A) B) C) D)
5)
is a serious personal problem for numerous men and women. is not just an individual's personal problem but a societal concern. may create emotional scars for divorcees. has been a serious problem throughout history.
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups is known as
A) B) C) D)
psychology. political science. anthropology. sociology.
6) The body of knowledge obtained by using methods based on systematic observation is called a(n)
A) B) C) D)
7)
theory. verstehen. science. ideal type.
Sociology is considered a science because sociologists
A) B) C) D)
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teach at respected universities. engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding. receive government funding for research projects. construct middle-range theories to explain social behavior.
2
8)
Sociology, anthropology, economics, and history are fields within the
A) B) C) D)
natural sciences. social sciences. medical sciences. humanities.
9) Which academic discipline emphasizes the influence of society on people's attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people shape society?
A) B) C) D)
anthropology economics sociology physics
10) Which social science would be interested in studying individual cases of emotional stress among workers, investors, and business owners?
A) B) C) D)
history economics sociology psychology
11) While psychologists would look at the issue of climate change by studying its impact on the well-being of individuals who live and work in areas most vulnerable to it, sociologists would more likely study how climate change impacts
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A) various parts of the population more than others due to economic, social, or political dynamics. B) which politicians get elected based on their positions on climate change. C) long-term economic growth and well-being. D) the stock market and investments in retirement accounts.
12)
A social scientist would be likely to study the
A) B) C) D)
13)
Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are not
A) B) C) D)
14) a(n)
composition of a meteorite discovered in a remote area of Siberia. reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States. newest procedure in heart transplant surgery. possibility of life on Mars.
published. reliable. politically correct. easily disseminated.
An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called
A) B) C) D)
science. typology. theory. ideal type.
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15)
In Émile Durkheim's study of suicide, he related suicide rates to
A) B) C) D)
16)
Émile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he
A) B) C) D)
17)
developed conclusions based on a systematic examination of data. carefully studied the personalities of hundreds of suicide victims. worked in a university setting. divided suicide into four distinctive categories.
Émile Durkheim is known for his classic sociological study of
A) B) C) D)
18)
divorce rates. the genetic predisposition for depression. the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society. climatic conditions such as oppressive heat, heavy rain, and cold winters.
suicide. abortion. soccer. crowd control.
The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French thinker
A) B) C) D)
Émile Durkheim. Auguste Comte. Harriet Martineau. Marcel Marceau.
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19) Which sociologist translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact economies, laws, trade, and population could have on contemporary social problems?
A) B) C) D)
Émile Durkheim Jane Addams Harriet Martineau Talcott Parsons
20) Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change over time?
A) B) C) D)
21)
Émile Durkheim Charles Darwin Harriet Martineau Herbert Spencer
Anomie refers to a
A) construct or model for evaluating specific cases. B) loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. C) classification scheme containing two or more categories. D) type of suicide caused by depression.
22)
The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by
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A) B) C) D)
Auguste Comte. Émile Durkheim. Max Weber. C. Wright Mills.
23) The concept that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was
A) B) C) D)
verstehen. cultural capital. anomie. social capital.
24) A sociologist interviews high-salaried corporate chief executive officers (CEOs) to discover whether they feel stress in their everyday lives as a result of the pressure to produce at an unrealistic level. This sociologist is employing
A) B) C) D)
25)
alienation. anomie. verstehen. globalization techniques.
An ideal type is a(n)
A) body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation. B) construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. C) detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically. D) initiator of people's attitudes or behavior.
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26)
Durkheim's work was influenced by Marx, because both researchers were concerned with
A) B) C) D)
27)
the lives of workers. evolution. verstehen. ideal types.
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must
A) B) C) D)
ally with capitalists to build a better world. try to work toward a return to feudalism. overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies. ignore all aspects of class divisions.
28) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. … The have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!"
A) B) C) D)
bourgeoisie proletarians Vulcans middle classes
29) Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers.
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A) B) C) D)
30)
environmental, economic, and cultural religious and governmental political, environmental, and historical economic, social, and political
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between
A) B) C) D)
separate genders that clash in pursuit of their own interests. economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests. different races that clash in pursuit of their own interests. the religious and the nonreligious, who clash in pursuit of their own interests.
