CHAPTER 1 1) Define organizational behavior (OB). How does it differ from human resource management (HRM)?
2) According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, what are the two individual outcomes? What are the goals of most workers? What are the goals of most managers? Do you feel the goals of the two align? Explain.
3) Briefly explain the importance of individual mechanisms featured in the integrative model of organizational behavior. Give an example for each.
4) Briefly explain the importance of group mechanisms featured in the integrative model of organizational behavior. Give an example of each mechanism.
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5) You are asked to analyze two companies using the resource-based view of organizations and distinguish which company has more valuable resources.
6)
Explain the Rule of One-Eighth.
7) Briefly describe the four different ways of knowing things. Give an example of each. Which way do you believe provides the soundest explanation and most compelling support?
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8) You have been fired as a consultant to use the scientific method to evaluate a problem at a sandwich shop. The owner currently holds a belief about the root of the problem but has asked you to take a closer look. You will need to deconstruct the scientific method process and determine what, if anything, is needed to complete the process of testing the belief.
9)
Briefly explain correlation.
10)
What is meta-analysis?
11) ________ is a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations. A) Organizational behavior B) Strategic management C) Behavioral research D) Human resource management E) Bureaucratic research
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12) Which of the following attributes have been identified as some of the worst behaviors exhibited by coworkers? A) resisting even beneficial change B) being first to arrive and last to leave C) getting a job done without being managed D) complaining about anything and everything E) feeling an attachment to an employer for the long haul
13) Which of the following takes the theories and principles studied in OB and explores the practical applications of those principles in organizations? A) human resource management B) operations management C) financial management D) strategic management E) economic research
14)
Strategic management focuses on
A) the theories and principles studied in OB and explores the applications of those principles within organizations. B) the corporate tactics and industry characteristics that affect an organization’s profitability. C) the satisfaction, emotions, and team processes found in OB. D) the individual mechanisms that directly affect job performance and organizational commitment. E) the degree to which employees feel that their company does business with fairness, honesty, and integrity.
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15)
When a firm expands into a new product segment, it is known as A) cartelization. B) product recall. C) diversification. D) monopolization. E) product divestment.
16) OB research on job performance and individual characteristics draws primarily from studies in ______ psychology. A) managerial and organizational B) industrial and organizational C) economic and organizational D) economic and managerial E) industrial and economic
17) Research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes found in OB draws heavily from studies in A) organizational sociology. B) industrial psychology. C) managerial sociology. D) economic sociology. E) social psychology.
18) A human resource management study might examine the best ways to structure training programs to promote employee learning, whereas a(n) ________ study might explore the relationship between learning and job performance. Version 1
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A) strategic management B) organizational behavior C) job satisfaction D) profitability E) behavioral
19) Which of the following is a primary individual outcome of interest to organizational behavior researchers according to the integrative model? A) organizational commitment B) team processes C) personality D) culture E) ability
20) Of the following, which is a primary individual outcome according to the integrative model? A) team cohesion B) job satisfaction C) emotional skills D) personality adaptability E) job performance
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21) Three employees work for the same big-box store but have different mixes of individual mechanisms. Jimmy works in facilities. He does not mind going to work every day but feels the company should pay him more per hour. While the work is generally not stressful, Jimmy does not have much motivation to complete his daily duties quickly, so he spreads them out to fill the workday. Jimmy was trained to perform his tasks in a certain way, and he performs his job in the same manner today as he did on the first day of work. Fatima works in door and window sales, and she enjoys not only selling but also talking about with customers. The job is not stressful, other than requiring her to stand most of the day. The store’s commission motivates Fatima to sell as much as possible and to offer suggestions to most customers. However, she is not entirely sure the commission accounts are being figured correctly and has begun to personally track her sales every day. Fatima feels that each customer interaction helps her to sharpen her customer-evaluation skills, allowing her to make intuitive decisions about which items to push to which customer. Paola works as a human resource manager and enjoys her job. She was promoted from office assistant and is thankful that she spends most of her day at her desk. Her position as manager means that she has to handle employee problems. That part of the job causes some stress to her personal skills, but she is motivated to improve her skills and do well in the job. Paola trusts her supervisor and the company as a whole but feels the company lacks in employee training, and at times she feels adrift on what tasks she is responsible for. Given this information, which of the following statements is more likely to be true? A) Paola has the best chance of achieving high individual outcomes in both job performance and organizational commitment. B) Jimmy has the best chance of achieving high individual outcomes in both job performance and organizational commitment. C) Fatima has the best chance of achieving high individual outcomes in both job performance and organizational commitment. D) Fatima has the lowest chance of achieving high individual outcomes of both job performance and organizational commitment. E) Paola has the lowest chance of achieving high individual outcomes of both job performance and organizational commitment.
22) According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, motivation, trust, justice, and ethics are
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A) organizational mechanisms. B) individual mechanisms. C) individual outcomes. D) group mechanisms. E) group outcomes.
23) Which of the following is an example of an individual mechanism from the integrative model that directly affects job performance and/or organizational commitment? A) Peggy is an extrovert, which may account for her position as top salesperson. B) Jamal’s daily job exceeds his physical capacities, and he is becoming depressed due to the strain. C) Ken is in a work group with a particularly difficult coworker, and he is considering asking for a transfer. D) Haru was hesitant about his new job when he learned that all decisions pass through one person, a surly department head. E) Diane possesses the cognitive ability to work the sales floor, but she lacks the emotional skills necessary for working with the public.
24) Which of the following reflect(s) the degree to which employees feel that their company does business with fairness, honesty, and integrity? A) trust, justice, and ethics B) personality and ability C) job satisfaction D) team processes E) motivation
25) Which of the following is the term used when employees’ psychological responses to job demands that tax or exceed their capabilities?
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A) job performance B) leadership style C) job satisfaction D) ability E) stress
26) Which of these individual mechanisms captures what employees feel when they think about their job and doing their day-to-day work? A) job performance B) job satisfaction C) personality D) ability E) stress
27) As Shontay gains experience, she obtains job knowledge and uses this knowledge to manage her employees effectively. Which individual mechanism is referred to in this statement? A) learning and decision making B) trust, justice, and ethics C) personality and ability D) team processes E) motivation
28) Which of the following individual characteristics illustrated in the integrative model of OB reflect the various traits and tendencies that describe how people act, with commonly studied traits including extraversion, conscientiousness, and collectivism?
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A) trust, justice, and ethics B) learning and decision making C) personality and cultural values D) job performance and organizational commitment E) organizational structure and organizational culture
29) In the integrative model, the individual characteristic ________ includes cognitive abilities, emotional skills, and physical abilities. A) personality B) ability C) cultural values D) trust E) motivation
30)
Which of the following is an example of a group mechanism? A) ability B) motivation C) trust, justice, and ethics D) organizational commitment E) team characteristics and diversity
31)
Which of the following group mechanisms summarizes how teams behave?
