Chapter 1 Test
Name: Date:
Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:
1. The typical costs associated with hazards that affect the built environment include: a. economic b. social c. environmental d. all of the above
2. After a hazard event, ecosystems: a. can cause human-made disasters b. fail to sustain further plant life c. can regenerate and plant and animal life can begin anew d. lose their ability to regenerate animal life
3. Over the long-term, volcanic lava and ash: a. prevent future plant growth b. form fertile soils that stimulate new plant growth c. do not produce any beneficial results as compared to other natural hazards d. remain unchanging components in the delicate balance of nature
4. The following are not considered types of geophysical processes involved in natural hazards: a. extraterrestrial b. geographical
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Chapter 1 Test c. hydrological d. meteorological
5. Systems of hazard measurement used by meteorologists, hydrologists, and other scientists include: a. Saffir-Simpson scale b. Richter scale c. Modified Mercalli scale d. all of the above
6. Natural hazards may appear to be increasing in frequency because of all of the following except: a. heightened media exposure b. increased development in vulnerable areas c. strong building codes d. the effects of climate change 7. We are experiencing more disasters than ever before in our Nation’s history because a. Disasters tend to occur in 50 year cycles b. Developers are motivated more by profit than by building environmentally friendly structures c. The population doesn’t take disaster preparation seriously d. More development and more people are in harm’s way than ever before
8. Who finances activities of local, state, and federal governments before, during, and after a disaster? a. the taxpayers b. FEMA c. Department of Homeland Security
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Chapter 1 Test d. the federal government
9. Poor and marginalized communities and individuals are much more likely to be injured, killed or displaced by a disaster. True or False?
10. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body assessing and publishing reports about climate change. True or False?
11. Changes in climate do not have any effect on the weather than a community experiences. True or False?
12. In many communities that experience disasters, the long-term economic damages caused by businesses remaining closed can have a ripple effect that makes it difficult to recover. True or False?
13. Hurricane Katrina was the most powerful hurricane that has ever made landfall in the United States. True or False?
14. The proportion of the United States population living on or near the coastline has been decreasing slightly over the past few decades. True or False?
15. Technological disasters, such as chemical spills, can be a secondary impacts brough on by natural hazards. True or False?
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Chapter 1 Test
Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:
16. While the occurrence of natural hazards such as floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes is largely beyond human control, _
such as oil spills or terrorism are accidentally or
intentionally caused by people. 17. Sometimes referred to as the ―CNN syndrome,‖ our increased awareness of disasters worldwide through the internet and social media makes it appear that there are natural disasters.
18.
refers to the concept that vulnerability to disasters is not equally
distributed across society, so that both in the United States and across the world, factors such as wealth, gender, or race can impact an individual’s ability to withstand hazards.
19. The degree to which humans reduce emissions of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide will effect the rate that our
changes in the future.
20. If local goverments and states are overwhelmed by a disaster and need help covering the costs of recovery and reconstruction, they typically turn to the
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Chapter 1 Test
Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:
21. Suppose a powerful hurricane is approaching the Atlantic coast. Explain why this does not necessarily constitute a disaster. What factors might result in a disaster from this scenario?
22. Explain why disaster losses in the United States have been increasing in recent decades and provide examples to illustrate each reason.
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Chapter 1 Test
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Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Chapter 1 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. d. all of the above 2. c. can regenerate and plant and animal life can begin anew 3. b. form fertile soils that stimulate new plant growth 4. b. geographical 5. d. all of the above 6. c. strong building codes 7. d. More development and more people are in harm’s way than ever before 8. a. the taxpayers 9. true 10. true 11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. true
Short Answer 16. human-made disasters 17. more and bigger 18. Social vulnerability 19. climate 20. federal government
Essay 21. Suppose a powerful hurricane is approaching the Atlantic coast. Explain why this does not necessarily constitute a disaster. What factors might result in a disaster occuring from this scenario?
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Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Chapter 1 Answer Key Natural hazards such as hurricanes only become disasters when they alter the normal functioning of our communities and society. In the scenario described, a hurricane at sea approaching the Atlantic coast has not neccesarily caused any damage to humans. Even if it comes ashore, it is not guaranteed that a disaster will follow, if the impacted community is sufficiently prepared for the impact and has taken steps to reduce injuries and damage to property. An Atlantic hurricane poses a range of risks to communities that could result in a disaster. These include direct financial costs, such as damage to property and infrastructure. In the longrun, a hurricane may harm a communities economy if businesses remain closed or the community has difficulty funding a rebuilding effort. Environmental costs could include contamination of rivers by industrial or agriculture operations that are flooded. A large hurricane may even have broader social costs, such as displacement of people in severely damaged communities.