31) Which of the following sociologists advocated for the study of social problems such as those experienced by Blacks in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
Robert Merton Jane Addams W. E. B. DuBois C. Wright Mills
32) For W. E. B. DuBois, which of the following is/are essential to combat prejudice and achieve tolerance and justice?
A) B) C) D)
mass protests common sense knowledge surveys
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33) W. E. B. DuBois saw the importance of religion to society and focused on religion's impact at the
A) B) C) D)
34)
individual level. community level. state level. national level.
The division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
racial fetishism. double rejection. bipolar racism. double consciousness.
35) To express his experience of living a dual existence in the United States, W. E. B. DuBois developed the concept of
A) B) C) D)
36)
double consciousness. racial fetishism. double rejection. bipolar racism.
In his study of society, Charles Horton Cooley focused on
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A) B) C) D)
class issues. divorce. intimate, face-to-face groups. suicide.
37) Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as
A) B) C) D)
settlement houses. communes. collective homes. utopian communities.
38) Who was the journalist and educator who worked with Jane Addams to successfully prevent racial segregation in the Chicago public schools?
A) B) C) D)
Ida Wells-Barnett Charles Horton Cooley W. E. B. DuBois Harriet Martineau
39) Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the 20 thcentury the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to
A) B) C) D)
theorizing and gathering information. a deemphasis on the scientific method. applied sociology. advocacy of civil rights for minorities.
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40) In Robert Merton's theory, in which he provides explanations for deviant behavior, people who accept the goal of pursuing wealth but use illegal means to do so (like robbery, extortion and burglary) are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
41)
Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
42)
criminals. ideal types. the proletariat. innovators.
the reciprocal trust inherent in social networks knowledge of great American authors a close network of extended relatives knowledge of Lao cuisine
Social networks built on reciprocal trust are referred to as
A) B) C) D)
cultural capital. latent functions. manifest functions. social capital.
43) Which sociologist saw society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the system as a whole?
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A) B) C) D)
Karl Marx Erving Goffman Max Weber Talcott Parsons
44) Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are considered
A) B) C) D)
microsociology. interactionism. macrosociology. dramaturgy.
45) laboratories.
A) B) C) D)
stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in
Microsociology Macrosociology Middle-range sociology Conflict theory
46) A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of
A) B) C) D)
alienation. anomie. microsociology. macrosociology.
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47) A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of
A) B) C) D)
48)
embraces the study of formal organizations and social movements.
A) B) C) D)
49)
Global sociology Microsociology Macrosociology Mesosociology
Studying the impact of the Dakota Access Pipeline on the environment is an example of
A) B) C) D)
50)
conflict theory. functionalism. macrosociology. microsociology.
mesosociology. microsociology. macrosociology. global sociology.
The study and comparison of the cultural norms of two nations is a component of
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A) B) C) D)
51)
The study of international crime rates is an example of
A) B) C) D)
52)
mesosociology. microsociology. macrosociology. global sociology.
mesosociology. microsociology. macrosociology. global sociology.
Émile Durkheim's cross-cultural study of suicide falls into the category of
A) B) C) D)
mesosociology. microsociology. global sociology. psychology.
53) A sociologist who studies the unequal economic realities of working men and women is most likely working from which theoretical perspective?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist interactionist conflict global
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54) Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
55) An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
manifest. conflict. dysfunction. latent.
56) Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
57) According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life would be passed on from one generation to the next if it
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A) B) C) D)
58)
can be used by one group to subjugate another group. enhances impression management. serves some identifiably useful function. is dysfunctional.
Which of the following could be considered a manifest function of colleges?
A) B) C) D)
They are a place to meet future marital partners. They sometimes fail to teach students how to read or write effectively. They help to hold down unemployment. They prepare students for postcollege careers.
59) An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or reduce its stability is known as a
A) B) C) D)
latent function. manifest function. dysfunction. conflict function.