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A) team characteristics and diversity B) team personality C) team responsibilities D) leader styles and behaviors E) team processes and communication
32) Which of the following captures the specific actions that leaders take to influence others at work? A) leader influence and negotiation B) leader styles and behaviors C) leader cultural values D) leader personality E) leader power
33) Which organizational mechanism illustrated by the integrative model captures “the way things are” in an organization? A) organizational leadership B) organizational culture C) organizational structure D) organizational ability E) organization size
34) Organizational ________ is the organizational mechanism in the integrative model that dictates how the units within the firm link to other units.
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A) culture B) ability C) leadership D) performance E) structure
35)
Which of the following statements is correct when considering OB internationally?
A) Many OB practices are universal across all cultures. B) Companies manage diversity by composing work groups with employees who all share the same national culture. C) Expatriates are employees living outside their country of origin. D) The number of international companies is decreasing due to problems with cultural understanding. E) The majority of OB theories and practices are “culture free.”
36) Which of the following statements about the resource-based view of organizations is accurate? A) It suggests that resources are valuable because they are plentiful. B) It describes what makes resources capable of creating long-term profits for the firm. C) It suggests that inimitable resources are of lesser value to an organization. D) A firm’s resources include resources related to individual behavior. E) It suggests that the value of resources depends on a single factor.
37) The level of creativity demonstrated by Yosef’s coworkers is rare. Therefore, according to the ________, these employees are valuable to the firm.
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A) resource-based view of organizations B) integrative theory of organizational behavior C) normative selection model D) economic theory of the firm E) performance-based theory of organizations
38) The resource-based view of organizations states that people are valuable assets because their knowledge, skills, and abilities are ______ and also because people are inimitable. A) foundational B) rare C) widespread D) individual E) interchangeable
39) they
According to the resource-based view of organizations, people are inimitable because
A) are necessary for building coworkers’ morale. B) are necessary for the production of goods and/or services. C) do their work with more precision than a machine could achieve. D) create lasting changes in the organization that can be replicated if necessary. E) make many small decisions that cannot be replicated by other organizations.
40)
According to the resource-based view, a resource is more valuable when it is
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A) easily mimicked. B) easily obtained. C) financial in nature. D) physical in nature. E) hard to find.
41) it is
The resource-based view of organizations suggests that a resource is more valuable when
A) simple. B) complex. C) inimitable. D) expensive. E) substitutable.
42) Gateway Corporation developed a new form of technology for which it holds a patent. This technology allowed it to significantly reduce the cost of production on its major product line. This resource is A) simple. B) complex. C) inimitable. D) hypothetical. E) substitutable.
43)
Examples of socially complex resources include
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A) culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. B) satisfaction, stress, motivation, trust, and learning. C) coordination, conflict, and cohesion. D) strength, endurance, and awareness. E) personality and cultural values.
44)
Which of the following statements concerning OB practices is not accurate?
A) It is easy to “fix” companies that struggle with OB issues. B) OB requires a belief that several different practices are important. C) Effective OB management practices include a long-term commitment to improve those practices. D) Good OB seems to matter in terms of company profitability. E) No one thing, in and of itself, can increase profitability.
45) Which of the following examples shows an effective way of dealing with the international element of OB? A) Nancy adjusted her approach with an employee from South Korea because he had different motivations than U.S. employees do. B) Hinata felt ashamed about discussing with her manager the difficulties of adjusting to American business practices. C) Larry assumed the policies he used for his Chicago office would work equally as well in the new Tokyo branch. D) Sean decided to ignore the international aspect of his work team because he did not want to play favorites. E) Mario believes the principles of OB management are consistent in countries throughout the world.
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46) Gabriel has come to mistrust the company he works for in recent months. Which of the following examples most likely caused this? A) Gabriel’s efforts to offer employees flexible hours failed. B) Gabriel learned that his employer uses unethical financial reporting practices. C) Gabriel became disappointed when his employer did not hire a family member. D) Gabriel had to lay off an employee due to restructuring. E) Gabriel proposed a policy that was partially successful in decreasing staff hours on a project.
47) Crate and Barrel, a retailer based out of Illinois, wants to increase the motivation of its employees. Which of the following examples would most likely achieve this? A) a performance-based incentive system for its employees in which workers’ pay will be based on their productivity B) a reduction of vacation benefits for employees who have been working at the company for less than five years C) the implementation of a new invoicing system that will enable employees to do more work for the same pay D) a more hands-on managerial style in which all employees would have to punch in and out with a time clock E) the consolidation of two departments into one, thereby reducing overhead expenses
48) You are the CEO of a business who wants to use an integrative model of OB. Which of the following actions would you take to implement this? A) Use one work team, but do not appoint a specified leader. B) Have employees work alone but occasionally report to a manager. C) Divide your employees into three work teams, each headed by a different leader. D) Have employees work closely with two other people but without forming a team. E) Use a work team for the managers, but have the other employees work individually.
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49) You are a new employee who wants to impress upon your manager how valuable you are to the company. According to the resource-based view, which of the following actions should you take? A) Play it safe and avoid suggesting ideas that might seem risky. B) Agree with whatever your manager says, even if you disagree. C) Make sure you arrive on time each workday and attend all the meetings. D) Act in a friendly way with your coworkers and contribute to team discussions. E) Make unique, significant contributions to the company that most employees could not achieve.
50)
In which of the following scenarios does history create a business advantage?
A) Using its market research, Roasty Toasty devises the best-selling toaster oven to hit the market in the last 20 years. B) To maintain a business advantage, Crumble Cookies keeps the recipe for its highly popular sugar cookies secret. C) HiTop’s new ad campaign gives this hair products company a business advantage over competitors. D) The first company to sell robotic vacuums in the retail market, Run Around Room, uses its experience to maintain a business advantage. E) Effortless Enterprises and KLB, Inc., both East Coast product design firms, have been fierce competitors for more than 10 years.
51)
Which of the following scenarios would be the most invisible to competitors?
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A) Adorn, Inc., fires its marketing director and hires a new one. B) Sport ’n’ Spice lowers its prices on athletic wear. C) OPP, Ltd., opens a manufacturing plant in Indonesia. D) Nature’s Best starts a new line of natural vitamins. E) Five for Five, Ltd., hires a new human resource manager for its Austin office.
52)
According to the Rule of One-Eighth,
A) at least 88 percent of organizations will do everything necessary to put people first and thereby build profits. B) at best, 12 percent of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first. C) 75 percent of organizations won’t believe the connection between how they manage their people and the profits they earn. D) 38 percent of the organizations try to make a single change to solve their problems. E) one in eight organizations miserably fails at making the people-to-profit connection.
53) Top Shelf Enterprises is conducting its annual performance review. Which of the following employees would Top Shelf view as being the most inimitable? A) Juana, who has had difficulty getting along with members of her work team B) Bert, who has often been late to meetings and complains about his workload C) Takumi, who devised a new component that increased company sales by 25 percent D) Liam, who has been a steady and reliable worker for the company for over five years E) Lotte, who has brilliant suggestions but often fails to follow them all the way through
54) According to the Rule of One-Eighth, which of the following scenarios is the most common?
