TEST BANK Environmental Science: A Global Concern 16th Edition by William Cunningham, Mary Cunningham
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Understanding Our Environment Chapter 2 Principles of Science and Systems Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life Chapter 4 Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions Chapter 5 Biomes: Global Patterns of Life Chapter 6 Population Biology Chapter 7 Human Populations Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology Chapter 9 Food and Hunger Chapter 10 Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices Chapter 11 Biodiversity: Preserving Species Chapter 12 Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes Chapter 13 Restoration Ecology Chapter 14 Geology and Earth Resources Chapter 15 Climate Systems and Climate Change Chapter 16 Air Pollution Chapter 17 Water Use and Management Chapter 18 Water Pollution Chapter 19 Conventional Energy Chapter 20 Sustainable Energy Chapter 21 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities Chapter 23 Ecological Economics Chapter 24 Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning Chapter 25 What Then Shall We Do?
Environmental Science A Global Concern 16th Edition By William Cunningham, Mary Cunningham Chapter 1
Student name: 1) To say that environmental science is mission oriented means it is A) a highly organized endeavor. B) essentially an information gathering endeavor. C) oriented toward solving problems. D) designed to understand relationships.
2) If everyone in the world lived a lifestyle similar to the average U.S. citizen we would need
more planets to support everyone. A) two B) four C) six D) eight
3) About
of the world's people currently lack access to clean water, adequate diet, basic sanitation, and other essential needs. A) 100 million B) 300 million C) 700 million D) 1.4 billion
4) Sustainable development means A) improving people's lives in the present in a way that can continue far into the future. B) providing ever-increasing amounts of adequate housing. C) continued growth indefinitely as long as it can be paid off. D) utilizing an ever-increasing quantity of natural resources.
5) The earliest documented recognition that misuse of the natural environment can have nasty
consequences was A) George Perkins Marsh's 1864 publication of Man and Nature. B) Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, alerting the public to the dangers of pollution in 1962. C) Roosevelt's warnings about overuse a century ago. D) Plato's writings 2500 years ago.
6) Which of the following presently provides 80 percent of the energy used in industrialized
countries? A) fossil fuels B) wind C) hydroelectric power D) solar
7) The position that nature deserves to be protected in its own right is called A) biocentric preservation. B) utilitarian conservation. C) environmentalism. D) global environmentalism.
8)
constitutes 4.6 percent of the world's people yet produces about 50 percent of all toxic waste. A) China B) Germany C) Russia D) The United States
9) The text suggests there is not a strong connection between poverty and environmental
degradation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
10) Most people agree that global climate change is not a real environmental threat. ⊚ true ⊚ false
11) By 2050, the earth is projected to have a population between A) 8 and 10 billion. B) 7 and 8 billion. C) 8 and 9 billion. D) 10 and 12 billion.
12) Loss of indigenous cultures is accompanied by loss of unique understanding of nature. ⊚ true ⊚ false
13) An important reason for determining the size of a society's ecological footprint is to
determine the sustainability of its lifestyle. ⊚ true ⊚ false
14) One of the earliest models for conservation in the United States was based on utilitarian
conservation, for which nature was conserved not to protect biodiversity, but to provide jobs and resources. ⊚ true ⊚ false
15) The first Nobel Prize for environmental action was awarded A) in 1912 to John Muir. B) in 1973 to David Brower. C) in 2004 to Wangari Maathai. D) in 1935 to Aldo Leopold.
16) There is concern over the continued ability to provide adequate food for our growing
population because A) 2/3 of all agricultural lands show signs of degradation. B) there is little corporate interest in food production. C) agriculture has not benefited from modern technological advancements. D) there is little knowledge about how to farm.
17) The word "environment" comes from a French word that means A) life B) nature C) wildlife D) home E) to surround
18) Environmental science is a . A) narrowly defined set of physical, life, and social sciences B) theoretical approach in interpreting the environment C) way to see the world in scientific terms D) systematic approach in learning about the environment E) special set of problem-solving skills
19) Most environmental problems result from A) political differences B) complex, interrelated problems C) technological development problems D) global warming E) urban degradation
20) Which of the following is not true of the term environment? A) Environment includes our culture. B) The environment includes the biosphere. C) The environment includes political and social systems. D) The environment has issues for which there are no remedies. E) The environment includes the relationships between organisms.
