CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Paired organs that are bilateral, on the left and right side of the body, would be separated by a midsagittal section. ⊚ ⊚
true false
2) The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle greatly changed the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered. ⊚ ⊚
true false
3) Patterns of growth in preserved bones and tooth decay reflect the health of the people of which they were a part. ⊚ ⊚
true false
4) The field of medicine arose as early healers abandoned superstitions and ideas about magic and started using natural chemicals and wondering why they were effective at treating illness. ⊚ ⊚
true false
5)
Cadaver dissection is against the law in the United States. ⊚ true ⊚ false
6)
The anatomy of a body part is closely related to its physiology. ⊚ ⊚
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true false
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7)
We know all there is to know about the structure and function of the human body. ⊚ ⊚
8)
Cells with similar functions aggregate into organelles. ⊚ ⊚
9)
true false
The chemical reaction of blood oxygenation is an example of a metabolic process. ⊚ ⊚
13)
true false
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism. ⊚ ⊚
12)
true false
Organ systems consist of organs, which consist of tissues. ⊚ ⊚
11)
true false
Macromolecules are built of atoms. ⊚ ⊚
10)
true false
true false
Absorption is the ability to exhale carbon dioxide. ⊚ ⊚
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true false
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14)
Reproduction is the change in body characteristics over time. ⊚ ⊚
15)
true false
Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material. ⊚ ⊚
true false
16) Temperature is a form of energy, whereas heat is a measurement of the intensity of the temperature. ⊚ ⊚
17)
true false
Homeostasis is the maintenance of an unstable internal environment. ⊚ ⊚
true false
18) The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis. ⊚ ⊚
19)
The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities. ⊚ ⊚
20)
true false
true false
The parietal pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
21) The organ systems responsible for integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine systems. ⊚ ⊚
22)
true false
Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
23) The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat. ⊚ ⊚
24)
The digestive system filters wastes from the blood. ⊚ ⊚
25)
true false
The parietal pleura is a visceral membrane. ⊚ ⊚
26)
true false
true false
Aging begins in the fetus. ⊚ ⊚
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true false
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27)
Chromosomes get longeras a cell ages. ⊚ ⊚
true false
28) Ceroid pigments and lipofuscin accumulate with aging, impairing the ability of a cell to withstand the damaging effects of oxygen free radicals. ⊚ ⊚
29)
The ears are lateral to the eyes. ⊚ ⊚
30)
true false
The elbow is distal to the wrist. ⊚ ⊚
31)
true false
true false
A body in the anatomical position is lying down, as a cadaver would be positioned. ⊚ ⊚
true false
32) The following list accurately represents levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest: nucleus → chromosome → liver cell→ liver epithelial tissue → liver→ digestive system ⊚ ⊚
33)
true false
The head is superior to the neck. ⊚ ⊚
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34) An older adult would be less vulnerable to emerging influenzas and other seasonal viruses due to increased cell efficiency and heightened cell division. ⊚ ⊚
true false
35) A researcher has questions about the functions of the greater omentum, a structure found in the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its various functions. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ. ⊚ ⊚
true false
36) A researcher has questions about the structure of the mesentery, a tissue connecting the intestines to the wall of the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its location, components, and its specific structures. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ. ⊚ ⊚
37)
true false
The integumentary system is superficial to the skeletal system. ⊚ ⊚
true false
CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question. 38) Which of the following are signs of aging at the cellular level? (Check all that apply) A) Graying hair, waning strength, and wrinkles. B) Unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins. C) Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts. D) A fatty liver and clogged blood vessels.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 39) An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n) __________. A) anatomist B) physiologist C) chemist D) biochemist
40)
Why are the topics of anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?
A) Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures. B) Physiological functions in an organism are ongoing. C) The body parts take up space. D) Our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.
41) The activities of an anatomist consist of __________, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __________. A) observing bodyparts; studying functions of body parts B) conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations C) studyingmolecules; observing forms of the body parts D) sketching; dissecting
42)
What is the origin of the term "anatomy"? A) From the Greek word for "function". B) Named after the first anatomist. C) From the Greek word for "cutting up". D) For the function of internal organs.
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43)
What is the term "physiology" is relatedto? A) The Latin word for "physical shape". B) The structure of internal organs. C) The Greek word for "cutting up". D) The Greek word for "relationship to nature".
44) What is illustrated by the recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness? A) Chemical responses occur in only one part of the body. B) New discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. C) Everything there is to know about anatomy and physiology has been discovered. D) The molecular and cellular levels are of little interest in anatomy and physiology.
45)
Which of the following is not true of organelles? A) They carry on specific activities. B) They are only in cells of humans. C) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules. D) They are found in many types of cells.
46)
Which of the following lists best illustrates increasing levels of complexity? A) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems. B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems. C) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues. D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
47)
In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function?
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A) The atom B) The organelle C) The macromolecule D) The cell
48) Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form __________. A) tissues B) organs C) organ systems D) organelles
49)
Simple squamous epithelium is an example of which organizational level? A) Organ system B) Organ C) Tissue D) Molecule
50)
What is assimilation? A) The changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms. B) The breaking down of foods into nutrients that the body can absorb. C) The elimination of waste from the body. D) The increase in body size without a change in overall shape.
51) The ability of an organism to sense and react tochanges in its body is an example of __________.
