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Human Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (Amerman) Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1)

Learners who thrive in an environment with visual stimulation, such as looking at diagrams or illustrations, have a preference for a modality known as: A) visual. B) tactile. C) kinesthetic. D) auditory. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

Sierra says she learns more from reading the textbook for class than from listening to lecture. She is most likely a(n): A) visual learner. B) tactile learner. C) kinesthetic learner. D) auditory learner. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

Jesse felt comfortable using the microscope after listening to directions from his lab professor. His learning style preference must be: A) kinesthetic learner. B) tactile learner. C) visual learner. D) auditory learner. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

What does the SQ3R method stand for? A) search, quiet, research, read, and remember B) share, quiz, query, question, and read C) survey, question, read, recite, and review D) sort, query, read, recite, and review Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

Why should a student use the SQ3R method? A) The SQ3R method provides a student with a strategy for improving test taking skills. B) The SQ3R method provides a plan for a student to improve textbook reading skills. C) The SQ3R method provides a student with a strategy for taking notes during lecture class. D) The SQ3R method provides a student with ways to improve time management skills. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

What is a good way to manage time in preparation for your anatomy and physiology class? A) I should delay studying until the day or two before the test to best remember the material. B) I should stay up all night the night before the test to maximize what is stored in shortterm memory. C) I study only on the weekends when I have many hours of free time. D) I make a schedule and budget my time. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

What learning modality is engaged when students participate in study groups? A) kinesthetic learner B) visual learner C) tactile learner D) auditory learner Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.1

What is a good strategy for class or laboratory preparation? A) Read and prepare notes before attending your class or laboratory. B) Avoid reading before class as you may get confused. C) Only read after you have attended class or laboratory. D) Focus on reading your materials on the weekends when you have hours to spend. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.2

How could you use the Learning Outcomes in this book to help you study? A) Rewrite each Learning Outcome in your notes. B) Recite the Learning Outcomes until you have them memorized.

C) Read through the Learning Outcomes after you have completed a section. D) Write down the answers to the Learning Outcomes. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.1.3 10) What results when anabolism occurs more than catabolism in an organism? A) growth B) movement C) excretion D) irritability Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.1 11) What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body? A) organ level B) chemical level C) tissue level D) cellular level Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.2.2 12) Which of the following is the most complex structural level of organization? A) cellular level B) tissue level C) organ level D) chemical level Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.2.2 13) Which of the following is the correct sequence, from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body? A) chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level B) chemical level, tissue level, cellular level, organ system level, organ level, organismal level C) cellular level, chemical level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level D) cellular level, tissue level, chemical level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level Answer: A 3 Copyright © 2025

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.2.2 14) In laboratory, you will study the overall structure and shape of the femur bone without the aid of a microscope. This is a study known as: A) regional anatomy. B) microscopic anatomy. C) systemic anatomy. D) gross anatomy. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.3 15) In laboratory, you will study tissues. This area of study is known as: A) gross anatomy. B) physiology. C) histology. D) cytology. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.3 16) Which organ system supports the body and protects internal organs? A) muscular system B) endocrine system C) skeletal system D) digestive system Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.5 17) Which organ system includes blood vessels and the heart? A) cardiovascular system B) endocrine system C) respiratory system D) lymphatic system Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.4 18) Which two organ systems include the pancreas as a component? A) digestive and urinary systems B) endocrine and lymphatic systems

C) digestive and endocrine systems D) respiratory and cardiovascular systems Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.4 19) What is a major function of the respiratory system? A) return excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system B) deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body C) produce vitamin D and retain water D) digest food and absorb nutrients into the blood Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.5 20) In the scientific term anencephalic, the word part that means “without” is the: A) prefix. B) word root. C) suffix. D) synonym. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3 21) Using word parts as clues, which term would be used to describe a disorder caused by excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain? A) endocarditis B) hydrocephalus C) craniology D) lymphedema Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3 22) When we imagine a person exhibiting the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing: A) forward. B) backward. C) to the side. D) down. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.1

23) A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, is in the: A) supine position. B) anatomical position. C) frontal position. D) sagittal position. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.1 24) A person in the anatomical position is visualized to be: A) laying down on his or her back. B) standing upright. C) sitting down. D) laying down on the stomach. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.1 25) Which directional term indicates the front side of the body? A) medial B) anterior (ventral) C) posterior (dorsal) D) superior (cranial) Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.2 26) A directional term that means the same as posterior is: A) dorsal. B) anterior. C) ventral. D) sagittal. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.2 27) Body parts that are described as medial are considered to be: A) toward the head. B) toward the front. C) closer to the point of origin. D) closer to the midline of the body. Answer: D 6 Copyright © 2025