21) The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the A) history of the use of natural resources B) diversity of life on the Earth C) human impact on the Earth D) pollution on the Earth E) future use of natural resources
22) Which of the following is not true of the term environment? A) Environment includes our culture. B) The environment includes the biosphere. C) The environment includes political and social systems. D) The environment has issues for which there are no remedies. E) The environment includes the relationships between organisms.
23) One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is
the A) B) C) D) E)
current ability to alter the natural world through technology relatively new emergence of environmentalists historical ignorance of the interconnected nature of environmental issues development of new fields such as environmental science extremely fast transmission of information through the Internet
24) In the fourth century B.C., the philosopher Plato wrote of the erosion and deforestation that
Greece. A) would one day plague B) were caused by the excessive population in C) were prevalent in countries outside of D) had been a problem that was now resolved in E) had stripped the fine soils and forests of
25) Which of the following is NOT a problem being addressed by environmental scientists? A) finding resources for a human population growing at almost 80 million people a year. B) providing clean drinking water. C) assessing and finding solutions to climate change. D) creating processes that promote sustainability in everyday life. E) creating a better transportation system for food distribution to the populace.
26) A(n) A) B) C) D)
is a tabulation of the demands placed on nature by individuals or nations. ecological footprint quantitative analysis value world biocapacity land area resource ratio
27) Most of the early scientific studies of environmental damage were done by A) colonial administrators who were often trained scientists B) native people of North America C) european peasant farmers who understood the connection between deforestation and
local climate change D) industrial leaders of the nineteenth century who were worried about the degradation caused by factories E) scientists in Europe who were worried about deforestation and erosion in their countries
28) The history of conservation and environmentalism is A) based in the Industrial Revolution B) largely unrecorded C) a relatively new movement D) based in the 1970s environmental movement E) traceable well back into human history
29) Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean, is a model for balancing nature and human needs
because in the eighteenth century a French governor A) declared the island a nature sanctuary B) ordered sensitive areas such as steep slopes to be preserved in forests C) bought the island as a private sanctuary for the government of France D) supported an extensive environmental education campaign E) enforced strict punishment for people who damaged any natural resources
30) Pragmatic conservationists, including Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt, supported
forest conservation in order to protect A) wildlife habitats in forested areas B) untouched, unvisited wilderness areas C) jobs and homes for people D) the scenic beauty found in natural areas E) resources such as natural habitats for future generations
31) Utilitarian conservationists tend to believe that resources should be saved because they are
important A) as a home for wildlife B) in the conservation of aesthetic values C) to our understanding of the biosphere D) for a strong economic system E) and used by all living things
32) The approach that reflects the philosophy that there is waste in neglecting the development
and use of certain natural resources (such as dead trees in old growth forests) would best be described as A) moral and aesthetic preservation B) global environmental citizenship C) pragmatic utilitarian conservation D) a cornucopian worldview
33) Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their A) aesthetic and spiritual values and wildlife habitat B) hunting and fishing value C) wood and mineral resources for the future D) tourism and recreation potential E) economic value in cleaning the air and preventing soil erosion
34) Biocentric preservation is a philosophy that supports the belief that A) the biosphere is a central resource for humans B) humans must manage resources for maximum productivity C) preservation of wildlife is needed for human survival D) all living things have a fundamental right to exist and pursue their own interests E) all living things have value for humans
35) The National Park Service reflects a
approach while the Forest Service reflects a
approach. A) biocentric preservationist; pragmatic utilitarian conservationist B) global environmentalist; cornucopian C) pragmatic resource conservationist; moral and aesthetic preservationist D) cornucopian; global environmentalist E) pragmatic utilitarian conservation; biocentric preservation
36) Pollution problems A) are relatively new concerns B) identify the era of global environmentalism C) were recognized at least as early as the eleventh century D) are the main issues for technological optimists
37) Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed
from earlier North American conservation perspectives by A) focusing on human population growth B) placing more emphasis on pollution problems C) emphasizing international problems D) encouraging energy efficiency E) emphasizing the value of natural resources
38) Modern environmentalism is becoming well established in the United States. One of the main
reasons for this is probably the in the modern movement. A) emphasis on technological remedies B) interconnected nature of our global village C) combination of activism and research D) emphasis on impending doom E) greatly expanded international communications
39) At the end of the twentieth century,
has/have been added to environmental
thinking. A) global concerns B) urban problems C) water supply and pollution problems D) human population growth E) air pollution problems
40) Some of today's leading environmental thinkers, such as Dr. Wangari Maathai of Kenya A) have denounced the use of technology B) have shown that a slight decrease in human welfare must accompany environmental
protection C) have focused only on local environmental issues D) are linking improved environmental quality with social progress E) treat humans as an entity separate from the environment in which they live
41) The world's population is now more than A) 70 million. B) 70 billion. C) 7 billion. D) 700 million. E) 20 million.