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A) The CEO of Starbridge, Inc., read books about how putting people first builds profits but did not believe them. B) The CEO of Energize, Inc., implemented comprehensive changes to put employees first but ended this plan prematurely. C) The CEO of LongRun, Inc., increased the benefits of employees, which was one of many suggested changes to put people first. D) The CEO of ShoreIsland, Inc., made long-lasting changes that put employees first and, as a result, the company’s profits soared. E) The CEO of UpGrade, Inc., gave employees more responsibility over their work but stopped this approach after only two months.
55)
Which of the following are two of the methods by which people “know” things? A) method of intuition and method of education B) method of education and method of authority C) method of experience and method of science D) method of authority and method of research E) method of inference and method of education
56) Which of the following methods suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because it is consistent with their own observations? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience
57) Ellis decided to open the store for longer hours because it seemed to be the obvious thing to do. Which of the following philosophies is he relying on?
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A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience
58) Of the following methods, which suggests that people hold firmly to some belief because some respected official, agency, or source has said it is so? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience
59) Riku, a human resource (HR) manager, believes that his implementation of HR practices in the company is impeccable because he received the recommendations for these practices directly from the CEO. Which of the following philosophies is he relying on? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience
60) Choose the method that suggests people hold firmly to some belief because it seems obvious or self-evident.
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A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience
61) Ella believes that a 360-degree performance review is ideal for her company because she recently read about a major survey of Fortune 100 companies that highlighted the effectiveness of this method. Which of the following philosophies is she relying on? A) method of science B) method of intuition C) method of behavior D) method of authority E) method of experience
62)
Who is considered to be the originator of the scientific method? A) Jeffrey Pfeffer B) Frederick Taylor C) Charles Darwin D) Sir Francis Bacon E) Adam Smith
63) ________ is defined as a collection of assertions that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should and should not be related.
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A) Hypothesis B) Information C) Paradigm D) Data E) Theory
64)
The scientific method begins with A) theory. B) auditing. C) paradigm. D) hypotheses. E) verification.
65)
In the 1960s, a popular ad stated that “Blondes have more fun!” This is an example of A) a positive correlation. B) negative causation. C) a proven fact. D) verification. E) data.
66)
The scientific method requires that theories be used to inspire A) verification. B) hypotheses. C) experience. D) intuition. E) auditing.
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67)
________ are written predictions that specify relations between variables. A) Hypotheses B) Verifications C) Theories D) Data E) Collections
68) You are a manager who uses the method of intuition to make decisions. Considering this, which of the following actions would you probably take? A) You hire more workers because it just makes sense. B) You fire fifteen employees because your boss claims this action was necessary. C) You recommend expanding your company into Canada because of survey reports. D) You approve a budget for a new product lined based on extensive market research. E) You lower your bid for a new project due to your history with a competitor who is also submitting a bid.
69) Malik believes in making decisions based on the method of experience. Considering this, which of the following actions would he most likely take? A) He would buy the ClearPrint copy machine because the choice seems obvious. B) He would buy the Sharpes copy machine because a consumer magazine highly recommends it. C) He would buy the Armstrong copy machine because research shows it is the least expensive to maintain. D) He would buy the Shashin copy machine because he liked his previous machine, which was made by Shashin. E) He would buy the Schultz copy machine because surveys of the product show the highest customer approval.
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70) Venia, who often relies on the method of authority, has to make an important decision about marketing a product. She is most likely to A) hire an ad agency because she liked working with the agency before. B) hire an ad agency because her close friend works for the agency. C) hire an ad agency because many other companies have hired it. D) hire an ad agency because a survey showed it was effective. E) hire an ad agency because her boss recommended it.
71) You work for a company that manufactures jeans, and you have an idea about how cold weather correlates with buying jeans. If you were implementing the scientific method for this company, which of the following actions would you do first? A) Write a report showing how the data proves that more jeans sell in cold weather. B) Predict that more of the company’s jeans will sell in January than in July. C) Collect data to prove that jeans will sell more in January than in July. D) Distribute surveys to find out how cold weather affects customers. E) Assert that cold weather makes people buy more jeans.
72)
Which of the following is an example of meta-analysis?
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A) Yeeun used one study, which used a consistent measuring method, to determine the cause of employee stress. B) Sosuke used one study, which combined different samples, to determine why customers buy a certain product. C) Gail used two studies, each using the same samples and measures, to determine why sales of a product have declined. D) Sergio combined several studies, each using the same measuring method, to determine why profitability has increased. E) Fionn combined several studies, each using different kinds of samples and measures, to determine the cause of employee turnover.
73) Which of the following correlations indicates no relationship at all between two variables? A) 1 B) −1 C) 0 D) 0.10 E) −0.10
74) Which of the following correlations indicates a perfect positive relationship between two variables? A) 1 B) −1 C) 0 D) 100 E) −100
75)
________ summarize the statistical relationships between variables.
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A) Hypotheses B) Correlations C) Observations D) Collections E) Theories
76)
Correlations can be positive or negative and can range from A) 0 to 1. B) −1 to 1. C) 0 to +100. D) −10 to 0. E) −10 to 10.
77) In organizational behavior research, a correlation of .50 is considered ________, given the sheer number of things that can affect how employees feel and act. A) weak B) perfect C) moderate D) irrelevant E) strong
78)
Which of the following explains the termcausal inferences?
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A) proving that two variables are correlated B) making sure the sample size is adequate enough C) explaining why one variable is not correlated to another D) establishing that one variable truly does result in another E) analyzing a situation and understanding what went wrong
79)
Which of these is one of the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences? A) The presumed cause follows the presumed effect in time. B) Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation. C) Factors other than the variables in question could create causation. D) No alternative explanation exists for the correlation between two variables. E) The sample size is large enough.
80) A study shows that people who walk every day are less likely to develop heart disease. Which of the following criteria of causal inference does this example show? A) The two variables are not correlated. B) Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation. C) The presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time. D) The study was conducted in an open environment. E) The sample size is large enough.
81) A study shows that the high turnover rate at a company is caused only by the domineering attitude of a middle manager. What criteria of causal inference does this example show?
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A) The study was conducted in an open environment. B) No alternative explanation exists for the correlation. C) The presumed effect precedes the presumed cause in time. D) The two variables are not correlated. E) The sample size is large enough.
82) Which of these takes all the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average of them? A) alpha analysis B) gamma analysis C) meta-analysis D) causal analysis E) beta analysis
83) Ji-woo is interested in the effects of the choice of reward on employee motivation. She knows that there have been several studies done on this subject and compares their results looking for an average correlation. Ji-woo is conducting a A) meta-analysis. B) mediocre analysis. C) medial analysis. D) remedial analysis. E) moderated analysis.
