Te Kare Papuni - J.C. Sturm - Jacquie Baxter : a biography

Te Kare Papuni / J. C. Sturm / Jacquie Baxter

Compiled with the assistance of Win Kayes, Roger Steele, Ann Reweti and John Baxter

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Wellington City Libraries, 5 March 2010

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Jacquie Baxter, who published under the name of J. C. Sturm, died on 30 December, 2009. She was well known as a writer and academic, but we at Wellington City Libraries also remember her as our New Zealand collection librarian for over 20 years. A quiet and strong woman, she did not actively seek leadership; on the other hand, she did not resile from stepping up as a role model for Māori women when the occasion required her to do so. Hers was a life of many ‘firsts’, yet for all that she remained a very contained, private person.

Jacqueline Cecilia Sturm, first named Te Kare Papuni, was born at the Cottage Hospital in Opunake in 1927 to Mary Papuni (nee Harrison) of Taranaki, and John (Jack) Papuni of Whakatohea. Two weeks later, Jacquie’s mother died, aged 20, and she was raised for almost five years by her maternal grandmother while her father Jack and her sister, Evadne who was a year older, returned to his Whakatohea rohe in Opotiki, Bay of Plenty.

When her grandmother (the adopted daughter of Wiremu Kingi Matakatea) suffered a near fatal illness, Herbert (Bert Sturm) of Kahungunu and Ngāti Porou descent, and his wife Ethel, then in their late 50s and early 60s) became Jacquie’s foster family, along with their two elder daughters, Molly and Moera. Ethel‘s initial contact with Jacquie was as a visitor with the local district nurse.

Jacquie and the Sturms left Taranaki in 1932 when she was six years old, living subsequently in Auckland, Hastings, Palmerston North, Pukerua Bay and Napier.

It was while at Pukerua Bay, quarantined with what may have been rheumatic fever, that Jacquie at the age of 11 or 12 years, and seeking relief from boredom, discovered a joy for writing.

Jacquie loved living in Pukerua Bay, and was an active, sports‐loving person. In spite of Bert’s iwi ties, and his occasional use of te reo Māori (as in his gardening exhortations to his plants), she was raised largely in a middle‐class Pākehā environment, being often the only brown face amongst her peer group. In 1941 Jacquie was formally adopted by the Sturms at the age of 14 –the age at which the legal guardian’s consent was no longer required.

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Jacquie at home in her living room

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A visit to Māori communities in Tūhoe / Bay of Plenty strengthened her awareness of differences between Māori and Pākehā lifestyles and may have been an impetus for her accepting the challenging roles on behalf of her iwi Māori, even though she preferred not to seek personal attention. Jacquie loved school and in her final year was the dux of Napier Girls High School and was also the school swimming champion, an activity she loved and continued for the rest of her life. Another of her interests was music. She took piano lessons at this time and maintained a long term interest, particularly in classical music and Trad Jazz.

Bishop Bennett was impressed by her scholarship, instilling in her a duty to serve her people. He and the Health Department were influential in the Sturms’ decision to allow her to travel to Otago University in 1946 to study medicine. Although she had not previously studied physics at secondary school, she nevertheless undertook this subject at Otago. In spite of an outstanding entry score of (96 or 97%), Jacquie failed to make the cut for medical school as an influx of returned soldiers (some of them attaining only 52% pass rates), were given preference of entrance ahead of her. It was during this time in Dunedin that she took up fencing, becoming quite proficient with a foil. The Māori population of Dunedin had a low profile in those days, but Jacquie was mindful of her people’s historic links to the region ; Dunedin was one of the places where the Pakakohi and Parihaka prisoners from Taranaki were incarcerated and she was aware of the dreadful working and living conditions that the survivors endured around Otago harbour and the city environs.