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.2 28) Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The mouth is ________ to the nose. A) posterior (dorsal) B) inferior (caudal) C) superior (cranial) D) distal Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.3 29) Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The skeletal muscles are ________ to the skin. A) inferior (caudal) B) deep C) posterior D) superficial Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.3 30) Which of these pairs of directional terms are considered opposites? A) lateral and ventral B) proximal and distal C) medial and superior D) anterior and superficial Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.3 31) In the anatomical position, the palms are on the: A) anterior (ventral) surface. B) posterior (dorsal) surface. C) lateral surface. D) superior (cranial) surface. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.3 32) The point of the shoulder is also known as the: A) acromial region. B) digital region.

C) antebrachial region. D) brachial region. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.4 33) James sustained a cut to his mental region, also known as his: A) nose. B) chin. C) cheek. D) mouth. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.3 34) The vertebral region is superior to the: A) sacral region. B) cervical region. C) occipital region. D) cephalic region. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.3, 1.3.4 35) The hand is also known as the: A) plantar region. B) pedal region. C) manual region. D) acromial region. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.4 36) A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is known as a: A) sagittal plane. B) midsagittal (median) plane. C) transverse (horizontal, or cross) plane. D) frontal (coronal) plane. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5

37) Dr. Mitchell performs open heart surgery. The incision he makes through the sternal region of his patient divides the thoracic cavity into equal left and right parts. This incision must be made along a: A) sagittal plane. B) midsagittal (median) plane. C) transverse (horizontal) plane. D) frontal (coronal) plane. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 38) The saying, “cut off one’s nose…” would be a section in which plane? A) sagittal plane B) midsagittal (median) plane C) transverse (horizontal) plane D) frontal (coronal) plane Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 39) What are the two subcavities of the dorsal body cavity? A) cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities B) thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities C) abdominal and pelvic cavities D) pleural and pericardial cavities Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 40) What major organs are housed in the thoracic cavity? A) lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea B) stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas C) urinary bladder, reproductive organs D) brain and spinal cord Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 41) What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? A) pericardium B) pleura C) diaphragm D) mediastinum

Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 42) The thoracic cavity is situated superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and separated by the diaphragm. Therefore, the diaphragm creates a: A) transverse (horizontal) plane, or cross section. B) midsagittal (median) plane. C) parasagittal plane. D) frontal (coronal) plane. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.5, 1.4.1 43) What smaller cavity within the thoracic cavity houses the heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, and trachea? A) mediastinum B) diaphragm C) peritoneal cavity D) abdominal cavity Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 44) Which regions of the abdominopelvic cavity are situated medially? A) right and left hypochondriac regions, and the epigastric region B) right hypochondriac, right lumbar, and right iliac (inguinal) regions C) right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region D) epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric regions Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.4.2

45) Select the letter that represents the left iliac (inguinal) region.

A) A B) B C) C D) D Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.2 46) Which region of the abdominopelvic cavity lies between the right and left lumbar regions? A) hypogastric region B) right lumbar region C) epigastric region D) umbilical region Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.2

47) Serous membranes line certain cavities within the: A) ventral cavities. B) cranial cavity. C) dorsal cavities. D) vertebral (spinal) cavity. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 48) What is deep to the visceral pericardium? A) visceral peritoneum B) heart muscle C) pericardial cavity D) parietal pericardium Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 49) What would a needle travel through as it enters the right lung? A) parietal pleura, serous fluid, visceral pleura, right lung B) parietal pleura, serous fluid, right lung, visceral pleura C) visceral pleura, serous fluid, parietal pleura, right lung D) visceral pericardium, serous fluid, parietal pericardium, right lung Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 50) What organ(s) is/are covered by the pleura? A) heart B) digestive organs C) brain and spinal cord D) lungs Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 51) The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is termed: A) homeostasis. B) integration. C) effector control. D) positive feedback. Answer: A

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.1 52) What part of a feedback loop causes physiological responses to return the variable to the normal homeostatic range? A) receptor (sensor) B) stimulus C) effector D) control center Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.2 53) A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed a(n): A) stimulus. B) effector. C) receptor. D) regulator. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.2 54) When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body temperature. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin. What part of this feedback loop is the stimulus? A) increased body temperature B) brain C) nerve cells D) sweat glands Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 1.5.2 55) When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body temperature. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin. What part of this feedback loop is the effector? A) increased body temperature B) brain C) nerve cells D) sweat glands Answer: D

