, Figure 32Ground Floor plan circulation and core (source: archdaily)

leaving land available for future development.

Figure 33First floor plan circulation and core (source: archdaily)

The floors are arranged with a central aisle and lateral working spaces. The façade allows distant views while avoiding direct light on desktops. All spaces, including the central corridor are naturally illuminated.

Figure 31Entrance (source: archdaily)

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The building -110 meters long and 10 metres wide- opens an internal garden and public walkway, connecting two parallel streets. With this, the old reclusion interior became open and inclusive for the city. The two main entrances -one for SERVIU, the other for SEREMI- are placed at each end of the building, activating both streets sidewalk too.

Figure 34 Isometric View of Front Side of Building (source: archdaily)

Figure 36 Green Spaces right outside the building (source: archdaily)

Figure 35 Isometric View of Back-side of building (source: archdaily)

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/ inferences The walkway which connects the two parallel streets makes the building very open and accessible for the public.

The presence of several landscaped and open green areas makes it open as well as rejuvenating for anyone inside the building.

The play of the faรงade of glass and voids allows natural light inside the building while creating an interesting rhythmic elevation.

The circulation patterns are easy to navigate for anyone who enters the premises.

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02.2.6

Matrix for Case Studies

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02.2.7 Mizoram

case examples – government housing in

02.2.7.1 Government Staff Housing for Lower Staff Quarters, Mamit ArchitectMizoram

Architecture

Branch,

PWD

Year – 2013 Housing Type – Type-I and Type-II

Figure 37 Site Plan (source: PWD Mizoram)

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Type I Unit area – 44.5 sq m Unit of one floor – 103.9 sq. m Total no. of units – 4

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Figure 39 Elevation and Section (source: PWD Mizoram)

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Figure 38 Typical Floor Plan and Roof Plan(source: PWD Mizoram)

Type II Area of one unit – 49.65 sq. m Area of one floor – 115.23 sq m Total no. of units – 6

Figure 41 Typical Floor plan, roof plan (source: PWD Mizoram)

Figure 40 Elevation and Section (source: PWD Mizoram)

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02.2.7.2 Staff Quarters at Gauhati High

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Court, Aizawl Bench, Luangmual, Mizoram Architect- Architecture Branch, PWD Mizoram Year – 2019 Housing Type –Type-III

Figure 42 Site Plan (source: PWD Mizoram)

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Figure 43 Typical Floor Plan (source: PWD Mizoram)

Figure 44 Section (source: PWD Mizoram)

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02.2.7.3 Staff Quarters at Raj Bhawan, Treasury square, Aizawl, Mizoram Architect- Architecture Branch, PWD Mizoram Year – 2015 Housing Type –Type-II Area of floor – 131.9 sq m

Figure 45 Typical Floor Plan (source: PWD Mizoram)

Figure 46 Site Plan (source: PWD Mizoram)

Figure 47 Section (source: PWD Mizoram) Figure 48 Elevation (source: PWD Mizoram)

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/inferences As seen by the plans, most of the houses have open kitchens and dining rooms. These rooms are placed adjacent to the living room. This can be due to the sociable behaviours of the Mizo community who like to visit neighbours during free times and form a close-knit society.

The houses all have sloping roofs since the state receives heavy rainfall.

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03 / design project This chapter explores the project in terms of its scope and profile and the functional diagram; how it impacts space use. It will look at the area program with the various components.

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03 / what is expected from the government?