60) Children who experience divorce in their family are more likely to experience divorce themselves when they are adults. This could be considered an example of a
A) B) C) D)
dysfunction of families. latent function of families. manifest function of families. proactive function of families.
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61)
Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
62) Critics of the movie industry often assert that most major movie studio executives are wealthy white males who exclusively decide which movies will be produced and which actors will get jobs. This analysis reflects the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.
63) How institutions such as the government may help to maintain the privileges of some groups over others is a topic of interest for
A) B) C) D)
globalization theorists. conflict theorists. interactionist theorists. functionalist theorists.
64) Which sociological approach focuses on the macro level and sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization?
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A) B) C) D)
65)
functionalist perspective global perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Which sociologist explored what it meant to be female and Black in the United States?
A) B) C) D)
Jane Addams Ida Wells-Barnett Harriet Martineau Warren St. John
66) Theorist Eve Sedgwick (1990) argues that any analysis of society is incomplete if it does not include
A) B) systems. C) D)
both macro- and micro-level inquiries of the subject of study. a consideration of the patriarchal nature of government and business management the spectrum of sexual identities that people embrace. comprehensive data on the common symbology that the society has adopted.
67) Which sociological perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
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68) Which sociological perspective holds the view that people create their social worlds through interaction and manipulation of symbols?
A) B) C) D)
69)
Which sociologist is widely regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective?
A) B) C) D)
70)
functionalist conflict interactionist global
C. Wright Mills George Herbert Mead Charles Horton Cooley Erving Goffman
Which sociological perspectives are most concerned with macro-level analysis?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist and interactionist perspectives global and interactionist perspectives interactionist and conflict perspectives functionalist and conflict perspectives
71) Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
72) In examining any aspect of society, which sociological perspective emphasizes the contribution the given aspect makes to overall social stability?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
73) Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
74) The state of Ohio has a dwindling population. In an effort to increase the birthrate in the state, it offers a $5,000 bonus to all families who have a childin the state inthe next three years.Which of the following is the latent function of this policy?
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A) an increase in the birth rate for the state of Ohio B) an increase in the population in the state of Ohio C) an increase in the demand for teachers as a result of more children in Ohio's school system D) an increase in the state's budget deficit due to the number of bonuses distributed to families
75) Which sociological approach would view sports as a medium through which people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees are defined?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
76) Which sociological perspective would view sports as a form of big business in which profits are more important than the health and safety of athletes?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
77) Which sociological perspective would view sports as a safety valve for both participants and spectators, allowing them to shed tension and aggressive energy in a socially acceptable way?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
78) Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that sports help to maintain people's physical well-being?
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
79) The view that sports perpetuate false ideas—such as that success can be achieved simply through hard work, opportunity is equal for everyone, and failure is the individual's fault—would most likely be held by
A) B) C) D)
functionalists. conflict theorists. interactionists. queer theorists.
80) Which sociological perspective would suggest that despite class, racial, and religious differences, teammates in sports teams may work together harmoniously, build relationships, and even abandon previously held stereotypes and prejudices?
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A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective queer theory interactionist perspective feminist perspective
81) Which sociological perspective would highlight the reluctance among professional athletes to display any sexual identity other than heterosexuality in public?
A) B) C) D)
interactionist perspective queer theory feminist perspective functionalist perspective
82) The view that laws are set up to protect only those who are in positions of power is most consistent with the
A) B) C) D)
functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. feminist perspective.
83) The sociological perspective in which human beings are viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects is called
A) B) C) D)
functionalism. globalism. interactionism. feminism.
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84) of
Medical sociology and environmental sociology are specializations within the discipline
A) B) C) D)
85)
basic sociology. applied sociology. clinical sociology. theoretical sociology.
Which one of the following statements is true?
A) B) C) D)
Clinical sociologists take direct responsibility for implementing their ideas. There are no established methods for educating clinical sociologists. Applied and clinical sociology are the same. Clinical sociology has existed for only the past 20 years.
86) Those who use sociological research to facilitate change by altering social relationships (like practicing family therapy) or restructuring social institutions (like reorganizing a medical center) would most likely be considered
A) B) C) D)
basic sociologists. clinical sociologists. applied sociologists. macro sociologists.