42) Supplies of fossil fuels are A) continually expanding in nature B) being renewed as fast as we use them C) being steadily depleted D) almost entirely depleted E) easily found through better technology
43) According to the U.N. Environment Programme how many species have gone extinct in the
past century? A) almost 100 B) over 250 C) 563 D) more than 800 E) nearly 1,700
44) The United Nations estimates that at least 3 million people die each year from diseases
triggered by A) water pollution. B) air pollution. C) exposure to radiation. D) cigarette smoking. E) mosquito-borne illnesses.
45) Evidence of progress in reducing overpopulation and the increased strain on the environment
it causes is best illustrated by A) the current evidence of a stable population in the developing and developed world B) a decrease in the average number of children born to each woman C) the current evidence of a globally stable population growth D) the decreasing population growth rate in the United States E) the current evidence of a stable population in the developing world
46) If everybody in the world used resources at the rate that people in the United States do, A) people would be healthier and happier worldwide. B) our current resources would run out quickly. C) violent conflicts would decrease because basic needs would be met. D) economies would prosper. E) more people would experience health problems because people in more prosperous
countries experience more stress.
47) One way to decrease the size of our ecological footprint is to A) decrease consumption rates B) increase consumption rates C) increase the development in the region D) reduce the size of a biologically productive area in the region E) None of these; it is not possible to change the size of an ecological footprint
48) The world's poorest people typically A) cause the most B) are victims and causes of C) are unaffected by D) don't really care about E) are ignorant of
environmental degradation.
49) Poverty is usually passed on from one generation to the next through A) the lack of available opportunities B) genetic conditions C) improper care of natural resources D) illnesses spread by viruses
50) In general, as per capita GDP (gross domestic product) rises both
increase. A) infant mortality; life expectancy B) percentage of safe drinking water; rate of infectious diseases C) infant mortality; adult literacy D) percentage of safe drinking water; adult literacy E) total fertility rate; percentage of safe drinking water
_ and
51) Proponents of sustainable development argue that A) all development has environmental costs. B) development is less important than the environment. C) development can proceed with minimal costs to the environment. D) the environment is less important than development. E) development does not cause environmental damage.
52) Sustainable development, ideally, improves living conditions A) for a few decades into the future. B) for the entire current political administration. C) as long as resources last. D) for generations in the future. E) for the present generation.
53) Sustainable development differs from traditional economic development in that it emphasizes
economic development in the A) short term. B) long term. C) present. D) past. E) present and past.
54) Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem service? A) providing fuel to burn B) high biodiversity C) water purification D) production of food E) decomposition of waste
55) The branch of philosophy concerned with the distinction between right and wrong and the
ultimate worth of actions of things is A) values. B) ethics. C) morals. D) attitudes. E) characters.
56) Ethics should guide decisions made regarding A) environmental issues. B) economic issues. C) development issues. D) social justice issues. E) All of the issues listed.
57) The Mineral King Valley court case is important in environmental history because it was a
case that argued for the A) inherent value of trees, rocks, and wildlife. B) instrumental value of trees, rocks, and wildlife. C) status of moral agents for trees, rocks, and wildlife. D) sustainable development of the area. E) moral consideration of sentient things.
58) Another word for "steward" is A) organizer. B) caretaker. C) participant. D) consumer. E) leader.
59) The idea of stewardship is that humans have a/the A) privilege of using B) technology to shape C) duty to care for D) opportunity to degrade E) responsibility to use resources in
the environment.
60) Environmental justice can be seen as A) the power to make laws for a just society. B) an issue that is of special interest to the global community. C) teaching the values of the environment to improve living standards for people. D) a local issue central to the middle-class citizens in the United States. E) both a local and an international issue.