Figure

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49

Principles

(source:

author)

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03 / defining user group and area breakdown

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03 / area breakdown

Department Breakdown DC Office

Land Revenue & Settlement

Transport Office

Rural Development

Urban Development

Information and Public Relations

Civil Supply

Local Administration

Sainik welfare & Settlement

Treasury

Education

Labour & Employment

2% 2%

Area Breakdown 18%

9%

2%

9% 34%

7%

73%

3% 11% 10% 13%

Office

Public & Office Support

Residential

3% 4%

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03 / functional relationship diagram

Public Facilities Public Library / Auditorium Administrative Spaces Offices of all departments

Recreation Spaces Cafes, gardens, tea/ coffee shops

Administrative Support Conference rooms, meeting rooms

Residential Spaces

Primary Link

Secondary Link Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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03 / detailed area program

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The DC office is the main office of the complex that houses the DC, the additional DC and other heads of offices. These highranking officials each have their own rooms and sometimes their own assistants. Other office rooms may be open-plan or cubicle-typology, housing a larger number of people.

The DC Office Complex has a number of other government departments, needed to take care of different affairs in the district. These departments each have their directors, assistant

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

directors who have their own private rooms and open-plan/ cubicle rooms for the rest of the workers.

Each department has their own store-room and archives room.

Except for one or two departments which specified their own conference halls/ meeting rooms, the rest of the departments can share meeting rooms and pantries.

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04 / site This chapter contains information about the site – related to the immediate surroundings, neighbourhood, precinct and city. It seeks to understand the context, the movement patterns, vegetation, etc. This provides a basis for identifying the usergroup, developing an area program and defining the architectural language.

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04.01 national and state level Mizoram is a state perched on the hills at the north-eastern corner of India, flanked by Bangladesh and Myanmar on the west and east respectively, and by the states Assam, Tripura and Manipur.

The capital is Aizawl and there are currently eleven districts.

Climatic Zone: Under the Koppen classification of climaticzones, Mizoram falls udner humid subtropical climatic zone Seismic Zone: Mizoram falls under Zone V Seismic Zone which is the highestearthquake prone zone Figure 50 Location at National Level

Saitual is a town of over 2457 houses in Mizoram and the headquarters of the newly formed Saitual District. It is located 30 km towards east from the state capital, Aizawl.

Altitude: 1270m Population: 11619 The district has 37 villages with the total population being 50, 575 people

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

Figure 51 map of district (source: MIRSAC)

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04.02 climate Humidity: Humidity peaks to levels above 80% during months June to October.

Figure 53 Humidity source : worldweatheronline

Figure 52 Location at State Level (source: google maps, author)

The town can be reached through Air transport: The nearest airport is Lengpui airport which is 103 km away.

The town also has a helipad where services can be availed to travel to other districts Vehicular Transport: The town can be reached by vehicular transport through the National Highway 102B Public transport: Buses, maxicabs and taxis are available.

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Rainfall: Highest point – 792.33 mm (Aug 2019).It faces monsoons from May to Sept

Figure 54 Rainfall source : worldweatheronline

Temperature: max temperature is 36 degree Celsius (may 2019) and minimum temperature is 5 degree Celsius (Jan 2013)

Figure 56 Temperature source : worldweatheronline

Wind: The avg wind speed and avg gust speed are maximum during April with avg gust speed above 7.5 kmph and avg wind speed above 5 kmph

Figure 55 Wind source : worldweat heronline

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04.03 precinct level

The highway 102B connects Saitual and the site by the SaitualPhullen-Suangpuilawn road.

Notable Places in Precinct: Tam Dil is a reservoir lake that is reconstructed by the Department of Fisheries, Mizoram. There are lake-side resorts maintained by the Department of Tourism, Mizoram. It is a popular biological hot-spot as well as tourist spot .

Figure 57 Location with Tam Dil (source: googlemaps, google photos)

Figure 58 precinct map (source: googlemaps, author)

The proposed site is a park owned by the Khadi & Village Industries Mizoram. It is situated 2.4 km away from the present Deputy Commissioner Office in the centre of town.

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Road to Tam Dil, Phullen and other towns

Entry Into Site

Road from Saitual

Saitual Town

Figure 59Precinct with site (source: google maps, author)

Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

The site is well-connected by farmlands and forests with a very low percentage of built. However, it is situated not too far from the town and is well-connected through the vehicular road.

Presently, there is only entrance to the site.

