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Unit 1A Test 1

Date:

1. List the two components of a logical argument.

2. Summarize the fallacy of personal attack.

3. Summarize the fallacy of false cause.

4. Give an example of an argument that involves a straw man.

5. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: The dogs are barking. Someone must be outside.

6. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: People love puppies, so don’t count on there being any puppies at the animal shelter.

Unit 1A Test 1 (continued)

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7. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of hasty generalization occurs in the argument. Obviously it is best not to testify on your own behalf. Casey Anthony and George Zimmerman each declined to testify, and they were both found “not guilty.”

8. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of appeal to popularity occurs in the argument. Most people find out what’s happening on social media or other internet sites so it is the most reliable source for news.

9. For the following argument, identify one or more of the 10 fallacies described in this unit. Explain how the fallacy is involved. “Finding Bigfoot” has yet to provide evidence that bigfoots exist, so all those sightings are obviously bogus.

10. When evaluating information from media, explain the importance to consider the source.

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Unit 1A Test 2 1.

Date:

Define fallacy.

2. Summarize the fallacy of circular reasoning.

3. Summarize the fallacy of appeal to ignorance.

4. Give an example of an argument that involves a hasty generalization.

5. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: Not many people were in the theatre when I went to see the movie version of “IT”. Horror stories are not popular around here.

6. List the premise and the conclusion of the following argument: No one who would wear a hat like that has the judgement to be mayor!

Unit 1A Test 2 (continued)

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7. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of appeal to emotion occurs in the argument. A poster which reads “Support the Humane Society”, shown with pictures of small dogs and cats in cages.

8. For the following argument, briefly explain how the fallacy of appeal to ignorance occurs in the argument. None of those haunted places shown ever show proof positive that ghosts exist, so obviously they do not.

9. For the following argument, identify one or more of the 10 fallacies described in this unit. Explain how the fallacy is involved. The president of that university is campaigning for funds to build a new stadium. He doesn’t care about academics.

10. When evaluating information from media, explain the importance to Check the date.

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Unit 1A Test 3

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. Which of the following is the study of the methods and principles of reasoning? (a) Fallacy

(b) Premise

(d) Argument

2. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that if you have a few cases, you can draw a conclusion? (a) Hasty generalization

(b) Limited choice

(d) Appeal to ignorance

3. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something is desired or chosen by a majority of the people, it must be true or desirable? (a) Circular reasoning (c) Appeal to popularity

(b) Appeal to ignorance (d) Appeal to emotion

4. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something has not been proved to be false, it must therefore be true? (a) Hasty generalization (c) Diversion (red herring)

(b) Appeal to ignorance (d) Straw man

5. Which argument involves the fallacy of limited choice? (a) Buy this television—it’s the most popular brand! (b) Three dentists on Main Street recommend SuperWhite Toothpaste. Therefore, all dentists prefer SuperWhite. (c) If you didn’t have Wheatie O’s for breakfast, then you must have had granola. (d) A television commercial for a board game features healthy, happy people enjoying the game. 6. Identify the conclusion of the following argument: Steve bought a new car, and then he got into a traffic accident. Buying the new car must have caused the accident. (a) Steve bought a new car. (b) Steve got into a traffic accident. (c) Buying the new car must have caused the accident. (d) None of the above 7. Which argument involves the fallacy of appeal to popularity? (a) You’d better get there on time, since otherwise you’ll be late. (b) Since America’s Founding Fathers were in favor of free speech, they would certainly have opposed any ban of pornography. (c) Since most people are in favor of the bill, it must certainly be a good law. (d) There is no evidence that this product causes heart attacks. Therefore, it is perfectly safe.

