Test Bank for Vander's Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function 14th Edition by Eric Widmaie by welldoneassistant

Vanders Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function 14th Edition Widmaier Test Bank Chapter 01 Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of these is NOT one of the four general categories of cells that make up the human body? A. epithelial cells B. collagen cells C. connective tissue cell D. neuron E. muscle cell

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

2. Physiology is the study of A. How two organisms interact B. How organisms function C. The spread of diseases D. The structure of the body

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A05.01 Define the terms anatomy and physiology. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: Scope of anatomy and physiology

3. The study of disease states in the body is called A. Pathophysiology B. Anatomy C. Homeostasis D. Biology 1-1

E. Histology

4. Which is NOT a connective tissue cell? A. bone cells B. skeletal muscle cells C. blood cells D. fat cells E. cartilage cells

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

5. What is the principal function performed by epithelial cells? A. fat storage B. anchoring body structures C. forming boundaries between body compartments D. generating movement E. transmitting electrical signals

6. The cell type that is specialized to communicate with other cells and control their activities is A. Epithelial cells B. Muscle cells C. Connective tissue cells 1-2

D. Nerve cells

7. What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types? A. genomics B. differentiation C. homeostasis D. positive feedback E. acclimatization

8. Which best describes the extracellular matrix? A. It is found just inside the cell membrane in all tissues, it sends branching collagen fibers between cells to connect them, and it transmits chemical information from the interior of one cell to the interior of adjacent cells. B. It is a tissue having more than the four general cell types, it transports proteins and polysaccharides between body compartments, and it is the route by which chemical signals like hormones reach all parts of the body. C. It covers the body's surface, it contains connective and muscle tissue, and it helps generate movement. D. It surrounds cells; it contains proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals; it provides a scaffold for cell attachment; and it transmits chemical messengers to cells.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

9. If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to 1-3

keep the body temperature constant, which of these best describes her condition? A. She is in an equilibrium state. B. She is not using energy to maintain a constant temperature. C. She is in a steady state D. She is using a positive feedback mechanism.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

10. Which concept is the defining feature of the discipline of physiology? A. descent with modification B. homeostasis C. evolution D. dimorphism E. differentiation

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis

11. Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic" means that it A. has varied from the normal value, and will remain constant at the new value. B. never varies from an exact set point value. C. is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value. D. is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value. E. has no normal range, but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis

12. Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism? 1-4

A. A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat profusely. B. After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases. C. Increasing the size of fast-food restaurant portions causes body weight to increase. D. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase. E. As age increases, the amount of calcium in bones tends to decrease.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

13. What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain? A. Set point B. Equilibrium potential C. Error signal D. Reflex arc E. Median value

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

14. Which of components of a general reflex arc are listed in the order information typically flows through them following a stimulus? A. effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor B. effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor C. integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector D. receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector E. receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-5

15. Feedforward regulatory processes A. work in anticipation of changes in regulated variables. B. are identical to positive feedback processes C. lead to instability of the regulated variable D. maximize fluctuations in the regulated variable E. tend to force physiological variables away from their set point.

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

16. Which situation describes a feedforward mechanism? A. Blood glucose returns toward normal an hour after a meal. B. The smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex. C. A drop in core body temperature triggers shivering. D. An increase in core body temperature stimulates sweating. E. Food in the stomach triggers the production of stomach acid.

17. What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms? A. to maintain a constant internal environment B. to anticipate changes in the environment C. to return a variable toward the set point D. to bring about a rapid change in the body E. to detect changes in the external environment

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.02 Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-6

18. Shivering in response to a cold draft is an example of A. A homeostatic mechanism B. Negative feedback C. A physiological reflex D. Thermoregulation E. All of the choices are correct

19. If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do? A. Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood. B. Increase the amount of sodium in the blood. C. Leave the amount of sodium unchanged. D. Change the set point for sodium. E. Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.02 Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-7

20. What is the best description of the efferent pathway of a reflex arc? A. signals from the integrating center to receptors B. the route by which receptors send signals to effectors C. signaling pathway for receptors to influence the integrating center D. the route by which effector organs send signals to receptors E. the route by which signals from an integrating center reach effector organs

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

21. Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc? A. Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor B. Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector C. Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector D. Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor E. Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

22. Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex: Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal. A. brainstem and blood vessels B. blood vessels, hormones, and nerves C. heart, kidneys, and blood vessels D. brainstem, blood vessels, and kidneys E. hormones and nerves

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06

1-8

Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

23. The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the cells that secrete insulin. Which of the following statements is most likely to be correct? A. A decrease in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration still further B. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration C. A decrease in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn increase the blood glucose concentration D. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn increase the blood glucose concentration still further

24. How are endocrine glands and hormones involved in homeostatic reflexes? A. Endocrine glands can be receptors, and hormones can be effectors. B. Endocrine glands can be integrators and hormones can be efferent pathways. C. Endocrine glands can be efferent pathways and hormones can be effectors. D. Endocrine glands are not part of reflex mechanisms, but hormones can be afferent or efferent pathways. E. They are not involved; reflexes only involve actions of the nervous system.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.02 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.06 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-9

25. What is a hormone? A. a chemical released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse B. a chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream C. a chemical found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances D. a chemical excreted from sweat gland that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body E. a chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.02 Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell. HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

26. Some neurons in the vagus nerve have synaptic connections to sinoatrial (pacemaker) cells in the heart. These neurons secrete acetylcholine, which ultimately results in a decreased heart rate. This is an example of A. endocrine control B. exocrine control C. hormonal control D. neural control E. paracrine control

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.01 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the nervous system to relay information. Describe the specific organs, structures, cells or molecules (receptors, neurons, CNS structures, effectors, neurotransmitters) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-10

27. Heart rate is increased by the release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. This is an example of A. endocrine control B. exocrine control C. paracrine control D. direct neural control E. positive feedback

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.02 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

28. How is autocrine regulation best described? A. Chemical regulators are released directly into blood vessels. B. Chemical regulators released by cells affect the functional status of different kinds of cells in the vicinity of the secretory cell. C. Chemical regulators affect the same cells that produce them. D. Chemical regulators reach their site of action through a duct. E. Chemical regulators are continuously released in constant amounts by the cell.