22. Explain why disaster losses in the United States have been increasing in recent decades and provide examples to illustrate each reason.
Disaster losses have been increasing in the United States for several reasons. The primary reason is that development and investments have been increasing in vulnerable areas, such as along coastlines, steep slopes, the wildland-urban interface. Additionally, the number and severity of some hazards are increasing because of climate change, including heavy rainstorms, more prolonged droughts and extreme heat waves.
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. b. Modeling 2. d. Providing low-interest loans to businesses damaged by the storm 3. d. EOPs help guide ongoing mitigation actions 4. a. Build an emergency supply kit 5. d. Reducing damage or preventing disaster due to hazards 6. a. reducing emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide 7. b. Cap-and-trade strategies to reduce carbon emssions that result in climate change 8. false 9. false 10. true 11. false 12. false 13. true 14. true 15. true
Short Answer 16. Hazard mitigation planning 17. all-hazards approach 18. present 19. floodplains, wetlands, dunes, marshes, etc (or other natural systems that may serve as a barrier to impacts) 20. green
Essay 21. During disaster recovery there is often a tension between speed and quality of recovery. In some cases, if communities rebuild in the same places and with the same techniques, they are recreating the same vulnerability that existed before the disaster. In this way, rebuilding too quickly could mean that opportunities to build back in safer, more resilient ways are missed.
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Answer Key Hazard mitigation seeks to break the cycle of destruction and reconstruction that accompanies repeat disasters by adaptating human settlement patters and construction techniques to reflect the threat posed by future hazards.
22. A community or region developed or redeveloped to minimize the human, environmental, and property losses and the social and economic disruption caused by disasters. A resilient community understands natural systems, and realizes that appropriate siting, design, and construction of the built environment are essential to advances in disaster prevention. While responses may vary, it is important that they emphasize that losses and disruptions are minimized in resilient communities.
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test Name: Date:
Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:
1. Which of the following is not considered to be a phase of the comprehensive emergency management cycle? a. Preparedness b. Mitigation c. Modeling d. Response
2. What is the best example of preparedness for an ice storm? a. Burying power lines to prevent power outages b. Ensuring that emergency shelters are stocked with food and fuel for generators c. Quickly clearing downed trees and other debris from roads d. Providing low-interest loans to businesses damaged by the storm
3. All of the following except which one are reasons for preparing Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs) as part of preparedness activities? a. EOPs establish a chain of command b. EOPs designate responsible parties for specific roles c. EOPs help ensure continuity of government functions d. EOPs help guide ongoing mitigation actions 4. FEMA’s public engagement and awarenes campaign to promote preparedness (Ready.gov) urgues individuals to:
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test a. Build an emergency supply kit b. Remain confident that a disaster will not occur c. Rely on first responders to rescue them if a disaster does occur d. donate money to disaster aid organizations
5. What is the ultimate result of succesful mitigation actions? a. Developing better warnings and emergency alert systems b. Holding more realistic exercises and drills for first responders c. Becoming eligible for state and federal disaster assistance d. Reducing damage or preventing disaster due to hazards
6. Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to address the cause of climate change, such as: a. reducing emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide b. adaptating to changes in hurricane frequency and intensity c. preparedness activities such as early warning systems for tsunamis d. all of the above
7. All of the following except which one are strategies to mitigate hazards and/or adapt to the effects of climate change? a. Land use strategies to guide development and people out of harm’s way b. Cap-and-trade strategies to reduce carbon emissions that result in climate change c. Infrastructure strategies to modify physical systems to become more resilient d. Natural resource strategies that protect ecosystems that provide protective services
8. A study of 5,500 mitigation grants showed that, on average, for every dollar spent on mitigation, one dollar was saved over time because of reduced or avoided losses. True or False?
9. According to the National Weather Service (NWS), almost half of all flood fatalities occur due to walking into or near flood waters. True or False?
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test 10. Most vehicles can float in only two feet of water. True or False? 11. Mitigation is defined as ―any sustained action to reduce or eliminate short-term risk to people and property from hazards and their effects‖. True or False?
12. In creating Emergency and Awareness Educational preparedness programs, children should not be encouraged to make 911 calls due to abuses to the system. True or False?