Unit 1A Test 3 (continued)

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8. When confronted with questions from the press about alleged political scandals, a congress woman replies that the allegations against her should be ignored since her accuser is part of a vast right-wing conspiracy. This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) Appeal to popularity (c) Personal attack

(b) Circular reasoning (d) Limited choice

9. A senatorial candidate favors eliminating affirmative action programs. His opponent writes that “The other candidate doesn’t think there’s anything wrong with discriminatory hiring practices.” This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) Hasty generalization (c) False cause

(b) Limited choice (d) Straw man

10. Going onto the internet to check information delivered in the media is an example of which step in Evaluating Media Information? (a) Watch for hidden agenda (c) Don’t miss the big picture

(b) Consider the source (d) Validate accuracy

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Unit 1A Test 4

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. The use of a set of facts to support a conclusion is called: (a) Logic (c) Circular reasoning

(b) Argument (d) Fallacy

2. Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since many people believe something is true, it must be true? (a) Appeal to ignorance (c) Straw man

(b) False cause (d) Appeal to popularity

3. Which of the following describes a conclusion which is drawn from an inadequate number of cases or cases that have not been sufficiently analyzed? (a) Appeal to ignorance (c) Diversion (red herring)

(b) Hasty generalization (d) Circular reasoning

4. Which argument involves the fallacy of limited choice? (a) Since Paul is not at work, he must be at the hardware store. (b) Four eye doctors in town all recommend Krystal Kleer contact lenses. Therefore, all eye doctors recommend Krystal Kleer contact lenses. (c) We have never been able to communicate with beings from another planet. Therefore, the earth is the only planet with intelligent life. (d) Buy this stereo system—it’s the most popular brand! 5. Which argument involves a personal attack (ad hominem)? (a) Dad: “If you want to do well in life, you should do well in school.” Son: “Oh yeah? Well, Mom tells me your grades weren’t very good either.” (b) A driver tells a policeman, “You can’t give me a ticket. I’ve never gotten a ticket!” (c) We must raise taxes because of the children. Children are our most important resource, and we must do everything that we can to give them a brighter future. (d) If Proposition S is passed, there will be more pollution. 6. Identify the conclusion of the following argument: Roberta washed her car, and then it started to rain. Washing her car must have caused the rain to fall. (a) Roberta washed her car. (b) It started to rain. (c) Washing her car must have caused the rain to fall. (d) None of the above

Unit 1A Test 4 (continued)

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7. My political opponent would like to loosen the town’s sign rules. He wants to make our beautiful town trashy looking! This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) False cause (c) Straw man

(b) Hasty generalization (d) Diversion (red herring)

8. A television commercial shows two senior citizens enjoying rock climbing and scuba diving and then drinking a certain kind of vitamin drink. This is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) Hasty generalization

(b) Appeal to ignorance

(d) Appeal to emotion

9. We must limit immigration to the United States in order to sustain the prosperous economy. A strong economy is vital to the health and wealth of the American people and the future of our children. This argument is an example of which of the following fallacies? (a) False cause (c) Straw man

(b) Diversion (red herring) (d) Appeal to force

10. The instruction to stand back and think about whether information delivered in the media makes sense is an example of which step in Evaluating Media Information? (a) Watch for hidden agenda (c) Don’t miss the big picture

(b) Consider the source (d) Validate accuracy

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Unit 1B Test 1

Date:

1. Define proposition.

2. Determine whether the following statement is a proposition. Explain. Make America great again!

3. Answer the question regarding the meaning of the given statement which contains a multiple negation. Stephen failed to avoid spoilers on the new Star Wars movie. Did Stephen see spoilers?

4. If you put the following in “If p, then q” form, what would q be? You must study if you want to pass the test.

5. State p and q, and give the truth values of each. Then state whether the entire proposition is true or false. All varieties of apples are fruit and Taylor Swift is a rap artist.

Unit 1B Test 1 (continued)

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6. Does the following use an inclusive or exclusive “or”? Explain. I’m going to the movies or to a party Friday night.

7. Make a truth table for the given statement: if not p, then q.

8. Make a truth table for the given statement: (not p) and q.

9. State p and q and give their truth values. Then state whether the disjunction (or statement) is true or false. Sparrows can swim, or fish can fly.

10. Express the statement in the form of if p, then q. Siamese is a breed of cat.

Unit 3B Test 2 (continued)

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7. Energy released by burning 1 kilogram of coal = 1.6  109 joules. Energy released by fission of 1 kilogram of uranium-235 = 5.6 1013 joules. How many kilograms of coal would you have to burn to generate the same energy as 3 kg of uranium-235?

8. The diameter of the moon is about 1.1107 feet and the diameter of Uranus is about 1.7 108 feet. If a scale model of the solar system is constructed so that the diameter of the moon is 3.5 feet, what will be the diameter of Uranus?