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J06.01 Define the terms paracrine and autocrine. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-11

29. The tall slender body shape that helps to dissipate heat in people native to equatorial regions is an example of A. an adaptation. B. acclimatization. C. set point resetting. D. homeostasis. E. phase shift.

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Human origins and adaptations

30. After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. What term best describes this type of response? A. developmental acclimatization B. positive feedback C. physiological acclimatization D. feedforward regulation E. evolution

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

1-12

31. Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms with what main characteristic? A. They are cyclical, like the 28-day female menstrual cycle. B. They are cyclical, like the rhythmic beating of the heart. C. They are voluntary rhythms, like the time you decide to eat lunch each day. D. They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment. E. They repeat approximately every 24 hours, like daily spikes in hormone secretion.

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

32. What is the location of the internal pacemaker that sets biological rhythms? A. suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain B. ventricles of the heart C. endocrine gland in the gonads D. photoreceptors of the eye E. the adrenal glands

1-13

33. A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be? A. a hormone B. an autocrine signal C. a paracrine signal D. a neurotransmitter E. an enzyme

1-14

34. Which best describes how the total body balance of any chemical substance is determined? A. the rate the body produces the substance B. the rate the substance is secreted from the body C. the rate the substance is metabolized by the body D. the difference between the amount of substance lost from the body and the amount gained the body E. the amount produced by the body minus the amount metabolized by the body

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B05 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

35. A burn patient ingests 100 grams of protein per day and loses 110 grams of protein per day due to the injury. What is the overall protein state of the patient? A. Positive protein balance B. Negative protein balance C. Stable protein balance D. A state that can't be determined

Bloom's: Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

1-15

36. Eating a bag of salty potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state? A. positive sodium balance B. negative sodium balance C. stable sodium balance D. It can't be determined without knowing the size of the sodium pool

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

True / False Questions 37. Differentiation is necessary before a cell can exchange material with its environment. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization

38. The number of distinct cell types in the human body is about twenty. FALSE

1-16

39. One function of epithelial cells is to form selective barriers regulating exchange of materials across them. TRUE

40. Organs are generally composed of only one kind of tissue. FALSE

41. The respiratory system is primarily responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A07.02 Describe the major functions of each organ system. HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Survey of body systems

1-17

42. Homeostasis refers to the relative constancy of the external environment. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis

43. The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is the same as that within the cells. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Survey of body systems

44. The extracellular fluid compartment includes the interstitial fluid and blood plasma. TRUE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Survey of body systems

45. Homeostatic control systems and acclimatization are examples of biological adaptations. TRUE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

1-18

46. A person who is acclimated to a hot environment will begin to react physiologically to a decreased environmental temperature faster than a person who is not. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

47. When loss of a substance from the body exceeds gain, the body is said to be in positive balance for that substance. FALSE

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms

Fill in the Blank Questions 48. synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter

is the general term for a chemical released by axon terminals into a

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A07.02 Describe the major functions of each organ system. HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Survey of body systems

49. the bloodstream. Neurohormone

is the general term for a chemical released by axon terminals into

Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember

1-19

HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Survey of body systems

50. nearby cells. Paracrine

regulation describes regulation of cellular activity by messengers from

51. is term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell. Autocrine

Multiple Choice Questions 52. An experimental subject is isolated in an underground room with no windows, no clocks, and no contact with the outside world. Researchers monitoring his behavior observe that he eats breakfast a little bit later each day. What term best describes the subject's biological activity? A. circadian rhythm B. free-running rhythm C. jet lag D. phase shift E. entrainment

1-20

Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms

53. Which equation is most accurate? A. extracellular fluid volume + interstitial fluid volume = whole body fluid volume B. intracellular fluid volume + interstitial fluid volume = extracellular fluid volume C. extracellular fluid volume - interstitial fluid volume = plasma volume D. plasma volume + intracellular fluid volume = extracellular fluid volume E. total body fluid volume - intracellular fluid volume = interstitial fluid volume

1-21

Chapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which correctly describes the structure of an atom? A. There are always the same number of protons and neutrons. B. There are always the same number of protons and electrons. C. There are always the same number of neutrons and electrons. D. The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is always the same E. There are never the same number of neutrons and protons.

2. What directly determines an atom's identity? A. the number of electrons B. the number of neutrons C. the number of protons D. the number of bonds it can form E. the ratio of protons to electrons

2-1

3. Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other? A. different numbers of protons B. different numbers of neutrons C. different numbers of electrons D. they can form different numbers of chemical bonds E. different number of energy shells

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

4. Which is a covalent bond? A. two atoms share inner-orbit electrons with each other B. a bond between water molecules C. a bond between two oppositely charged ions D. a bond between two free radicals E. two atoms share outer orbit electrons with each other

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

2-2

5. Ions are A. electrically neutral. B. electrically charged. C. formed by the gain or loss of protons from the nucleus. D. insoluble in water. E. nonpolar atoms.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

6. When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become? A. a covalent molecule B. a cation C. an anion D. a new element E. a free radical

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

2-3

7. If a sports beverage advertises that it replaces the body's electrolytes, what does the drink contain? A. sugars that were broken down for energy B. ionic forms of mineral elements C. lipids that form the membranes of cells D. oxygen and gases used by metabolism E. vitamins

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Objective: Q03.01 Define electrolyte. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

8. Of these major ions found in the body, which one carries a negative charge? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Hydrogen E. Calcium

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

2-4

9. Which describes a characteristic of free radicals? A. They rapidly oxidize other atoms by removing an electron. B. They are inert molecules that don't interact readily with other molecules. C. They contain two electrons in the outermost orbital. D. They have extra neutrons in their nuclei. E. They are found in high quantities in most sports drinks.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Atoms and molecules

10. Which is true about electrolytes? A. They are neutral atoms. B. They conduct electricity when dissolved in water. C. They are found in pure water. D. They have equal numbers of protons and electrons. E. They are insoluble in water.