87) The use of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as
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A) B) C) D)
pure science. clinical sociology. applied sociology. basic sociology.
88) George Herbert Mead was committed to social reform and sought to help policymakers by serving on committees formed to address Chicago's labor problems and public education. His work on these committees would be considered
A) B) C) D)
89)
the dramaturgical approach. applied sociology. basic sociology. globalization.
What is considered to be the major theme of analysis in sociology today?
A) B) C) D)
social inequality individual inferiority genetic influences mental disturbances
90) Functionalists had the upper hand in sociology in the 1900s in the United States, but widespread social unrest since the late 1960s has made increasingly persuasive.
A) B) C) D)
the conflict approach the feminist approach the interactionist approach the microsociology approach
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91) A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
social inequality. pure sociology. applied sociology. social psychology.
92) The impact of Hurricane Katrina on residents of the Gulf Coast drew attention to in the United States, as the people who were hit the hardest by the massive storm were the poor, who had the greatest difficulty evacuating beforehand.
A) B) C) D)
social inequality globalization pure sociology anomie
93) Describe what C. Wright Mills meant by the term sociological imagination. Provide an example of how you would apply the tool.
94) Discuss what separates sociology from common sense. Be sure to give some examples of how sociological research might dispel commonly accepted views.
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95) Summarize the contributions of Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and W. E. B. DuBois to the field of sociology. Be sure to note any theoretical differences they may have with one another.
96) Define the concepts social capital and cultural capital. Then, perform some reflexive thinking and list all the examples of social and cultural capital you possess so far. How does your social and cultural capital differ from that of your friends? How about your classmates?
97) Explain what W. E. B. DuBois meant by double consciousness. Does a white person have this consciousness? Why or why not? What consequences does such a consciousness have on "the self"?
98) Identify a social change that has both manifest and latent functions. Explain the manifest and latent functions that resulted and why you would classify them as such.
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99) Explain the similarities and differences among the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Identify which perspectives use a macro-level or a micro-level of analysis and why.
100) Describe the features shared between conflict theory and the feminist perspective. In what ways do these perspectives differ and why?
101) Describe how queer theory has challenged some long-standing assumptions about the nature of sexual identity and the ways in which it is understood or referenced at the macro-level of society.
102) Discuss why social inequality has become such a dominant theme in the field of sociology today.
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103) Define and discuss globalization. Use the examples in the text to explain the social consequences of globalization and ways some might be seen in positive ways.
104) Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and the study of individual personality differences. ⊚ ⊚
true false
105) A sociologist who develops theories based off his or her experiences and conversations is using common sense, rather than scientific analysis, to formulate those theories. ⊚ ⊚
true false
106) A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society as an outsider would, rather than solely from the perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases. ⊚ ⊚
true false
107) The most effective sociological theories tend to have both explanatory and predictive power. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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108) Theories are attempts to explain events, forces, materials, ideas, or behavior in a comprehensive manner. ⊚ ⊚
true false
109) Karl Marx saw the factory as the center of conflict between society's exploiters and the exploited masses. ⊚ ⊚
true false
110) Very early in the 20th century, the focus of sociology shifted from theorizing and information gathering to a more active interest in transforming society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
111) Having a grandmother who sits on the board of trustees for your college and helps you gain admission is an example of social capital. ⊚ ⊚
true false
112) Knowledge of Van Gogh, Rembrandt, and the works of other celebrated painters would be an example of cultural capital. ⊚ ⊚
true false
113) One of Robert Merton's most significant contributions to sociology was the attempt to merge the micro-level and macro-level approaches to the study of society. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
114)
true false
All sociologists view the world as a stable and ongoing entity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
115) The conflict perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. ⊚ ⊚
116)
true false
The conflict perspective considers how laws reinforce the position of those in power. ⊚ ⊚
true false
117) Applied sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
118) The goal of applied sociology is to assist in solving social problems, such as poverty and homelessness. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) B 8) B 9) C 10) D 11) A 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) A 18) B 19) C 20) D 21) B 22) B 23) A 24) C 25) B 26) A Version 1
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27) C 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) C 32) C 33) B 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) A 38) A 39) A 40) D 41) B 42) D 43) D 44) C 45) A 46) D 47) D 48) D 49) A 50) D 51) D 52) C 53) C 54) A 55) D 56) A Version 1
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57) C 58) D 59) C 60) A 61) B 62) B 63) B 64) D 65) B 66) C 67) C 68) C 69) B 70) D 71) B 72) A 73) B 74) C 75) C 76) B 77) A 78) A 79) B 80) C 81) B 82) B 83) C 84) B 85) A 86) B Version 1
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87) C 88) B 89) A 90) A 91) A 92) A 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) TRUE 107) TRUE 108) TRUE 109) TRUE 110) FALSE 111) TRUE 112) TRUE 113) TRUE 114) FALSE 115) FALSE 116) TRUE 117) FALSE 118) TRUE
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Chapter 2: Sociological Research 1) Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?