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 1.5.2 56) How does the effector restore homeostasis in a negative feedback loop? A) The effector opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range. B) The effector amplifies the response, but does not continue indefinitely. C) The effector increases and reinforces the initial stimulus. D) The effector causes a rapid change in a variable. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.3 57) A mother breastfeeds her infant. As long as the baby suckles his mother’s breast, the mother’s mammary glands produce milk. Suckling, the stimulus, increases milk production, the response. This scenario is best described as: A) anatomical position. B) principle of complementarity of structure and function. C) a negative feedback loop. D) a positive feedback loop. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 1.5.3 58) The type of feedback that increases or enhances the effects of the variable is: A) neutral. B) negative. C) positive. D) responsive. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.3 59) Which of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function? A) maintenance of a stable internal environment B) structure drives function C) function follows structure D) form follows function Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.4

60) Which of the following illustrates a gradient? A) equilibrium or balance between two unconnected areas B) more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected C) maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment D) equal amounts of something exist in areas that are connected Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.5 61) Which of these promotes stability by taking the body back to a set point or homeostasis? A) positive feedback B) pressure gradient C) stimulus amplification D) negative feedback Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.5 62) Blood pressure in arteries is higher than the blood pressure in capillaries. Blood flows from arteries to capillaries due to the presence of a: A) negative feedback loop. B) pressure gradient. C) homeostatic imbalance. D) positive feedback loop. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.5 63) What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions? A) effectors and responses B) temperature gradients and pressure gradients C) chemical messengers and/or electrical signals D) positive feedback loops and negative feedback loops Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.6 64) A nerve cell releases chemical messengers to trigger changes in a nearby muscle cell. This is an example of a core principle known as: A) feedback loops. B) cell-cell communication. C) principle of complementarity of structure and function. D) gradients.

Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.6 65) What is NOT one of the four core principles related to homeostasis? A) metabolism B) cell-cell communication C) feedback loops D) gradients Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.1, 1.5.4, 1.5.5, 1.5.6 66) When studying, you should actively read the textbook by taking notes and making diagrams. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.1 67) You should wait to read the textbook until you have heard the material presented in lecture or laboratory. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.1.2 68) The smallest level of organization in the human body is the cellular level. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.2.2 69) The endocrine system is responsible for generating heat. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.5 70) Patients are always examined while they are standing in the anatomical position. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.1 71) The crural region is posterior (dorsal) to the sural region. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.3, 1.3.4 72) The transverse (horizontal plane or cross section) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Answer: FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 73) Serous fluid lubricates around organs and reduces friction as the organ moves against adjacent structures. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 74) Negative feedback loops produce responses in the opposite direction of the initial stimulus while positive feedback loops produce responses in the same direction of the initial stimulus. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.3 75) According to the principle of complementarity of structure and function, structure and function are related only at the cellular level. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.4 Match the following with the correct regional anatomical term.

76) Identify the thoracic region. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 77) Identify the vertebral region. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 78) Identify the cephalic region. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 79) Identify the popliteal region. Answer: E Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 80) Identify the gluteal region. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 Match the following with the correct body cavity or subdivision.

81) Identify the thoracic cavity. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 82) Identify the abdominopelvic cavity. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 83) Identify the cavity where the left lung is housed. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 84) Identify the mediastinum. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 85) Identify the cavity that houses the heart. Answer: E Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.1 86) Gillian prefers to study alone. She mostly draws diagrams from the textbook or makes charts and tables to organize her thoughts as she reads. Determine and discuss her learning style. Answer: Gillian prefers a visual/nonverbal learning style. A visual/nonverbal learner usually best understands concepts through the use of diagrams, illustrations, and other visual media without text. Visual/nonverbal learners may experience more success in studying alone than in study groups. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 1.1.1 87) Describe the SQ3R method for reading a textbook. Answer: The SQ3R method stands for survey, questions, read, recite, and review. First, you should survey the chapter by skimming the material and figures. Next, form questions about the content in the chapter that you can answer as you read. Actively read by taking notes and drawing diagrams. As you read, recite the material by speaking aloud. The final step is to review what you have read. You may choose to answer questions in the book, write summaries, or discuss topics aloud with study partners. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.1.1 88) Define metabolism. Answer: Metabolism includes the wide range of chemical processes carried out by living organisms. Metabolism includes both “building” processes in which smaller chemicals are