61) The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental
hazards is a central argument to A) sustainable development. B) environmental justice. C) economic development. D) urban renewal. E) interpretive science.
62) Lead poisoning in children is an example that exemplifies the problem of _
minority children in the United States. A) environmental racism. B) inadequate nutrition. C) poverty. D) sanitary conditions. E) inadequate healthcare.
for
63) The term "toxic colonialism" has been used in describing A) lax environmental regulations for toxic wastes. B) the exportation of toxic wastes to poor communities. C) rulings that toxins must not be exported to wealthy nations. D) the high level of toxic waste production by wealthy nations. E) the high level of toxic pesticide use by wealthy nations.
64) The human development index (HDI) A) uses multiple factors including health, education, and poverty to compare the
development of countries. B) considers GDP per person as a measure of wealth of the country and its development. C) is a measurement of environmental degradation of a country. D) only considers resource use and income from trade to describe development. E) with a score of zero means no problems in health, education, or other quality of life indicators.
65) Protecting fisheries and regulating fishing to protect fish stocks would be a component of
which sustainable development goal? A) life below water B) affordable and clean energy C) industry, innovation, and infrastructure D) clean water and sanitation E) climate action
66) Which of the following is the best short description of the sustainable development goals? A) a set of international goals to protect the environment and also promote a good and
productive life for people B) a set of international goals to protect the environment C) a plan to increase the wealth of all people by increasing industry D) a set of international goals focused on reversing climate change E) a set of international goals to combat poverty, but not address the environment
67) Salt marshes along the coast serve as a nursery site for juvenile fish including those that are
important to the fishing industry. It is a natural habitat where these fish can develop before they move out to the ocean habitats. The salt marsh in this example is A) an ecosystem service. B) the tragedy of the commons. C) sustainable development. D) biodiversity. E) throughput.
68) Your friend explains that she believes water in rivers should be protected from pollution
because that is where many people get their drinking water. In this case, your friend assigns to the rivers. A) instrumental value B) intrinsic value C) moral value D) ethical value E) moral extensionism
69) Which of the following is incorrect regarding quality of life indicators for the most-
developed countries? A) lower carbon dioxide emissions per capita B) lower infant mortality C) lower total fertility D) higher life expectancy E) higher female secondary education
70) Which of the following is a correct pattern for environmental indicators? A) As wealth increases, greenhouse gas emissions increase. B) As wealth increases, water contamination increases. C) As wealth increases air pollution decreases. D) As wealth increases air pollution is not a factor. E) As wealth increases, the environment is less affected.
71) Sustainable development is most similar to A) utilitarian conservation. B) biocentric preservation. C) industrialization. D) environmentalism. E) economic development.
72) John Muir believed that nature had intrinsic value because it was part of God’s creation not
because it could be useful to man. This is an example of A) biocentric preservation. B) utilitarian conservation. C) industrialization. D) environmentalism. E) economic development.
73) The United Nations estimates that 800 million people suffer from chronic hunger. Which of
the following are leading causes for this? (Check all that apply.) A) violent conflict B) unequal access to resources C) climate change D) not enough food produced to feed everyone
74) After calculating an ecological footprint, you realize that some aspects of your impact are not
under your control. In a few sentences explain how some environmental impacts cannot be controlled individually.
75) Which of the following would be a correct description of sustainability? (Select all that
apply.) A) Sustainability requires using renewable resources at a rate that isn’t faster than its
ability to regenerate. B) Sustainability requires understanding how much pollution or waste the environment can safely absorb and to not exceed that. C) To be sustainable, renewable substitutes for nonrenewable resources should be developed. D) Sustainability requires never using nonrenewable resources as they will run out E) Sustainable use of resources means using equal amounts of renewable and nonrenewable resources.
Answer Key Test name: chapter 1 1) C 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) A 8) D 9) FALSE 10) FALSE 11) A 12) TRUE 13) TRUE 14) TRUE 15) C 16) A 17) E 18) D 19) B 20) D 21) C 22) D
23) A 24) E 25) E 26) A 27) A 28) E 29) B 30) C 31) D 32) C 33) A 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) B 38) C 39) A 40) D 41) C 42) C 43) D 44) B 45) B 46) B 47) A 48) B 49) A 50) D 51) C 52) D 53) B 54) B 55) B 56) E 57) A 58) B 59) C 60) E 61) B 62) A
63) B 64) A 65) A 66) A 67) A 68) A 69) A 70) A 71) A 72) A 73) [A, B, C] 74) Essay
Many consumption practices must be modified at a higher level. For example, the sources of energy may not be in a person's direct control. Additionally, a community may not be set up for public transportation, bicycles, or walking. 75) [A, B, C]
Student name: 76) Which of the following is not a basic principle of science? A) We can learn through observation. B) Simpler explanations are preferable. C) Nothing can be absolutely proven. D) All of these choices are correct.