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04.04 figure ground

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Figure 60 Figure Ground (source: googlemaps, author)

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04.05 land use mapping

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Figure 61 Land use Mapping (source: googlemaps, author)

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04.06 Precinct Photos

Figure 62 Photos of Saitual Town (source: google photos) Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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04.07 site plan

Highest point on site (50 m)

Road to other villages – Tam Dil, Phullen, etc.

Lower Mound at 45 m

Figure 63 Site Plan (source: author)

Outside site boundary

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04.08

site 3d

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04.09

slope analysis Figure 64 Slope Analysis (source: author)

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04.10

drainage

According to the contours, water generally flows where the distance between two contours is the least.

Figure 65 drainage on site (source: author)

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04.11

Site photos

Figure 66 Site Photos (source: PWD Mizoram, author)

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04.12 site information and development guidelines The selected site is presently a park owned by the Mizoram Khadi and Village Industries, just outside Saitual Town in Saitual District. Presently, the state of Mizoram does not have particular bye-laws that it follows except for Aizawl district which follows the bye-laws formed by the Aizawl Municipal Council i.e. Aizawl Municipal Council Building Regulations 2019. For this project, these bye-laws will be followed for guidance.  ‗Special building‘ means a building such as educational, assembly, institutional, industrial, storage, hazardous and mixed occupancies with any of the aforesaid occupancies having covered area more than 500 sq. metres.  ‗Building, Height‘ of means — (i) in the case of flat roofs or hip type roofs, the vertical distance from the ground floor to the highest terrace level; (ii) in case of pitched roofs, the vertical distance from the ground floor up to the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersects the finished surface of the sloping roof; (iii) in case of multi-storeyed buildings constructed on a slope having multiple ground floor levels, the vertical distance between any ground floor level and the corresponding highest point of the building directly above it.

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 The minimum distance between any two or more buildings within one plot shall be 2.4 m if one of the buildings or both the buildings is/are multi-storied  Steps or ramps constructed along the existing ground profile or slope may be allowed in the prescribed set back areas. In addition, building services such as underground water tanks, septic tank, soak pit, inspection chamber, etc may be allowed within the prescribed set back areas, provided that such structures remain flushed with the adjoining ground/slope.  Provision of Lift: Provision of lifts shall be made mandatory for special residential, mercantile, institutional and government or semi-public buildings having four floors or more. In counting the number of floors for provision of lift, a floor which has a separate and independent entrance shall not be counted.  Solar water heating system: A suitable solar heating system in accordance with the order/ notification of the Government of Mizoram shall be installed in all buildings as specified by the Government which are as follows: 1) Hospitals and Nursing Home 2) Guest Houses 3) Tourist Lodges 4) Bungalows 5) Schools, Colleges, Training Centres. 6) Barracks of Armed Forces and Police 7) Functional Buildings of Airports like Waiting Rooms, Rest Rooms, Catering Units. 8) Community Centres 9) All Government Buildings which are in need of hot water.  Discharge of rain and waste water:

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Any buildings having covered area of 500sq.m or minimum discharge of 1000 lts. and above per day shall incorporate waste water recycling system. The recycled water should be used for non-drinking purposes.

 Height Limitation: The height of building shall be restricted to 19m (64‘4‖); Provided that if an entire floor is used as a parking space, that floor shall not be taken into account while calculating height subject to the condition that the total height of the building shall not exceed 22m.

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04.12 / inferences from site study 

   

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Climatic conditions like heavy rainfall, strong winds and humidity need to be taken into consideration while designing The whole zone also falls under Seismic Zone V hence earthquake-resistant buildings need to be designed.

The slope is gradual and can be easily utilized The views on all directions can be maximised There is a large number of solar days which can be utilised for solar energy

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05 / technology This chapter is an introduction to the various systems that have been employed within the design to arrive at a functioning, sustainable built space. It will define building materials, structural systems, fenestration details and sustainability measures.