2-5

11. Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond? A. It is covalent. B. It is ionized. C. It has opposite electrical charge at each end. D. It has no net electrical charge.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

2-6

12. Which best describes a hydrolysis reaction? A. Molecules are broken down into smaller ones by breaking covalent bonds within water molecules and transferring hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups to the smaller ones. B. Electrically charged molecules separate into ions when they dissolve in water, and then hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups covalently attach themselves to the oppositely charged ions. C. Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones by breaking water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. D. Dissolving a large molecule in water reduces it to its individual atoms. E. The breaking of hydrogen bonds between any two molecules.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.03 Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Chemical bonding

13. Oil spilled into the ocean does not easily disperse, but rather clumps into an oil slick. Which of the following explains why this occurs? A. Oil is composed mainly of hydrophilic molecules. B. Oil is composed mainly of nonpolar molecules. C. Oil has no hydrogen in its molecular structure, so it can't form hydrogen bonds with water. D. Water is hydrophobic. E. Electrons are shared unequally between carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

2-7

14. Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called A. hydrophobic. B. hydrophilic. C. amphipathic. D. unipolar. E. bipolar.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Chemical bonding Topic: Membrane structure and function

15. Compounds A, B, and C have molecular weights of 10, 50, and 100, respectively. If 5 grams of each compound were put into 1 liter of water, which compound will have the greatest molar concentration? A. Compound A B. Compound B C. Compound C D. All will have the same molar concentration.

2-8

16. The pH of a solution A. is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution. B. is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution. C. is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution. D. increases as the acidity of the solution increases. E. increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.04 Define the terms pH, acid, base, and buffer and give examples of physiological significance. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

17. Most of the body weight of an average young adult male is what substance? A. Water B. Protein C. Minerals D. Lipids E. Carbohydrates

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03

2-9

18. Which is true about the composition of organic molecules? A. They always contain oxygen. B. They always contain carbon. C. They are always macromolecules. D. They never contain hydrogen. E. They never contain oxygen.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.01 Define the term organic molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

2-10

19. Carbohydrates: A. have carbon and oxygen atoms in equal proportions. B. are the major organic molecules of the body by mass. C. are nonpolar molecules. D. are defined by the inclusion of nitrogen in their structure. E. are composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

20. Which chemical group does glucose best fit into? A. monosaccharides B. disaccharides C. polysaccharides D. glycoproteins E. phospholipids

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04

21. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of A. cellulose. B. starch. C. triacylglycerol. D. glycogen. E. protein.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

2-11

22. What are the two main atoms in lipids, and what type of bonds connect them? A. carbon and oxygen, connected by covalent bonds. B. carbon and hydrogen, connected by covalent bonds C. carbon and hydrogen, connected by ionic bonds D. carbon and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds E. oxygen and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

23. Eicosanoids are an important class of regulatory molecules; what chemical class do they belong to? A. steroids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. fatty acids E. amino acids

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

2-12

24. Which statement is FALSE with regard to proteins? A. Their roles in the body include acting as enzymes, providing structural support, and signaling between cells. B. They make up a greater percentage of body mass than carbohydrates do. C. They are composed of nucleic acids. D. They are macromolecules with subunits linked by polypeptide bonds. E. They are polymers made up of amino acids.

25. What best describes the main determinant of the secondary structure of a protein? A. the sequence of the various amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain B. the total number of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain, and its overall resulting length C. the total number of polypeptide chains that combine to determine the overall size of the protein D. molecular interactions between widely separated regions of a polypeptide, such as disulfide bonds, that stabilize the folded conformation E. molecular interactions along a polypeptide chain that fold various regions into alpha helices or beta sheets

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

2-13

26. Which of the following is NOT a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? A. covalent bonds between purines and pyrimidine bases B. ionic bonds C. Van der Waals forces D. covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids E. hydrogen bonds

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

27. What is the term describing the covalent bond formed between two amino acids? A. Glycosidic bond B. Peptide bond C. Phosphodiester bond D. Ester bond E. Hydrolytic bond

2-14

28. Which is a correct description of nucleic acids? A. They are polymers of subunits containing glucose an an amino acids. B. They are polymers of subunits containing glucose, a phosphate group, and an amino acid. C. They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine base. D. They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and an amino acid. E. They are long polymers of amino acids, folded into an alpha helix.

29. Which best describes the main role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? A. It is an amino acid that is part of polypeptide chains that serve structural functions within cells. B. It is a nucleotide that makes up the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules, that harbor the genetic code. C. It is a carbohydrate molecule that can be stored in large quantities in the liver to energize cellular processes. D. It is a purine derivative created from the breakdown of fuel molecules, that transfers energy for cellular processes. E. It is a waste product of aerobic metabolism that is excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C05.01 Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell. HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

2-15

True / False Questions 30. An atom is electrically neutral. TRUE

31. The mass of an atom is the sum of its protons and electrons. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

32. The atomic number of an element is given by the number of electrons in the atom. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

2-16

33. An atomic nucleus is electrically neutral. FALSE

34. Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass. TRUE

35. The atomic number of an element refers to the number of particles in its atomic nucleus. FALSE

2-17

36. Twelve grams of C contain the same number of atoms as one gram of H. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

37. The four most common elements in the body are hydrogen, carbon, calcium, and oxygen. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

38. Important mineral elements in the body include Na, Ca, and K. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

2-18

39. Trace elements such as zinc and manganese are found in minute quantities in the body but do not serve any known function. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

2-19

40. The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01b Relate the number of electrons in an electron shell to an atoms chemical stability and its ability to form chemical bonds with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.01 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

41. Nitrogen atoms can form a maximum of four covalent bonds with other atoms. FALSE

42. The shape of a molecule may change as atoms rotate about their covalent bonds. TRUE

2-20

43. All of the physiologically important atoms of the body readily form ions. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules

44. Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

45. In a molecule of water, an oxygen atom forms a double bond with each of two hydrogen atoms. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding

2-21

46. The carboxyl ion is an anion. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.01 Section: 02.02 Topic: Organic compounds