84)
Which of the following options is not a factor in the scientific method?
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A) verification B) hypothesis C) data D) theory E) application
85) Manon supports an evidence-based management style. Considering this, which of the following actions would she most likely take? A) disregarding a causal inference that indicates the cause of employee dissatisfaction B) taking the advice of a government agency on how to increase employee motivation C) lessening the reliance on analytics to hire employees and instead relying more on intuition D) hiring more research and development experts for the human resource department E) combining meta-analysis with her own experience to determine the cause of employee turnover
86) Strategic management focuses on the corporate tactics and industry characteristics that affect an organization’s profitability. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) The theories and concepts found in OB are drawn from two disciplines: human resource management and strategic management. ⊚ ⊚
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88) The two primary outcomes of interest to OB researchers, employees, and managers are job performance and organizational commitment. ⊚ ⊚
true false
89) Much of what we know about organizational behavior is considered universal and “culture free,” meaning that managing people presents the same challenges everywhere. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Learning and decision making deal with how employees gain job knowledge and how they use that knowledge to make accurate judgments on the job. ⊚ ⊚
true false
91) Organizational behavior is a field of study taking the theories and principles of OB and exploring the practical applications of those principles in organizations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) Like individual characteristics, group mechanisms shape satisfaction, stress, motivation, trust, and learning. ⊚ ⊚
true false
93) To counter the effects of a bad product, effective management of OB can help improve the product incrementally over the long term. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
94) According to the resource-based view of organizations, a firm’s resources include only financial and physical resources, such as buildings, machines, and technology. ⊚ ⊚
true false
95) Resources such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation are termed “socially complex” because it is not always clear which organizations do (and do not) possess them, although it is clear how they came to develop. ⊚ ⊚
true false
96) Firms that undergo an initial public offering (IPO) typically have longer histories and rely on products or services that have already been established in the marketplace. ⊚ ⊚
true false
97) OB research suggests that there is no one thing that, in and of itself, can increase profitability. ⊚ ⊚
98)
true false
The integrative model of OB was designed with the Rule of One-Fifth in mind. ⊚ ⊚
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99) Theory is defined as a collection of assertions—both verbal and symbolic—that specify how and why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related. ⊚ ⊚
100)
true false
A correlation describes the statistical relationship between three variables. ⊚ true ⊚ false
101) The method of intuition states that people hold firmly to some belief because it “just stands to reason”—it seems obvious or self-evident. ⊚ ⊚
102)
The strength of a correlation can be inferred from the “compactness” of its scatterplot. ⊚ ⊚
103)
true false
Understanding correlation is important because OB questions are “yes or no” in nature. ⊚ ⊚
104)
true false
true false
Causal inferences means establishing that one variable really does cause another.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
105) Meta-analysis takes all the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average (such that correlations based on studies with small samples are weighted more than correlations based on studies with small samples). ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 01_8e_ Colquitt 11) A 12) D 13) A 14) B 15) C 16) B 17) E 18) B 19) A 20) E 21) C 22) B 23) B 24) A 25) E 26) B 27) A 28) C 29) B 30) E 31) E 32) B 33) B 34) E 35) C 36) B Version 1
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37) A 38) B 39) E 40) E 41) C 42) C 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) B 47) A 48) C 49) E 50) D 51) E 52) B 53) C 54) A 55) C 56) E 57) B 58) D 59) D 60) B 61) A 62) D 63) E 64) A 65) A 66) B Version 1
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67) A 68) A 69) D 70) E 71) E 72) E 73) C 74) A 75) B 76) B 77) E 78) D 79) D 80) C 81) B 82) C 83) A 84) E 85) D 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) FALSE Version 1
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97) TRUE 98) FALSE 99) TRUE 100) FALSE 101) TRUE 102) TRUE 103) FALSE 104) TRUE 105) FALSE
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CHAPTER 2 1) Define job performance. Does it involve results, such as the dollar value of sales? Why or why not?
2) What is task performance, and what are the various dimensions involved in it? Give examples.
3) Define job analysis, explain its importance in determining job performance, and list the basic steps involved in job analysis.
4)
Define citizenship behavior and discuss its categories and subcategories. Give examples.
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5) You are asked to analyze six different work incidents and determine which type of counterproductive behavior is present, if any, and then rate the severity of each incident.
6)
Describe some of the trends that affect job performance in the contemporary workplace.
7) Service jobs have been increasing in the U.S. economy. What are the implications for job performance?
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8) As you read the following case study, keep in mind the five well-known practices in which job performance information is used to manage employee performance. Consider which are most being used by the two owners that the business has had. Sunrise Roofing is a family-owned business that has been operating for more than 35 years. Dale Price Sr. started the business, and Dale Price Jr. continues the business to this day. The work itself has changed very little over the years but job performance, and the evaluation of job performance, has changed over that time.
9) Explain the forced ranking method using Jack Welch’s “vitality curve.” How successful has it been as a performance management technique?
10)
Discuss the use of social media apps for performance management.
11) Which of the following is attributed to using results as the primary indicator of job performance?
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A) good citizenship behavior B) an accurate picture of an employee’s worth C) a bottom-line mentality among employees D) provides information to improve behavior E) increased profit and customer retention
12) In their evaluation of his performance as a trainer in the sales department of Ogilvy Pharmaceuticals, Jeremy’s supervisors look at such factors as the amount of time he spends with each of his trainees, his coverage of all key points in training, his success rate in turning out trained salespeople within the amount of time allotted, and so forth. In other words, Jeremy’s supervisors are evaluating his A) task performance. B) job performance. C) service work. D) boosterism. E) civic virtue.
13) As the manager of a local store selling a popular brand of smartphone, Ayesha is evaluating the employees who work with walk-in customers. She looks at such factors as positive or negative customer comments about each employee, their sales relative to those of their coworkers, the amount of time they spend with each customer, the knowledge they exhibit when answering customer questions, and so forth. Ayesha is evaluating each of these employees in terms of their A) task performance. B) job performance. C) citizenship behavior. D) counterproductive behavior. E) courtesy.
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14) Xavier sells luxury boats for a living, but in recent months his sales have slumped. This is partly due to an economic recession, which has led to a downturn in the market. In addition, Xavier has been distracted by the fact that his mother has been in the hospital. As a result of his decline in sales, Xavier recently received a bad job performance rating. Why would he have grounds to dispute this rating? A) His mother’s illness is a factor beyond his control. B) Results do not tell him how to reverse a “bad year.” C) The economic downturn is a factor beyond his control. D) His manager’s focus on the bottom line has led to social undermining. E) He is contributing to the organization in ways that go beyond the bottom line.