77) Which of the following does not apply to manipulative experiments? A) Extraneous variables are held constant. B) Most experiments are done in the laboratory. C) They are useful for studying large scale geologic forces. D) They can be affected by experimenter bias.
78) In science, a theory is A) speculative and unsupported by facts. B) a tentative explanation, comparable to a hypothesis. C) an explanation supported by a substantial body of evidence. D) something that can never be proven wrong.
79) The process of science is characterized by all of the following except A) that science attempts to keep explanations as simple as possible. B) that science normally provides absolute proof. C) that science attempts to be objective. D) that science is inherently skeptical.
80) Scientific paradigms can be characterized by all of the following except A) once agreed upon remain unchanged forever. B) are broad patterns of thought that guide thinking. C) influence how we interpret evidence. D) determine which questions we understand to be relevant to issues at hand.
81) The process by which science works is useful to the general public as well as to scientists. ⊚ true ⊚ false
82) A person carefully gathering pieces of information to uncover a larger pattern is engaged in A) inductive reasoning. B) deductive reasoning.
83) Creating a generalization based on several observations is an example of A) deductive reasoning. B) inductive reasoning.
84) Which of the following is not an example of science? A) gut instinct B) testable hypotheses C) manipulative experiments D) observational studies E) natural experiments
85) Statistical tests A) provide us with raw numbers such as the number of people in a given city. B) focus on determining the probability that observed phenomena occurred by chance. C) are only used in science to influence political decision-making. D) provide only fake numbers.
86) Manipulative experiments A) are not useful to ecologists because they depend on the natural environment. B) are most often conducted in a laboratory. C) do not allow the scientist to control variables. D) are not possible.
87) Ecological systems often undergo periodic disturbances A) such as floods and fires. B) and show resilience when they recover quickly. C) only in arid environments. D) such as floods, fires, and show resilience when they recover quickly.
88) Positive feedback is a process A) that is self-perpetuating. B) where increases in a state variable lead to further increases. C) that suppresses change. D) that is self-perpetuating and where increases in a state variable lead to further
increases.
89) In an ecosystem, throughput can refer to A) matter that flows into the system but not out. B) energy that originates in the system and flows out. C) something that can expand the size of state variables. D) the equilibrium state.
90) Homeostasis refers to A) a tendency to change. B) equilibrium. C) spatial homogeneity. D) the environment.
91) Which of the following is not an example of a disturbance in an ecosystem? A) fire B) drought C) flash flood D) shade
92) Sometimes severe disturbances can lead to a
, in which conditions do not return to
normal. A) paradigm shift B) state shift C) feedback loop D) system
93)
is a process for producing knowledge methodically and logically. A) Universalism B) Science C) Relativism D) Morality E) Parsimony
94) Ideally, science A) always has the right answers. B) tells us what we expected to find. C) uses new technology. D) is orderly and methodical. E) proves that our hypotheses are correct.
95) Which of the following is not an important feature of science? A) reproducibility B) parsimony C) empiricism D) positive proof
96) Generally, distinguished scientists A) always agree if they really are expert scientists. B) may have different interpretations of the same evidence. C) never disagree once a theory is established. D) believe each other and support each other in their work. E) always disagree so they can prove theories.
97) Proof in science is always A) firmly established. B) beyond question. C) an impossible goal. D) constantly changing with little continuity between disciplines. E) open to question or new evidence.
98) The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all
insects must have six legs" is an example of A) inductive reasoning. B) deductive reasoning. C) hypothesis testing. D) reductive reasoning. E) parsimony.
99) From the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive
reasoning? A) If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs. B) In repeated tosses of a coin, there is a 50/50 chance of each toss resulting in a "head". C) How many times will the toss of coins turn "heads-up" if 100 times toss a coin? D) Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs. E) All of these are examples of deductive reasoning.