9. If one inch on a map represents 120 miles, what is the scale ratio?

10. A standard dump truck can hold 129 cubic feet of dirt and rock. Mount Shasta in California has an estimated volume of 108 cubic miles. If dump trucks worked 24 hours a day and could leave once every 15 minutes, how many years would it take to move Mount Shasta? You may round your answer by writing only two digits (as in 3.2 105 ).

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Unit 3B Test 3

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. Which of the following is equal to 5 104 ? (a) five thousandths (c) five hundred-thousandths

(b) five ten-thousandths (d) five millionths

2. Convert 78,000,000 to scientific notation. (a) 78 106 3. Suppose that you add 10 10

(a) 10

(b) 7.8 106 10

(d) 7.8 108

100

+ 10

. What, approximately, is the answer? 100

(b) 10

110

1000

(d) 10

(d) 2.35 108

(d) 2.35 1036

(d) 2.7 1011

4. Calculate  9.87  1012    4.2  10 4  . (a) 2.35 103

(b) 2.35 106

5. Calculate  9.4  109    2.5  104  . (a) 2.35 1013

(b) 2.35 1014

6. Which is the largest number? (a) 1.5 billion

(b) 1650 million

7. How many years would it take a worker making $40 per hour to earn $8,000,000, assuming she works 240 8-hour days per year? (a) 250 years

(b) 833 years

(d) 481 years

8. If one centimeter on a map represents 280 kilometers, what is the scale ratio? (a) 1 to 2.8 104

(b) 1 to 2.8 105

(d) 1 to 2.8 107

9. If a stack of $10 bills is worth $90 billion, what is the height of the stack in kilometers? Assume each bill is 0.2 millimeters thick. (a) 1800 km

(b) 4500 km

(d) 45,000 km

10. If you take 2000 steps to walk one mile, how many miles can you walk in one million steps? (a) 5 miles (c) 5000 miles

(b) 50 miles (d) 500 miles

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Unit 3B Test 4

Date:

Choose the correct answer to each problem. 1. Which of the following is equal to 3 104 ? (a) three thousandths (c) three hundred-thousandths

(b) three ten-thousandths (d) three millionths

2. Convert 42,000,000 to scientific notation. (a) 4.2 106

(b) 4.2 107

3. Suppose that you subtract 10 (a) –10

(d) 42 106

– 10 . What, approximately, is the answer? 12

(b) 10

(d) 10

(d) 1.75 108

(d) 6.15 1027

(d) 8.2 1011

4. Calculate  6.3  109    3.6  103  . (a) 1.75 103

(b) 1.75 106

5. Calculate  7.5  103    8.2  106  ? (a) 6.15 108

(b) 6.15 109

6. Which is the largest number? (a) 2.9 billion

(b) 3021 million

7. In 2005, Bill Gates donated $3,300,000,000 to charity. Assuming you could give $10.00 per day, 365 days per year, how many years would it take you to donate this amount? (a) 1.3 105 years

(b) 3.8 104 years

(d) 2.5 103 years

8. If one centimeter on a map represents 50 kilometers, what is the scale ratio? (a) 1 to 5 104

(b) 1 to 5 105

(d) 1 to 5 107

9. If a stack of $5 bills is worth $175 billion, what is the height of the stack in kilometers? Assume each bill is 0.2 millimeters thick. (a) 1750 km

(b) 7000 km

(d) 35,000 km

10. If you take 2000 steps to walk one mile, how many miles can you walk in one billion steps? (a) 5 102 miles (c) 5 105 miles

(b) 5 103 miles (d) 5 104 miles

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Unit 3C Test 1

Date:

1. The capacity of a bucket is given as 10.60 liters. State the number of significant digits and the implied precision in this number.

2. The population of the last town we passed was listed as 17,500. State the number of significant digits and the implied precision in this number.

3. The actual age of a tree is known to be 105 years old. Using scientific methods, a biologist estimates the age of the tree to be 98 years old. Find the absolute error and the relative error of the biologist’s measurement.

4. Two students measured the width of a swimming pool whose actual width is 18.500 meters. Bobby reported the width as 18.329 meters, while Carolyn reported the width as 18.6 meters. Which student reported the width more accurately? Which student reported the width more precisely?

5. Give an example of a systematic error that could occur when grading tests.