15) Donnell is a computer programmer whose job performance rating notes that he often goes out to the parking lot and sits in his car during lunch hour. He is otherwise sociable and is never late coming back from lunch; therefore, this is not an appropriate item to include on his job performance rating because it A) is not a behavior relevant to the accomplishment of organizational goals. B) demonstrates an undue focus on interpersonal citizenship behavior. C) relates to his task performance rather than his job performance. D) implies that he is doing something wrong by sitting in his car. E) concerns citizenship behavior rather than job performance.
16) Cheryl continually boosts morale at the sales office of Monroe Consumer Products, and she has helped a number of her colleagues through difficult situations. Nevertheless, she received a bad job performance rating because her sales for the quarter were down. This job performance rating is
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A) wrong; Cheryl is contributing to the organization in ways that go beyond bottom-line results. B) wrong; an emphasis on results such as sales would encourage Cheryl to behave unethically. C) right; even if Cheryl can claim problems that were beyond her control, it is no one’s concern but her own. D) right; if Cheryl is rewarded with a good job performance rating, it will encourage other employees to slack off. E) right; in spite of her positive qualities, Cheryl has failed to produce, and results are what really matter in the end.
17) When job performance evaluation time rolls around, Michael always comes out ahead of his coworkers, but his success comes at a price. He has been known to give his supervisors negative (and sometimes untrue) information about his coworkers, and when it looks as though someone else may be about to get a better job performance evaluation, bad things tend to happen to that person, such as lost paperwork or missed meetings due to deleted calendar appointments. In terms of organizational behavior and the principles of job performance evaluations, it is clear that A) the organization has failed to create a sense of group cohesion and an attitude of organizational citizenship. B) unethical behavior on the part of his supervisors has led Michael to seek advancement by any means possible. C) Michael is showing the kind of resourcefulness that rightly has earned him high job performance ratings in the past. D) other employees have failed to understand, as Michael clearly has, that personal success equates with organizational success. E) Michael’s supervisors’ emphasis on results has created an environment in which an employee might use unethical behavior to get ahead.
18) When examining job performance, behaviors that contribute positively to the organization fall into which two broad categories?
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A) knowledge work and service work B) voice and civic virtue C) task performance and citizenship behavior D) job analysis and job performance E) production deviance and property deviance
19) The explicit obligations that an employee must fulfill to receive compensation and continued employment are referred to as A) job performance. B) citizenship behavior. C) knowledge work. D) task performance. E) civic virtue.
20) Karl considers applying for an advertisement for a staff accountant at a local hospital. The ad mentions handling accounts payable and accounts receivable, payroll, worker’s compensation and unemployment insurance, and other financial matters related to the operation of the hospital. These items in the job description are all examples of A) job analysis. B) task performance. C) job performance. D) citizenship behavior. E) forced ranking.
21) Ntalo is responsible for ordering the office supplies for a manufacturing firm. After several years on the job, he knows exactly which brands to purchase and has a system for reordering various items. This is an example of
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A) job performance. B) adaptive task performance. C) knowledge work. D) routine task performance. E) citizenship behavior.
22) Carmine is exhausted after another long day of answering the phones at the law firm of Lessup, Mitchum, and Holloway. He says those three names several hundred times a day, followed by “How my direct your call?” This is an example of A) adaptive task performance. B) routine task performance. C) citizenship behavior. D) job performance. E) knowledge work.
23) Teresa works in a chemical factory where her job involves inspecting containers of kerosene as they pass down the assembly line. She goes through a five-step process compliant with safety regulations laid down in the company manual, and she seldom has to think about her work. One day, however, a fire broke out on the line, and Teresa, who saw it before anyone else, grabbed an extinguisher just in time. Had she not acted quickly, the fire would have quickly spread, potentially resulting in widespread injuries and property damage. In terms of organizational behavior, what is the best way to describe this situation?
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A) Teresa’s job is usually very routine, but on this occasion it became exciting. B) Teresa’s job demands that she remain vigilant, but this time she needed to be extra vigilant. C) Normally, Teresa’s job involves routine task performance, but this situation required adaptability. D) Usually, Teresa’s job calls for routine task performance, but in this situation she had to be creative. E) On a typical day, Teresa’s job requires adaptability, but this situation called for creative task performance.
24) of
Employee responses to task demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable are a part
A) job performance. B) adaptive task performance. C) creative task performance. D) routine task performance. E) citizenship behavior.
25) Jamal, a police officer with a big-city force, apprehended a suspect fleeing the scene of a gas station robbery. The suspect ran for three blocks, taking several sharp turns, before Jamal managed to tackle and handcuff him and read him his rights, by which time other officers had arrived on the scene to take him to the station for booking. Jamal later described the situation to family and friends as “all in a day’s work,” but in organizational terms this is an example of A) job performance. B) citizenship behavior. C) routine task performance. D) creative task performance. E) adaptive task performance.
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26) Handling work stress and emergencies, solving problems creatively, and responding to unpredictable demands are all aspects of A) citizenship behavior. B) civic virtue. C) helping. D) adaptability. E) service work.
27) Remaining composed and cool when faced with difficult circumstances or a highly demanding workload or schedule, and acting as a calming and settling influence on others, are all part of ________, one of the behaviors involved in adaptability. A) dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations B) handling emergencies or crisis situations C) demonstrating interpersonal adaptability D) solving problems creatively E) handling work stress
28) Agnes is an inventor whose work has made people’s lives better in a number of ways. As one commentator observed, “It’s not just that her work is original—wearing shoes on your head is original—but it’s also useful.” Agnes’s work is an example of A) organizational citizenship behavior. B) interpersonal citizenship behavior. C) adaptive task performance. D) creative task performance. E) routine task performance.
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29) Jacob, a sculptor, is known for creating statues that combine traditional materials such as marble or bronze with recycled parts from discarded machines. His pieces bring tens of thousands of dollars at auction, and this allows him to pay the salary of assistants such as Ernesto, an aspiring sculptor. Ernesto sharpens Jacob's chisels, scours junk yards for machines Jacob might use, and cleans up the rock chips and other debris in Jacob’s studio. The difference between their two positions is best described in organizational terms by saying that Jacob’s work involves ________ task performance, whereas Ernesto’s is ________ task performance. A) creative; primarily concerned with adaptive B) adaptive; primarily concerned with creative C) adaptive; primarily concerned with routine D) routine; primarily concerned with adaptive E) creative; primarily concerned with routine
30) Charlotte is an accountant whose client list includes an array of Fortune 500 companies. She has developed algorithms that have saved her clients millions, and, as many satisfied customers have testified, her solutions are often unexpected but always legal and effective. Yet Charlotte maintains that the real star in her family is her younger sister, Kiana, whose short stories have been published in journals and magazines. However, so far Kiana’s short stories do not pay the bills, so she took a job as an editorial assistant at a major publishing company—a job that has given Kiana the opportunity to meet famous authors. In terms of organizational behavior, the best way to describe the difference between Charlotte’s and Kiana’s jobs is to say that Charlotte’s job ________ than Kiana’s. A) is much more involved in creative task performance B) requires a good deal more education C) has more to do with routine tasks D) involves much less creativity E) pays much more
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31) Marcel, Jia, and Rob work for Dr. Hassan at Woodford Dentistry. One day, Marcel was in the small parking lot behind the office and noticed a sizeable pool of water near the building. He and the others determined that there was a leak in the drainage pipes. A plumber agreed with their assessment, but the plumber could not find the exact spot where the water was leaking. Given that the pipes lay under concrete, digging them out would involve a great deal of time and expense—not to mention noise and dust. Then Jia had an idea: Since Dr. Hassan, like many dentists, kept a small amount of radioactive material on hand for making dental implants, they could release an extremely small portion through each of the sinks, toilets, and other drains in succession, then use a Geiger counter, which measures radioactivity, to locate the leak. Jia’s coworkers scoffed, but Dr. Hassan said it would be possible to release an amount of material too small to be harmful but large enough to register on the Geiger counter. The plumber said it sounded like a good idea, and thanks to Jia, the leak was soon located and the plumber was able to fix it with a minimum of trouble. In arriving at this solution, Jia demonstrated one of the behaviors involved in adaptability, namely A) dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations. B) learning work tasks, technologies, and work situations. C) handling emergencies or crisis situations. D) demonstrating interpersonal adaptability. E) solving problems creatively.