47. NaCl is a molecule formed by the covalent bonding of a sodium atom to a chlorine atom. FALSE

48. All covalent bonds are polar. FALSE

49. During hydrolysis, hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups are formed. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.03 Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Organic compounds

2-22

2-23

50. In general, polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar molecules cannot. TRUE

51. Solutes that do not dissolve in water are called hydrophilic. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

52. Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions are called ambidextrous. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03

53. The molarity of a solution is a measure of the concentration of the solute. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.02 Distinguish among the terms solution, solute, solvent, colloid suspension, and emulsion. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

2-24

54. A solution with a pH of 8 is more acidic than one with a pH of 3. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.05 State acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions

55. Organic chemistry is the study of oxygen-containing compounds. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.01 Define the term organic molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

56. When multiple repeating simple sugar molecules combine to form a larger molecule, it is called a polysaccharide. TRUE

57. Sucrose is called "blood sugar" because it is the most abundant carbohydrate in the blood. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

2-25

2-26

58. Triacylglycerol is one subclass of lipid molecules. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

59. Saturated fats contain carbon atoms linked by double bonds. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

60. Cholesterol is a phospholipid. FALSE

61. Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains. FALSE

2-27

2-28

62. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as the secondary structure. FALSE

63. A protein may consist of more than one polypeptide chain. TRUE

64. Substitution of one amino acid for a different one in a given protein always significantly alters the conformation of that protein. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds

65. In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04a Identify the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

2-29

2-30

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Chapter 03 Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which is a major function of the plasma membrane? A. storing calcium ions B. storing organic chemicals for metabolism C. providing genetic information D. generating ATP E. regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function

2. Which is NOT a feature of the fluid-mosaic model of plasma membranes. A. Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the membrane. B. Phospholipids form a bilayer. C. Cholesterol associates with phospholipid molecules. D. Carbohydrates are linked to lipids and proteins on the interior surface, forming a glycocalyx layer. E. Peripheral membrane proteins associate with polar regions of integral membrane proteins.

3-1

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

3. The cell membrane is composed mainly of: A. cytosol. B. phospholipids and proteins. C. phospholipids and nucleic acids. D. water. E. proteins and glycocalyx.

4. What feature of phospholipids allows them to interact with aqueous cytosol and extracellular fluid, while still presenting a barrier to hydrophilic substances? A. They are polar molecules. B. They are nonpolar molecules. C. They are lipids. D. They are extremely rigid molecules. E. They are amphipathic molecules.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function

3-2

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

5. What is the main function of cellular tight junctions? A. They resist forces that tend to pull cells apart. B. They form barriers that restrict the passage of materials through the extracellular space between cells. C. They are protein channels that allow the movement of ions between the cytosol of adjacent cells. D. They are spaces that allow movement of substances between the interior of the nucleus and the cytosol. E. They hold the genetic material in a tightly coiled conformation.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function

6. What are desmosomes? A. low-resistance channel-like passages that let ions travel between the interiors of adjacent cells B. cell organelles that contain enzymes for digesting cellular debris and foreign microbes C. cellular organelles that transcribe RNA into DNA D. membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the plasma membrane and enter the cell E. dense plaques of proteins that maintain firm attachments between adjacent cells

3-3

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

7. Protein channels that link the cytosol of adjacent cells are called A. cadherin B. tight C. gap D. conjunction E. nexus

8. What cellular structures are most closely associated with vaults? A. nuclear pores B. peroxisomes C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. gap junctions

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02b Describe the structure of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles

3-4

junctions.

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

9. Which best describes functions of the agranular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum? A. transcription of DNA into RNA B. generation of ATP C. digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris D. synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles E. synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles

3-5

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

10. The organelles that digest engulfed bacteria and cell debris are the: A. peroxisomes. B. endosomes. C. lysosomes. D. ribosomes. E. mitochondria.

11. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells that utilize oxygen to generate a great deal of energy in the form of ATP? A. peroxisomes B. endosomes C. lysosomes D. ribosomes E. mitochondria

3-6

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

12. Which of these are functions of the Golgi apparatus? A. modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and storing calcium ions B. digestion of engulfed bacteria and using oxygen to generate ATP C. synthesizing lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions D. modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles E. modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles

13. Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton? A. It refers to the cellular components of bone. B. It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments. C. It is important for cellular movement. D. It helps to determine a cell's shape. E. It includes actin filaments.

3-7

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

14. Cell A is a gland cell that makes and secretes proteins. Cell B is another type of cell that synthesizes and secretes steroids. If you were to look at electron micrographs of the two cells, what differences would you expect to see? A. Cell A would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B. B. Cell A would have fewer secretion granules than cell B. C. Cell A would have more agranular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B. D. Cell B would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell A. E. The two cells would most likely look identical.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles

15. Neurons have a very prominent nucleolus, which indicates that they are actively performing what function? A. making ATP B. synthesizing lipids C. manufacturing ribosomes D. breaking down carbohydrates E. dividing by mitosis

3-8

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

16. In which organelle are carbohydrate chains added to glycoproteins? A. Golgi apparatus B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. nucleus D. lysosome E. mitochondrion

17. Which is true about the structure and function of a gene? A. It is an uncoiled protein that contains information necessary for the synthesis of other proteins. B. It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that acts as an enzyme to digest proteins. C. It is composed of many molecules of DNA and contains information needed to make RNA. D. It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that contains information necessary for the synthesis of proteins.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.04 Section: 03.04 Topic: Genes and their action

18. What is a genome? A. a cluster of genes that are all regulated in the same manner B. a measure of the genetic variability in a population C. a region of DNA that codes for a single protein D. all of the protein in a cell at a given point in time E. the total genetic information in a typical cell of an organism

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 03.04 Section: 03.04 Topic: Genes and their action

3-9

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

3-10

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

19. What is a codon? A. a triplet of deoxyribonucleotides B. a triplet of ribonucleotides C. a sequence of ribonucleotides on tRNA D. a very small gene E. a very small genome