A) B) C) D)
2)
scientific method social science experiment value neutrality
Which of the following is the second step of the scientific method?
A) B) C) D)
defining the problem selecting the research design reviewing the literature collecting and analyzing data
3) If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
A) B) C) D)
4)
review the literature on date and acquaintance rape. define the problem. create a hypothesis. choose a research design.
After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
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A) B) C) D)
5)
Sociologists conduct reviews of literature to do which of the following?
A) B) C) D)
6)
to define the problem to generate ideas for future research to formulate a hypothesis to choose a research design
to refine the problem under study to identify potential sources of funding to determine whether a research study is in fact feasible to analyze the data and formulate conclusions
An operational definition is
A) a speculative statement about the relationship between two variables. B) the extent to which a measure provides consistent results. C) an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. D) a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
7) A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n)
A) B) C) D)
research design. operational definition. hypothesis. theory.
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8) The use of the discipline of sociology to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations is known as
A) B) C) D)
9)
The use of photographic and video documentation in sociological study is known as
A) B) C) D)
10) as a
applied sociology. ethnography. clinical sociology. qualitative research.
iconography. visual sociology. secondary sociology. image analysis.
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known
A) B) C) D)
correlation. hypothesis. sample. research design.
11) The statement "women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of
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A) B) C) D)
12)
an operational definition. a hypothesis. a research design. an independent variable.
A variable is
A) a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. B) the extent to which a measure provides consistent results. C) the unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects. D) a speculative statement about the relationship between two traits.
13)
Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
A) B) C) D)
indexes. scales. variables. operational definitions.
14) The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by social scientists as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
independent variable. dependent variable. spurious variable. operational variable.
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15) Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the
A) B) C) D)
independent variable. dependent variable. spurious variable. operational variable.
16) Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
A) B) C) D)
hypothesis. independent variable. dependent variable. index.
17) Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, suicide is a(n)
A) B) C) D)
hypothesis. independent variable. dependent variable. index.
18) The race of criminal offenders is found to determine the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, the frequency with which capital punishment is administered would be considered the
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A) B) C) D)
19)
hypothesis. independent variable. dependent variable. index.
Which of the following relationships best shows causal logic?
A) The time spent reviewing for a test may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of, getting a high score. B) Being less integrated into society may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of, suicide. C) The time spent tending to one's vegetable garden may be directly related to, or produce a greater likelihood of, overgrowth. D) Being more involved in extracurricular activities may be directly related to, or produce a lower likelihood of, college admission.
20) a
A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as
A) B) C) D)
control variable. dependent variable. correlation. cross-tabulation.
21) A recent study at the University of Oklahoma reassured parents helping their children with schoolwork during the pandemic because the study found that
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A) parental involvement with homework improved educational outcomes for both good and more modestly performing children. B) parental involvement with homework resulted in poorer educational outcomes for all children. C) parental involvement with homework improved students' extracurricular outcomes. D) parental involvement with homework induced teachers to award higher grades to all children.
22)
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the
A) B) C) D)
experimental group. representative group. study group. control group.
23) A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of television violence on children. The set of children that are shown the violent cartoons are considered the
A) B) C) D)
experimental group. control group. independent variable. dependent variable.