An example of her penchant for privacy is shown in the way she managed the communal dining situation of her student hostel. As a very slow eater, (a throwback to her childhood illness at Pukerua Bay), as soon as the last person had ceased eating she too would lay down her knife and fork – so as not to draw attention to herself. It was at this time that Jacquie also began to attend poetry readings, where she met the young poet James K. Baxter for the first time. Jacquie’s interest in psychology and anthropology now prompted a course change to arts and a later move to Christchurch in 1947. Along the way her first poems were published in the student newspapers Canta and the Review, making her the first Māori creative writer in print. At Christchurch she seized upon an opportunity to study under Professor Ivan Sutherland, thoroughly enjoying the opportunity to work at the Canterbury Museum. During this period James K. Baxter ,

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John Baxter, (son), and Jack MacDonald, (great grandson), Commemoration of Jacquie’s life Wellington City Libraries 5 March 2010

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who had followed her to Canterbury from Otago, became literary editor of Canta but, despite their close relationship, Jacquie’s poems were not published in that magazine until Bill Pearson – the overall editor ‐ succeeded James as literary editor in 1948.

Jacquie and James K Baxter were married 9 December 1948 at Napier, moving to Wellington where Jacquie completed her BA in 1949. Interwoven with her studies, she was also dealing with Baxter’s problems with alcohol and depression which carried on intermittently until he finally stopped drinking in 1957. A daughter, Hilary Ann, was born June 1949, and after a tragic late term miscarriage in late 1950, the birth of a son, John McColl, followed in October 1952. Nevertheless, her determination did not flag : despite on‐going health problems, she continued to pursue her interests.

As the first Māori anthropologist, Sir Peter Buck, also from Taranaki, was a strong influence in her life at this time, his book The Coming of the Māori being gifted to her by her husband on the birth of their son John. Bill Parker at Victoria University also became a support and mentor during this period. In 1952 Jacquie completed a dissertation/thesis on New Zealand national character as exemplified by three New Zealand novelists (Frank Sargeson, John Mulgan and Dan Davin) gaining a first class honours MA in Philosophy – her work being an example of excellence in research and delivery. This made her the first Māori woman to gain an M.A. from a New Zealand institution.

In Wellington she began to write fiction, specialising in short stories. Her first story, The Old Coat, was published in the journal Numbers 1, in 1954. Another story For All the Saints, was published in Te Ao Hou in 1955. For All the Saints was also included in C. K. Stead’s New Zealand Short Stories : second series (1966) – another ground breaker for her – as the first Māori writer to be selected for a New Zealand anthology1.

1

Millar, Paul. Jacquie Baxter / J. C. Sturm (1927‐2009), in, Ka mate, ka ora ; issue 9, 2010.

(online) http://www.nzepc.auckland.ac.nz/kmko/09/ka_mate09_millar.asp

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Jacquie’s team leader : Win Kayes

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In the late 1950s, without prior notice, James Baxter announced his conversion from High Church of England to Roman Catholicism. As ‘instruction’ took about two years in those days, the lack of discussion or consultation about this decision along with Jim’s doubts about the veracity of a non‐ catholic marriage hurt Jacquie deeply and led to a separation. But they reunited when James took up a UNESCO posting in Delhi, India, where Jacquie and the children, after a long sea voyage, eventually joined him. This period may have been a trigger for Baxter’s idea to develop a commune at Jerusalem on the Whanganui river, in the later years of his life. For Jacquie it was an interesting experience of role reversal; for once in her life she found herself in the colour majority while Jim was in the minority. It gave him an insight into her life experience in New Zealand although he was aware that while in the minority, he still belonged to the elite eurocentric dominant group. She, on the other hand, felt briefly mainstream for the first time, and found she liked the experience. The situation made them both consider in a new light, things they had always taken for granted about life back home in the antipodes, and the nature and distribution of power and influence.

Despite a promising start, Sturm’s writing career was hampered by the demands of family life. A collection of stories was compiled by 1966, but a publisher could not be found. In 1968, Jacquie was busy caring for her adopted granddaughter, Stephanie. She began her first paid job as a shop assistant near the city library, and in early 1969 was recognised by Deputy City Librarian, Don Silver, whilst working at the McKenzie’s stocking counter. Mr Silver often told the story of how he had urged Jacquie to take up work at Wellington City Libraries – and so began her long association with library work.

Some three years later, in 1972, the sudden death of her for the second ‐time estranged husband, the writer and often outspoken social commentator James K Baxter, aged only forty six, left Jacquie as his literary executor with more than two thirds of his work yet to be published.