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

20. What codon corresponds to the DNA sequence G-T-A? A. G-T-A B. A-T-G C. C-A-T D. C-A-U E. T-A-C

21. RNA synthesis from a DNA template: A. is called translation of the message. B. requires DNA polymerase. C. is called transcription. D. occurs in the nucleolus. E. occurs in the cytoplasm.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.01 Define the terms genetic code, transcription and translation. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

3-11

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

22. What is the term for the segments of primary RNA that are cleaved and discarded by spliceosomes? A. codons B. introns C. exons D. anticodons E. genes

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

23. Which is a function of transfer RNA (tRNA)? A. transport mRNA out of the nucleus B. binding specifically to mRNA and nonspecifically to amino acids C. binding specifically to amino acids and nonspecifically to mRNA D. binding specifically to both mRNA and to amino acids

3-12

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

24. How does the synthesis of proteins that are destined to be secreted differ from that of proteins with functions inside the cell? A. Proteins destined to be secreted have a signal sequence. B. Proteins destined to be secreted are synthesized on free ribosomes. C. Proteins destined to be secreted are packaged into secretory vesicles in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. D. Only proteins destined for secretion need transfer RNA to be synthesized. E. Genes for proteins with functions inside the cell are located in the cytoplasm.

3-13

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

25. Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus? A. sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell B. modifying proteins destined for secretion C. packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes D. addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins E. transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion

26. Which is the best definition of the term ligand? A. a receptor composed of protein B. a molecule or ion that binds to a protein C. any molecule found in the intracellular fluid D. any molecule found in the extracellular fluid E. a carbohydrate molecule that binds weakly to membrane phospholipids

27. Which is NOT true about a binding site on a protein? A. It is an area of the protein with a shape complementary to that of a ligand. B. It is determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein. C. The binding of a ligand to a binding site typically changes the conformation of the protein. D. There can only be one binding site on a given protein. E. Binding of a ligand to the binding site typically activates or inactivates a protein's specific function.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08

3-14

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

3-15

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

28. A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic? A. saturation B. inhibition C. specificity D. acclimatization E. accommodation

29. A solution containing proteins of a particular type is exposed to the same concentrations of ligands X and Y, but the percent saturation of molecule X is greater than the percent saturation of molecule Y. Which is most likely to be a true statement? A. The binding sites for ligand X are 100% saturated. B. The binding sites for ligand X have greater specificity than the binding site for ligand Y. C. Ligand X must be a competitive inhibitor of ligand Y. D. Both ligands must bind to the same binding site on the protein. E. The protein has a higher affinity for ligand X than for ligand Y.

3-16

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

30. Two receptors, A and B, can bind the same chemical signaling molecules but the concentration of those molecules required to reach 50% saturation is twice as great for receptor B. Therefore, the receptors have the same , but different . A. specificity, affinity B. specificity, saturation C. affinity, specificity D. affinity, competition E. competition, affinity

31. Which describes the action of a ligand's competitive antagonist? A. It decreases the amount of ligand required to activate the protein. B. It blocks the binding of the ligand to its binding site and prevents activation of the protein. C. It binds to a different binding site on the protein, altering the protein shape so that a ligand cannot bind. D. When present, it increases the binding of a ligand to its receptor.

3-17

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

32. What is the defining characteristic of an allosteric protein? A. They contain two polypeptide chains, with each being an exact mirror image of the other. B. They contain only one ligand-binding site, but because the specificity is low, many different ligands can bind to it. C. They contain two ligand-binding sites, one that activates the protein when a ligand binds, and the other that inactivates the protein when the same ligand binds. D. They contain more than one ligand-binding site, and noncovalent binding of a ligand to one site alters the shape of other ligand-binding sites. E. They contain no binding sites of their own, but act by modulating the activity of other proteins.

33. What is "allosteric modulation"? A. regulation of physiological functions by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B. modification of the functional state of a protein by temperature or pH C. the change in the shape and functional state of a protein that occurs when a ligand binds to a regulatory site D. the fact that all binding sites on a protein must be occupied to have a biological effect E. the ability of a single ligand-binding site to bind to molecularly similar ligands

3-18

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

34. Which of these covalently modifies proteins by phosphorylation? A. enzymes called protein phosphatases B. other proteins called allosteric proteins C. any ligand that can bind to specific binding sites D. enzymes called protein kinases E. metal ions, such as Fe2+

35. In skeletal muscle, when calcium binds to the regulatory protein troponin, it increases the affinity of neighboring troponin molecules for calcium. This is an example of A. allosteric modulation. B. cooperativity. C. covalent modulation. D. phosphorylation. E. saturation.

36. Which is NOT true about protein kinases? A. They add phosphate groups to proteins. B. They produce effects similar to allosteric modulation. C. They perform the opposite function as phosphatases. D. They use ATP to carry out their reactions. E. They remove phosphate groups from proteins.

3-19

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

37. The term "metabolism": A. is synonymous with the term "catabolism." B. is synonymous with the term "anabolism." C. refers to any chemical reaction that involves the production of energy. D. is defined as the covalent modification and activation of a protein with binding sites for organic molecules. E. refers to the synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules involved in cell structure and function.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

38. The probability of a reaction occurring is increased A. by decreasing reactant concentrations. B. by increasing the activation energy. C. by increasing the concentration of any of the products. D. if the reaction uses a great deal of energy. E. if the concentration of one of the reactants increases.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

39. How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction? A. by acting as one of the reactant molecules B. by decreasing the energy of activation C. by increasing the energy content of the product molecules D. by increasing the temperature of a solution E. by phosphorylating a reactant

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

3-20

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

40. With regard to reversible chemical reaction rates, which of the following statements is true? A. Decreasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the forward reaction rate. B. Increasing the temperature will increase the forward and reverse reaction rate. C. Increasing the activation energy will increase the forward reaction rate. D. Increasing the concentration of the products will increase the forward reaction rate. E. As a reaction progresses, the rate of the forward reaction increases as the concentration of reactants decreases.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