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05/ technology research

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Figure 67 Bamboo detail (source: Lalbiakthangi Pautu) Deputy Commissioner Complex, Saitual, Mizoram

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Figure 69 Bracing for earthquake-resistance (source: author)

05/ technology 05.1 column-beam in reinforced concrete Column span = 6000 mm c/c

For further stability against earthquakes, seismic bands – lintel bands can be used in the buildings.

Beam depth = span/12 to span/15 = 500 mm approx.

6 m span

f/f height – 4.2 m

Figure 70 seismic bands (source: author)

Expansion joints are used Figure 68 RCC framed structure(source: author)

In-fill material : brick and AAC blocks Bracing Since it is earthquake prone-area, for soft storeys like ground floors and parking space, bracing will be done to provide stability.

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05.2 Roofing - steel truss and galvanised roofing sheets For the sloped roofs, steel trusses will be used throughout.

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For the auditorium, a steel quadrangular roof truss will be used which is normally used for long spans.

05.3 climate response Lighting, ventilation and building orientation

Figure 71 quadrangular roof truss (source: google)

The slope of the roofs varies from 4:12 and 6:12 pitches i.e. slope angles will be between 18 degrees and 26 degrees for water run-off. However a higher pitch is not recommended due to the strong winds since it is cyclone-prone area.

Figure 73 light and air circulation (source: author)

To protect the eastern side from solar heat gain, trees have been planted along the eastern periphery.

Roof-lights will also be utilised for getting natural light into the corridors of the office spaces.

Figure 72 roof-lighting (source: Brett Martin)

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The western side which is also the frontal side, next to which the access road lies, is protected from solar heat gain because of the presence of the shaded corridor. There is also a line of vegetation and trees right after the corridor which will further protect the western side from solar heat gain.

The open-able ventilation windows allows the hot air to rise up and escape.

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Rainfall The entire state of Mizoram is under the direct influence of monsoon. It rains heavily from May to September. Therefore there is a need for rainwater collection.

This can be done through a system of gutters and collecting rainwater from the roofs.

The total roof surface area (sloping) = 2700 m sq Avg. annual rainfall = 750 mm Rainwater that can be collected = 2,025,000 L

Figure 75 local rainwater collection system (source: author)

Solar Energy Mizoram, lying in the tropical region, receives and average solar insolation of about 4.5 kWh/m2 / day and have approximately 300 sunshine days. The temperature favors setting up of solar power plants within the State as the State have cool natural breeze to cool down the Plants.

Solar Energy can be used for heating and lighting Standard energy capacity / PV cell number / size of panel: Figure 74 Roof Plan

230 Watt polycrystalline panels / 60 cell modules made from 6 inch cells = 1.6x1m (including space for tilt and clamps) = 1.6m2 Total (designed) area available for PV panel installation, including 10% for maintainence access = 2600 m2 Total number of PV panels possible to install on site = 1625

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05/ Contours

also been used.

To deal with the different levels and contours, cut and fill method has been used for most cases.

Cutting has been done for heights not more than 3 m. Here retaining walls have been utilised. In other cases, stilts have

Stilts

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Retaining Walls

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Universal Access and Fire Safety

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06 / swot analysis, concept and narrative This chapter will have an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that can be described for the site. Based on the thesis proposition and the nature of activity envisioned on site, a set of urban and architectural responses were formulated with the arrival of design drivers.

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06 /

strengths 1. The site lies not too far from town and will not congest traffic 2. Gentle slope with great views 3. Has ample amount of open spaces around it.

4. Site receives good amount of sunlight throughout the year 5. Site is located in monsoon-prone areas therefore water collection and harvesting can be easily managed

opportunities 1. It will be the first big government complex in the area hence it can be a landmark.

2. Opportunity to create a democratic, administrative space that will also be public-friendly as well.

weaknesses 1. The site has only one point of entry 2. It cannot be easily reached by pedestrians 3. Large number of trees inside the site which may hinder construction.

threats 1. As one of the big developments in the area, the project should not exhibit an introverted nature 2. The topography of the site may constrain the design and site planning since it is a long linear site.