As usual, Jacquie took this challenge in her stride, filing an injunction and recall order on an unscrupulous publisher for an unauthorized memorial volume, and setting up the James K Baxter charitable Trust within the first few months after his death, establishing from the start in her new role, a reputation as a force to be reckoned with in the New Zealand literary community. She continued to do an exemplary job of promoting and publishing Baxter’s work for the next three 9 | P a g e

Roger Steele of Steele Roberts

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decades; no mean task considering the prolific body of work he had managed to produce in such a short time span.

In 1982 a long‐time library customer, writer and editor, Witi Ihimaera, selected two of her stories for publication in the important and ground‐breaking anthology of Māori writing Into the World of Light. Her contributions were: First Native and Pink Pig and Jerusalem, Jerusalem.

A poetry reading with Patricia Grace and Keri Hulme in 1980 led to the Spiral Collective publishing The House of the Talking Cat in 1983, which was shortlisted for the New Zealand Book Awards.

Unfortunately for Jacquie, this was also the year of the Spiral Collective’s publication of The Bone People which went on to become the winner of the coveted Booker prize in the United Kingdom.

None the less, Jacquie’s work gained considerable critical acclaim and was translated into several languages including German and Japanese, gaining her a following in both countries.

For the 21st birthday of her adopted granddaughter, Stephanie, in 1989, Jacquie intended to create a birthday card but it evolved, instead, into a birthday poem and along the way rekindled her love for writing poetry. This journey resulted in the publication of a collection of poems, Dedications, in 1996, by Steele Roberts. Until this time, Steele Roberts had published textbooks and nonfiction but Roger Steele chose her work for the company’s creative writing debut, becoming in the process a strong supporter of the writer and her work.

In 1997 Jacquie received an Honour Award for Poetry at the Montana Book Awards for Dedications. It was a specially created personal award. (Once again luck was against her as she was competing against the first comprehensive anthology of New Zealand poetry to be published in years which won the main award, along with the considerable financial remuneration that went with it). Postscripts was published by Steele Roberts in 2000 and closing a circle of whānau support, it was Stephanie who encouraged Jacquie to finish her last book, The Glass House, in 2006.

In 2003 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Literature by Victoria University, and The House of the Talking Cat was republished. Her poems have been published in Landfall 183 (1992), 186 11 | P a g e

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(1993) and 194 (1997) ; Kapiti Poems 6 (1992) and 7 (1994) ; and Te Ao Marama ; vol. 1). In addition there is an interview and series of poems in Hecate (20.2, 1994). Twelve of her poems are collected in How Things Are (1996).2 Four poems (At Red Rocks, The Last Night at Collingwood, A Tricky Business, Splitting the Stone) have been published in The Moon On My Tongue : An Anthology of Māori Poetry in English edited by Raina Whaitiri, Robert Sullivan, Ben Styles (2017) – along with two poems by her daughter Hilary Baxter: Reminiscence, and October 1972.3

Jacquie also had lifelong interests in the Māori Women’s Welfare League

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being

secretary/treasurer for the Wellington Branch in the 1950s, (see articles in Te Ao Hou), Riatana (Kingi Ihaka’s culture group), Ngāti Poneke Young Māori Culture Club 5 where she became proficient in the poi and action songs, involving her children in the club’s many events and hui, later re‐establishing contact for her granddaughter in the 1970s and 1980s. She also worked for the Māori Education Foundation where, as the second woman to sit on that board during the 1960s, she was one of only two Māori appointees, the other being Hoani Waititi.

When on leave from her library work her great love was to travel – which she did often and at every opportunity. A former library colleague described how, on one of these trips, she gazed out of her window as the plane took off from the runway only to spy her suitcase still sitting on the tarmac. This incident, among others, failed to diminish her lifelong love for travelling.

Jacquie helped to provide each of her family members with overseas experiences ; Hilary with her several exploits in Australia, and John and herself to Morocco to visit her sister Molly in Tangiers.

Earlier Jacqui and John visited Japan where they met some of her admirers in Tokyo. She

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http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writer/sturm‐j‐c (New Zealand Book Council . Oxford

companion to New Zealand literature.