32)
Which of the following statements about task performance is incorrect?
A) Creative task performance involves employee responses to task demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable. B) Task performance refers to employee behaviors directly involved in the transformation of resources into goods or services the organization produces. C) When performing routine tasks, employees behave in habitual or programmed ways. D) Adaptive task performance is crucial in today’s global economy. E) More than half of the total wages and salaries in the United States are paid to employees who need to be creative as part of their jobs.
33) The process by which an organization determines the requirements associated with a specific job is referred to as a
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A) job analysis. B) forced ranking. C) job evaluation. D) ranking analysis. E) forced analysis.
34) Mustafa and his team are about to begin performing a job analysis for the position of biomedical engineer at their firm. The very first thing they should do is A) examine highly rated activities, which can then be incorporated into training programs as learning objectives. B) consult with a university to determine the requirements for obtaining a degree in biomedical engineering. C) generate a list of activities involved with the job, using data collected through observations, surveys, and interviews. D) look for activities that can become a part of performance evaluation systems as measures to evaluate task performance. E) arrange for a group of subject matter experts to evaluate the job in terms of the importance and frequency of the activities involved.
35) If organizations find it impractical to use job analysis to identify the set of behaviors needed to define task performance, they can use A) a job performance ranking. B) 360-degree feedback. C) management by objectives. D) behaviorally anchored rating scales. E) the Occupational Information Network.
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36) The Occupational Information Network (or O*NET) is useful for many things, but it does not provide A) a resource for organizations that find it impractical to use job analysis. B) the task requirements unique to a particular organization. C) the knowledge and skills required to perform a task. D) the characteristics of most jobs in terms of tasks. E) the behaviors associated with a given job.
37) Felicia is an experienced lab technician, but at the moment she is not working in the lab but instead is reviewing a list of activities associated with her job and rating them in terms of their importance. Most likely, Felicia is a A) job seeker considering the best qualities she could bring to her new job. B) soon-to-be retiree preparing to train the person who will replace her. C) boss completing a job performance evaluation of her subordinates. D) subject matter expert involved in a job analysis. E) researcher conducting an industrywide study.
38) Kevin works for Outrageous Burger, a nationwide fast-food chain, but his job does not involve flipping patties or making fries. Instead, he is sitting before a computer screen in the company’s corporate offices, writing something. “Place the two halves of the bun on the counter,” one line reads, “and then add enough shredded lettuce to cover the bottom bun to a depth of not more than 0.25 inches.” In all likelihood, Kevin is writing a A) series of directions for a training script. B) list of core job tasks for a detailed job analysis. C) critique of an employee’s mishandling of job tasks. D) report for an industry publication regarding job tasks. E) detailed analysis of a day in the life of a fast-food worker.
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39) ________ describes voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place. A) Creative task performance B) Adaptive task performance C) Counterproductive behavior D) Citizenship behavior E) Routine task performance
40)
The two main categories of citizenship behavior are A) social and organizational. B) social and intrapersonal. C) social and political. D) interpersonal and political. E) interpersonal and organizational.
41)
If employees are keeping coworkers informed about relevant facts and events, they are A) using their voice, an organizational citizenship behavior. B) being courteous, an interpersonal citizenship behavior. C) helping, an organizational citizenship behavior. D) using their voice, an interpersonal citizenship behavior. E) showing boosterism, an organizational citizenship behavior.
42) ________ involves maintaining a good attitude with coworkers, even when they’ve done something annoying or when the unit is going through tough times.
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A) Helping B) Courtesy C) Sportsmanship D) Boosterism E) Civic virtue
43) ________ involves assisting coworkers who have heavy workloads, aiding them with personal matters, and showing new employees the ropes when they first arrive on the job. A) Courtesy B) Civic virtue C) Helping D) Sportsmanship E) Boosterism
44) Today was a tough day at Yarmouth Real Estate. City hall announced new zoning requirements that will make it harder to convert apartment buildings to condominiums, the type of property Yarmouth specializes in selling. Sonja, the head broker, called a meeting in the conference room. Just as Sonja was starting the meeting, the fire alarm went off, forcing everyone into the parking lot until the fire department was able to check the building and determine that the alarm had been triggered accidentally. Despite the disturbing events, Sonja managed to smile and even joke about the situation, cheering others up in the process. Her behavior is an example of A) helping. B) courtesy. C) sportsmanship. D) civic virtue. E) boosterism.
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45) Although interpersonal citizenship behavior is beneficial in many contexts, it may be most important when people work in A) service jobs. B) managerial jobs. C) small groups. D) large groups. E) technical jobs.
46)
Organizational citizenship behaviors include A) sportsmanship. B) civic virtue. C) courtesy. D) helping. E) respect.
47) Some people react to bad rules or policies by constructively trying to change them instead of passively complaining about them. This positive characteristic is known as A) helping. B) sportsmanship. C) voice. D) civic virtue. E) boosterism.
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48) Emily, Shalonda, and Tomas all work at Terence Butler Life & Auto, an insurance agency. Their boss, Terence, has a very full schedule, but he knows he can rely on his three employees. Emily specifically takes on the role of attending all community-related meetings and functions where the agency might have a stake, and Shalonda helps out with constructive suggestions on the operation of the office. Tomas makes it his job to serve as unofficial representative for the agency, ensuring that it maintains a positive image not only with customers, but also with neighboring businesses and the community as a whole. These employees’ actions are examples of A) creative task performance. B) organizational citizenship behavior. C) routine task performance. D) adaptive task performance. E) interpersonal citizenship behavior.