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A) circulation B) respiration C) responsiveness D) absorption
52)
What process is defined as the removal of wastes? A) Metabolism B) Absorption C) Assimilation D) Excretion
53)
Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct?
A) Responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food. B) Assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them. C) Respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids. D) Circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids.
54)
What is the definition of metabolism? A) The removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions. B) The breakdown of substances into simpler forms. C) The taking in of nutrients. D) The chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.
55) Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism?
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A) Initiator B) Promoter C) Active binding site D) Terminator
84) If you were to sequence the genome of two individuals and found that their DNA is 99.9% similar, what inference could you make? A) These two individuals must be siblings. B) These individuals are likely identical twins. C) These individuals must be from different species. D) No inferences could be made because 99.9% of DNA is shared amoung all humans.
85)
What is a mutation? A) A error in a DNA sequence. B) A common genetic variation. C) A genetically beneficial DNA sequence. D) A region of DNA that does not code for a protein.
86)
How might a mutation result in disease? A) The mutation causes damage to the DNA strand. B) The encoded protein has a different function than the original. C) The mutation triggers the DNA repair mechanism. D) The mutation replaces the deoxyribose of DNA with ribose.
87)
Ultraviolet radiation is an example of a(n) __________, potentially leading to disease.
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A) polyribosome B) chaperone C) mutagen D) initiator
88)
What occurs during a DNA damage response? A) Repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA. B) Repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in mRNA. C) Repair enzymes replace mismatched amino acids in protein. D) Repair enzymes replace codons that encode for one type of amino acid.
89)
The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA occurs in the __________. A) cytoplasm B) mitochondria C) nucleus D) extracellular fluid
90)
What is the role of NAD
+
in the cell?
A) It is a breakdown product of glucose. B) It carries energy to the areas of the cell that need energy. C) It is a hydrogen carrier. D) It functions in the repair of DNA.
91) After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle has occurred, where is most of the energy that was contained in the original glucose molecule now contained?
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A) In carbon dioxide molecules. B) In oxaloacetic acid molecules. C) In NADH and FADH. D) In oxygen molecules.
92)
What is the role of the electron transport chain? A) To convert energy carried by NADH+ and FADH to ATP. B) To convert glucose to pyruvic acid. C) To complete the breakdown of glucose, releasing CO 2 and H atoms. D) To use oxygen to break down acetyl CoA.
93)
What process results in the release of stored glucose? A) Glycogenolysis B) Glycolysis C) Glycogenesis
94) Which of the following shows the correct complementary base pairing that occurs in DNA? A) Cytosine to guanine; adenine to thymine B) Cytosine to adenine; guanine to thymine C) Cytosine to thymine; adenine to uracil D) Cytosine to adenine; thymine to uracil
95)
Why is the process of DNA replication necessary?
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A) Each cell that results from cell division will then have a complete set of genetic information. B) For any protein being produced, multiple copies of the encoding gene must be present in the cell, therefore multiple copies of the DNA helix are required. C) It is during the process of replication that the repair of any damaged regions of the DNA sequence occurs. D) DNA replication results in the production of mRNA that can then be used to produce protein molecules.
96)
At what point is water produced during cellular respiration? A) At end of the electron transport chain. B) During glycolysis. C) At the start of the citric acid cycle. D) During the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.
97) Before the carbohydrates from the diet can be used for the production of ATP, what process must occur? A) Hydrolysis of carbohydrate molecules to monosaccharides. B) Hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glucose. C) Oxidation of polypeptide chains into amino acids. D) Oxidation of glucose into glycogen.
98)
How much of the human genome encodes for proteins? A) 2% B) 12% C) 42% D) 62%
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99)
What region of a tRNA molecule binds to mRNA? A) Anticodon B) Promotor C) Codon D) Intron
100) The process by which the genetic information within an mRNA strand is used to build a polypeptide chain is called __________. A) translation B) transcription C) replication D) oxidation
101)
What is the function of tRNA molecules? A) Carry amino acids to the ribosomes. B) Contain code for the building of proteins that will function as enzymes. C) Provide energy necessary for the assembly of a new polypeptide chain. D) Repair changes that have occurred in the DNA base sequence.
102)
Where does the binding of tRNA to mRNA occur? A) In the nucleus B) At the site of the promotor sequence on the gene C) At a ribosome D) Near the beginning of the newly formed polypeptide chain
103)
Which of the following is not an example of a mutation?
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A) A tRNA brings the wrong amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain during translation. B) A 10-base length of DNA is deleted during replication. C) An extra nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence. D) A cytosine within a gene for eye color is replaced with an adenine.
104)
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
A) Using DNA as a template, it builds mRNA molecules. B) It is critical to the binding of an mRNA strand to the ribosome at the correct point. C) It forms the channels through which mRNA strands move from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. D) It repairs incorrect sequences in an mRNA strand.
105)
How might a cell that has an altered DNA sequence correct this problem? A) Initiate the DNA damage response. B) Undergo another replication of DNA in attempt to produce the correct sequence. C) Use RNA polymerase to rebuild the altered sequence. D) Stimulate ribosomes to read and correct the DNA sequence.
106) A cell is known to have a mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for an enzyme, but it still produces a functional enzyme. Why might this happen? A) The mutation did not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme. B) Chaperone proteins are able to repair the error in the DNA sequence. C) The mutation must have occurred in the part of the sequence coding for the active site. D) Transcription of the gene into RNA was able to repair the mutation.
107)
Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction?
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