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Published also in Te Ao Mārama Vol. 5 selected and edited by Witi Ihimaera. 1996

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Te Ao Hou ; no. 9 (Spring 1954) pp. 8‐9

http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao09TeA/c10.html 5

Te Ao Hou ; no. 12 (September 1955) p. 29

http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao12TeA/c20.html 13 | P a g e

Jacquie Baxter and Mrs Vartik de Varte (two New Zealand Room librarians) Jacquie’s farewell, 1992

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marvelled at the lack of vandalism to the numerous little pockets of street curb gardens with their oases of plants and ponds. She also loved the delicious seafood. In 1979 she and Stephanie went to Fiji and later in 1986 to the Women Writers Conference in Oslo. This was during the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, while Stephanie was in the late stages of pregnancy with her eldest child, Ali. While in a park in Stockholm, Jacquie was approached by a man who mistook her for a drug mule. Apparently Stephanie gave him short shift (she tended to be rather protective of Jacquie). On another trip (with Stephanie’s paternal grandmother) to Rarotonga, Jacquie was offered a job as a librarian which she would have loved, but stepped back to allow the local peoples’ preference for ‘one of their own’ to fill the vacancy.

Along with her impressive literary and academic achievements Jacquie is also remembered fondly

by Wellington City Libraries as a unique librarian and colleague. We remember her quiet advocacy for Māori and indeed all customers, her comprehensive knowledge of New Zealand literature and her passion for excellence in librarianship. 6 With her keen mind, she delighted in unravelling the mysteries and convolutions contained within the parliamentary papers. Indeed she excelled in tracking obscure government publications and happily ran early morning tutorials for staff. Another avenue that required (and extended) her skills was assisting researchers with Waitangi Tribunal claims.

Jacquie highly valued, and very much wanted to complete a professional library qualification and had every intention of achieving one more milestone in her life, but firstly, her health, then family needs prevented her pursuance of a part‐time two‐year course, and, in later years, her manager persuaded her (a) that her ‘spare’ time was better spent on creative writing, and (b) that she had taught herself to a very high standard, on the job, and that the professional qualification was therefore superfluous to her work. Jacquie did accept this advice, but it was something that did not sit easily with her personal goals of striving for excellence in vision and work.

Jacquie brought high standards of cultural recognition to her work. An example of this was when a staff member, in arranging a window display at the death of a well‐known artist wished to use

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WCL staff.

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the caption “ Kua hinga te totara i te wao nui ā Tane”. Jacquie sought extensive advice on the appropriateness of using such a phrase for this particular person, and allowed her colleague to proceed with the wording only after consultation with Māori Affairs staff.

Her fellow Māori librarians of Te Rōpū Whakahau held her in high esteem as one of the first Māori librarians. She warned against the then common practice of making Māori staff into unofficial (and unpaid) cultural advisors/practitioners for their employers, based on assumed stereotypes not applied in the same way to non‐Māori employees. She was present at, and spoke strongly on issues of Māori librarianship, at Te Tira Hou Marae, 1991 – the forerunner hui leading, in 1992, to the establishment of a national Māori librarians’ rōpū – Te Rōpū Whakahau (now 25 years old).

Jacquie retired from library work in November 1992 and the library retains a photograph from that farewell which encompasses a forty‐year span of Wellington City Libraries’ New Zealand librarianship – from Mrs Vartik de Varte in the 1950s to Jacquie’s retirement in 1992. Jacquie’s life story was covered in a documentary Broken Journey, directed by Tim Rose and produced by Huia Lambie, and screened on Māori Television, 17 October 2007.

In October 2009 Jacuie’s adopted granddaughter Stephanie died aged forty‐one. Jacquie survived her by only two months.

On 5 March 2010, friends and colleagues gathered with sadness, at the Wellington City Central Library to commemorate Jacquie’s life and her special place in Wellington and New Zealand social networks, academic and literary circles, her dedicated librarianship, and her deep commitment to her first husband, James K Baxter, her whānau, her second husband Peter Alcock, and to a small circle of very close friendships which had included fellow authors Janet Frame and Jean Watson.

In 2013 Jacquie’s death was followed by that of her daughter Hilary. Hilary was sixty‐four.

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Library Waiata Rōpū, 5 March 2010.

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Further reading:

Bowron, Jane. Her Own Voice: Emerging from James K. Baxter’s Shadow, in, Sunday Start times (5 Jan 1997) p. D1.

Duppe, Claudia. Seeking Home: J. C. Sturm Carves a Space Between, in, English in Aotearoa; no.