49) Tandy works in the legal department at SportCity, a chain of health clubs with a large regional office. In addition to performing the functions directly associated with her job, she goes out of her way to represent her department in companywide meetings, keeps up with announcements relevant to the legal department, and stays up to date on industry news related to SportCity. Her behavior is an example of A) helping. B) boosterism. C) civic virtue. D) sportsmanship. E) voice.
50) Anyone who talks to Trung for more than a few minutes knows that he works for Mountain Cabin Resorts, which he always maintains is the best vacation rental company in the country. In fact, Trung has plenty of positive things to say about his employer, and if there are any negatives, no one would know it from talking to him. Trung’s behavior is an example of
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A) voice. B) helping. C) civic virtue. D) boosterism. E) sportsmanship.
51) Everyone at the St. Louis offices of Dominique Marceau Cosmetics came to the company holiday party—all except for Melanie, who told her coworkers that going to the party was “a waste of time.” When Melanie’s supervisor told her she had been missed, Melanie claimed that her mother was sick, but she later laughed about this behind her supervisor’s back and said that she spent the evening out partying with friends. Melanie’s behavior shows a lack of A) voice. B) helping. C) civic virtue. D) boosterism. E) sportsmanship.
52) Bradley may be an entry-level fry cook at Danny Boy’s, a fast-food restaurant, but he thinks and acts far beyond his pay grade. He continually offers the manager suggestions regarding how to improve efficiency in the kitchen, and more often than not, the manager adopts his ideas. Bradley also pointed out that the way the kitchen was disposing of used cooking grease presented both an environmental hazard and a possible fire hazard. His behavior exemplifies A) courtesy. B) boosterism. C) sportsmanship. D) civic virtue. E) voice.
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53) When Rivka and Juana worked together on a project last year, both did more than their share and earned a nice bonus from their boss. Juana was then sent to another state to help set up a new office, and from her messages on social media, Rivka could tell that she was working harder than ever. When Juana returned to her home office, Rivka suggested that they work together on a new project. This time, however, things did not go well: Juana seemed to lose interest quickly, and Rivka began to feel resentful when she realized that she was doing most of the work. What most likely happened? A) Juana lacked civic virtue. B) Rivka demonstrated a lack of civic virtue. C) Juana began suffering from citizenship fatigue. D) Rivka failed to show a proper level of sportsmanship. E) Juana was strong on interpersonal citizenship but not organizational.
54) Sunil leads a product development team that consists of three members, including himself, but the workload has become such that they need to add a fourth member. He is considering a variety of candidates who have relatively equivalent skill sets when it comes to the work, and all are more or less equally easy to get along with. Given all this, Sunil should be looking for a candidate who demonstrates A) a propensity for speaking well of the company to outsiders. B) the capacity for heading off problems before they arise. C) the ability to come up with novel solutions to problems. D) a habit of keeping up with changes in the industry. E) a tendency to come to the aid of coworkers.
55) Danielle is a model of good citizenship, particularly of the interpersonal variety. She regularly volunteers to do things for her work group, helps orient new members, attends functions that help the group, and assists others with their work for the benefit of the group. Yet her supervisor is not completely satisfied with Danielle’s job performance, most likely because Danielle’s citizenship behaviors are
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A) a distraction to her fellow employees. B) at odds with her stated job description. C) not motivated by genuine concern for others. D) the consequence of deep underlying insecurities. E) distracting her from other duties and responsibilities.
56) Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment are referred to as ________ behaviors. A) negative B) aggressive C) deviant D) counterproductive E) assaultive
57)
Serious interpersonal counterproductive behaviors include A) sabotage. B) harassment. C) incivility. D) gossiping. E) wasting resources.
58)
Minor organizational counterproductive behaviors include
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A) sabotage. B) harassment. C) incivility. D) gossiping. E) wasting resources.
59)
Serious organizational counterproductive behaviors include A) incivility. B) harassment. C) gossiping. D) theft. E) abuse.
60)
Minor interpersonal counterproductive behaviors include A) sabotage. B) harassment. C) incivility. D) abuse. E) theft.
61) Carter, who is angry at his boss and coworkers, deliberately emailed a computer virus to a coworker from a fake customer account. As a result, the company's computers all crashed, and many files were damaged. Carter’s behavior is an example of
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A) wasting resources, a type of production deviance. B) wasting resources, a type of property deviance. C) sabotage, a type of production deviance. D) sabotage, a type of property deviance. E) sabotage, a type of political deviance.
62) as
Behaviors that intentionally harm the organization’s assets and possessions are referred to
A) production deviance. B) political deviance. C) property deviance. D) personal aggression. E) organizational aggression.
63)
Personal aggression behaviors include A) incivility and abuse. B) incivility and sabotage. C) harassment and abuse. D) harassment and sabotage. E) harassment and substance abuse.
64)
Production deviance behaviors include
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A) wasting resources and substance abuse. B) wasting resources and sabotage. C) theft and substance abuse. D) theft and harassment. E) theft and sabotage.
65)
Property deviance behaviors include A) sabotage and theft. B) sabotage and harassment. C) wasting resources and theft. D) wasting resources and harassment. E) wasting resources and substance abuse.
66) Behaviors that intentionally disadvantage other individuals rather than the larger organization are referred to as A) property deviance. B) wasting resources. C) substance abuse. D) personal aggression. E) political deviance.
67) Eric works at a small bakery. If the boss is not around when Eric makes cut-out cookies, he will sometimes throw the scraps of cookie dough away instead of rolling them out again to make additional cookies. This is an example of ________ deviance.
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A) wasting resources, a form of production B) wasting resources, a form of property C) sabotage, a form of property D) sabotage, a form of production E) sabotage, a form of political
68) ________ is made up of behaviors that focus specifically on reducing the efficiency of work output. A) Political deviance B) Property deviance C) Personal aggression D) Political aggression E) Production deviance
69)
The most common form of production deviance is A) theft. B) incivility. C) wasting resources. D) substance abuse. E) harassment.
70)
Communication that is rude, impolite, discourteous, and lacking in good manners is
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A) abusive. B) uncivil. C) gossiping. D) harassment. E) property deviance.
71)
Which of the following statements concerning counterproductive behavior is not true?
A) There is evidence that a person engaging in one form of counterproductive behavior also engages in other such behaviors. B) Counterproductive behavior may be contagious. C) Counterproductive behavior is relevant to two-thirds of U.S. jobs. D) If the best task performers exhibit counterproductive behaviors, they may be tolerated for a while. E) Some workplace behaviors are well-intentioned, but also counterproductive when violating norms, rules, policies, or laws.
72) When employees are subjected to unwanted physical contact or verbal remarks from a colleague, that is known as A) harassment. B) abuse. C) incivility. D) aggression. E) bullying.
73) ________ occurs when an employee is assaulted or endangered in such a way that physical and psychological injuries may occur.