13. Mitigation is the ongoing effort to lessen the impacts of disasters on people and property through pre-disaster activities. True or False?
14. Maps are an important component of a community risk assessment, as they can be used to illustrate where hazards intersect with the built environment in a graphic and visual way. True or False?
15. Many adaptation actions that lessen the impacts of climate change may also be effective hazard mitigation strategies. True or False?
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:
16.
is the process of determining how to reduce or eliminate the loss
of life and property damage that can happen as a result of hazards.
17. An
to mitigation planning involves consideration of all the
hazards with the potential for causing harm, including natural hazards – earthquakes, snowstorms, flooding, hurricanes and the like -- as well as manmade hazards such as technological accidents and terrorism. 18. Sustainable development is development that ―meets the needs of the
without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.‖
19. Mitigation calls for conservation of natural and ecologically sensitive areas such as
which allows the environment to absorb some of the impact of hazard events.
20. Communities may wish to encourage local residents and business owners to include ―
‖ building techniques to improve energy and water efficiency efficiency (for
example, installing solar panels as damaged roofs are repaired), and to use recycled building materials.
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:
21. After many disasters, it is natural and expected for people whose homes and businesses have been destroyed to want to rebuild as quickly as possible. Explain why it may be short-sighted to only consider the speed when rebuilding and recovering from disasters.
22. Describe the characteristics of a ―disaster resilient community‖.
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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test
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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. d. 144 2. d. all of the above 3. d. any of the above 4. c. 3, 4, and 5 5. d. Catastrophic 6. a. variability 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. True 13. True 14. False 15. True
Short Answer 16. heat wave 17. High-impact snowstorms 18. Wind chill factor 19. heart attacks 20. Hypothermia
Essay 21. Heavy accumulations of ice can bring down trees, electrical wires, telephone poles and lines, and communication towers, disrupting communications and power for days. The massive ice storm of January 1998 covered the St. Lawrence River Valley with a veneer of solid ice. Although the destructive storm hit a region accustomed to severe winter weather, it left more than 4 million people without electricity, including a large number of the area’s farmers. Because many of these Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Information Classification: General
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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Answer Key rural farms were not equipped with generators, livestock suffered. Many lessons were learned from this event about rural emergency preparedness, planning, and action. Today, many more farms and rural homeowners have a generator stored in preparation for the next winter event.
22. Answers may vary, but should clearly describe how a current natural hazard may change in frequency, intensity, or location due to changes in the climate. Cimate change is expected to change the water cycle, intensifying rainstorms when they do occur, but also leading to longer periods of drought in some areas, especailly during summer and fall months. Atlantic hurricanes may actually decrease in overall number, but there may be a larger number of major hurricanes.
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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test Name: Date:
Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:
1. Between the years 1980 and 2012, there were a total of
disasters in the United States that
reached over 1 billion dollars each in damages as a result of weather-related natural hazards a. 6 b.16 c. 90 d. 144
2. A major element of hurricanes that causes damage to property and threatens human life is: a. Storm surge b. Wind velocity c. Inland flooding d. all of the above
3. Hurricane formation requires the following conditions: a. a low pressure disturbance b. sufficiently warm sear surface temperature c. rotational force from the spinning of the earth d. any of the above
4. Category
,
, and
hurricanes are the most potentially dangerous, and can be
categorized as major hurricanes. a. 1, 2, and 3
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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test b. 2, 3, and 4 c. 3, 4, and 5 d. 4, 5, and 6
5. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore; low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives; and massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required best describes which level of hurricane damage: a. Extensive b. Massive c. Extreme d. Catastrophic
6. Historically, Atlantic hurricane activity has experienced a great deal of
from
one year to the next. a. variability b. consistency c. volatility d. predictability
7. Climate change is expected to increase the number of major Atlantic hurricanes. True of False.
8. Flooding is the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the United States. True or False?
9. Flying debris often causes even more damage than the force of the wind alone. True or False? 10. The prime time of year for ideal hurricane conditions lasts from April 1st through July 31st. True or False?
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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test 11. Flash floods are caused by precipitation over a longer time period and over a given river basin. True or False? 12. ―Riverine flooding‖ is a function of precipitation levels and water runoff volumes within the watershed of a stream or river. True or False?
13. Tornadoes are spawned by a thunderstorm and produced when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. True or False?