24) A sociologist sets up an experiment on the effects of energy drinks on sleep. The individuals who are given a placebo drink are considered the
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A) B) C) D)
independent variable. control group. experimental group. dependent variable.
25) A study is being done on the effects of a new antibiotic on cognitive ability. In this scenario, the antibiotic is considered to be the
A) B) C) D)
experimental group. control group. independent variable. dependent variable.
26) A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of
A) B) C) D)
a hypothesis. a correlation. causal logic. an effect.
27) The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as
A) B) C) D)
observation. causal logic. a correlation. an index.
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28) The statement "Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss" is an example of
A) B) C) D)
causal logic. a dependent variable. an independent variable. a cross-tabulation.
29) The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
index. correlation. operational definition. scale.
30) "Data indicate that people who prefer to watch televised news programs are less knowledgeable than those who read newspapers and newsmagazines." This statement is an example of a(n)
A) B) C) D)
causality. correlation. independent variable. law.
31) In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?
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A) B) C) D)
random sample quota sample index sample Roper sample
32) If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
A) B) C) D)
33)
A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
A) B) C) D)
34)
scale. control variable. quota sample. random sample.
valid. reliable. an index. a scale.
Validity refers to
A) B) C) D)
the provision of consistent results. independent, rather than dependent, variables. the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study. the ethical standards that are followed by sociologists.
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35) What type of sample is specifically used for gathering information about clandestine or difficult-to-identify groups?
A) B) C) D)
36)
snowball sample random sample valid sample blind survey
A research design is a(n)
A) explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. B) speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. C) indicator of attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics of people or organizations. D) detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.
37) A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as
A) B) C) D)
observation research. a survey. secondary analysis. an experiment.
38) To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
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A) B) C) D)
a secondary analysis. participant observation. a survey. a content analysis.
39) Following a recent concern about depiction of masculinity in mass media, a sociologist wanted to determine how men are portrayed in the lyrics of mainstream country music and studied songs from the Billboard music charts from the 1980s to the present. This sociologist employed the technique of
A) B) C) D)
content analysis. ethnography. survey. experiment.
40) Ethnography is the most common form of research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.
A) B) C) D)
41)
quantitative qualitative observational experimental
Which of the following statements is true of cell phone users?
A) B) C) D)
Cell phone users are more likely to answer all incoming calls. Cell phone users are more likely to complete surveys. There is a higher proportion of nonadults on cell phones. There is a higher proportion of females on cell phones.
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42) When sociologists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they may conduct , which is an artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables.
A) B) C) D)
a survey. observation. secondary analysis. an experiment.
43) A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting
A) B) C) D)
a content analysis. a secondary analysis. a quantitative study. ethnographic research.
44) Which of the following was identified as one of the initial challenges that a participant observer may face when conducting an ethnography?
A) B) C) D)
receiving adequate resources, such as funding gaining acceptance from the unfamiliar group identifying a group to observe acquiring the necessary approvals to conduct the research
45) When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the technique is called Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
46)
an experiment. a survey. face-to-face interview. participant observation.
When conducting ethnographic research as a participant observer, the investigator must
A) B) C) D)
develop friendships with key members of the study group. not be concerned about gaining acceptance by the study group. maintain some degree of detachment. use the same persona in the control group as he or she did with the study group.
47) An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables and to introduce control variables is known as a(n)
A) B) C) D)
survey. experiment. replication. research design.
48) People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world." This poses a particular problem for researchers using
A) B) C) D)
questionnaires. content analysis. replication. laboratory experiments.
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49) Regina wants to study the homeless in her home town. In order to do so, she lives at a homeless shelter for a month. During this time, she does everything that the women she is studying do and tells no one of her true identity. This method is
A) B) C) D)
an experiment. a survey. face-to-face interview. participant observation.
50) What term do sociologists use for the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?
A) B) C) D)
control group effect spurious response Hawthorne effect skewing
51) A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved intheir interactions. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
52)
replication. secondary analysis. the Hawthorne effect. value neutrality.
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use
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A) B) C) D)
53)
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be
A) B) C) D)
54)
more valid than other forms of research. more reliable than other forms of research. a nonreactive form of research. an outdated mode of research.