100)
Although your sister is not a scientist, she says that she uses scientific techniques in her everyday life. You do not believe her but she insists it is true. Which of the following examples could she use to best persuade you? A) When she cooks, she measures ingredients and puts them together to form something else (e.g., a cake). B) When she drives in her car, she hypothesizes about things (e.g., when the red light will turn green). C) She put some tomatoes in the sun and some in the shade to see if the sun causes them to ripen faster. D) She buys a brand of toothpaste based on statistical data (four out of five dentists recommend it). E) All of these are examples of using scientific techniques in her everyday life.
101)
Experiments in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant are known as experiments. A) manipulative B) natural C) hypothetical D) probability E) double-blind
102)
Double-blind studies are especially useful in A) genetic experiments. B) health studies. C) statistical analysis. D) opinion surveys. E) double-blind studies are not useful in any situation.
103)
Which of the following scenarios are free from bias? A) A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a university and has set up the experiment as a double-blind study testing of a new medication. B) A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a pharmaceutical company and has set up the experiment as a double-blind study testing of a new medication. C) A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a university and has set up the experiment study testing of a new medication and only gives the medicine to the healthiest patients. D) A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a pharmaceutical company and has set up the experiment as a double-blind study testing of a new medication on people without liver disease as well as those with liver disease.
104)
In experimentation, dependent variables are also known as A) conventional B) blind C) response D) model E) distribution
variables.
105)
allow scientists to gather information about complicated and interrelated environmental systems. A) Charts B) Graphs C) Models D) Figures E) Paradigm shifts
106)
Susan is conducting an experiment to see if plants will grow better with application of fertilizer. She separates 50 plants into two groups of 25. One group receives a liquid fertilizer when watered every other day, and the other group receives only water on the same days. The plants are kept in a greenhouse with constant and equal amounts of sunlight, and a constant temperature. She measures the plants once a week for 12 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, the plants with the fertilizer grew an average of 9 inches, and the ones that were not given the fertilizer grew an average of 5 inches.
106.1) In the scenario described above, the plants that received fertilizer are the
group, and the plants that did not receive fertilizer are the A) treatment; control B) control; treatment C) treatment; exposed D) controlled; non-treatment
group.
106.2) In the above scenario, why did Susan place the plants in a greenhouse and control the
amount of sunlight and temperature? A) Keeping any factor that can influence a plant's growth, other than fertilizer, equal to all plants ensures that if there is a difference at the end, it will most likely be due to the fertilizer. B) It was an easy place to keep the plants. C) It did not make a difference. The fertilizer would have influenced growth even if the plants were part in sunlight and part in shade. D) The plants would have adapted to the situation regardless if the temperature is different.
106.3) When referencing the above scenario, why did Susan average the resulting heights of the
plants? A) B) C) D)
She wanted to account for the genetic variation in the plants. Because two numbers are easier to compare than fifty numbers. She liked showing off her knowledge of simple statistical analysis. She wanted to account for differences in temperature and sunlight between the groups.
107)
Networks of interactions among interdependent factors are known as A) science. B) ecology. C) systems. D) processes. E) negative feedback loops.
108)
The damage to an ecosystem caused by a hurricane or flood can be referred to as A) an open system. B) an emergent property. C) equilibrium in nature. D) a disturbance. E) negative feedback loop.
109)
In a food chain, grass absorbs sunlight to make sugar, the grass is eaten by a rabbit, and the rabbit is eaten by a fox. What is a throughput that connects this system? A) energy B) sugar C) the will to survive D) ATP
110)
Which of the following is a closed system? A) a cave with abundant life that was sealed off from the outside world during a landslide 100 years ago. B) an underwater ocean cave. C) an aquarium. D) a forest habitat.
111)
Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop? A) A small island is home to both wolves and deer. When the deer have high numbers, the wolves have plenty of prey to feed pups and their numbers increase. When the deer are heavily predated upon, the deer numbers decrease causing some of the wolves to starve. B) Grass begins to grow on a recently plowed field. C) Locusts begin to swarm, and when they encounter other non-swarming locusts, they too being to swarm. D) A person is driving and is cut off by another driver, this causes the person to become angry and they begin to drive more aggressively, cutting off other drivers.
112)
The ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance is known as A) resilience. B) stability. C) fitness. D) emergence.