14. Tornadoes classified as F0-F1 are considered violent; those classified as F2-F3 are considered strong, while those classified as F4-F5 are considered weak. True or False?
15. A blizzard is a snowstorm characterized by low temperatures (usually below 20°F) and accompanied by winds that are at least 35 miles per hour or greater. True or False?
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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:
16. A
is typically described as extremely high temperatures lasting for three or more
consecutive days.
17.
in the Northeastern United States are ranked according to the Northeast
Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS), developed by Paul Kocin of The Weather Channel and Louis Uccellini of the National Weather Service.
18.
describes what happens to the human body when there is a combination of
cold and wind.
19. A significant percentage of winter weather-related deaths are from
due to
overexertion while shoveling snow.
20.
is a condition brought on when internal human body temperature drops
below 95 degrees Fahrenheit.
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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:
16. When discussing land use management tools,
is referred to as the intensity of
development in terms of distance between structures, lot size, building height and number of people and structures per acre.
17.
regulates how property within the jurisdiction may be used by dividing the
community into different districts or zones and specifying the use, density, bulk, or other factors associated with future development.
18.
taxes have traditionally been the largest single source of revenue for most
local governments, sometimes providing more than half of all receipts.
19.
are typically one-time, up-front charges (although some jurisdictions allow
payments over time) against new development to pay for off-site improvements, including schools, sewer and water treatment plants, fire stations, community centers and other local facilities.
20.
is used to keep inappropriate development out of hazard-prone
areas, and can be accomplished by increasing minimum lot size or reducing the number of dwelling units permitted per acre.
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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:
21. Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a complex system, which often makes it difficult for local governments to implement and for landowners to understand and accept. Describe failures that occurred in Collier, Florida in the early 80’s, and what actions would have made the TDR successful.
22. Among the powers held by local governments is the authority, and even the duty, to educate the community. Discuss the importance of using the power of education to mitigate the impacts of hazards and include several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness.
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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test
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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. location, location, location 2. c. private 3. d. 5,000 and 50,000 4. b. national fast-food franchises and retail chain outlets 5. c. Contingency planning 6. c. Dry floodproofing 7. b. off-site location 8. b. Land use planning and site selection, building standards, temporary business relocation 9. False 10. True 11. True 12. True 13. False 14. True 15. True
Short Answer 16. Indirect 17. Upstream 18. hazard-prone (vulnerable, risky, etc.) 19. Wet floodproofing 20. Hazard identification
Essay
21. The excerpt from the text it below, but the ideal answer should explain that the town embraced renewable energy and energy efficient buildings as a way to become more sustainable and improve the local economy.
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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Answer Key When an EF 5 tornado swept through the small town of Greensburg, Kansas on May 4, 2007, the damage was so extensive that many residents wondered if the community would ever rebuild. 95% of the structures in the town of 1,600 residents were destroyed, and the few remaining structures were considerably damaged. In the weeks and months that followed, residents held meetings beneath FEMA tents to discuss the recovery effort. Though various and sometimes conflicting visions were debated, the community gradually resolved to rebuild a sustainable town, constructing energy efficient buildings and utilizing 100% renewable energy.
The business community played a vital role in embracing sustainability, and even found opportunities to capitalize on sustainable redevelopment as a way to strengthen the local economy. The Bucklin Tractor and Implement (BTI), the local John Deere supplier, not only constructed a new LEED-platinum dealership powered by a wind turbine, but eventually opened a new company – BTI Wind Energy – which supplies small turbines for farms and small businesses.
22. Answers may vary, but should reflect an understanding that incentives, either from public or private sector organizations, can drive behavior in a way that makes citizens and communities less vulnerable to hazards. The table below has some examples.
Incentive
Provisions Reduction in local government taxes for property protection measures undertaken by homeowners and business owners
Tax Waiver of sales taxes on building materials to retrofit structures
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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Answer Key Differentiated premiums in hazard areas based on mitigation measures Waiver of deductible on natural hazard losses for strengthened buildings Insurance
Reduced premiums/waived deductibles for strengthened public facilities Building Code enforcement grading system to allow property owner premium discounts on new construction built at or above code Manufacturer’s rebates on products used for mitigation
Retailer, manufacturer, or wholesaler pricing
Discounts or rebates at point-of-sale (e.g., The Home Depot) Project-specific discounts or rebates
Building fee waivers/reductions for structures built with mitigation features Financial
Discounted construction loans/lower rates for retrofitted structures
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