Which of the following statements pertaining to secondary data analysis is true?
A) B) C) D)
55)
questionnaires and interviews. participant observation. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another researcher. control groups.
It influences people's behavior. The data is generally difficult to acquire. It can provide researchers with everything they need. It does not require the collection of new data.
An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that
A) B) C) D)
the researcher may not find the exact data needed for their own research. the data are plagued with statistical errors. the researcher may be more careless when using someone else's data. all of the analysis has been completed by an initial research team.
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56) A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of
A) B) C) D)
content analysis. replication. survey research. an experiment.
57) Which of the following existing data sources is used most frequently for sociological research?
A) B) C) D)
58)
census data scientific records personal journals newspapers
Cost-efficiency is an advantage associated with which of the following research designs?
A) B) C) D)
59)
survey ethnography experiment existing sources
study of Italian street-corner men used participant observation.
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A) B) C) D)
Terry Mizrahi's William F. Whyte's Max Weber's Vilfredo Pareto's
60) Which of following principles is included in the American Sociological Association's (ASA) Code of Ethics?
A) B) C) D)
61)
maintaining popularity ability to disregard transparency protection of research subjects from personal harm subjectivity in research
Most sociological research uses
A) B) C) D)
as sources of information.
people newspapers scientific data census data
62) Why was Rik Scarce, a doctoral student at Washington State University, placed in jail in 1993?
A) B) C) D)
for preserving the confidentiality of a source involved in his research for raiding a university laboratory for "snitching" on university administrators for forging transcripts
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63) Which of the following is true regarding the Exxon Corporation after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
A) Exxon solicited anthropologists to do research on jury deliberations. B) Exxon offered research money for sociologists doing research on jury deliberations. C) Due to the controversy, none of the research funded by Exxon was published in peerreviewed journals. D) Ultimately, Exxon settled, awarding each plaintiff close to $100,000.
64) Which of the following was a common criticism of Exxon's actions after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
A) Exxon did not pay sociologists well enough for the research they did on jury deliberations. B) Exxon publicly agreed to fund only those sociologists who were known to be in favor of Exxon's policies and actions. C) No legal scholars were approached to do research on jury deliberations. D) Exxon did not volunteer to fund research on clean-up technologies or long-term environmental costs.
65)
Objectivity in the interpretation of data is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
external validity. reliability. value neutrality. internal validity.
66) Value neutrality focuses on which of the following challenges associated with sociological research and ethics? Version 1
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A) B) C) D)
the influence of a person's opinions and biases on the interpretation of data the relationship between the interviewer and the participant conflicts of interest associated with the funding of the research protecting subjects from personal harm
67) Which sociologist argued that sociological research should be open to bringing about social change and to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists?
A) B) C) D)
Jane Poulson Joyce Ladner Earl Wright II Karen Barkey
68) Recently, feminist scholars have become interested in self-injury, due in part to research that shows of self-injurers are female.
A) B) C) D)
69)
15 percent 50 percent 75 percent 85 percent
Which of the following is a common characteristic among feminist researchers?
A) B) C) D)
They tend to involve and consult subjects more than other researchers. They are more oriented toward stability rather than change. They are more inclined to conduct research that appeases the masses. They tend to focus more on quantitative than on qualitative data.
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70) To better understand male self-injurers, researchers Adler and Adler are currently testing what hypothesis?
A) B) C) D)
Self-injury is a manifestation of hypermasculinity in the tolerance of pain. Self-injury is a subconscious response to childhood trauma. Self-injury is a reflection of a need for control. Self-injury is a response to drug or alcohol addiction.
71) What conclusion did the National Bureau of Economic Research reach about gays and lesbians as subjects of sociological research?
A) Most research treats its gay and lesbian subjects with contempt. B) Most research considers the possibility that its subjects might be gay or lesbian. C) Most research underreports the number of gays and lesbians in the population. D) Most research begins from a position that sexuality is fluid and that gays and lesbians are in a state of transition.