60 (Oct. 2006) pp. 78‐86.

Evans, Marian. Letters to the Editor: Writers Equity, in, The Listener; no. 126 (26000) (8 Jan 1990) p. 116.

Fleming, Pamela. A Life of Dedication, in, Mana : the Māori News Magazine For All New Zealanders ; no. 93 (Ap/May, 2010) p. 8

Heim, Otto. Writing Along Broken Lines : Violence and Ethnicity in Contemporary Maori Fiction.

1998.

Holman, Jeffrey Paparoa. "Pioneering Maori Writer." Press, (2 Jan. 2010) C12.

Holman, Jeffrey Paparoa. The Singer of Opunake : J C Sturm (1927‐2009), in, Dominion Post (9 January 2010) p. 22.

Millar, Paul. Jacquie Baxter / J. C. Sturm (1927‐2009), in, Ka Mate, Ka Ora : a New Zealand Journal of Poetry and Poetics ; issue 9 (March 2010) p. 95‐99.

Millar, Paul. No one Would Have Given Tuppence for Our Chances : James K Baxter and J C Sturn, in, Between the Lives : Partners in Art edited by Deborah Shephard. 2005. Pp 137‐165.

Millar, Paul. Obituary, in, New Zealand Books; vol. 20, no. 2 (Winter 2010) p. 2.

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Millar, Paul, and Aorewa McLeod. Sturm, J C, in, The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature edited by Terry Sturm. 1991. Pp. 517‐518.

Nola, Nina. Migrant Women’s Writing in New Zealand: Amelia Batistich’s Three‐dimensional World, in, Hecate ; vol. 20, no. 2 (1994) pp. 140‐159.

Potiki, Roma. Interview with J. C.Sturm. @ http://www.trout.auckland.ac.nz/journal/14/14_5.html

Rabbitt, Lindsay. Jim, Jacquie and Baxter, in, New Zealand Listener (17 June 2000) p. 42‐43.

Rose, Tim, and Huia Lambie. Broken Journey: the Life and Art of J C Sturm (review), in Library Life ; issue 318 (October 2007) p. 19‐21.

Sturm, J. C. Wanting the Stars to Play With, in, Growing Up Māori edited by Witi Ihimaera, 1998. p. 167‐170.

Wevers, Lydia. Short Fiction by Maori Writers, in, Commonwealth: Essays and Studies ; no. 16, no. 2 (Spring 1994) p. 26‐33.

Wood, Briar. Between the Roses and the Taupata, in, Hecate; vol. 20, no. 2 (1994) p. 175‐182.

www.porirua.net/housse Opunake Thrush

THESES ABOUT J. C. STURM:

Michael, Margaret Erica. J. C. Sturm: Before the Silence: an Exploration of Her Early Writing.

Thesis—MA (VUW) 2013.

Sturm, Jennifer. Browner and Stronger: an Examination of the Writing of J. C. Sturm.

Thesis—MA (AU) 2001.

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WORKS: BY J. C. STURM THESIS: ‐‐‐The New Zealand Character as Exemplified by Three New Zealand Novelists. (MA)‐ University of New Zealand, 1952.

‐ After the Brodsky Quartet, in, The Listener; (23 May 1998) p. 48

‐ The Bankrupts, in, House of the Talking Cat. 2003. p. 9‐ 18.

‐ Three New Zealand Books, in, Te Ao Hou (17 Dec 1956) p. 53.

‐ Review of Books by Alan Paton, in, Te Ao Hou (9 July 1955) p. 53.

‐ Reviews of Four Books, in, Te Ao Hou (12 Sept 1955) p. 56‐57.

‐ Books Books Books Books Books For Children, in, Te Ao Hou (13 Dec 1955) p. 52‐54.

‐ Books for Older Children, in, Te Ao Hou (14 Apr 1956) p. 54‐55

‐ Books Old Marriage Customs Come to Life, in, Te Ao Hou ; vol. 37 (Dec 1961) p. 55‐56.

‐ Books on the South Pacific”, in, Te Ao Hou 15 Jul 1956 p. 56‐57.

‐ The Dance, in House of the Talking Cat , 2003. p. 33‐41.

‐ Dedications. 1996.