41. When a reversible chemical reaction is at equilibrium, A. the rate of the reaction in one direction is equal to the rate in the reverse direction. B. the concentration of the reactants is equal to the concentration of the products. C. both the forward and reverse reactions stop occurring. D. the supply of reactants has become exhausted, so the forward reaction ceases and the rate of the reverse reaction increases. E. catalysts no longer influence either the forward or reverse reaction rates.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

3-21

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

42. Which would be true about the following reaction?

M+N Y+Z A. Adding a catalyst would alter the final concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium. B. Starting at chemical equilibrium, increasing the concentration of M will transiently increase the rate of formation of Y and Z. C. Starting at chemical equilibrium, decreasing the concentration of M will increase the concentration of Y and Z. D. Both the reaction is reversible and at chemical equilibrium and increasing the concentration of M will drive the reaction to the left are correct. E. Because the reactants and products are different molecules, this is not a reversible reaction.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

43. Consider the reaction: H2CO3 CO2 + H2O + 4 kcal/mol. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products. B. The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products. C. The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant. D. The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant. E. The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products are equal to that of the reactant.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.02 Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

3-22

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

44. At equilibrium, in an irreversible reaction: A. almost all of the reactants will have been converted to products. B. there will be an equal number of products and reactants. C. there will be very few molecules of product. D. small amounts of energy will have been released. E. large amounts of energy must have been input to reach that state.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10

45. What is the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction? A. It lowers the activation energy of the reaction. B. It is split into individual molecules that are products of the reaction. C. It changes the energy content of the reactants. D. It generates heat that makes the reaction proceed. E. It ensures that the reaction can proceed only in one direction, from reactants to products.

46. Enzymes A. are catalysts in chemical reactions. B. can be carbohydrate molecules. C. are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze. D. have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose." E. are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.

3-23

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

47. Which is NOT true about cofactors involved in enzymatic reactions? A. They may alter the conformation of the enzyme. B. They may be a metal such as iron. C. They may be a substrate in a catalyzed reaction. D. There must be equal quantities of enzyme and cofactor molecules for a reaction to proceed. E. Only a small number of cofactor molecules may be needed to maintain enzyme activity.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11

48. What is a coenzyme? A. an organic cofactor that directly participates as one of the substrates in an enzymatic reaction B. a metal, such as zinc, that participates in enzymatic reactions C. a term regarding enzymatic reactions that is synonymous with "cofactor" D. any ligand that binds to a specific site on a protein receptor E. an inorganic molecule that catalyzes enzymatic reactions

3-24

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

49. Which of the following is true concerning the rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway? A. It is likely to be the slowest reaction in the pathway, and it is always the last step in a metabolic pathway. B. It is likely to be the fastest reaction in the pathway, and it is always the last step in a metabolic pathway. C. It is always the first step in the pathway, and may be subject to end-product inhibition. D. It is likely to be the slowest reaction in the pathway and it may be subject to end-product inhibition. E. It is likely to be the fastest reaction in the pathway and it may be subject to end-product inhibition.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.13

50. In order to increase the overall rate of a metabolic pathway consisting of five reactions catalyzed by five different enzymes, which must occur? A. increasing the reaction rate of all five enzymes B. increasing the reaction rate of the fastest enzyme C. increasing the reaction rate of the slowest enzyme D. increasing the reaction rate of the first enzyme in the pathway E. increasing the reaction rate of the last enzyme in the pathway

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.13

3-25

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

51. ATP is A. formed during the hydrolysis of ADP. B. used by cells for the storage of energy. C. used to transfer energy within a cell. D. a protein. E. a molecule with less total energy content than ADP.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C05.01 Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell. HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

52. The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the A. nucleus. B. plasma membrane. C. endoplasmic reticulum. D. Golgi apparatus. E. mitochondria.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles

53. ATP is A. a nucleotide. B. a lipid. C. an amino acid. D. a carbohydrate. E. a steroid.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

3-26

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

3-27

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

54. Which is TRUE about glycolysis? A. It does not occur in the absence of O2. B. It does not occur in the presence of O2. C. It may result in the formation of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose. D. It is a series of metabolic reactions that occur mainly inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. E. It is a metabolic reaction in which glucose is manufactured from large carbohydrates like glycogen.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

55. Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen? A. glycolysis B. oxidative phosphorylation C. Krebs cycle D. the breakdown of fatty acids to CO2 and H2O E. None of the choices are correct.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

3-28

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

56. What are the products of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? A. 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water B. 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of lactate, and 2 ATP C. 2 molecules of pyruvate and 36 molecules of ATP D. 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of water, and 2 molecules of lactate E. 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of water, and 2 NADH

57. Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. carbon dioxide B. ATP C. pyruvate D. NADH

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

3-29

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

58. The reactions of the Krebs cycle: A. take place in the cytosol of human cells. B. generate ATP directly by substrate-level phosphorylation. C. are important for the metabolism of carbohydrates but not other molecules. D. take place only when no oxygen is present. E. produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

59. Which is a series of reactions by which fatty acid catabolism occurs? A. glycolysis B. lipogenesis C. beta-oxidation D. glycogenolysis E. phosphorylation

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

3-30

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

60. Which is NOT true about fatty acid synthesis? A. takes place in the cytosol of cells B. results in molecules with an even number of carbon atoms only C. requires more energy than is produced by the catabolism of the same fatty acid D. begins with a molecule of acetyl coenzyme A E. The enzymes that catalyze it are in the same location as those that mediate fatty acid catabolism.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

61. Most energy in the body is stored in what form? A. ATP B. glucose C. fat D. protein E. DNA

62. Ammonia is A. a waste product of fatty acid metabolism. B. exhaled by the lungs into the air. C. processed by the liver to form urea, a less toxic compound. D. a waste product of fatty acid metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys into urine. E. a polypeptide containing many amino acids.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02e With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the effect of protein metabolism on ammonia and urea production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

3-31

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

63. Before an amino acid can be broken down for energy: A. the side chain must be removed. B. the carboxyl group must be removed. C. it must be converted to NAD+. D. the amino group must be removed. E. it must be phosphorylated.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.02b With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.02c With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of transamination in the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.02d With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