72) The technique in which respondents are asked whether they consider themselves to be heterosexual in the context of other much less sensitive questions (such as “Did you spend a lot of time playing video games as a child?") is referred to as
A) B) C) D)
73)
value neutrality. operationalization. causal logic. veiled reporting.
We lack reliable data on patterns of sexual behavior because
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A) it is difficult for researchers to even broach the subject. B) until AIDS emerged in the 1980s, there was little scientific demand for data on sexual behavior except for specific concerns such as contraception. C) government funding for studies of sexual behavior is available, but not many want to ask for it. D) there has been an increase in the use of inaccurate data over the past decade.
74) Which of the following statements regarding Ogas and Gaddam's 2011 study on human sexual behavior is accurate?
A) Ogas and Gaddam could not distinguish between online fantasies and rational desires. B) Ogas and Gaddam were unable to differentiate the data pertaining to the web searches and the websites. C) Ogas and Gaddam found that women and men do not differ in their preferences. D) Ogas and Gaddam were able to distinguish between a single search and repeated search by the same person.
75) Which of the following has/have continuously perpetuated a highly sexualized environment?
A) B) C) D)
76)
mass media government health organizations religious organizations
Define the term scientific method and the five basic steps used in the scientific method.
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77) Discuss how a researcher might select a random sample of subjects for a research study. Which sample selection methods should researchers use, and which methods should be avoided?
78) Describe the various types of research designs and discuss the strengths and weakness of each design. Which type of research design is most commonly used by researchers, and which type of research design is the least reliable?
79) Discuss the issue of ethics and social research. Why is ethics crucial to social research, and what can be done to prevent ethical problems from taking place?
80)
In the context of ethics and social research, how can research be harmful to human life?
81) Define value neutrality and discuss its significance in sociological research. What issues can arise if value neutrality is ignored?
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82) Discuss the various ways feminist scholars differ in their interests and methodology from other scholars. Would feminist scholarship be considered an application of the functionalist, interactionist, or conflict perspective?
83) Explain how "veiled reporting" may result in underreporting of gay and lesbian subjects in survey research.
84) Discuss the difficulties of studying human sexuality. What factors have contributed to the availability and quantity of data pertaining to the subject?
85) Describe how the Internet can be used to conduct social research. Is the Internet a good or bad place to conduct social research?
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86)
The third step in the scientific method is reviewing the literature. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) In the statement "The more a person exercises, the longer he or she will live," longevity is the independent variable. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) A magazine asks its readers to complete a survey that questions them about their sexual practices. Based on the responses that it receives, the magazine publishes an article entitled "The Sexual Practices of Men and Women in the U.S." This magazine has conducted a valid random sample to support its article. ⊚ ⊚
true false
89) Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Not disclosing all sources of financial support is an example of an ethical violation, according to the APA's Code of Ethics. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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91) The anonymity and confidentially of a subject is of the utmost importance when conducting sociological research. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Feminist theorists always see work and leisure and paid and unpaid domestic work as two separate spheres. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) Feminist researchers tend to involve and consult their subjects more than other researchers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) Most research significantly underreports the proportion of gays and lesbians in the population. ⊚ ⊚
true false
95) The veiled reporting technique requires that researchers remain anonymous throughout the entire study. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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96)
Big data is only available to individuals with significant funding. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) Having data before assuming a hypothesis is correct is not recommended for sociological research. ⊚ ⊚
true false
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Answer Key Test name: chapter 2 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) B 10) B 11) B 12) A 13) C 14) A 15) A 16) B 17) C 18) C 19) A 20) A 21) A 22) D 23) A 24) B 25) C 26) B Version 1
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27) B 28) A 29) B 30) B 31) A 32) D 33) B 34) C 35) A 36) D 37) B 38) C 39) A 40) B 41) C 42) B 43) D 44) B 45) D 46) C 47) B 48) D 49) D 50) C 51) C 52) C 53) C 54) D 55) A 56) A Version 1
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57) A 58) D 59) B 60) C 61) A 62) A 63) B 64) D 65) C 66) A 67) C 68) D 69) A 70) A 71) C 72) D 73) B 74) A 75) A 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) FALSE Version 1
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