113)
A scientific consensus A) is typically broad in its statements. B) uses feedback from many scientists. C) can lead to paradigm shifts. D) All of these answers are correct.
114)
Science as a method relies on A) a process of evaluating evidence to understand the natural world. B) proving something to be true based on instinct. C) asking any kind of question for which you want an answer. D) paradigm shifts–likely the knowledge we have today is incorrect. E) proving a hypothesis in order to understand the natural world.
115)
The progress of science is mainly happens when a scientist working in isolation and discovers something very important. ⊚ true ⊚ false
116)
In the late 1800s, more and more scientists began to accept the germ theory of disease in which germs, or small organisms, were the cause of disease. Prior to this, scientists assumed that bad air, or miasma, caused diseases such as cholera. This change in the generally accepted theory is termed A) a paradigm shift. B) the principle of repeatability. C) science. D) a scientific theory. E) deductive reasoning.
117)
Albedo is a measurement of reflectivity of a surface. Ice has high reflectivity so light from the sun will reflect off of it. Water has a lower reflectivity so more light and heat are absorbed. As ice melts reflectivity decreases and more heat is absorbed by the ice leading to even more melt. This is an example of A) positive feedback. B) negative feedback. C) a closed system. D) homeostasis. E) a natural experiment.
118)
You are working on a research project growing plants in a greenhouse. You have two sets of plants: one exposed to a treatment while the other is not exposed to the same treatment. You are measuring the effect of the treatment on leaf production (number of leaves produced by the plant). Which of the following would be an incorrect way to describe your experiment? A) The experiment is conducted in closed system because the plants are inside a building. B) This is a manipulative experiment because you are changing the growing conditions of one of the groups of plants. C) This is a controlled study because you have a set of plants without treatment for comparison. D) The dependent variable is leaf production because it is expected to change based on the treatment. E) The treatment is the independent or explanatory variable because it is expected to explain the differences in leaf production.
119)
A longleaf pine woodland is adapted to periodic fires. During a burn, the trees are not killed, and shortly after a controlled burn, the native grasses and other herbaceous plants grow back. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding this ecosystem? A) The ecosystem underwent a state shift to a new ecosystem. B) The fire was a disturbance to the ecosystem. C) The ecosystem showed resilience because it recovered from the fire. D) The ecosystem has a dynamic equilibrium where it can be disturbed but return back to normal.
120)
Which of the following is an example of an emergent property? A) The grasses in a salt marsh grow close together, which provides a protected place for juvenile fish to live. B) A plant is made of cells, which carry out the metabolic activities for its survival. C) The parts of a plant include the stem and roots. D) The chloroplasts in a plant cell do photosynthesis to build sugar. E) A plant needs sunlight to grow.
121)
It is known that certain macroinvertebrates (small aquatic organisms) are sensitive to polluted waters. Stonefly larvae, for example, are very sensitive to polluted water and low dissolved oxygen. You collect a lot of stonefly larvae in your study of a local stream and conclude that this stream has high levels of dissolved oxygen and is minimally polluted. Your conclusion is an example of A) deductive reasoning. B) inductive reasoning.
122)
In the Arctic, warm summers melt ice. Water absorbs even more heat, which leads to further melting of ice. This leads to more water, which absorbs more heat to melt more ice. This is an example of A) positive feedback. B) negative feedback. C) stabilizing feedback.
123)
Which of the following questions could be answered using the scientific method? (Select all that apply.) A) Has atmospheric carbon dioxide increased since 1950? B) Should we try to prevent species from going extinct? C) Are there more chemicals in tap water compared to bottled water? D) Do you need to take steps to reduce your ecological footprint? E) Has the amount of electronic waste increased since the invention of cellphones?
Answer Key Test name: chapter 2 1) D 2) C 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) TRUE 7) A 8) B 9) A 10) B 11) B 12) D 13) D 14) C 15) B 16) D 17) B 18) B 19) D 20) D 21) B 22) E 23) A 24) A 25) C 26) A 27) B 28) A 29) C 30) C 31) Section Break 31.1) A 31.2) A 31.3) A 32) C 33) D 34) A
35) A 36) A 37) A 38) D 39) A 40) FALSE 41) A 42) A 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) A 47) A 48) [A, C, E]
Student name: 124)
The smallest particle exhibiting the characteristics of an element is a/an A) atom. B) molecule. C) isotope. D) ion.