combined to form larger ones, and “breaking down” processes in which larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.2.1 89) Explain how gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy differ. Answer: The field of gross anatomy examines structures, including organs and organ systems that can be seen with the unaided eye. The field of microscopic anatomy examines structures that require a microscope to be seen. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.2.3 90) Describe anatomical position. Answer: In anatomical position, the body is standing upright, feet are shoulder width apart, upper limbs are at the sides of the trunk, and the head and palms are facing forward. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.1 91) Instead of using the directional terms superior and inferior to describe positions on the upper and lower limbs, what directional terms are used? Define these terms. Answer: Instead of using superior and inferior for the limbs, the terms proximal and distal are used. Proximal refers to something being closer to the point of origin (the trunk) while distal refers to something being farther away from the point of origin. Structures nearer the trunk are proximal while structures farther away are distal. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.2 92) Peggy is having surgery on the right carpal region. A 3 cm incision will be made deep to the skin and muscle, but will be superficial to the bone. Explain to her where her surgery will occur. Answer: Peggy will have surgery on the wrist, or carpal, region of her right hand. The 3 cm incision will penetrate through the skin and muscle, but will not go as deep into her wrist as the bone. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.3, 1.3.5 93) During lab dissections, Kelly’s instructor directs the students to make a midsagittal cut into their specimen. However, Kelly’s lab partner thought she heard the instructor say that a cut along the median plane was to be made. Explain what type of cut should be made into the specimen. Answer: A midsagittal plane of section is also known as a median plane of section. Both divide the body or body part into equal left and right parts. Kelly and her lab partner should make a cut so that their specimen is divided into equal left and right parts. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.5

94) A female patient presents at the emergency room with pain in the right lower quadrant. Which organs might be involved? Answer: The appendix, the right ovary, the first part of the large intestine, or the last part of the small intestine may be the source of pain in this female patient. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.2 95) List the four quadrants and nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. Answer: The four quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, and left lower quadrant. The nine regions are the right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric region, and left iliac (inguinal) region. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.4.2 96) Explain where the pericardial cavity is situated in relation to the pericardial membranes. Answer: The pericardial cavity is situated between the visceral pericardium (attached to the heart muscle) and the outer parietal pericardium. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 97) Define homeostasis and homeostatic imbalance. Answer: Homeostasis is maintenance of the body’s internal environment. Disturbances in homeostasis, known as homeostatic imbalances, can result in disease or death if uncorrected. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.1 98) List and describe the components of a feedback loop. Answer: The components of a feedback loop are the stimulus, receptor (sensor), control center, and effector/response. A stimulus is a regulated variable outside its normal range. A receptor (sensor) is a cellular structure that picks up information and sends it to a control center. The control center is often cells in the brain or an endocrine organ (gland). The control center compares the current value to its set point and determines that it’s out of range. The control center sends signals to effectors. Effectors are cells or organs that cause physiological responses that return the variable to the normal homeostatic range. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.2 99) Discuss the role of effector in both the negative and positive feedback loops. Answer: In a negative feedback loop, the effector activity opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range. However, in a positive feedback loop, the effector’s activity actually increases—positive feedback reinforces the initial stimulus using a loop of increasing output that amplifies the response. A positive feedback loop therefore causes a rapid change in a variable. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.3

100) List the four core principles that relate to homeostasis. Answer: The four core principles that relate to homeostasis are: (1) feedback loops (2) the relationship of structure and function (3) gradients (4) cell-cell communication Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.5.1, 1.5.4, 1.5.5, 1.5.6 101) Summarize the principle of complementarity of structure and function. Answer: The principle of complementarity can be summarized as form follows function. In other words, the form of a structure is always such that it best suits its function. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.4 102) Discuss why anatomical position is used. Answer: Anatomical position provides accurate communication among scientists and health care professionals since it prevents experimental and medical errors. Anatomical position also provides a common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.1 103) Explain how the popliteal and patellar regions differ. Answer: The popliteal region refers to the posterior (dorsal) side of the knee while the patellar region refers to the anterior (ventral) side of the knee. We may say that the popliteal region is posterior to the patellar region. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.3, 1.3.4 104) Jose is having back surgery. Discuss the specific type of section the surgeon should use to make a cut along his vertebral region. Answer: The vertebral region is situated along the body’s midline. To operate on this region, the surgeon should make a cut along the midsagittal, or medial, plane on Jose’s posterior (dorsal) body surface. The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right parts. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.3.5 105) Pleurisy is the inflammation of the serous membranes surrounding the lungs. With pleurisy, the inflamed membranes may secrete more serous fluid than normal. Predict the effects of excess serous fluid on serous membrane function. Answer: Serous fluid is an extremely thin, slippery, watery layer situated between the visceral and parietal pleura. This fluid is produced by the cells of the membrane to lubricate around the organs and reduce friction as the lungs move against adjacent structures. Excess fluid around the lungs puts pressure on the lungs and can impair the lubricating function of the serous membranes, making it harder for these membranes to reduce friction.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 1.4.3 106) Explain how scratching a chaffing label on a shirt is an example of a negative feedback loop. Answer: An irritation to the skin from a chaffing shirt label is a stimulus detected by a receptor (or sensor). The receptor sends this information to a control center, the brain, where it is determined that the skin irritation is out of normal range. The control center sends signals to effectors that cause physiological responses to return the variable to normal homeostatic range. Scratching, the response, stops the chaffing by moving the label off the skin, and thus removes the stimulus. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 1.5.3