64. Electrons transferred along the electron transport chain can be used to form: A. water. B. glucose. C. ATP. D. NADH. E. acetyl coenzyme A.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

True / False Questions 65. A light microscope can be used to view very large proteins in a cell. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 03.01 Section: 03.01

3-32

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

3-33

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

66. Living cells cannot be viewed under an electron microscope. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 03.01 Section: 03.01

67. One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.02 Describe how carbohydrates are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function

68. Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytoplasm. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C06 Intracellular organization of nucleus and cytoplasm. Learning Outcome: 03.01 Section: 03.01 Topic: Intracellular organization

69. The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids. TRUE

3-34

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

70. The special functions of plasma and organelle membranes depend primarily on the specific composition of the phospholipids of those membranes. FALSE

71. One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell. FALSE

72. Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility. TRUE

3-35

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

73. Desmosomes are structures that permit direct communication between cells by allowing the cells to exchange small molecules in their cytoplasms. FALSE

74. Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02b Describe the structure of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Objective: C12.04 Analyze the interrelationships among chromatin, chromosomes and chromatids. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles

75. Free ribosomes differ from membrane-bound ribosomes in that free ribosomes specialize in synthesizing proteins for export (secretion) from the cell. FALSE

3-36

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

76. Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells. TRUE

3-37

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

77. The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.02 Explain how and why RNA is synthesized. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

78. Ribosomes transcribe DNA into RNA. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.01 Define the terms genetic code, transcription and translation. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.03 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

79. A ribosome is composed of one molecule of RNA and several proteins. FALSE

3-38

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

80. The nucleotide triplet in tRNA that base-pairs with a complementary triplet in mRNA is called the codon. FALSE

3-39

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

81. There are twenty different molecules of tRNA. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

82. Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

83. Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.02 Explain how and why RNA is synthesized. HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis

3-40

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

84. Proteins destined to become integral membrane proteins have a signal sequence. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.07 Section: 03.07 Topic: Protein synthesis

3-41

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

85. The consequences of mutations are invariably harmful. FALSE

86. The deletion of a single base in a gene would alter the structure of the gene's protein more than the substitution of one base for another. TRUE

87. In general, the larger the number of different ligands that can bind to a particular binding site on a protein, the less the specificity of that binding site. TRUE

88. The shape of a ligand and the shape of its binding site influence both the specificity and the affinity of binding. TRUE

3-42

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

89. Any given protein contains binding sites for only one kind of ligand. FALSE

90. The greater the ligand concentration needed to achieve 50% saturation of a particular binding site, the higher the affinity of the binding site for that ligand. FALSE

91. Allosteric modulation of a protein involves noncovalent binding of a ligand to a regulatory binding site. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09

92. The only role of modulator molecules is to enhance the binding affinity of the functional site of an allosteric protein. FALSE

3-43

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

93. Proteins that mediate or catalyze reactions in which the covalent bonding of the reactant molecules changes are called substrates. FALSE

94. Coenzymes are organic cofactors. TRUE

95. An important function of coenzymes is to act as carriers to transport hydrogen atoms. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O02.04 Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11

96. The active site of an enzyme is a functional binding site. TRUE

3-44

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

97. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the catabolism of H2CO3 to H2O and CO2. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11

98. In a metabolic pathway, the same enzyme ordinarily catalyzes several different reactions. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11

99. The rate-limiting reaction in a metabolic pathway is one that occurs at a faster rate than the other steps in the pathway. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.13

100. Allosteric inhibition of rate-limiting enzymes is a common means of regulating anabolic pathways. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.09 Section: 03.13

3-45

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

3-46

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

101. During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes. FALSE

102. In the absence of oxygen, cells can derive energy to form ATP from the metabolism of fatty acids. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

103. The first step in glycogen synthesis is the phosphorylation of glucose. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

3-47

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

104. Glucose cannot be synthesized from fatty acids because the reaction converting pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A is not reversible. TRUE

105. Substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in the ribosomes of cells, whereas oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

106. During anaerobic glycolysis, a net of two molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of glucose broken down. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

3-48

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

107. In the Krebs cycle, an acetyl fragment is broken down to CO2 and H ions. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

108. The major waste product of metabolism is H2O. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration

109. Most of the energy stored in the body is in the form of glycogen. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

3-49

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

110. Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02d With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15

3-50

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

111. Removal of the amino group from an amino acid is necessary before the amino acid can be metabolized for energy. TRUE

112. Human beings can synthesize all twenty amino acids the body must have. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01b With respect to nutrients, list the six main classes of nutrients. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16

113. An essential nutrient is one necessary for good health that may or may not be synthesized by the body. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01a With respect to nutrients, define nutrient, essential nutrient and non-essential nutrient. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16

114. Glucose is not considered an essential nutrient because it is not essential for good health. FALSE

3-51

Chapter 03 - Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways

115. Fat-soluble vitamins are required for health because they act as coenzymes. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01b With respect to nutrients, list the six main classes of nutrients. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16

3-52

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Chapter 04 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct? A. The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids. B. Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane. C. Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane. D. Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other. E. The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Membrane structure and function

4-1

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

2. Which is TRUE regarding diffusion? A. It depends upon the random motion of molecules. B. It results in net movement of molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. C. It is the principal mechanism by which molecules are moved over large distances in the body. D. It requires energy in the form of ATP. E. It requires integral membrane proteins to occur.

3. A solute, X, is placed in compartment A of a two compartment container and allowed to diffuse to compartment B and attain diffusion equilibrium. At that point in time, A. there will be no further movement of any solute molecules between compartments. B. solutes will be moving in both directions equally. C. solutes will only continue to move from A to B. D. solutes will only continue to move from B to A. E. the concentration in compartment B will be much higher than that in compartment A.