125)
Atoms of the same element but with different atomic mass are called A) radioactive. B) molecules. C) isotopes. D) ions.
126)
Organic compounds are those substances A) found only in living organisms. B) containing chains and rings of carbon atoms. C) composed of atoms of a single element. D) exhibiting radioactive decay.
127)
The conservation of matter principle is that matter A) is composed of atoms and molecules. B) cannot be created, destroyed, nor changed in form. C) must be used carefully or Earth will eventually run out. D) can neither be created nor destroyed.
128)
The second law of thermodynamics states that A) whenever energy is used, some becomes converted to a form difficult to use to do work. B) energy cannot be shifted from one form to another. C) life forms cannot survive without energy. D) energy exists in both potential and kinetic form.
129)
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms A) release energy from sugar for metabolic use. B) create complex organic molecules from simple molecules. C) convert heat to chemical bond energy for metabolic work. D) more than one of these choices are correct.
130)
A group of individuals of a particular type that are able to successfully interbreed is called a/an A) community. B) ecosystem. C) species. D) population.
131)
The productivity of an ecosystem refers to the A) amount of food consumed by the organisms per unit space. B) average number of offspring produced per adult female per unit time. C) amount of biological material produced during a certain period of time. D) reproductive output.
132)
Which have the most diverse diet? A) photosynthetic plants. B) herbivores. C) omnivores. D) carnivores.
133)
Which two kinds of organisms introduce energy to an ecosystem? A) plants and primary consumers B) plants and animals at the very top of the food chain C) animals in trophic levels III and IV D) plants and algae
134)
Photosynthesis and respiration are most significant in the A) nitrogen B) carbon C) sulfur D) phosphorus
cycle.
135)
The cycle is most dependent on a variety of types of bacteria that shift the element among several different chemical forms. A) nitrogen B) carbon C) sulfur D) phosphorus
136)
The final breakdown and recycling of organic material is accomplished by A) top level consumers. B) decomposers. C) scavengers. D) detritivores.
137)
A carbon sink is a place where carbon A) atoms wash up for supper. B) is stored after removal from the atmosphere. C) is released after cellular respiration. D) is the carbon released by combustion.
138)
Molecules which regulate chemical processes without being used up are called A) acids. B) bases. C) catalysts. D) nucleotides.
139)
Substances that readily give up hydrogen atoms are called A) bases. B) acids. C) water. D) neutral substances.
140)
DNA molecules A) are unique to every individual. B) are single stranded. C) are protein. D) are only found in humans.
141)
A population A) consists of all the plants and animals in a given region. B) consists of all individuals of a given species living in the same area. C) consists of all species on Earth. D) consists of a given species and all of the other species it consumes.
142)
Which of the following is NOT an important carbon sink? A) a smokestack at a coal-fired power plant B) the shells and skeletons of marine organisms C) soil D) vegetation E) forests
143)
Ecology is the study of A) living things and their genetic makeup. B) genetic patterns and the chemistry in them. C) the physical world and its processes. D) the Earth and its processes. E) relationships between organisms and their environment.
144)
How are matter and mass related? A) Mass is a component of matter. B) Neither matter nor mass take up space. C) Matter is a component of mass. D) Both matter and mass take up space. E) Mass takes up space, while matter does not take up space.
145)
Water vapor, water, and ice are examples of: A) Types of matter B) Phases of matter C) Transfers of energy into matter D) Forms of energy E) Types of mass
146)
What implication(s) does the law of conservation of matter have for humans? A) We cannot create energy because it is neither created nor destroyed. B) As matter is recycled, it loses some of its integrity, so we need to be careful when we dispose of goods. C) Natural resources are unlimited because they are used and reused by living organisms. D) Disposable goods are not going "away" when we throw them out. E) All of these are implications of the law of conservation of matter.
147)
The law of conservation of matter tells us that matter A) can never be reused. B) needs to be conserved or it will not be available for future generations. C) can be destroyed. D) can be conserved by some adaptive strategies. E) is used repeatedly.
148)
The smallest particle that exhibits the characteristics of a chemical element is known as a(n) A) molecule. B) microorganism. C) atom. D) phase of matter. E) isotope.
149)
A compound is composed of A) elements B) isotopes C) atoms D) molecules
.