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (Amerman) Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 1)

Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge? A) proton B) neutron C) electron D) nucleus Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.1

How many electrons are in the outermost shell of an atom with 15 electrons? A) 2 B) 8 C) 10 D) 5 Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.1

The innermost shell of an atom holds: A) 2 electrons. B) 6 electrons. C) 2 protons. D) 8 electrons. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.1

An electrically neutral atom with an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17 has: A) 8 protons. B) 9 electrons. C) 8 neutrons. D) 17 protons. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.1.1

What predicts the element to which an atom belongs? A) total number of electrons B) total number of protons

C) total number of neutrons D) number of electrons in the first shell Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.2 6)

The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body’s mass, are: A) carbon, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur. B) oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon. C) chlorine, sodium, magnesium, potassium. D) oxygen, potassium, iron, copper. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.3

An atom of iron has an atomic number of 26. Which of the following is TRUE? A) Iron has 13 protons and 13 electrons. B) Iron has 26 protons. C) Iron has 13 protons and 13 neutrons. D) Iron has 13 electrons. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.1, 2.1.4

The atomic number represents the number of: A) electrons in an atom. B) protons in an atom. C) protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. D) neutrons in an atom. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.4

What contributes to the calculation of the mass number? A) sum of protons and electrons B) sum of electrons and neutrons C) sum of protons and neutrons D) sum of protons, neutrons, and electrons Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.4

10) Determine the number of protons in an isotope of nitrogen with an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14. A) 7 B) 10 C) 14 D) 17 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 11) What varies from one isotope of an element to another isotope of the same element? A) atomic number B) number of protons C) mass number D) both the atomic number and the number of protons Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.5 12) Interpret what is meant by carbon-13. A) Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with a mass number of 13. B) Carbon-13 represents the mass number of every atom of carbon. C) Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with an atomic number of 13. D) Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with 13 protons. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.6 13) Solid blood cells would settle out of the liquid blood plasma if allowed to sit, illustrating that blood is a: A) solution. B) suspension. C) colloid. D) solute. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.1 14) Atoms that satisfy the octet rule are said to be: A) inert. B) reactive. C) isotopes. D) ions.

Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 15) Which of the following atoms is inert? A) atomic number of 6 B) atomic number of 8 C) atomic number of 10 D) atomic number of 14 Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 16) An atom has 3 electrons in its valence shell. What is the atomic number of this atom? A) 3 B) 7 C) 8 D) 13 Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 17) Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically combined are known as: A) molecules. B) compounds. C) ions. D) suspensions. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 18)

Na  is best known as a(n):

A) molecule. B) macromolecule. C) compound. D) ion. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 19) What is meant by N2? A) Two nitrogen atoms formed a molecule. B) The atomic number of nitrogen is two.

C) Two nitrogen atoms form a compound. D) The atomic mass of nitrogen is two. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 20) The formation of a cation and an anion is indicative of a(n): A) ionic bond. B) nonpolar bond. C) polar bond. D) covalent bond. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 21) Ionic bonds result from: A) the equal sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. B) the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom. C) the unequal sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. D) weak attractions between polar molecules. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 22) Which of the following is the strongest bond? A) ionic B) single covalent C) hydrogen D) double covalent Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 23) What does this structural formula, N≡N, indicate? A) Two atoms of nitrogen are held together by hydrogen bonds. B) Two atoms of nitrogen share three pairs of electrons. C) An ionic bond holds the two atoms of nitrogen together. D) Three atoms of nitrogen are double bonded. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.4

24) In a molecule of oxygen gas, the atoms of oxygen share electrons equally with one another. This statement best describes a(n): A) ionic bond. B) nonpolar covalent bond. C) polar covalent bond. D) compound. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 25) What is a dipole? A) polar molecule B) a salt C) a type of reaction D) nonpolar molecule Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 26) Hydrogen bonds may occur between: A) polar molecules. B) nonpolar covalent molecules. C) ions. D) metals. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.5 27) What type of bond is responsible for the surface tension of water? A) nonpolar covalent bond B) polar covalent bond C) hydrogen bond D) ionic bond Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.5 28) In the following chemical reaction, what is NaCl? NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O A) acid B) water C) reactant D) product 6 Copyright © 2025

Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.1 29) The transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine is an example of: A) sound energy. B) chemical energy. C) electrical energy. D) mechanical energy. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 30) What type of reaction releases energy? A) equilibrium reaction B) catabolic reaction C) endergonic reaction D) exergonic reaction Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 31) The process of digesting food breaks large food particles into smaller particles. This example is best described as a(n): A) exchange reaction. B) catabolic reaction. C) anabolic reaction. D) neutralization reaction. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 32) What happens in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions? A) Electron exchange occurs. B) Larger molecules are built from smaller subunits. C) Energy is used since these are endergonic reactions. D) Atoms are exchanged. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 33) Which of the following represents an exchange reaction? A) AB + CD → BA + DC B) AB → A + B 7 Copyright © 2025

C) AB + CD → AD + BC D) A + B → AB Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 34) Which of the following increases the rate of a reaction? A) cold temperatures B) absence of a catalyst C) increased reactant concentration D) solid reactants Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.4 35) Which biological catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction? A) carbohydrate B) enzyme C) lipid D) salt Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.5 36) Which statement best describes enzyme function? A) One enzyme can work on thousands of different substrates. B) Enzymes can perform catabolic reactions only. C) Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. D) Enzymes chemically alter both the reactants and products. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.5 37) What property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized? A) polarity B) universal solvent C) surface tension D) heat capacity Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.1

38) What type of compound is NOT likely to dissolve in water? A) ionic compound B) polar covalent compound C) nonpolar covalent compound D) both polar and nonpolar covalent compounds Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.2 39) Water is most likely to dissolve a solute that is: A) hydrophilic. B) a lipid. C) hydrophobic. D) nonpolar. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.2 40) Which of the following is a hydrogen ion donor? A) acid B) alkali substance C) neutral substance D) base Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 41) What chemical binds free hydrogen ions in solution? A) acid B) salt C) base D) water Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 42) Hydrochloric acid is a: A) hydrogen ion donor. B) hydrogen ion acceptor. C) hydroxide ion donor. D) proton acceptor.

Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 43) On the pH scale, which number has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? A) pH 1 B) pH 5 C) pH 7 D) pH 10 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 44) What does the H in the pH scale represent? A) heat B) concentration of H+ ions in solution C) the negative logarithm D) negative charge Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 45) A solution containing equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is: A) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. D) alkaline. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 46) Which pH represents a solution that has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? A) pH 1 B) pH 7 C) pH 10 D) pH 14 Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 47) Which of the following represents the strongest acidic solution? A) pH 1 B) pH 4

C) pH 6 D) pH 9 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 48) On average, blood pH is approximately: A) 7.1. B) 7.4. C) 7.6. D) 7.8. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 49) What pH value represents a solution that releases 10 times more hydrogen ions than a pH of 7? A) pH 4 B) pH 5 C) pH 6 D) pH 8 Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 50) Which pH represents a solution that releases 100 times less hydrogen ions than a pH of 9? A) pH 7 B) pH 8 C) pH 11 D) pH 12 Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 51) Which two organ systems work to correct pH imbalances in the body? A) respiratory and urinary B) urinary and endocrine C) digestive and respiratory D) endocrine and nervous Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.5

52) What is the function of a buffer system? A) Buffer systems lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. B) Buffer systems act as a lubricant between two adjacent surfaces. C) Buffer systems absorb heat without changing temperature themselves. D) Buffer systems prevent large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.5 53) What is the effect of a buffer on a solution? A) Buffer systems cause the blood pH to increase, then to decrease dramatically. B) Buffer systems allow the blood to become too basic. C) Buffer systems resist changes in blood pH. D) Buffer systems allow hydrogen ions to accumulate in blood until acidosis is reached. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.5 54) Salts are held together by: A) single covalent bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.6 55) Ionic compounds dissociate in water into: A) polar and nonpolar substances. B) hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. C) electrolytes. D) acids and bases. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.6 56) Single subunits that serve as the building blocks for organic compounds are termed: A) enzymes. B) reactants. C) polymers. D) monomers.

Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 57) Hydrolysis of a polymer will produce: A) electrolytes. B) buffer. C) monomers. D) enzymes. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 58) When you soak dirty dishes in your kitchen sink, you allow the water to break apart the bonds of the food stuck to your plates. This type of reaction is known as: A) anabolism. B) hydrolysis. C) neutralization. D) dehydration synthesis. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 59) The monomer of the carbohydrates is the: A) fatty acid. B) amino acid. C) nucleotide. D) monosaccharide. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 60) Select the simplest sugar: A) sucrose B) lactose C) glucose D) starch Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 61) Glucose and fructose are joined through dehydration synthesis to produce: A) lactose. B) sucrose. 13 Copyright © 2025

C) maltose. D) galactose. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.3 62) Glucose, galactose, and fructose have the molecular formula C6H12O6 but have different arrangements of atoms. These sugars are: A) isomers. B) disaccharides. C) isotopes. D) polysaccharides. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 63) A carbohydrate chain attached by covalent bonds to a protein in the cell membrane is called a: A) glycogen. B) glycolipid. C) glycoprotein. D) galactose. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 64) Which of the following would be used for cell recognition and cell to cell communication? A) cholesterol B) glycolipids C) saturated fatty acids D) polysaccharides Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 65) What is the building block of a lipid? A) glucose B) fatty acid C) glycogen D) nucleic acid Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2

66) Which of the following fatty acid chains has the most double bonds? A) polyunsaturated fatty acid B) saturated fatty acid C) monounsaturated fatty acid D) glycerol Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 67) A fatty acid that contains no double covalent bonds is: A) hydrogenated. B) polyunsaturated. C) monounsaturated. D) saturated. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 68) What forms the basis for the body’s steroids? A) testosterone B) glucose C) triglyceride D) cholesterol Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 69) The main structural component of cell membranes is: A) phospholipids. B) cholesterol. C) triglycerides. D) steroids. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 70) Amino acids are the monomers for: A) proteins. B) carbohydrates. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. Answer: A

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 71) What group makes each amino acid unique? A) ammonia group B) “R” group C) amino group D) carboxylic acid group Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 72) What type of polar covalent bond links amino acids? A) hydrophobic bond B) amphiphilic bond C) peptide bond D) ketone bond Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 73) The alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet are characteristic of: A) primary protein structure. B) secondary protein structure. C) tertiary protein structure. D) quaternary protein structure. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 74) A long-lasting high fever is a concern for denaturation of: A) enzymes. B) glycogen. C) phospholipids. D) saturated fats. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 75) Yuri is working with a chemical in lab. This chemical is composed of repetitive units that include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar known as ribose. He is working with: A) a nucleic acid. B) a carbohydrate.

C) a lipid. D) a protein. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 76) Cytosine and thymine in DNA are joined by how many hydrogen bonds? A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 77) What makes RNA a unique nucleic acid? A) RNA is built from building blocks known as a nucleotide. B) RNA contains a sugar known as deoxyribose. C) RNA contains a nitrogenous base known as uracil. D) RNA is composed of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 78) The primary source of chemical energy in the body comes from a nucleotide known as: A) AMP. B) ADP. C) ATP. D) DNA. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.5 79) Explain how to determine the atomic number and mass number for an atom. Answer: An atom’s atomic number is determined by its number of protons. The mass number is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 80) Explain the difference between an inert atom and a reactive atom. Answer: Atoms that have filled valence shells are known as inert or nonreactive atoms. Atoms that do not meet the octet rule are said to be reactive. That is, they are unstable and will react with other atoms until they obey the octet rule.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 81) To make a gallon of lemonade, Emily mixed sugar with water until it dissolved. Did she create a solution, a suspension, or a colloid? Explain. Answer: Emily made a solution. Solutions are described by saying that one substance, the sugar, dissolves in another substance, the water. The sugar is the solute since is it dissolved by the water. Water is the solvent since it dissolves the solute. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.1 82) Determine the atomic number of a neutral atom with 3 shells and 6 electrons in its valence shell. Answer: The innermost shell of the atom holds 2 electrons. The next shell holds a maximum of 8 electrons. The valence shell of this particular atom holds 6 electrons. This atom has 3 shells and 16 total electrons. Add the electrons (2 + 8 + 6 = 16). In a neutral atom, the numbers of protons equals the number of electrons. Thus, this atom has an atomic number of 16. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4, 2.2.2 83) What is the octet rule? Answer: The octet rule states that an atom is most stable when it has eight electrons in its valence shell. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 84) Is N2 a molecule or a compound? Explain. Answer: Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically bonded, such as these two nitrogen atoms, are known as a molecule. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 85) Predict the type of chemical bond that may form between two nonmetals. Answer: Covalent bonding occurs between two or more nonmetals sharing electrons. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 86) How do nonpolar covalent bonds differ from polar covalent bonds? Answer: In a nonpolar covalent molecule, the nonmetals sharing electrons have nearly equal electronegativities. The electrons are shared equally. In a polar covalent molecule, the more electronegative nonmetal does not share electrons equally with other nonmetal atoms participating in the bond. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.4

87) Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy. Answer: Potential energy is energy that is stored, ready to be released and used to do work. Potential energy becomes kinetic energy when it is used to do work. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 88) Predict the effect of a 101°F fever on reaction rate. Answer: Increased temperature increases the kinetic energy of atoms involved in a chemical reaction. More forceful and effective collisions between atoms result in an increase in reaction rate. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.3.4 89) Define activation energy (Ea). Answer: Activation energy is the energy input required to overcome the repulsion of the atom’s electrons and to allow an adequately strong collision to occur. All reactions must overcome activation energy to proceed. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 90) Explain how water interacts with hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Which type of substance is more likely to be dissolved by water? Answer: Water is only able to dissolve substances that are hydrophilic. Hydrophilic substances have fully or partially charged ends that make it possible for water molecules to grab. Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water since they lack the charged ends necessary for water to grab. Water is more likely to dissolve hydrophilic substances. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.2 91) Describe the organization of the pH scale, including the locations of acids, bases, and neutral chemicals. Answer: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Acids are situated below 7 while bases or alkaline substances are found above 7. The more hydrogen ions present in solution, the lower the pH of the chemical. At a pH of 7, a chemical is said to be neutral as equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions are released. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 92) Dwain is drinking a cup of coffee which has a pH of 5. Compare Dwain’s coffee to his friend’s coffee which has a pH of 6. Answer: Each single digit change on the pH scale corresponds to a 10-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration. Dwain’s coffee, with a pH of 5, is 10 times more acidic than his friend’s coffee, with a pH of 6. The hydrogen ion concentration increases 10-fold from a pH of 6 to a pH of 5. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.4.4

93) What are isomers? Explain using a set of carbohydrate examples. Answer: Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structures. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are isomers. They have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but have different arrangements of atoms. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 94) Describe how animals store excess glucose in the body. Answer: Animals store their excess glucose as glycogen. Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and skeletal muscles. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 95) Explain three differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Answer: Saturated fatty acids: 1. have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. 2. are found predominantly in animal fats. 3. are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids: 1. have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. 2. are commonly found in plant oils. 3. are generally liquid at room temperature. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.2, 2.5.3 96) Determine the type of reaction that occurs between fructose and glucose to form water and sucrose. Answer: This chemical reaction is a dehydration synthesis reaction. Fructose and glucose are monosaccharides that are joined together through this chemical reaction. Water is formed as a product. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from the union of these two monomers, glucose and fructose. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.3 97) What is the role of ATP in the cell? Answer: ATP stores chemical energy in its bonds and is the main source of chemical energy in the body. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.5 98) In a solution, the solute dissolves the solvent. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.1

99) An atom with an atomic number of 13 has satisfied the octet rule and is inert. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 100) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractions between nonpolar covalent molecules. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.5 101) The strongest type of chemical bond is a covalent bond because electrons are shared between two or more nonmetals. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 102) The two general types of energy are potential energy and kinetic energy. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 103) The digestion of food is exergonic since chemical bonds are broken and energy is released. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 104) Enzymes bind with substrates at their active sites and are permanently altered by the binding process. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.5 105) Due to the low heat capacity of water, the human body is resistant to overheating and cooling down quickly. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.1 106) A base is a hydrogen ion acceptor while an acid is a hydrogen ion donor. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 107) Solutions with a pH less than 7 are considered basic or alkaline. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4

108) Growing new muscle proteins through the assembly of amino acids is a type of dehydration synthesis reaction. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 109) Like the carbohydrates, lipids have twice the hydrogen atoms as carbon and oxygen atoms in their molecular structures. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 110) Polypeptide chains that contribute to a protein’s quaternary structure each have their own primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 111) Energy is released when ATP is broken down into ADP. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.5 Match the following information about the carbon atom using the figure.

112) Determine the atomic number for this atom. Answer: 6 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4

113) Determine the number of electrons in carbon’s valence shell. Answer: 4 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 114) Determine the mass number for this atom. Answer: 12 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 115) Determine the number of protons in an isotope of carbon. Answer: 6 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.5 Match the following organic compounds with their descriptions. A) protein B) lipid C) carbohydrate D) nucleic acid 116) Monomers are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1C:2H:1O ratio. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 117) Examples include phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 118) Sucrose, glucose, galactose, and cellulose are examples. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 119) Amino acids are the monomers. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 120) Nucleotides are the monomers that form deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 121) Three-dimensional shape is known as the tertiary structure. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 122) Monomers vary by an “R” group. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 23 Copyright © 2025