‐ The Earrings, in, House of the Talking Cat, 2003 pp. 42‐47 ‐ First Native and Pink Pig, in House of the Talking Cat, 2003. pp. 89‐99.

‐ For All the Saints, in, House of the Talking Cat, 2003. Pp. 58‐64.

‐ For the Novelty, in, Numbers Nine (Feb 1959). Pp. 15‐24.

‐ The Glass House. 2006

‐ House of the Talking Cat, in, House of the Talking Cat, 2003. p. 48‐56.

‐ House of the Talking Cat, 2003.

‐ Interview with Roma Potiki, in, Trout: Online Journal of Arts and Literature from Aotearoa/New Zealand and the Pacific Island no. 14.

‐ Interview with Briar Wood. “Between the Roses and the Taupata, in Hecate: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Women’s Liberation; vol. 20, no. 2 (1994) p. 175‐182

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‐ Jerusalem, Jerusalem, in, House of the Talking Cat, 2003. p. 100‐110.

‐ A Kind of Time Capsule: the New Zealand Room in Context, in, He Tohu : the New Zealand Room: a Commemorative Project edited by Gregory Burke.

‐ Letter to Witi Ihimaera. 18 March 1975. Ihimaera Papers, Victoria University of Wellington, Literary Archive Collection.

‐ The Maori Women’s Welfare League, in, Te Ao Hou ; vol. 9 (1954) p. 8‐9; 55‐58.

‐ More Books on the South Pacific, in, Te Ao Hou , vol. 16 (Oct 1956) p. 56‐57.

‐ New Years’ Eve 1997, in, The Listener (14 February 1998) p. 49.

‐ The Ngatiponeke Young Maori Club, in, Te Ao Hou (12 Sept 1955) p. 29‐32.

‐ The Old Coat, in, Numbers; vol. 1 (July 1954) p. 22‐4.

‐ Postscripts. 2000.

‐ Remarkable Books by Negroes and Indians, in, Te Ao Hou (19 Aug 1957) p. 53‐54.

‐ Reviews: Refutation of a Myth, in, Numbers, 2 (Nov 1954) p. 35‐37.

‐ A Thousand and One Nights, in, House of the Talking Cat, 2003. p. 19‐24.

‐ Three men and Their Mags, in, Landfall 185 (April 1993) p.5‐7.

‐ Wanting the Stars to Play With, in, Growing Up Maori / Edited by Witi Ihimaera, 1998, p. 167‐ 170.

‐ Where To, Lady?, in, House of the Talking Cat, 200 p. 25‐32.

BOOK REVIEWS OF WORK OF J. C. STURM:

House of the Talking Cat: Stories. 1984. ‐

Ihimaera, W. and M. Duckworth, in, The Listener ; 106 (2301) (17 March 1984) p. 91‐92.

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Broadsheet ; 110 (May 1984) p. 43‐44.

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Gadd, Bernard. Landfall ; 38 (September 1984) p. 357‐359.

Dedications, 1996 ‐

Sullivan, Robert. The Listener (1 March 1997) p. 49.

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Hall, Bernadette. Evening Post (27 March 1997) p. 7.

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Allan, Guy, New Zealand Herald (29 March 1997) pp. G: 6‐7.

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King, Michael, in, Metro ; issue 191 (May 1997) p. 108‐111.

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Campbell, Alistair, Printout ; issue 12 (Autumn, 1997) pp. 7981

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Worthington, Kim, New Zealand Books ; vol. 7, no. 3 (August 1997) p. 5‐6.

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Millar, Paul, Landfall ; no. 194 (Spring 1997) p. 377‐382.

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Kokiri paetae ; no.. 12 (October 1997) p. 17.

How Things Are by Adrienne Jansen, Harry Ricketts, J C Sturm and Meg Campbell. 1996. ‐

Eggleton, David, in, New Zealand Books ; vol. 6, no. 3 (8 August 1996) p. 7‐8.

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Pirie, Mark, in, JAAM: Just Another Art Movement ; issue 5 (Summer 1996/7) p. 115‐116.

Postscripts ; with images by John Baxter. 2000. ‐

Neale, Emma, in, Evening Post (8 September 2000) p. 5.

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EDITED BY J C STURM Points of Departure ; More Poems From Wellington’s Eastern Suburbs. 1995.

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