4-2

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

4. Which of the following statements regarding the diffusion of a nonpolar solute X across a cell membrane is correct? A. At equilibrium the net flux of X across the cell membrane is zero. B. At equilibrium, X will cease moving across the cell membrane. C. Solute X will be unable to reach equilibrium because it is nonpolar. D. Solute X will reach equilibrium, but the concentration will be much higher on the inside of the cell because of the smaller volume. E. At equilibrium, movement of X across the membrane will be much faster in one direction than in the other.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

5. Which of the following would decrease the net flux of a penetrating solute into a cell? A. increasing the permeability constant for that solute B. decreasing the temperature C. increasing the concentration of the solute in the extracellular fluid D. increasing the area of the cell membrane E. decreasing the thickness of the membrane

4-3

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

6. Equal amounts of two solutes, A and B, are placed into the same beaker of water at the same time. Solute A reaches diffusion equilibrium faster than solute B. What is the most likely explanation for this observation? A. The temperature was greater for solute A than solute B. B. The concentration gradient for A was greater than B. C. Solute A is smaller than solute B. D. Solute A traveled a shorter distance than solute B. E. Solute B is more soluble in water than solute A.

7. In general, polar molecules diffuse more rapidly through the lipid bilayer part of cell membranes than do nonpolar molecules. This statement is: A. true. B. false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width. C. false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is nonpolar throughout its width. D. false, because nonpolar molecules diffuse through more rapidly because much of the bilayer is nonpolar. E. false, because the rate of diffusion of nonpolar and polar molecules through the bilayer is essentially the same as long as the molecules are the same size.

4-4

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

8. The permeability of the plasma membrane to mineral ions: A. is not influenced by channels formed by proteins. B. is the same in all cell types. C. is affected by differences in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane. D. is zero in all living cells. E. is only possible because of the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer.

9. Ion channels in cell membranes: A. are nonspecific. B. are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane. C. may open in response to binding a ligand. D. only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell. E. only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.

4-5

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

10. Which is true about mediated transport across cell membranes? A. It refers to the movement of ions through protein channels. B. It refers both to simple diffusion and to the active transport of molecules. C. It is characterized by saturable carriers and a maximum velocity of transport. D. As the concentration gradient across a membrane increases, the transport rate always increases. E. It is nonspecific; any transporter can transport any molecule across the cell membrane.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

11. Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes? A. It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule. B. It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient. C. It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules. D. There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger. E. It is the main mechanism for transporting hydrophobic molecules across membranes.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

4-6

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

12. Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion? A. saturation of transport rate B. requirement for a carrier molecule C. carrier molecules have specificity D. presence of a transport maximum E. requirement for metabolic energy

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

13. Which is true regarding the mediated transport of a substance across a plasma membrane? A. It depends upon the binding of that substance to a specific site on the membrane protein. B. It depends upon movement of proteins from one side of the membrane to the other. C. It always increases in direct proportion to the increasing concentration of the substance on one side of the membrane. D. Both "depends upon the binding of that substance to a specific site on the membrane protein" and "depends upon movement of proteins from one side of the membrane to the other" are correct. E. All of the choices are correct.

4-7

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

14. Which is a form of cellular transport that involves the movement of molecules into cells without passing through the plasma membrane's structural matrix? A. diffusion B. osmosis C. facilitated diffusion D. endocytosis E. apoptosis

15. By what transport mechanism does glucose enter most cells? A. diffusion through the lipid bilayer B. primary active transport C. secondary active transport D. diffusion through a protein channel E. facilitated diffusion

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

4-8

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

16. What is the best description of a secondary active transport process that cotransports an amino acid with Na+? A. Both Na+ and the amino acid bind on the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is lowest, and undergo net movement to the other side of the membrane. B. Na+ and the amino acid bind to opposite sides of the membrane, and Na+ undergoes net transport from the side of the membrane with higher Na+ concentration toward the side with lower concentration, while the amino acid moves in the opposite direction. C. Both Na+ and the amino acid bind on the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is higher, and both are transported to the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is lower. D. Both Na+ and the amino acid bind to the side of the membrane where the amino acid concentration is highest and are transported toward the side of the membrane where the amino acid concentration is lower. E. Na+ and the amino acid bind to opposite sides of the membrane, and the amino acid undergoes net transport from the side of the membrane with lower Na+ concentration to the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is higher.

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

17. Which of the following statements about the Na+-K+ ATPase pump is false? A. It transports Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. B. It binds to, and hydrolyzes, ATP. C. It is constantly active in all cells. D. Its activity requires the expenditure of metabolic energy. E. It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio.

4-9

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

61. If a cell were placed in a solution of 0.15 M NaCl, it would shrink. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

62. In the body, Na+ ions behave as if they are nonpenetrating solutes because they are actively transported out of cells. TRUE

63. In the body, K+ ions behave as if they are penetrating solutes because they are actively transported into cells. FALSE

4-28

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

64. The fate of all endocytotic vesicles is digestion of their contents by lysosomal enzymes. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Topic: Organelles

65. A portion of a cell's plasma membrane is removed during endocytosis. TRUE

66. Endocytosis of any kind requires metabolic energy. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

4-29

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

67. Most cells can perform pinocytosis, but only a few kinds can perform phagocytosis. TRUE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

68. Phagocytic leukocytes use phagocytosis to engulf foreign bacteria and destroy them within ribosomes. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Topic: Organelles

69. Pinocytosis is a method by which molecules can leave cells whose membranes are impermeable to the molecules. FALSE

4-30

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

70. The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents. FALSE

71. The luminal side of an epithelial cell is also known as the basolateral side. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

72. The plasma membranes of epithelial cells facing the lumen of hollow organs or tubes have the same transport proteins as the plasma membranes that face the interstitial fluid. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

4-31

Chapter 04 - Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes

73. Most organic solutes cross epithelial membranes by simple diffusion on the lumen side followed by active transport across the blood side of the membrane. FALSE

Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes

74. Net movement of solute across an epithelium that is permeable to water is always accompanied by movement of water in the opposite direction. FALSE

4-32

Chapter 05 - Cell Signaling in Physiology

Chapter 05 Cell Signaling in Physiology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. What are the most common receptors for hydrophilic intercellular messenger molecules? A. peripheral membrane proteins B. integral membrane proteins C. specialized phospholipids within the membrane D. nucleic acids E. intracellular proteins

Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Membrane structure and function

5-1