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06 / arriving at design concept

Figure 76 Concept (source: author)

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07 Design Evolution and Stages This chapter discusses in detail the evolution of the design from the first sketch to the final product. In this chapter, the various stages of design are illustrated along with their shortcomings and strengths.

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07/ arriving at typology

The approximate roof spans of some buildings in the town were taken. Larger buildings had the largest spans – 9 m and 11 m while the smaller spans were around 5 m and 6 m. A majority of the buildings in the town fall under the same range.

Roof forms should fit into the backdrop of the hills and not lookout of place or massive

This was done so that the design would try to follow the same typology and fit into the context instead of being a major disruption to the skyline.

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07 / arriving at typology - sketches Soft thresholds to encourage easy movement and making it more permeable and closer to nature

Transition areas to be more open and permeable for easier thoroughfare and for connection of greens on either side.

Spaces in between the bigger blocks to be more green and open for workers for rejuvenation.

Views of green and context available on all sides

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08 / Design Development Design Stage One The form of the buildings had no coherent thought, the buildings followed the contours but there was no consideration for the open spaces it could generate. Keeping the DC bungalow on top of the highest mound was also not suggested.

Office Spaces

Public Amenities Residential

The contours were not used to the best interest – making it not so different from a design on a flat area.

In terms of zoning, it was suggested that the office buildings be more compact and less ‗resembling a train'. It was also suggested to have a separate road access for the residential part.

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Design Stage Two Here, there was an attempt to orient the buildings according to the contours for maximum utilisation of views and to make the forms more interesting. Following the suggestions from before, the buildings were also placed on the sloped areas with some parts connected to the main blocks through bridges. The public amenities were scattered here, with the public library placed near the office buildings and the auditorium and cafĂŠ placed more inside the site. Transitional spaces between the blocks were kept at the higher floors while the ground floors were kept permeable and open.

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The form of the buildings following the contours and angled was appreciated but the scattered zoning of the main office blocks and public amenities were not favoured since it meant longer distances for the users to walk, less clarity and less open green spaces. It was suggested to keep the second mound of the site open and green and to concentrate on the first and last mound for the built spaces.

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Design Stage Three The placement of the residential blocks was more articulated with consideration for the open spaces in between the built.

The second mound was left open and green as suggested and the road was pushed to the site for bigger green areas. The public amenities and office functions were clustered together for easy access.

It was suggested to keep the auditorium at the entrance of the site instead of at the end. The form of the office building still needed work.

Parking, drop-offs and green spaces needed to be included and thought of.

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Design Stage Four Public amenities like the auditorium and library were kept in one block, at the very entrance of the site and the office blocks were kept in a cluster with green spaces in between the buildings.

The form of the buildings was still not approved of, with suggestions to make it grander. Housing component also needed more re-working on, as well as the functions inside the buildings. All the buildings should ideally be connected as well.

It was also suggested cut-outs and skylights be made along the corridors for natural lighting inside the building. The entrance was also not defined enough.

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Design Stage Five Housing was more articulated with definite plans.

Entrance plaza became more pronounced.

More work needed to be done on site planning, landscaping as well as elevations and developing a cohesive material palette.

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09 / final design

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09.2 / jury comments

The external jury panel consisted of Architect Archana Khanna Gupta. The following points were raised as constructive criticism :   

The jury expressed a concern over the placement of solar panels on the sloping roofs The jury also enquired about the accessibility for fire tenders The jury, in addition to the previous enquiries also asked about the type of foundation to be used which had not been specified in the technology sheets.

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Government of Mizoram. (2019). Aizawl Municipal Council Building Regulations. Aizawl: Aizawl Municipal Council.

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Vengala, J., Mohanthy, B., & Raghunath, S. (n.d.). Seismic performance of Bamboo Housing - an overview.

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Bangalore: Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute.

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