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A) Aggression B) Sabotage C) Incivility D) Abuse E) Bullying
74)
Among the important points about counterproductive behaviors is the fact that A) people who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior also engage in others. B) the worst workers are the most likely to be involved in counterproductive behaviors. C) counterproductive behavior is relatively easy to isolate and prevent from spreading. D) people tend to engage only in one specific form of counterproductive behavior. E) counterproductive behavior usually only applies to specific jobs.
75) The weak negative correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior can best be explained by the fact that A) poor performers are less creative at coming up with ways to undermine the organization. B) the best workers are the ones most likely to get away with counterproductive actions. C) top performers are too busy at their jobs to engage in counterproductive behavior. D) less talented workers are not as successful at avoiding blame for their misdeeds. E) good workers can behave counterproductively and still get the job done.
76) Someone has been stealing from the company, and suspicion has fallen on Susanna. Her supervisors have evidence against her, and their suspicions are compounded by the fact that she
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A) is not one of the company’s better workers. B) has a tendency to be abusive toward coworkers. C) lacks common sense and is therefore more likely to steal. D) has made jokes about bad behavior in the past. E) has daily access to her department’s petty cash.
77) Bobby and Sam are taking their time getting their work done. They have already had three smoking breaks in the past two hours, and they even managed to sneak in a beer. They could have finished this particular project an hour ago, but as Sam just said to Bobby, “Why bother working when nobody’s watching?” This is an example of ______ deviance. A) wasting resources, the most common form of production B) substance abuse, the most common form of production C) wasting resources, the most common form of property D) substance abuse, the most common form of property E) wasting resources, the most common form of political
78) A week ago, Manny wrecked a company car when another driver pulled out in front of him, and once he threw away about a hundred dollars’ worth of perfectly good office supplies while clearing out an old storage cabinet. Yet his supervisors have not held either action against him. Why is this most likely the case? A) These acts were unintentional and therefore are not considered counterproductive behavior. B) Manny is already receiving professional help for his tendency toward counterproductive behavior. C) Manny is such a good performer at the company that he can get away with counterproductive behavior. D) Manny has connections to the company’s leadership and therefore will not be blamed for counterproductive behavior. E) These acts were the result of Manny’s personal problems and therefore are not considered counterproductive behavior.
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79) Historically, research on organizational behavior has focused on the _____ aspects of job performance. A) educational B) political C) interpersonal D) physical E) theoretical
80) Sergei’s father worked in a steel mill all his life, but Sergei, despite having great respect for his dad, never considered this career path. Instead, almost from the time he could walk, Sergei has been taking apart computers and putting them back together, and today he designs computer hardware. The story of Sergei and his father is an illustration of a trend over the past few decades, which can best be described by saying that there has been a(n) A) tendency to overemphasize knowledge work as opposed to industrial jobs. B) shift away from industrial jobs and toward knowledge work. C) abundance of overqualified applicants in service industries. D) shortage of trained personnel in jobs across the spectrum. E) rejection of parents’ jobs and professions.
81) Ayanna just took an aptitude test and discovered that she is well-suited to a profession that involves working with her mind rather than her hands. This is partly due to her personality, since knowledge work—in contrast to factory work and other industrial jobs—tends to be ________ from day to day.
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A) lacking in structure, yet the same B) more structured and less likely to change C) less structured and more likely to change D) the same in terms of structure and changes E) more complicated, more structured, and more likely to change
82)
Knowledge work can best be defined as jobs that primarily A) require a graduate-level degree. B) are occupied by Ivy League graduates. C) concern scientific or technical activities. D) demand upper-level problem-solving skills. E) involve cognitive activity as opposed to physical activity.
83) As he labors at his keyboard, Dae-jung is discovering one negative consequence of the rise in jobs that involve knowledge work. This negative consequence is most likely the fact that A) employers will expect employees to account for their activities on a minute-by-minute basis. B) employers are more likely to demand that employees be at work eight hours a day, five days a week. C) employers may have unrealistic expectations about the speed at which employees can complete tasks. D) employees may have unrealistic expectations about the amount of money they can earn in particular jobs. E) employees are more likely to expect employers to give them extra days of paid vacation, as well as sick leave.
84) Work that provides nontangible goods to customers through direct electronic, verbal, or physical interaction defines
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A) knowledge work. B) skilled labor. C) service work. D) adaptive task performance. E) creative task performance.
85) Helen has had a rough year. Thanks to a quick temper, she got into an altercation that landed her in jail, and she subsequently lost her job as a skilled worker on an auto-parts assembly line. Now Helen is out of jail and trying to make a fresh start. The factory will take her back, but only as an unskilled laborer with a chance to work her way back to her old job. On the other hand, an online retailer needs customer service personnel, and in spite of her record with the law, the retailer’s human resources department is willing to consider Helen’s application because she scored high on a battery of tests. Given the fact that both jobs offer about the same level of pay and benefits, the best option for Helen is to A) realize that both jobs represent dying industries and continue looking for a position that has more of a future. B) give the online retail job a try because it does not involve physical labor and therefore will be better for her as she ages. C) take the online retail job because it is part of a growing industry but realize that she needs to work on her anger issues. D) go back to the factory because she already has contacts there and stands a good chance of quickly working her way into her old job. E) recognize the growth potential in the industrial sector and that she should go back to the factory with the knowledge that she has a long-term future there.
86) Which type of work is typically autonomous, varied, and often a secondary source of income?
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A) service work B) gig work C) knowledge work D) industrial work E) technological work
87)
Under management by objectives (MBO), employees meet with their manager in order to A) evaluate one another’s performance with regard to their respective positions. B) ascertain whether the setting of goals or objectives is proceeding properly. C) work out differences regarding their approaches to the job performance rating. D) develop a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives that are measurable and specific. E) create mutually agreeable subjective criteria for evaluating job performance.
88) Many organizations gauge the performance of their employees by referring to the achievement of goals and objectives on which the employees have input, even though the system may not be referred to as ________ in the organization itself. A) O*NET B) MBO C) 360-degree feedback D) BARS E) Forced ranking
89) The management at Consumer Research Systems, which has several hundred employees, is determining whether to apply the management by objectives (MBO) or behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) approach for evaluating job performance. In making their choice, the managers should consider the fact that
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A) MBO focuses on performance behaviors, whereas BARS emphasizes both performance behaviors and results. B) MBO emphasizes results as much as performance behaviors, whereas BARS focuses on performance behaviors. C) BARS allows for mutually agreed-upon objectives than are more measurable and specific that those associated with MBO. D) MBO uses “critical incidents”—short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors—which are not part of the BARS system. E) BARS permits employees and managers to agree on a time period for achieving objectives, whereas MBO leaves this open-ended.
90) The management technique known as ________ involves measuring performance by directly assessing job performance behaviors. A) behaviorally anchored rating scales B) management by objectives C) 360-degree feedback D) forced ranking E) social performance management
91) The behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) approach uses “________,” which are short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors, to create a measure that can be used to evaluate employee performance. A) critical feedback B) workplace feedback C) critical incidents D) workplace incidents E) forced rankings
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